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Wikipedia

University of California, Berkeley

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Berkeley College (disambiguation).

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California)[10][11] is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Founded in 1868 and named after Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley, it is the state's first land-grant university and the founding campus of the University of California system. Berkeley is also a founding member of the Association of American Universities. It has been regarded as one of the top universities in the world.[12]

University of California, Berkeley
Former names
University of California (1868–1958)
MottoFiat lux (Latin)
Motto in English
"Let there be light"
TypePublic land-grant research university
EstablishedMarch 23, 1868; 156 years ago (1868-03-23)[1]
Parent institution
University of California
AccreditationWSCUC
Academic affiliations
Endowment$6.9 billion (2022)[2][3]
ChancellorCarol T. Christ
ProvostBenjamin E. Hermalin[4]
Total staff
23,524 (2020)[5]
Students45,307 (Fall 2022)[6]
Undergraduates32,479 (Fall 2022)[6]
Postgraduates12,828 (Fall 2022)[6]
Location
Berkeley
,
California
,
United States

37°52′19″N 122°15′30″W / 37.87194°N 122.25833°W / 37.87194; -122.25833
CampusCore Campus: 178 acres (72 hectares)[7][8]
Total: 8,164 acres (3,304 hectares)[3]
NewspaperThe Daily Californian
Colors  Berkeley Blue
  California Gold[9]
NicknameGolden Bears
Sporting affiliations
MascotOski the Bear
Websiteberkeley.edu

Berkeley is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities—Very high research activity" and has three national laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory).[13][14] Between 2001 and 2010, it was the No. 1 recipient of National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships with 1,333 awards.[15] In 2021, the funding for research and development exceeded $1 billion.[16] Thirty-two libraries compose the Berkeley library system, which is the sixth largest research library by number of volumes in the United States.[17][18][19] Berkeley's athletic teams, the California Golden Bears, compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 107 national championships and 223 Olympic medals (121 gold).[20][21]

Berkeley's alumni, faculty, and researchers include 260 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows,[22] 190 recipients of the MacArthur Fellowship,[23] 144 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[24] 139 Guggenheim Fellows, 125 Sloan Fellows, 75 members of the National Academy of Engineering,[25] 68 recipients of the National Medal of Science, 34 Pulitzer Prize winners, 30 Wolf Prize winners, 25 Turing Award winners, 19 Academy Award winners, and 14 Fields Medalists.[26]

History

 
View from Memorial Glade of Sather Tower (the Campanile), the center of Berkeley
 
Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais
Main article: History of the University of California, Berkeley

Founding

Made possible by President Lincoln's signing of the Morrill Act in 1862, the University of California was founded in 1868 as the state's first land-grant university, inheriting the land and facilities of the private College of California and the federal-funding eligibility of a public agricultural, mining, and mechanical arts college.[27] The Organic Act states that the "University shall have for its design, to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science, literature and art, industrial and professional pursuits, and general education, and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions."[28][29]

Ten faculty members and forty male students made up the fledgling university when it opened in Oakland in 1869.[30] Frederick Billings, a trustee of the College of California, suggested that a new campus site north of Oakland be named in honor of Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley.[31] The university began admitting women the following year.[32] In 1870, Henry Durant, founder of the College of California, became its first president. With the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students.[33][34] The first female student to graduate was in 1874, admitted in the first class to include women in 1870.[35]

Beginning in 1891, Phoebe Apperson Hearst funded several programs and new buildings and, in 1898, sponsored an international competition in Antwerp, where French architect Émile Bénard submitted the winning design for a campus master plan.

20th century

In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, Davis.[36] In 1919, Los Angeles State Normal School became the southern branch of the university, which ultimately became the University of California, Los Angeles.[37] By the 1920s, the number of campus buildings in Berkeley had grown substantially and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard.[38] In 1917, one of the nation's first ROTC programs was established at Berkeley[39] and its School of Military Aeronautics began training pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle. In 1926, future Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval ROTC unit at Berkeley.[40] Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Army Chief of Staff Frederick C. Weyand, sixteen other general officers, ten Navy flag officers, and AFROTC alumna Captain Theresa Claiborne.[41]

In the 1930s, Ernest Orlando Lawrence helped establish the Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) and invented the cyclotron, which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939.[42] Using the cyclotron, Berkeley professors and Berkeley Lab researchers went on to discover sixteen chemical elements—more than any other university in the world.[43][44] In particular, during World War II and following Glenn Seaborg's then-secret discovery of plutonium, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U.S. Army to develop the atomic bomb. Physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942.[45][46] Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley founded and was then a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory (1943) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1952).

In 1952, the University of California reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus given a chancellor, and Clark Kerr became Berkeley's first Chancellor, while Robert Sproul remained in place as the President of the University of California.[47] Berkeley gained a worldwide reputation for political activism in the 1960s. In 1964, the Free Speech Movement organized student resistance to the university's restrictions on political activities on campus—most conspicuously, student activities related to the Civil Rights Movement.[48][49]

The arrest in Sproul Plaza of Jack Weinberg, a recent Berkeley alumnus and chair of Campus CORE, prompted a series of student-led acts of formal remonstrance and civil disobedience that ultimately gave rise to the Free Speech Movement, which movement would prevail and serve as a precedent for student opposition to America's involvement in the Vietnam War.[50][51][52] In 1982, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) was established on campus with support from the National Science Foundation and at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians—Shiing-Shen Chern, Calvin Moore, and Isadore M. Singer. The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborative mathematical research, drawing thousands of visiting researchers from around the world each year.[53][54][55]

21st century

In the current century, Berkeley has become less politically active, although more liberal.[56][57] Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one, which is a ratio similar to that of American academia generally.[58] The school has become more focused on STEM disciplines and fundraising.[59][60][61] In 2007, the Energy Biosciences Institute was established with funding from BP and Stanley Hall, a research facility and headquarters for the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, opened. Supported by a grant from alumnus James Simons, the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing was established in 2012. In 2015, Berkeley and its sister campus, UCSF, established the Innovative Genomics Institute to develop CRISPR gene editing, and, in 2020, an anonymous donor pledged $252 million to help fund a new center for computing and data science. For the 2020 fiscal year, Berkeley set a fundraising record, receiving over $1 billion in gifts and pledges, and two years later, it broke that record, raising over $1.2 billion.[62][59][63][64]

In April 2024, Berkeley students joined other campuses across the United States in protests against the Israel–Hamas war and the genocide in Gaza. Students set up encampments and a Muslim law student, Malak Afaneh, was ejected for protesting at a law school dinner held at a dean's home.[65][66][67] The student protestors demanded an end to the war in Gaza and the university's divestment from companies with ties to Israel.[68]

Controversies

  • Various research ethics, human rights, and animal rights advocates have been in conflict with Berkeley. Native Americans contended with the school over repatriation of remains from the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology.[69] Student activists have urged the university to cut financial ties with Tyson Foods and PepsiCo.[70][71][72] Faculty member Ignacio Chapela prominently criticized the university's financial ties to Novartis.[73] PETA has challenged the university's use of animals for research and argued that it may violate the Animal Welfare Act.[74][75]
  • Cal's Memorial Stadium reopened in September 2012 after renovations. The university incurred a controversial $445 million of debt for the stadium and a new $153 million student athletic center, which it financed with the sale of special stadium endowment seats.[76] The roughly $18 million interest-only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal's athletics' budget; principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113.[77]
  • On May 1, 2014, Berkeley was named one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.[78] Investigations continued into 2016, with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016, showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non-tenured staff.[79]
  • On July 25, 2019, Berkeley was removed from the U.S. News Best Colleges Ranking for misreporting statistics. Berkeley had originally reported that its two-year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11.6 percent, U.S. News said. The school later told U.S. News the correct average alumni giving rate for the 2016 fiscal year was just 7.9 percent. The school incorrectly overstated its alumni giving data to U.S. News since at least 2014. The alumni giving rate accounts for five percent of the Best Colleges ranking.[80]
  • Berkeley community members have criticized UC Berkeley's increasing enrollment. Berkeley residents filed a lawsuit alleging that the university's expanding enrollment violated California Environmental Quality Act and that the area lacked the infrastructure to support more students.[81] Critics of the lawsuit accused these community members of NIMBYism.[82][83][84] In August 2021, a judge from the Superior Court of Alameda County ruled in favor of the residents, and on March 3, 2022, the California Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the residents, saying that the university needed to freeze its admission rates at 2020–2021 levels.[85] On March 11, 2022, state legislators released a proposal to change CEQA to exempt the university from its restrictions.[86] On March 14, Gavin Newsom signed the bill into law.[87] Berkeley has continued to face a housing shortage.[88]

Organization and administration

Name

Officially named the "University of California, Berkeley" it is often shortened to "Berkeley" in general reference or in an academic context (Berkeley Law, Berkeley Engineering, Berkeley Haas, Berkeley Public Health) and to "California" or "Cal" particularly when referring to its athletic teams (California Golden Bears).[10][11][89] In August 2022, a university task force was formed which recommended renaming the athletic identity to "Cal Berkeley" to further tie the athletic brand to academic prestige, and reduce public confusion.[90]

Governance

The University of California is governed by a twenty-six member Board of Regents, eighteen of whom are appointed by the Governor of California to 12-year terms. The board also has seven ex officio members, a student regent, and a non-voting student regent-designate.[91] Prior to 1952, Berkeley was the University of California, so the university president was also Berkeley's chief executive. In 1952, the university reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus having its own chief executive, a chancellor, who would, in turn, report to the president of the university system. Twelve vice-chancellors report directly to Berkeley's chancellor, and the deans of the fifteen colleges and schools report to the executive vice chancellor and provost, Berkeley's chief academic officer.[92] Twenty-three presidents and chancellors have led Berkeley since its founding.[93][47]

Presidents

Chancellors

Funding

See also: University of California finances

With the exception of government contracts, public support is apportioned to Berkeley and the other campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President and accounts for 12 percent of Berkeley's total revenues.[94] Berkeley has long benefited from private philanthropy and more recently, alumni and their foundations have given to the university for operations and capital expenditures.[95] Berkeley has benefited from benefactors beyond its alumni ranks, notable among which are Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan; Vitalik Buterin, Patrick Collison, John Collison, the Ron Conway family, Crankstart, Elad Gil and Jennifer Huang Gil, Daniel Gross, Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna, and Hemant and Jessica Taneja, along with Jane Street principals Matt Berger, Craig Falls, Rob Granieri, James McClave, and Adam Winkel; BP; the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, billionaire Sir Li Ka-Shing, Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner, Thomas and Stacey Siebel, Sanford and Joan Weill, and professor Gordon Rausser ($50 million gift in 2020).[95] Hundreds of millions of dollars have been given anonymously.[96] The 2008–13 "Campaign for Berkeley" raised $3.13 billion from 281,855 donors, and the "Light the Way" campaign, which concluded at the end of 2023, has raised over $6.2 billion.[97]

Academics

Faculty and departments

 
Wheeler Hall, home to Berkeley's largest lecture hall, was the location of a Nobel Prize conferral during WWII.
 
The interior of the Hearst Mining Building, dedicated by Phoebe Hearst in honor of her late husband, George.

Berkeley is a large, primarily residential research university with a majority of its enrolment in undergraduate programs but also offering a comprehensive doctoral program.[13] The university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission since 1949.[98] The university operates on a semester calendar and awarded 8,725 bachelor's, 3,286 master's or professional and 1,272 doctoral degrees in 2018–2019.[99]

There are 1,789 full-time and 886 part-time faculty members among the university's academic enterprise which is organized into fifteen colleges and schools that comprise 180 departments and 80 interdisciplinary units offering over 350 degree programs. Colleges serve both undergraduate and graduate students, while schools are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate majors or minors:

Undergraduate programs

 
Doe Memorial Library

The four-year, full-time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor's degrees across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), Rausser College of Natural Resources (10), and individual majors (2).[100] The most popular majors are electrical engineering and computer sciences, political science, molecular and cell biology, environmental science, and economics.[101]

Requirements for undergraduate degrees include an entry-level writing requirement before enrollment (typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams such as the SAT or ACT), completing coursework on "American History and Institutions" before or after enrollment by taking an introductory class, passing an "American Cultures Breadth" class at Berkeley, as well as requirements for reading and composition and specific requirements declared by the department and school.[102]

Graduate and professional programs

 
Haas School of Business

Berkeley has a "comprehensive" graduate program, with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates, and offers interdisciplinary graduate programs with the medical schools at the University of California, San Francisco and Stanford University. The university offers Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Fine Arts, and PhD degrees in addition to professional degrees such as the Juris Doctor, Master of Business Administration, Master of Public Health, and Master of Design.[13][103] The university awarded 963 doctoral degrees and 3,531 master's degrees in 2017.[15] Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. Most graduate students are supported by fellowships, teaching assistantships, or research assistantships.[15]

Library system

Main article: University of California, Berkeley Library System
 
The on-campus University of California Museum of Paleontology hosts a life-size replica of a T-rex.

Doe Library serves as the library system's reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections reside in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The Bancroft Library, which has over 400,000 printed volumes and 70 million manuscripts, pictures, and maps, maintains special collections that document the history of the western part of North America, with an emphasis on California, Mexico and Central America. The Bancroft Library also houses the Mark Twain Papers,[104] the Oral History Center,[105] the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri[106] and the University Archives.[107]

Reputation and rankings

Although the University of California system does not have an official flagship campus, many scholars and experts consider Berkeley to be its unofficial flagship. In some cases, it shares this unofficial status with the University of California, Los Angeles.[108]

National

  • The 2018–19 Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) rated Berkeley the top public university in the nation and 4th overall based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, and citations.[117]
  • For 2021, QS "World University Rankings: USA" placed Berkeley 4th among all US universities and 1st among publics.[118]
  • In its 2022 list of America's top colleges, Forbes rated Berkeley the best public school and 2nd overall.[119]
  • In the 2023–2024 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings, Berkeley was the top public school and 15th overall.[120]

Global

  • In 2017, the Nature Index ranked the university the 9th largest contributor to papers published in 82 leading journals.[121][122]
  • For 2020–21, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 12th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, and research performance.[123]

Past rankings

In his memoirs, Clark Kerr records Berkeley's rise in the rankings (according to the National Academies) during the 20th century. The school's first ranking in 1906 placed it among the top six schools ("Big Six") in the nation. In 1934, it ranked second, tied with Columbia and the University of Chicago, behind only Harvard; in 1957, it was ranked as the only school second to Harvard. In 1964, Berkeley was named the "best balanced distinguished university", meaning the school had not only the most top departments but also the highest percentage of top ranking departments in its school. The school in 1993 was the only remaining member of the original 1906 "Big Six", along with Harvard; in that year Berkeley ranked first.[124]

The American Council on Education, a private non-profit association, ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934. However, by 1942, private funding had helped Berkeley rise to second place, behind only Harvard, based on the number of distinguished departments.[47] In 1985, Yale University admissions officer Richard Moll published Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities which named Berkeley a "Public Ivy".[125][126][127][128] Since its inaugural 1990 reputational survey, Times Higher Education has considered Berkeley to be one of the world's "six super brands" along with the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, Harvard University, MIT, and Stanford University.[129][130][131][132][133]

The 2010 United States National Research Council Rankings identified Berkeley as having the highest number of top-ranked doctoral programs in the nation. Berkeley doctoral programs that received a #1 ranking included English, German, Political Science, Geography, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Epidemiology, Plant Biology, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering.[134]

Admissions and enrollment

Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2020
Race and ethnicity[135] Total
Asian 35% 35
 
White 22% 22
 
Hispanic 19% 19
 
Foreign national 13% 13
 
Other[a] 9% 9
 
Black 2% 2
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 22% 22
 
Affluent or middle class[c] 78% 78
 

For Fall 2022, Berkeley's total enrollment was 45,745: 32,831 undergraduate and 12,914 graduate students, with women accounting for 56% of undergraduates and 49% of graduate and professional students. It had 128,226 freshman applicants and accepted 14,614 (11.4%). Among enrolled freshman, the average unweighted GPA was 3.90.[136]

Berkeley's enrollment of National Merit Scholars was third in the nation until 2002, when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued.[137] For 2019, Berkeley ranked fourth in enrollment of recipients of the National Merit $2,500 Scholarship (132 scholars).[138][139] 27% of admitted students receive federal Pell grants.[140]

Berkeley students are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid. Inquiries are processed through the Financial Aid and Scholarships Office, although schools such as the Haas School of Business[141] and Berkeley Law,[142] have their own financial aid offices.

Fall Freshman Profile[136]
  2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017
Applicants 128,226 109,597 88,076 87,398 89,621 85,057
Admits 14,614 15,852 15,448 14,676 13,308 14,552
Admit rate 11.4% 14.5% 17.5% 16.8% 14.8% 17.1%
Enrolled 6,726 6,809 6,052 6,454 6,012 6,379
SAT (mid-50%) N/A* N/A* 1300–1520 1330–1520 1300–1530 1300–1540
ACT (average) N/A* N/A* 31 31 31 32
GPA (unweighted) 3.90 3.87 3.86 3.89 3.89 3.91
* Berkeley began test-blind admissions in 2021.

Discoveries and innovation

 
Simplified evolution of Unix systems and BSD forks

A number of significant inventions and discoveries have been made by Berkeley faculty members and researchers:[143]

Natural sciences

Computer and applied sciences

Companies and entrepreneurship

Campus

Main article: Campus of the University of California, Berkeley
 
Sather Gate, connecting Sproul Plaza to the inner campus, was a center of the Free Speech Movement.

Much of the UC Berkeley campus is in the city limits of Berkeley with portion of the property extending into Oakland.[163] The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately 1,232-acres, though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western 178-acres of this area. Of the remaining acres, approximately 200-acres are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units, notably the Space Sciences Laboratory, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, an 800-acre (320-hectare) ecological preserve, the University of California Botanical Garden and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon. Portions of the mostly undeveloped, eastern area of the campus are actually within the City of Oakland; these portions extend from the Claremont Resort north through the Panoramic Hill neighborhood to Tilden Park.[164]

To the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called Gourmet Ghetto, a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse. Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as Northside with a large graduate student population;[165] situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills. Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row and beyond that the Clark Kerr Campus and an upscale residential area named Claremont. The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue, one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists. In addition, the university also owns land to the northwest of the main campus, a married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany ("Albany Village" and the "Gill Tract"), and a field research station several miles to the north in Richmond, California.

 
Bancroft Library
 
The UC Botanical Garden, located in the Berkeley Hills and by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

The campus is home to several museums including the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, and the Lawrence Hall of Science. The Museum of Paleontology, found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building, showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex. The campus also offers resources for innovation and entrepreneurship, such as the Big Ideas Competition, the Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, and the Berkeley Haas Innovation Lab.[166] The campus is also home to the University of California Botanical Garden, with more than 12,000 individual species.

 
360-degree-view of the UC Berkeley campus

Architecture

 
South Hall (1873), one of the two original buildings of the University of California, still stands on the Berkeley campus.

What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California," funded by William Randolph Hearst's mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899.[167] The winner was Frenchman Émile Bénard, who refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard. Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s.

The structures forming the "classical core" of the campus were built in the Beaux-Arts Classical style, and include Hearst Greek Theatre, Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Doe Memorial Library, California Hall, Wheeler Hall, Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, Sather Gate, and the Sather Tower (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, St Mark's Campanile in Venice), the tallest university clock tower in the United States.[168] Buildings he regarded as temporary and non-academic were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. Many of Howard's designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks[169] and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second-Empire-style, South Hall, designed by David Farquharson, is the oldest university building in California. It, and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus, are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth-century campus. Other notable architects and firms whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck[170] (Faculty Club); Julia Morgan (Hearst Women's Gymnasium and Julia Morgan Hall); William Wurster (Stern Hall); Moore Ruble Yudell (Haas School of Business); Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects (C.V. Starr East Asian Library), and Diller Scofidio + Renfro (Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive).

Natural features

 
The south fork of Strawberry Creek, as seen between Dwinelle Hall and Lower Sproul Plaza.

Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of University House and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum.

Trees in the area date from the founding of the university. The campus features numerous wooded areas, including: Founders' Rock, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the Eucalyptus Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America.[171] The campus sits on the Hayward Fault, which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium.[172]

Student life and traditions

 
Fans atop Tightwad Hill watch the Cal Band, with views of the stadium and the San Francisco Bay.

The official university mascot is Oski the Bear, who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the Oski-wow-wow yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer.[173] The University of California Marching Band, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events.[174]

The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the six Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion, the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and The Big "C" among other duties. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal's possession.[175]

Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th-century campus event called "Rush", which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build "the Big C."[176]

Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition is continued today by the Rally Committee in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen.[177]

The California Victory Cannon, placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against Pacific in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns.[178] The Cal Mic Men, a standard at home football games, has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball. The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling, but now includes microphones, a dedicated platform during games, and the direction of the entire student section.[179]

Student housing

Main article: Housing at the University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options, including university-owned or affiliated residences, private residences, fraternities and sororities, and cooperative housing (co-ops). Berkeley students, and those of other local schools, have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), a nonprofit housing cooperative network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member-owners.[180]

Fraternities and sororities

About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women—or 3,400 of total undergraduates—are active in Berkeley's Greek system.[181] University-sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils.[182][183]

Student-run organizations

Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC)

Main article: Associated Students of the University of California
 
Wellness Room sleep pods: part of a program created by the ASUC, UC Berkeley's official student association.

The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) is the official student association that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. The two main political parties are "Student Action"[184] and "CalSERVE".[185] The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of $1.7 million (excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC), in addition to various investment assets. Its alumni include multiple State Senators, Assemblymembers, and White House Administration officials.[186]

Media and publications

Berkeley's student-run online television station, CalTV, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors. Since the mid-2010s, it has been a program of the ASUC.[187] Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is The Daily Californian. Founded in 1871, The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People's Park. The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition. Berkeley's FM Student radio station, KALX, broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members. Berkeley also features an assortment of student-run publications:

Student groups

"DeCal" redirects here. For other uses, see DeCal (disambiguation).
 
Berkeley Dance Marathon
 
Zellerbach Hall, home of the Cal Performances theater group

There are ninety-four political student groups on campus, including MEChXA de UC Berkeley, Berkeley ACLU, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, The Sustainability Team (STEAM), the Berkeley Student Food Collective, Students for Sensible Drug Policy, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans.[188] The Residence Hall Assembly (RHA) is the student-led umbrella organization that oversees event planning, legislation, sponsorships and other activities for over 7,200 on-campus undergraduate residents.[189]

Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups, including the Berkeley Group, founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School.[190] Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro-bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients. Berkeley Consulting, founded in 1996, has served over 140 companies across the high-tech, retail, banking, and non-profit sectors.[191]

ImagiCal[192] has been the college chapter of the American Advertising Federation at Berkeley since the late 1980s. The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition, with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor. The Berkeley Forum is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels, debates, and speeches across a variety of fields.[193] Past speakers include Senator Rand Paul, entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel, and Khan Academy founder Salman Khan.

 
UC Berkeley Symphony Orchestra

Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes.[194] DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981. The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student community, including classes on the Rubik's Cube, blockchain, web design, metamodernism, cooking, Jewish art, 3D animation, and bioprinting.[195]

The campus is home to several a cappella groups, including Drawn to Scale, Artists in Resonance, Berkeley Dil Se, the UC Men's Octet, the California Golden Overtones, DeCadence, and Noteworthy. The University of California Men's Octet was founded in 1948. Since 1967, students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the University of California Jazz Ensembles. For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival, part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival, a competitive forum for student musicians. PCCJF brought jazz artists including Hubert Laws, Sonny Rollins, Freddie Hubbard, and Ed Shaughnessy to the Berkeley campus as performers. Berkeley also hosts other performing arts groups in comedy, dance, acting and instrumental music.

Engineering student teams

Given UC Berkeley's STEM education and its proximity to Silicon Valley, there are a variety of student-run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions. Berkeley has two prominent amateur rocketry teams: Space Enterprise at Berkeley (SEB)[196] and Space Technologies and Rocketry (STAR).[197] Both have launched solid-fuel sounding rockets and are currently developing liquid propellant rockets.

The university also has two Formula SAE teams: Berkeley Formula Racing[198] and Formula Electric Berkeley.[199] Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE–run competitions, with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors. Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams, including CalSol,[200] CalSMV,[201] and Human Powered Vehicle.[202]

Athletics

Main article: California Golden Bears
 
The base of the California Memorial Stadium
 
The interior of Haas Pavilion during a Cal Basketball game.

The university's athletic teams are known as the California Golden Bears, often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal," and were historically members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12). Cal is also a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several sports not sponsored by the Pac-12 and the America East Conference in women's field hockey. In 2024, Cal joined the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).[203] The first school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, were Yale Blue and gold.[204][205] Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university's inaugural faculty were Yale graduates, including Henry Durant, its first president. Blue and gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955.[204][206] In 2014, the athletic department specified a darker blue.[207][208]

The California Golden Bears have won national championships in baseball (2), men's basketball (2), men's crew (15), women's crew (3), football (5), men's golf (1), men's gymnastics (4), men's lacrosse (1), men's rugby (26), softball (1), men's swimming & diving (4), women's swimming & diving (3), men's tennis (1), men's track & field (1), and men's water polo (13). Students and alumni have also won 207 Olympic medals.[209]

California finished in first place[210] in the 2007–08 Fall U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (Now the NACDA Directors' Cup), a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. Cal finished the 2007–08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points.[211] Most recently, California finished in third place in the 2010–11 NACDA Directors' Cup with 1219.50 points, finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State. This is California's highest ever finish in the Director's Cup.[212] The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rival is the Stanford Cardinal, and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the Big Game, celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe. Other sporting games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash (water polo) or the Big Kick (soccer).[213]

Notable alumni, faculty, and staff

Faculty and staff

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of California, Berkeley faculty.
Further information: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley
 
University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60-inch cyclotron, 1938; Nobel prizewinners Ernest Lawrence, Edwin McMillan, and Luis Alvarez are shown, in addition to J. Robert Oppenheimer and Robert R. Wilson.

Alumni

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of California, Berkeley alumni.

Government

Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices, both domestic and foreign, including Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (Earl Warren, BA, JD); United States Attorney General (Edwin Meese III, JD); United States Secretary of State (Dean Rusk, LLB); United States Secretary of the Treasury (W. Michael Blumenthal, BA, and G. William Miller, JD); United States Secretary of Defense (Robert McNamara, BS); United States Secretary of the Interior (Franklin Knight Lane, 1887); United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Secretary of Commerce (Norman Mineta, BS); United States Secretary of Agriculture (Ann Veneman, MPP); National Security Advisor (Robert C. O'Brien, JD); scores of federal judges and members of the United States Congress (10 currently serving) and United States Foreign Service; governors of California (George C. Pardee; Hiram W. Johnson; Earl Warren, BA and LLB; Jerry Brown, BA; and Pete Wilson, JD), Michigan (Jennifer Granholm, BA), and the United States Virgin Islands (Walter A. Gordon, BA); Chief of Staff of the United States Army (Frederick C. Weyand, Class of 1938); Lieutenant General of the United States Army (Jimmy Doolittle); Vice Admiral of the United States Navy (Murry L. Royar, Class of 1916); Major General of the United States Marine Corps (Oliver Prince Smith); Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps (Bertram A. Bone); Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (John A. McCone, BS); chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers (Michael Boskin, BA, PhD.; Sandra Black, BA; Jesse Rothstein, PhD; Robert Seamans, PhD; Jay Shambaugh, PhD; James Stock, MA, PhD); Governor of the Federal Reserve System (H. Robert Heller, PhD) and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (William C. Dudley, PhD); Commissioners of the SEC (Troy A. Paredes, BA) and the FCC (Rachelle Chong, BA); and United States Surgeon General (Kenneth P. Moritsugu, MPH).

Foreign alumni include the President of Colombia 1922–1926, (Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, BA, Mining Engineering); the President of Mexico (Francisco I. Madero, attended 1892–93); the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan; the Premier of the Republic of China (Sun Fo, BA); the President of Costa Rica (Miguel Angel Rodriguez, MA, PhD); and members of parliament of the United Kingdom (House of Lords, Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn, BS), India (Rajya Sabha, the upper house, Prithviraj Chavan, MS); Iran (Mohammad Javad Larijani, PhD); Nigerian Minister of Science and Technology and first Executive Governor of Abia State (Ogbonnaya Onu, PhD Chemical Engineering); Barbados' Ambassador to Brazil (Tonika Sealy-Thompson). Alumni have also served in many supranational posts, notable among which are President of the World Bank (Robert McNamara, BS); Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and managing director of the International Monetary Fund (Rodrigo Rato, MBA); executive director of UNICEF (Ann Veneman, MPP); member of the European Parliament (Bruno Megret, MS); and judge of the World Court (Joan Donoghue, JD).

Science

Alumni have made important contributions to science. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate William F. Giauque (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated chemical thermodynamics, Nobel laureate Willard Libby (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered radiocarbon dating, Nobel laureate Willis Lamb (BS 1934, PhD 1938) examined the hydrogen spectrum, Nobel laureate Hamilton O. Smith (BA 1952) applied restriction enzymes to molecular genetics, Nobel laureate Robert Laughlin (BA math 1972) explored the fractional quantum Hall effect, and Nobel laureate Andrew Fire (BA math 1978) helped to discover RNA interference-gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nobel laureate Glenn T. Seaborg (PhD 1937) collaborated with Albert Ghiorso (BS 1913) to discover 12 chemical elements, such as americium, berkelium, and californium. David Bohm (PhD 1943) discovered Bohm diffusion. Nobel laureate Yuan T. Lee (PhD 1965) developed the crossed molecular beam technique for studying chemical reactions. Carol Greider (PhD 1987), professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer. Harvey Itano (BS 1942) conducted breakthrough work on sickle cell anemia that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin.[229] While he was valedictorian of Berkeley's class of 1942, he was unable to attend commencement exercises due to internment.[229]

Narendra Karmarkar (PhD 1983) is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar's algorithm.[230] National Medal of Science laureate Chien-Shiung Wu (PhD 1940), often known as the "Chinese Madame Curie", disproved the Law of Conservation of Parity for which she was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics.[231] Kary Mullis (PhD 1973) was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in developing the polymerase chain reaction,[232] a method for amplifying DNA sequences. Olga Hartman (Master's 1933, PhD 1936) was a zoologist who described hundreds of species of polychaete worms.[233][234][235] Daniel Kahneman was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory. Richard O. Buckius, engineer, Bachelor's in Mechanical Engineering '72, Masters '73, PhD '75, currently Chief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation. Edward P. Tryon (PhD 1967) is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.[236][237][238] John N. Bahcall (BS 1956) worked on the Standard Solar Model and the Hubble Space Telescope,[239] resulting in a National Medal of Science.[239] Peter Smith (BS 1969) was the principal investigator and project leader for the NASA robotic explorer Phoenix,[240] which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for the first time.[241] Astronauts James van Hoften (BS 1966), Margaret Rhea Seddon (BA 1970), Leroy Chiao (BS 1983), and Rex Walheim (BS 1984) have orbited the Earth in NASA's fleet of Space Shuttles.

Business

Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer,[242] Intel,[243] LSI Logic[244] The Gap,[245] MySpace,[246] PowerBar,[247] Berkeley Systems,[248] Bolt, Beranek and Newman[249] (which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet), Chez Panisse,[250] GrandCentral (known now as Google Voice),[251] HTC Corporation,[252] VIA Technologies,[252] Marvell Technology Group,[253] MoveOn.org,[248] Opsware,[254] RedOctane,[255] Rimon Law P.C.,[256] SanDisk,[257] Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker,[258] VMware[259] and Zilog,[260] while graduate school alumni have cofounded companies such as DHL,[261] KeyHole Inc (known now as Google Earth),[262] Sun Microsystems,[263] and The Learning Company.[264] Berkeley alumni have also led various technology companies such as Electronic Arts,[265] Google,[266] Adobe Systems, Softbank (Masayoshi Son) and Qualcomm.[267]

Computers

Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the personal computer and the Internet.[268] Unix was created by alumnus Ken Thompson (BS 1965, MS 1966) along with colleague Dennis Ritchie. Alumni such as L. Peter Deutsch[269][270][271] (PhD 1973), Butler Lampson (PhD 1967), and Charles P. Thacker (BS 1967)[272] worked with Ken Thompson on Project Genie and then formed the ill-fated US Department of Defense-funded Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC), which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non-descript offices to avoid anti-war protestors.[273] After BCC failed, Deutsch, Lampson, and Thacker joined Xerox PARC, where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies, culminating in the Xerox Alto that inspired the Apple Macintosh. In particular, the Alto used a computer mouse, which had been invented by Doug Engelbart (BEng 1952, PhD 1955). Thompson, Lampson, Engelbart, and Thacker[274] all later received a Turing Award. Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald Schmidt (BS 1966, MS 1968, PhD 1971), who became known as "the man who brought Ethernet to the masses."[275] Another Xerox PARC researcher, Charles Simonyi (BS 1972), pioneered the first WYSIWIG word processor program and was recruited personally by Bill Gates to join the fledgling company known as Microsoft to create Microsoft Word. Simonyi later became the first repeat space tourist, blasting off on Russian Soyuz rockets to work at the International Space Station orbiting the Earth.

In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled[276] the original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi, while Ken Arnold (BA 1985) created Curses, a terminal control library for Unix-like systems that enables the construction of text user interface (TUI) applications. Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates William Jolitz (BS 1997) and his future wife Lynne Jolitz (BA 1989), who together created 386BSD, a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the BSD family of free operating systems and the Darwin operating system underlying Apple Mac OS X.[277] Eric Allman (BS 1977, MS 1980) created SendMail, a Unix mail transfer agent that delivers about 12 percent of the email in the world.[278]

The XCF, an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including GTK+ (created by Peter Mattis, BS 1997), The GIMP (Spencer Kimball, BS 1996), and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm.[279] In 1992, Pei-Yuan Wei,[280] an undergraduate at the XCF, created ViolaWWW, one of the first graphical web browsers. ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. In the spirit of Open Source, he donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring Java applets. ViolaWWW also inspired researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic web browser,[281] a pioneering web browser that became Microsoft Internet Explorer.

Pulitzer Prize winners

Alumni collectively have won at least twenty-five Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Marguerite Higgins (BA 1941) was a pioneering female war correspondent[282][283] who covered World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.[284] Novelist Robert Penn Warren (MA 1927) won three Pulitzer Prizes,[285] including one for his novel All the King's Men, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning[286] movie. Pulitzer Prize–winning cartoonist Rube Goldberg (BS 1904) invented the comically complex—yet ultimately trivial—contraptions known as Rube Goldberg machines. Journalist Alexandra Berzon (MA 2006) won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009,[287] and journalist Matt Richtel (BA 1989), who also coauthors the comic strip Rudy Park under the pen name of "Theron Heir",[288] won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting.[289] Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Leon Litwack (BA[290] 1951, PhD 1958) taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years;[291] three other UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize. Alumna and professor Susan Rasky won the Polk Award for journalism in 1991. USC Professor and Berkeley alumnus Viet Thanh Nguyen's (PhD 1997) first novel The Sympathizer won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[292]

Fiction and screenwriters

Alumni have also written novels and screenplays that have attracted Oscar-caliber talent, including The Call of the Wild author Jack London. Irving Stone (BA 1923) wrote the novel Lust for Life, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh. Stone also wrote The Agony and the Ecstasy, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winner Charlton Heston as Michelangelo. Mona Simpson (BA 1979) wrote the novel Anywhere But Here, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-winning actress Susan Sarandon. Terry McMillan (BA 1986) wrote How Stella Got Her Groove Back, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-nominated actress Angela Bassett. Randi Mayem Singer (BA 1979) wrote the screenplay for Mrs. Doubtfire, which starred Oscar-winning actor Robin Williams and Oscar-winning actress Sally Field. Audrey Wells (BA 1981) wrote the screenplay The Truth About Cats & Dogs, which starred Oscar-nominated actress Uma Thurman. James Schamus (BA 1982, MA 1987, PhD 2003) has collaborated on screenplays with Oscar-winning director Ang Lee on the Academy Award-winning movies Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Brokeback Mountain.

Academy Award winners

Collectively, alumni have won at least twenty Academy Awards. Gregory Peck (BA 1939), nominated for four Oscars during his career, won an Oscar for acting in To Kill a Mockingbird. Chris Innis (BA 1991) won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner, The Hurt Locker. Walter Plunkett (BA 1923) won an Oscar for costume design (for An American in Paris). Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) and Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) have each[293][294] won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley.[295] Edith Head (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. Joe Letteri (BA 1981[296]) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film Avatar and the Peter Jackson films King Kong, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.[297]

Emmy Award winners

Alumni have collectively won at least twenty-five Emmy Awards: Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; Andrew Schneider (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism;[298][299] Christine Chen (dual BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism;[300] Kristen Sze (BA), two for broadcast journalism;[301] Kathy Baker (BA 1977), three for acting; Ken Milnes (BS 1977), four for broadcasting technology; and Leroy Sievers (BA),[302] twelve for production. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of thirteen Emmy awards.[303][304][305]

Television

Alumni have acted in classic television series that are still broadcast on TV today. Karen Grassle (BA 1965) played Caroline Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie, Jerry Mathers (BA 1974) starred in Leave it to Beaver, and Roxann Dawson (BA 1980) portrayed B'Elanna Torres on Star Trek: Voyager.

Music and entertainment

Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry, such as Grateful Dead bass guitarist Phil Lesh, the Police drummer Stewart Copeland,[306] Rolling Stone Magazine founder Jann Wenner, the Bangles lead singer Susanna Hoffs (BA 1980), Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz, electronic music producer Giraffage, MTV correspondent Suchin Pak (BA 1997),[307] AFI musicians Davey Havok and Jade Puget (BA 1996), and solo artist Marié Digby ("Say It Again"). People Magazine included Third Eye Blind lead singer and songwriter Stephan Jenkins (BA 1987) in the magazine's list of 50 Most Beautiful People.[308]

Kendall Ross Bean became a master piano rebuilder and concert pianist, Bean first performed on a piano he rebuilt in one of the first classical music videos to be broadcast across the United States on the A&E Network which in 1985 had 18 million cable viewers. This broadcast coincided with MTV emerging as a medium for record production companies to use music videos to promote the albums of Rock and Pop stars. The novelty of a classical music video featuring a solo pianist and the inside view of piano hammers hitting strings, contrasted to the high production rock music videos caught media attention from coast to coast. The video was titled: Kendall Ross Bean: Chopin Polonaise in A Flat. Karen Earle Lile, niece of Tony Terran became the Art Director/Executive Producer for the USPS Building Bridges Special Postal Cancellation Series and a Talk Show host for Sail Sport Talk on Sports Byline USA, a record producer [309][310] at Fantasy Studios and the historian who discovered the provenance of the Lost Lennon piano,[311] afterwards known as the Lennon-Ono-Green-Warhol piano.[312]

Sports

Alumni have also participated in the world of sports. Tennis athlete Helen Wills Moody (BA 1925) won 31 Grand Slam titles, including eight singles titles at Wimbledon. Tarik Glenn (BA 1999) is a Super Bowl XLI champion. Michele Tafoya (BA 1988) is a sports television reporter for ABC Sports and ESPN.[313] Sports agent Leigh Steinberg (BA 1970, JD 1973) has represented professional athletes such as Steve Young, Troy Aikman, and Oscar De La Hoya; Steinberg has been called the real-life inspiration[314] for the title character in the Oscar-winning[315] film Jerry Maguire (portrayed by Tom Cruise). Matt Biondi (BA 1988) won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career, in which he participated in three different Olympics. At the Beijing Olympics in 2008, Natalie Coughlin (BA 2005) became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympics.[316]

Patrons

Berkeley alumni have long been among the billionaire ranks, their largess giving rise to many of the campus' eponymous schools, pavilions, centers, institutes, and halls, and with the more prominent being J. Paul Getty, Ann Getty, Sanford Diller and Helen Diller, Donald Fisher, Flora Lamson Hewlett, David Schwartz (Bio-Rad) and members of the Haas (Walter A. Haas, Rhoda Haas Goldman, Walter A. Haas Jr., Peter E. Haas, Bob Haas) family. There are at least twenty-five living alumni billionaires: Gordon Moore (Intel founder), James Harris Simons (Renaissance Technologies), Masayoshi Son (SoftBank),[317] Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment),[318] Eric Schmidt (former Google Chairman) and Wendy Schmidt, Michael Milken, Bassam Alghanim, Kutayba Alghanim,[319] Charles Simonyi (Microsoft), Cher Wang (HTC), Robert Haas (Levi Strauss & Co.), Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor (Interbank, Peru),[320] Fayez Sarofim, Daniel S. Loeb, Paul Merage, David Hindawi, Orion Hindawi, Bill Joy (Sun Microsystems founder), Victor Koo, Tony Xu (DoorDash), Lowell Milken, Nathaniel Simons and Laura Baxter-Simons, Elizabeth Simons and Mark Heising,[321] Oleg Tinkov, Liong Tek Kwee (BS 1968), Liong Seen Kwee (BS 1974) and Alice Schwartz (BS 1947).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

References

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January 01, 1970
university, california, berkeley, confused, with, berkeley, college, disambiguation, berkeley, berkeley, california, public, land, grant, research, university, berkeley, california, founded, 1868, named, after, anglo, irish, philosopher, george, berkeley, stat. Not to be confused with Berkeley College disambiguation The University of California Berkeley UC Berkeley Berkeley Cal or California 10 11 is a public land grant research university in Berkeley California Founded in 1868 and named after Anglo Irish philosopher George Berkeley it is the state s first land grant university and the founding campus of the University of California system Berkeley is also a founding member of the Association of American Universities It has been regarded as one of the top universities in the world 12 University of California BerkeleyFormer namesUniversity of California 1868 1958 MottoFiat lux Latin Motto in English Let there be light TypePublic land grant research universityEstablishedMarch 23 1868 156 years ago 1868 03 23 1 Parent institutionUniversity of CaliforniaAccreditationWSCUCAcademic affiliationsAAUAPRUIARUURASpace grantEndowment 6 9 billion 2022 2 3 ChancellorCarol T ChristProvostBenjamin E Hermalin 4 Total staff23 524 2020 5 Students45 307 Fall 2022 6 Undergraduates32 479 Fall 2022 6 Postgraduates12 828 Fall 2022 6 LocationBerkeley California United States37 52 19 N 122 15 30 W 37 87194 N 122 25833 W 37 87194 122 25833CampusCore Campus 178 acres 72 hectares 7 8 Total 8 164 acres 3 304 hectares 3 NewspaperThe Daily CalifornianColors Berkeley Blue California Gold 9 NicknameGolden BearsSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I FBS Pac 12MPSFAmerica EastIRAMascotOski the BearWebsiteberkeley wbr edu Berkeley is classified among R1 Doctoral Universities Very high research activity and has three national laboratories for the U S Department of Energy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory 13 14 Between 2001 and 2010 it was the No 1 recipient of National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships with 1 333 awards 15 In 2021 the funding for research and development exceeded 1 billion 16 Thirty two libraries compose the Berkeley library system which is the sixth largest research library by number of volumes in the United States 17 18 19 Berkeley s athletic teams the California Golden Bears compete in the Pac 12 Conference and have won 107 national championships and 223 Olympic medals 121 gold 20 21 Berkeley s alumni faculty and researchers include 260 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows 22 190 recipients of the MacArthur Fellowship 23 144 members of the National Academy of Sciences 24 139 Guggenheim Fellows 125 Sloan Fellows 75 members of the National Academy of Engineering 25 68 recipients of the National Medal of Science 34 Pulitzer Prize winners 30 Wolf Prize winners 25 Turing Award winners 19 Academy Award winners and 14 Fields Medalists 26 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding 1 2 20th century 1 3 21st century 1 4 Controversies 2 Organization and administration 2 1 Name 2 2 Governance 2 3 Funding 3 Academics 3 1 Faculty and departments 3 2 Undergraduate programs 3 3 Graduate and professional programs 3 4 Library system 3 5 Reputation and rankings 3 5 1 National 3 5 2 Global 3 5 3 Past rankings 3 6 Admissions and enrollment 4 Discoveries and innovation 4 1 Natural sciences 4 2 Computer and applied sciences 4 3 Companies and entrepreneurship 5 Campus 5 1 Architecture 5 2 Natural features 6 Student life and traditions 6 1 Student housing 6 1 1 Fraternities and sororities 6 2 Student run organizations 6 2 1 Associated Students of the University of California ASUC 6 2 2 Media and publications 6 2 3 Student groups 6 2 4 Engineering student teams 6 3 Athletics 7 Notable alumni faculty and staff 7 1 Faculty and staff 7 2 Alumni 7 2 1 Government 7 2 2 Science 7 2 3 Business 7 2 4 Computers 7 2 5 Pulitzer Prize winners 7 2 6 Fiction and screenwriters 7 2 7 Academy Award winners 7 2 8 Emmy Award winners 7 2 9 Television 7 2 10 Music and entertainment 7 2 11 Sports 7 2 12 Patrons 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistory nbsp View from Memorial Glade of Sather Tower the Campanile the center of Berkeley nbsp Sather Tower the Campanile looking out over San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais Main article History of the University of California Berkeley Founding Made possible by President Lincoln s signing of the Morrill Act in 1862 the University of California was founded in 1868 as the state s first land grant university inheriting the land and facilities of the private College of California and the federal funding eligibility of a public agricultural mining and mechanical arts college 27 The Organic Act states that the University shall have for its design to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science literature and art industrial and professional pursuits and general education and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions 28 29 Ten faculty members and forty male students made up the fledgling university when it opened in Oakland in 1869 30 Frederick Billings a trustee of the College of California suggested that a new campus site north of Oakland be named in honor of Anglo Irish philosopher George Berkeley 31 The university began admitting women the following year 32 In 1870 Henry Durant founder of the College of California became its first president With the completion of North and South Halls in 1873 the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students 33 34 The first female student to graduate was in 1874 admitted in the first class to include women in 1870 35 Beginning in 1891 Phoebe Apperson Hearst funded several programs and new buildings and in 1898 sponsored an international competition in Antwerp where French architect Emile Benard submitted the winning design for a campus master plan 20th century In 1905 the University Farm was established near Sacramento ultimately becoming the University of California Davis 36 In 1919 Los Angeles State Normal School became the southern branch of the university which ultimately became the University of California Los Angeles 37 By the 1920s the number of campus buildings in Berkeley had grown substantially and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard 38 In 1917 one of the nation s first ROTC programs was established at Berkeley 39 and its School of Military Aeronautics began training pilots including Jimmy Doolittle In 1926 future Fleet Admiral Chester W Nimitz established the first Naval ROTC unit at Berkeley 40 Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara Army Chief of Staff Frederick C Weyand sixteen other general officers ten Navy flag officers and AFROTC alumna Captain Theresa Claiborne 41 In the 1930s Ernest Orlando Lawrence helped establish the Radiation Laboratory now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and invented the cyclotron which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939 42 Using the cyclotron Berkeley professors and Berkeley Lab researchers went on to discover sixteen chemical elements more than any other university in the world 43 44 In particular during World War II and following Glenn Seaborg s then secret discovery of plutonium Lawrence s Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U S Army to develop the atomic bomb Physics professor J Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942 45 46 Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley founded and was then a partner in managing two other labs Los Alamos National Laboratory 1943 and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1952 In 1952 the University of California reorganized itself into a system of semi autonomous campuses with each campus given a chancellor and Clark Kerr became Berkeley s first Chancellor while Robert Sproul remained in place as the President of the University of California 47 Berkeley gained a worldwide reputation for political activism in the 1960s In 1964 the Free Speech Movement organized student resistance to the university s restrictions on political activities on campus most conspicuously student activities related to the Civil Rights Movement 48 49 The arrest in Sproul Plaza of Jack Weinberg a recent Berkeley alumnus and chair of Campus CORE prompted a series of student led acts of formal remonstrance and civil disobedience that ultimately gave rise to the Free Speech Movement which movement would prevail and serve as a precedent for student opposition to America s involvement in the Vietnam War 50 51 52 In 1982 the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute MSRI was established on campus with support from the National Science Foundation and at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians Shiing Shen Chern Calvin Moore and Isadore M Singer The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborative mathematical research drawing thousands of visiting researchers from around the world each year 53 54 55 21st century In the current century Berkeley has become less politically active although more liberal 56 57 Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one which is a ratio similar to that of American academia generally 58 The school has become more focused on STEM disciplines and fundraising 59 60 61 In 2007 the Energy Biosciences Institute was established with funding from BP and Stanley Hall a research facility and headquarters for the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences opened Supported by a grant from alumnus James Simons the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing was established in 2012 In 2015 Berkeley and its sister campus UCSF established the Innovative Genomics Institute to develop CRISPR gene editing and in 2020 an anonymous donor pledged 252 million to help fund a new center for computing and data science For the 2020 fiscal year Berkeley set a fundraising record receiving over 1 billion in gifts and pledges and two years later it broke that record raising over 1 2 billion 62 59 63 64 In April 2024 Berkeley students joined other campuses across the United States in protests against the Israel Hamas war and the genocide in Gaza Students set up encampments and a Muslim law student Malak Afaneh was ejected for protesting at a law school dinner held at a dean s home 65 66 67 The student protestors demanded an end to the war in Gaza and the university s divestment from companies with ties to Israel 68 Controversies Various research ethics human rights and animal rights advocates have been in conflict with Berkeley Native Americans contended with the school over repatriation of remains from the Phoebe A Hearst Museum of Anthropology 69 Student activists have urged the university to cut financial ties with Tyson Foods and PepsiCo 70 71 72 Faculty member Ignacio Chapela prominently criticized the university s financial ties to Novartis 73 PETA has challenged the university s use of animals for research and argued that it may violate the Animal Welfare Act 74 75 Cal s Memorial Stadium reopened in September 2012 after renovations The university incurred a controversial 445 million of debt for the stadium and a new 153 million student athletic center which it financed with the sale of special stadium endowment seats 76 The roughly 18 million interest only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal s athletics budget principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113 77 On May 1 2014 Berkeley was named one of fifty five higher education institutions under investigation by the U S Department of Education s Office of Civil Rights for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault 78 Investigations continued into 2016 with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016 showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non tenured staff 79 On July 25 2019 Berkeley was removed from the U S News Best Colleges Ranking for misreporting statistics Berkeley had originally reported that its two year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11 6 percent U S News said The school later told U S News the correct average alumni giving rate for the 2016 fiscal year was just 7 9 percent The school incorrectly overstated its alumni giving data to U S News since at least 2014 The alumni giving rate accounts for five percent of the Best Colleges ranking 80 Berkeley community members have criticized UC Berkeley s increasing enrollment Berkeley residents filed a lawsuit alleging that the university s expanding enrollment violated California Environmental Quality Act and that the area lacked the infrastructure to support more students 81 Critics of the lawsuit accused these community members of NIMBYism 82 83 84 In August 2021 a judge from the Superior Court of Alameda County ruled in favor of the residents and on March 3 2022 the California Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the residents saying that the university needed to freeze its admission rates at 2020 2021 levels 85 On March 11 2022 state legislators released a proposal to change CEQA to exempt the university from its restrictions 86 On March 14 Gavin Newsom signed the bill into law 87 Berkeley has continued to face a housing shortage 88 Organization and administrationName Officially named the University of California Berkeley it is often shortened to Berkeley in general reference or in an academic context Berkeley Law Berkeley Engineering Berkeley Haas Berkeley Public Health and to California or Cal particularly when referring to its athletic teams California Golden Bears 10 11 89 In August 2022 a university task force was formed which recommended renaming the athletic identity to Cal Berkeley to further tie the athletic brand to academic prestige and reduce public confusion 90 Governance The University of California is governed by a twenty six member Board of Regents eighteen of whom are appointed by the Governor of California to 12 year terms The board also has seven ex officio members a student regent and a non voting student regent designate 91 Prior to 1952 Berkeley was the University of California so the university president was also Berkeley s chief executive In 1952 the university reorganized itself into a system of semi autonomous campuses with each campus having its own chief executive a chancellor who would in turn report to the president of the university system Twelve vice chancellors report directly to Berkeley s chancellor and the deans of the fifteen colleges and schools report to the executive vice chancellor and provost Berkeley s chief academic officer 92 Twenty three presidents and chancellors have led Berkeley since its founding 93 47 Presidents 1868 1869 Henry Durant 1869 1870 John LeConte 1870 1872 Henry Durant 1872 1875 Daniel Coit Gilman 1875 1881 John LeConte 1881 1885 W T Reid 1885 1888 Edward S Holden 1888 1890 Horace Davis 1890 1899 Martin Kellogg 1899 1919 Benjamin Ide Wheeler 1919 1923 David Prescott Barrows 1923 1930 William Wallace Campbell 1930 1952 Robert Gordon Sproul Chancellors 1952 1958 Clark Kerr 1958 1961 Glenn T Seaborg 1961 1965 Edward W Strong 1965 1965 Martin E Meyerson acting 1965 1971 Roger Heyns 1971 1980 Albert H Bowker 1980 1990 Ira Michael Heyman 1990 1997 Chang Lin Tien 1997 2004 Robert M Berdahl 2004 2013 Robert J Birgeneau 2013 2017 Nicholas B Dirks 2017 present Carol T Christ Funding See also University of California finances With the exception of government contracts public support is apportioned to Berkeley and the other campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President and accounts for 12 percent of Berkeley s total revenues 94 Berkeley has long benefited from private philanthropy and more recently alumni and their foundations have given to the university for operations and capital expenditures 95 Berkeley has benefited from benefactors beyond its alumni ranks notable among which are Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan Vitalik Buterin Patrick Collison John Collison the Ron Conway family Crankstart Elad Gil and Jennifer Huang Gil Daniel Gross Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna and Hemant and Jessica Taneja along with Jane Street principals Matt Berger Craig Falls Rob Granieri James McClave and Adam Winkel BP the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation billionaire Sir Li Ka Shing Israeli Russian billionaire Yuri Milner Thomas and Stacey Siebel Sanford and Joan Weill and professor Gordon Rausser 50 million gift in 2020 95 Hundreds of millions of dollars have been given anonymously 96 The 2008 13 Campaign for Berkeley raised 3 13 billion from 281 855 donors and the Light the Way campaign which concluded at the end of 2023 has raised over 6 2 billion 97 AcademicsFaculty and departments nbsp Wheeler Hall home to Berkeley s largest lecture hall was the location of a Nobel Prize conferral during WWII nbsp The interior of the Hearst Mining Building dedicated by Phoebe Hearst in honor of her late husband George Berkeley is a large primarily residential research university with a majority of its enrolment in undergraduate programs but also offering a comprehensive doctoral program 13 The university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission since 1949 98 The university operates on a semester calendar and awarded 8 725 bachelor s 3 286 master s or professional and 1 272 doctoral degrees in 2018 2019 99 There are 1 789 full time and 886 part time faculty members among the university s academic enterprise which is organized into fifteen colleges and schools that comprise 180 departments and 80 interdisciplinary units offering over 350 degree programs Colleges serve both undergraduate and graduate students while schools are generally graduate only though some offer undergraduate majors or minors College of Chemistry College of Computing Data Science and Society College of Engineering College of Environmental Design College of Letters and Science Goldman School of Public Policy Graduate School of Journalism Haas School of Business Rausser College of Natural Resources School of Information School of Education School of Law School of Public Health School of Social Welfare Wertheim School of Optometry UC Berkeley Extension Undergraduate programs nbsp Doe Memorial Library The four year full time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor s degrees across the Haas School of Business 1 College of Chemistry 5 College of Engineering 20 College of Environmental Design 4 College of Letters and Science 67 Rausser College of Natural Resources 10 and individual majors 2 100 The most popular majors are electrical engineering and computer sciences political science molecular and cell biology environmental science and economics 101 Requirements for undergraduate degrees include an entry level writing requirement before enrollment typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams such as the SAT or ACT completing coursework on American History and Institutions before or after enrollment by taking an introductory class passing an American Cultures Breadth class at Berkeley as well as requirements for reading and composition and specific requirements declared by the department and school 102 Graduate and professional programs nbsp Haas School of Business Berkeley has a comprehensive graduate program with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates and offers interdisciplinary graduate programs with the medical schools at the University of California San Francisco and Stanford University The university offers Master of Arts Master of Science Master of Fine Arts and PhD degrees in addition to professional degrees such as the Juris Doctor Master of Business Administration Master of Public Health and Master of Design 13 103 The university awarded 963 doctoral degrees and 3 531 master s degrees in 2017 15 Admission to graduate programs is decentralized applicants apply directly to the department or degree program Most graduate students are supported by fellowships teaching assistantships or research assistantships 15 Library system Main article University of California Berkeley Library System nbsp The on campus University of California Museum of Paleontology hosts a life size replica of a T rex Doe Library serves as the library system s reference periodical and administrative center while most of the main collections reside in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library The Bancroft Library which has over 400 000 printed volumes and 70 million manuscripts pictures and maps maintains special collections that document the history of the western part of North America with an emphasis on California Mexico and Central America The Bancroft Library also houses the Mark Twain Papers 104 the Oral History Center 105 the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri 106 and the University Archives 107 Reputation and rankings Although the University of California system does not have an official flagship campus many scholars and experts consider Berkeley to be its unofficial flagship In some cases it shares this unofficial status with the University of California Los Angeles 108 National Academic rankingsNationalARWU 109 4Forbes 110 5U S News amp World Report 111 15 tie Washington Monthly 112 9GlobalARWU 113 5QS 114 10THE 115 9U S News amp World Report 116 4 The 2018 19 Center for World University Rankings CWUR rated Berkeley the top public university in the nation and 4th overall based on quality of education alumni employment quality of faculty publications influence and citations 117 For 2021 QS World University Rankings USA placed Berkeley 4th among all US universities and 1st among publics 118 In its 2022 list of America s top colleges Forbes rated Berkeley the best public school and 2nd overall 119 In the 2023 2024 U S News amp World Report national university rankings Berkeley was the top public school and 15th overall 120 Global In 2017 the Nature Index ranked the university the 9th largest contributor to papers published in 82 leading journals 121 122 For 2020 21 the Center for World University Rankings CWUR ranked the university 12th in the world based on quality of education alumni employment quality of faculty and research performance 123 Past rankings In his memoirs Clark Kerr records Berkeley s rise in the rankings according to the National Academies during the 20th century The school s first ranking in 1906 placed it among the top six schools Big Six in the nation In 1934 it ranked second tied with Columbia and the University of Chicago behind only Harvard in 1957 it was ranked as the only school second to Harvard In 1964 Berkeley was named the best balanced distinguished university meaning the school had not only the most top departments but also the highest percentage of top ranking departments in its school The school in 1993 was the only remaining member of the original 1906 Big Six along with Harvard in that year Berkeley ranked first 124 The American Council on Education a private non profit association ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934 However by 1942 private funding had helped Berkeley rise to second place behind only Harvard based on the number of distinguished departments 47 In 1985 Yale University admissions officer Richard Moll published Public Ivies A Guide to America s Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities which named Berkeley a Public Ivy 125 126 127 128 Since its inaugural 1990 reputational survey Times Higher Education has considered Berkeley to be one of the world s six super brands along with the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge Harvard University MIT and Stanford University 129 130 131 132 133 The 2010 United States National Research Council Rankings identified Berkeley as having the highest number of top ranked doctoral programs in the nation Berkeley doctoral programs that received a 1 ranking included English German Political Science Geography Agricultural and Resource Economics Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biochemistry Molecular Biology Genetics Genomics Epidemiology Plant Biology Computer Science Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering 134 Admissions and enrollment Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2020 Race and ethnicity 135 Total Asian 35 35 White 22 22 Hispanic 19 19 Foreign national 13 13 Other a 9 9 Black 2 2 Economic diversity Low income b 22 22 Affluent or middle class c 78 78 For Fall 2022 Berkeley s total enrollment was 45 745 32 831 undergraduate and 12 914 graduate students with women accounting for 56 of undergraduates and 49 of graduate and professional students It had 128 226 freshman applicants and accepted 14 614 11 4 Among enrolled freshman the average unweighted GPA was 3 90 136 Berkeley s enrollment of National Merit Scholars was third in the nation until 2002 when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued 137 For 2019 Berkeley ranked fourth in enrollment of recipients of the National Merit 2 500 Scholarship 132 scholars 138 139 27 of admitted students receive federal Pell grants 140 Berkeley students are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid Inquiries are processed through the Financial Aid and Scholarships Office although schools such as the Haas School of Business 141 and Berkeley Law 142 have their own financial aid offices Fall Freshman Profile 136 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Applicants 128 226 109 597 88 076 87 398 89 621 85 057 Admits 14 614 15 852 15 448 14 676 13 308 14 552 Admit rate 11 4 14 5 17 5 16 8 14 8 17 1 Enrolled 6 726 6 809 6 052 6 454 6 012 6 379 SAT mid 50 N A N A 1300 1520 1330 1520 1300 1530 1300 1540 ACT average N A N A 31 31 31 32 GPA unweighted 3 90 3 87 3 86 3 89 3 89 3 91 Berkeley began test blind admissions in 2021 Discoveries and innovation nbsp Simplified evolution of Unix systems and BSD forks A number of significant inventions and discoveries have been made by Berkeley faculty members and researchers 143 Natural sciences Atomic bomb Physics professor J Robert Oppenheimer was wartime director of Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Manhattan Project Carbon 14 and photosynthesis Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben first discovered carbon 14 in 1940 and Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin and his colleagues used carbon 14 as a molecular tracer to reveal the carbon assimilation path in photosynthesis known as Calvin cycle 144 Carcinogens Identified chemicals that damage DNA The Ames test was described in a series of papers in 1973 by Bruce Ames and his group at the university Chemical elements Sixteen elements have been discovered at Berkeley technetium astatine neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium and seaborgium 145 146 Covalent bond Gilbert N Lewis in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms and invented the Lewis notation to describe the mechanisms CRISPR gene editing Nobel laureate Jennifer Doudna discovered a precise and inexpensive way for manipulating DNA in human cells 147 Cyclotron Ernest O Lawrence created a particle accelerator in 1934 and was awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1939 148 Dark energy Saul Perlmutter and many others in the Supernova Cosmology Project discover the universe is expanding because of dark energy 1998 Flu vaccine Wendell M Stanley and colleagues discovered the vaccine in the 1940s Hydrogen bomb Edward Teller the father of hydrogen bomb was a professor at Berkeley and a researcher at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Los Alamos National Laboratory Immunotherapy of cancer James P Allison discovers and develops monoclonal antibody therapy that uses the immune system to combat cancer 1992 1995 Molecular clock Allan Wilson discovery in 1967 Neuroplasticity Marian Diamond discovers structural biochemical and synaptic changes in brain caused by environmental enrichment 1964 Oncogene Peter Duesberg discovers first cancer causing gene in a virus 1970s Telomerase Elizabeth H Blackburn Carol Greider and Jack Szostak discover enzyme that promotes cell division and growth 1985 Vitamin E Gladys Anderson Emerson isolates Vitamin E in a pure form in 1952 149 Computer and applied sciences Berkeley RISC David Patterson leads ARPA s VLSI project of microprocessor design 1980 1984 150 Berkeley UNIX Berkeley Software Distribution BSD The Computer Systems Research Group was a research group at Berkeley that was dedicated to enhancing AT amp T Unix operating system and funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Bill Joy modified the code and released it in 1977 under the open source BSD license starting an open source revolution Deep sea diving Joel Henry Hildebrand used helium with oxygen to mitigate decompression sickness 151 GIMP In 1995 Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis began developing GIMP as a semester long project at Berkeley Polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson and a police officer from the Berkeley Police Department in 1921 152 Project Genie DARPA funded project It produced an early time sharing system including the Berkeley Timesharing System which was then commercialized as the SDS 940 Concepts from Project Genie influenced the development of the TENEX operating system for the PDP 10 and Unix which inherited the concept of process forking from it 153 Unix co creator Ken Thompson worked on Project Genie while at Berkeley SPICE Donald O Pederson develops the Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis SPICE 1972 154 Tcl programming language developed by John Ousterhout in 1988 155 Three dimensional Transistor Chenming Hu won the 2014 National Medal of Technology for developing the first 3 dimensional transistors which radically advanced semiconductor technology 156 Vi text editor Bill Joy created the first Vi editor in 1976 157 Wetsuit Hugh Bradner invents first wetsuit 1952 158 Companies and entrepreneurship Activision Blizzard 1979 as Activision co founder Alan Miller BS and Larry Kaplan BA AIG 1919 founder Cornelius Vander Starr Attended Apple 1976 co founder Steve Wozniak BS Chernin Entertainment 2009 founder Peter Chernin BA 159 160 Coursera 2012 co founder Andrew Ng PhD Databricks 2013 founders Ali Ghodsi PhD Matei Zaharia PhD Ion Stoica Professor Reynold Xin PhD Andy Konwinski PhD Arsalan Tavakoli Shiraji PhD and Patrick Wendell PhD eBay 1995 founder Pierre Omidyar Attended 161 162 Gap Inc 1969 co founder Donald Fisher BS HTC Corporation 1997 co founder Cher Wang BA Intel 1968 co founders Gordon Moore BS and Andy Grove PhD Marvell Technology Group 1995 co founders Sehat Sutardja MS PhD and Weili Dai BA Morgan Stanley 1924 as Dean Witter amp Co co founder Dean G Witter BA Mozilla Corporation 2005 co founder Mitchell Baker BA JD Myspace 2003 co founder Tom Anderson BA Renaissance Technologies 1982 founder James Simons PhD Rotten Tomatoes 1998 founders Senh Duong BA Patrick Y Lee BA and Stephen Wang BA SanDisk 1988 co founder Sanjay Mehrotra BS MS Softbank 1981 founder Masayoshi Son BA Sun Microsystems 1982 co founder Bill Joy MS Tesla 2003 co founder Marc Tarpenning BS VMware 1998 co founders Diane Greene MS and Mendel Rosenblum PhD CampusMain article Campus of the University of California Berkeley nbsp Sather Gate connecting Sproul Plaza to the inner campus was a center of the Free Speech Movement Much of the UC Berkeley campus is in the city limits of Berkeley with portion of the property extending into Oakland 163 The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately 1 232 acres though the central campus occupies only the low lying western 178 acres of this area Of the remaining acres approximately 200 acres are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units notably the Space Sciences Laboratory the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute an 800 acre 320 hectare ecological preserve the University of California Botanical Garden and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon Portions of the mostly undeveloped eastern area of the campus are actually within the City of Oakland these portions extend from the Claremont Resort north through the Panoramic Hill neighborhood to Tilden Park 164 To the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley including the so called Gourmet Ghetto a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as Northside with a large graduate student population 165 situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row and beyond that the Clark Kerr Campus and an upscale residential area named Claremont The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue one of Berkeley s main shopping districts with stores street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists In addition the university also owns land to the northwest of the main campus a married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany Albany Village and the Gill Tract and a field research station several miles to the north in Richmond California nbsp Bancroft Library nbsp The UC Botanical Garden located in the Berkeley Hills and by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The campus is home to several museums including the University of California Museum of Paleontology the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive and the Lawrence Hall of Science The Museum of Paleontology found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex The campus also offers resources for innovation and entrepreneurship such as the Big Ideas Competition the Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology and the Berkeley Haas Innovation Lab 166 The campus is also home to the University of California Botanical Garden with more than 12 000 individual species nbsp 360 degree view of the UC Berkeley campus Architecture nbsp South Hall 1873 one of the two original buildings of the University of California still stands on the Berkeley campus What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California funded by William Randolph Hearst s mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899 167 The winner was Frenchman Emile Benard who refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard Howard designed over twenty buildings which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s The structures forming the classical core of the campus were built in the Beaux Arts Classical style and include Hearst Greek Theatre Hearst Memorial Mining Building Doe Memorial Library California Hall Wheeler Hall Le Conte Hall Gilman Hall Haviland Hall Wellman Hall Sather Gate and the Sather Tower nicknamed the Campanile after its architectural inspiration St Mark s Campanile in Venice the tallest university clock tower in the United States 168 Buildings he regarded as temporary and non academic were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles examples of these are North Gate Hall Dwinelle Annex and Stephens Hall Many of Howard s designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks 169 and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second Empire style South Hall designed by David Farquharson is the oldest university building in California It and the Frederick Law Olmsted designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth century campus Other notable architects and firms whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck 170 Faculty Club Julia Morgan Hearst Women s Gymnasium and Julia Morgan Hall William Wurster Stern Hall Moore Ruble Yudell Haas School of Business Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects C V Starr East Asian Library and Diller Scofidio Renfro Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive Natural features nbsp The south fork of Strawberry Creek as seen between Dwinelle Hall and Lower Sproul Plaza Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus The north fork appears just east of University House and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building the original site of the Campus Arboretum Trees in the area date from the founding of the university The campus features numerous wooded areas including Founders Rock Faculty Glade Grinnell Natural Area and the Eucalyptus Grove which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America 171 The campus sits on the Hayward Fault which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium 172 Student life and traditions nbsp Fans atop Tightwad Hill watch the Cal Band with views of the stadium and the San Francisco Bay The official university mascot is Oski the Bear who debuted in 1941 Previously live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative Named after the Oski wow wow yell he is cared for by the Oski Committee whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume wearer 173 The University of California Marching Band which has served the university since 1891 performs at every home football game and at select road games as well A smaller subset of the Cal Band the Straw Hat Band performs at basketball games volleyball games and other campus and community events 174 The UC Rally Committee formed in 1901 is the official guardian of California s Spirit and Traditions Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the six Cal flags the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion the California Victory Cannon Card Stunts and The Big C among other duties The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal s possession 175 Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east The Big C is an important symbol of California school spirit The Big C has its roots in an early 20th century campus event called Rush which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and in 1905 the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build the Big C 176 Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts Then known as Bleacher Stunts they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue C on a white background The tradition is continued today by the Rally Committee in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen 177 The California Victory Cannon placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium is fired before every football home game after every score and after every Cal victory First used in the 1963 Big Game it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971 The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against Pacific in 1991 when Cal scored 12 touchdowns 178 The Cal Mic Men a standard at home football games has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling but now includes microphones a dedicated platform during games and the direction of the entire student section 179 Student housing Main article Housing at the University of California Berkeley Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options including university owned or affiliated residences private residences fraternities and sororities and cooperative housing co ops Berkeley students and those of other local schools have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative BSC a nonprofit housing cooperative network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member owners 180 Fraternities and sororities About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women or 3 400 of total undergraduates are active in Berkeley s Greek system 181 University sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils 182 183 Student run organizations Associated Students of the University of California ASUC Main article Associated Students of the University of California nbsp Wellness Room sleep pods part of a program created by the ASUC UC Berkeley s official student association The Associated Students of the University of California ASUC is the official student association that controls funding for student groups and organizes on campus student events The two main political parties are Student Action 184 and CalSERVE 185 The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of 1 7 million excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC in addition to various investment assets Its alumni include multiple State Senators Assemblymembers and White House Administration officials 186 Media and publications Berkeley s student run online television station CalTV was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors Since the mid 2010s it has been a program of the ASUC 187 Berkeley s independent student run newspaper is The Daily Californian Founded in 1871 The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People s Park The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition Berkeley s FM Student radio station KALX broadcasts on 90 7 MHz It is run largely by volunteers including both students and community members Berkeley also features an assortment of student run publications California Law Review law journal published by Berkeley Law est 1912 Berkeley Poetry Review national poetry journal est 1974 Berkeley Fiction Review American literary magazine est 1981 Heuristic Squelch satirical newspaper est 1991 California Patriot conservative political magazine est 2000 Berkeley Political Review nonpartisan political magazine est 2001 Caliber Magazine an everything magazine featuring articles and blogs on a wide range of topics est 2008 B Side music magazine est 2013 Smart Ass liberal magazine est 2015 Berkeley Economic Review economics journal est 2016 Business Berkeley Haas undergraduate journal Student groups DeCal redirects here For other uses see DeCal disambiguation nbsp Berkeley Dance Marathon nbsp Zellerbach Hall home of the Cal Performances theater group There are ninety four political student groups on campus including MEChXA de UC Berkeley Berkeley ACLU Berkeley Students for Life Campus Greens The Sustainability Team STEAM the Berkeley Student Food Collective Students for Sensible Drug Policy Cal Berkeley Democrats and the Berkeley College Republicans 188 The Residence Hall Assembly RHA is the student led umbrella organization that oversees event planning legislation sponsorships and other activities for over 7 200 on campus undergraduate residents 189 Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups including the Berkeley Group founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School 190 Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients Berkeley Consulting founded in 1996 has served over 140 companies across the high tech retail banking and non profit sectors 191 ImagiCal 192 has been the college chapter of the American Advertising Federation at Berkeley since the late 1980s The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor The Berkeley Forum is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels debates and speeches across a variety of fields 193 Past speakers include Senator Rand Paul entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel and Khan Academy founder Salman Khan nbsp UC Berkeley Symphony Orchestra Democratic Education at Cal or DeCal is a program that promotes the creation of professor sponsored student facilitated classes 194 DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981 The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student community including classes on the Rubik s Cube blockchain web design metamodernism cooking Jewish art 3D animation and bioprinting 195 The campus is home to several a cappella groups including Drawn to Scale Artists in Resonance Berkeley Dil Se the UC Men s Octet the California Golden Overtones DeCadence and Noteworthy The University of California Men s Octet was founded in 1948 Since 1967 students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the University of California Jazz Ensembles For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival a competitive forum for student musicians PCCJF brought jazz artists including Hubert Laws Sonny Rollins Freddie Hubbard and Ed Shaughnessy to the Berkeley campus as performers Berkeley also hosts other performing arts groups in comedy dance acting and instrumental music Engineering student teams Given UC Berkeley s STEM education and its proximity to Silicon Valley there are a variety of student run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions Berkeley has two prominent amateur rocketry teams Space Enterprise at Berkeley SEB 196 and Space Technologies and Rocketry STAR 197 Both have launched solid fuel sounding rockets and are currently developing liquid propellant rockets The university also has two Formula SAE teams Berkeley Formula Racing 198 and Formula Electric Berkeley 199 Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE run competitions with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams including CalSol 200 CalSMV 201 and Human Powered Vehicle 202 Athletics Main article California Golden Bears nbsp The base of the California Memorial Stadium nbsp The interior of Haas Pavilion during a Cal Basketball game The university s athletic teams are known as the California Golden Bears often shortened to Cal Bears or just Cal and were historically members of the NCAA Division I Pac 12 Conference Pac 12 Cal is also a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several sports not sponsored by the Pac 12 and the America East Conference in women s field hockey In 2024 Cal joined the Atlantic Coast Conference ACC 203 The first school colors established in 1873 by a committee of students were Yale Blue and gold 204 205 Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university s inaugural faculty were Yale graduates including Henry Durant its first president Blue and gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955 204 206 In 2014 the athletic department specified a darker blue 207 208 The California Golden Bears have won national championships in baseball 2 men s basketball 2 men s crew 15 women s crew 3 football 5 men s golf 1 men s gymnastics 4 men s lacrosse 1 men s rugby 26 softball 1 men s swimming amp diving 4 women s swimming amp diving 3 men s tennis 1 men s track amp field 1 and men s water polo 13 Students and alumni have also won 207 Olympic medals 209 California finished in first place 210 in the 2007 08 Fall U S Sports Academy Directors Cup standings Now the NACDA Directors Cup a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports Cal finished the 2007 08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points 211 Most recently California finished in third place in the 2010 11 NACDA Directors Cup with 1219 50 points finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State This is California s highest ever finish in the Director s Cup 212 The Golden Bears traditional arch rival is the Stanford Cardinal and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the Big Game celebrated with spirit events on both campuses Since 1933 the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe Other sporting games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash water polo or the Big Kick soccer 213 Notable alumni faculty and staff nbsp Earl Warren BA 1912 LLB 1914 14th Chief Justice of the United States 30th Governor of California nbsp Steven Chu PhD 1976 Nobel laureate 12th United States Secretary of Energy nbsp Jennifer Granholm BA 1984 16th United States Secretary of Energy 47th Governor of Michigan nbsp Zulfikar Ali Bhutto BA 1950 214 4th President of Pakistan 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan nbsp Robert Reich Professor of Public Policy 22nd United States Secretary of Labor nbsp Christina Romer Professor of Economics 25th Chairperson of the President s Council of Economic Advisers nbsp Steve Wozniak BS 1986 cofounder of Apple Inc nbsp Gordon Moore BS 1950 cofounder of semiconductor company Intel nbsp Eric Schmidt MS 1979 PhD 1982 Executive Chairman of Alphabet nbsp Edmund Gerald Jerry Brown Jr BA 1961 34th amp 39th Governor of California nbsp Blake R Van Leer MS 1920 inventor civil rights advocate president of Georgia Tech nbsp Gregory Peck BA 1939 Academy Award winning actor nbsp Natalie Coughlin BA 2005 multiple gold medal winning Olympic swimmer nbsp Pedro Nel Ospina Vazquez BA 1878 President of Colombia 1922 1926 nbsp Haakon Crown Prince of Norway heir apparent to the throne of Norway BA 1999 215 nbsp Robert McNamara BA 1937 5th President of World Bank 8th United States Secretary of Defense President of Ford Motor Company nbsp Ed Meese LL B 1958 75th United States Attorney General nbsp Daniel Kahneman PhD 1961 awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory nbsp Harold Urey PhD 1923 Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuterium Faculty and staff For a more comprehensive list see List of University of California Berkeley faculty Further information List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California Berkeley nbsp University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60 inch cyclotron 1938 Nobel prizewinners Ernest Lawrence Edwin McMillan and Luis Alvarez are shown in addition to J Robert Oppenheimer and Robert R Wilson Shiing Shen Chern a leading geometer of the 20th century co founded the renowned Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and served as its founding Director until 1984 216 53 Physicist J Robert Oppenheimer was scientific director of the Manhattan Project and was the founder of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics 217 Faculty member Edward Teller was together with Stanislaw Ulam the father of the hydrogen bomb who laid important foundations for the establishment of Space Sciences Laboratory at Berkeley 218 Ernest Lawrence a Nobel laureate in physics who invented the cyclotron at Berkeley and founded the Radiation Laboratory on campus which later became the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 219 Gilbert N Lewis former Dean of the College of Chemistry was nominated 41 times for Nobel Prize in Chemistry 220 221 He mentored and influenced numerous Berkeley Nobel laureates including Harold Urey 1934 Nobel Prize William F Giauque 1949 Nobel Prize Glenn T Seaborg 1951 Nobel Prize Willard Libby 1960 Nobel Prize and Melvin Calvin 1961 Nobel Prize 222 223 Glenn T Seaborg a Nobel laureate in chemistry who discovered or co discovered ten chemical elements at Berkeley and served as Chancellor from 1958 to 1961 224 225 Hans Albert Einstein the first son of Albert Einstein and a world s leading scholar in hydraulic engineering was a long time faculty member at Berkeley 226 Steven Chu PhD 1976 the 12th United States Secretary of Energy and Nobel laureate in physics was Director of Berkeley Lab from 2004 to 2009 Janet Yellen 78th United States Secretary of Treasury and the 15th Chair of the Federal Reserve is a professor emeritus at Berkeley Haas School of Business and the Department of Economics 227 228 Alumni For a more comprehensive list see List of University of California Berkeley alumni Government Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices both domestic and foreign including Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court Earl Warren BA JD United States Attorney General Edwin Meese III JD United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk LLB United States Secretary of the Treasury W Michael Blumenthal BA and G William Miller JD United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara BS United States Secretary of the Interior Franklin Knight Lane 1887 United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Secretary of Commerce Norman Mineta BS United States Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman MPP National Security Advisor Robert C O Brien JD scores of federal judges and members of the United States Congress 10 currently serving and United States Foreign Service governors of California George C Pardee Hiram W Johnson Earl Warren BA and LLB Jerry Brown BA and Pete Wilson JD Michigan Jennifer Granholm BA and the United States Virgin Islands Walter A Gordon BA Chief of Staff of the United States Army Frederick C Weyand Class of 1938 Lieutenant General of the United States Army Jimmy Doolittle Vice Admiral of the United States Navy Murry L Royar Class of 1916 Major General of the United States Marine Corps Oliver Prince Smith Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps Bertram A Bone Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission John A McCone BS chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers Michael Boskin BA PhD Sandra Black BA Jesse Rothstein PhD Robert Seamans PhD Jay Shambaugh PhD James Stock MA PhD Governor of the Federal Reserve System H Robert Heller PhD and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York William C Dudley PhD Commissioners of the SEC Troy A Paredes BA and the FCC Rachelle Chong BA and United States Surgeon General Kenneth P Moritsugu MPH Foreign alumni include the President of Colombia 1922 1926 Pedro Nel Ospina Vazquez BA Mining Engineering the President of Mexico Francisco I Madero attended 1892 93 the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan the Premier of the Republic of China Sun Fo BA the President of Costa Rica Miguel Angel Rodriguez MA PhD and members of parliament of the United Kingdom House of Lords Lydia Dunn Baroness Dunn BS India Rajya Sabha the upper house Prithviraj Chavan MS Iran Mohammad Javad Larijani PhD Nigerian Minister of Science and Technology and first Executive Governor of Abia State Ogbonnaya Onu PhD Chemical Engineering Barbados Ambassador to Brazil Tonika Sealy Thompson Alumni have also served in many supranational posts notable among which are President of the World Bank Robert McNamara BS Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and managing director of the International Monetary Fund Rodrigo Rato MBA executive director of UNICEF Ann Veneman MPP member of the European Parliament Bruno Megret MS and judge of the World Court Joan Donoghue JD Science Alumni have made important contributions to science Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules Nobel laureate William F Giauque BS 1920 PhD 1922 investigated chemical thermodynamics Nobel laureate Willard Libby BS 1931 PhD 1933 pioneered radiocarbon dating Nobel laureate Willis Lamb BS 1934 PhD 1938 examined the hydrogen spectrum Nobel laureate Hamilton O Smith BA 1952 applied restriction enzymes to molecular genetics Nobel laureate Robert Laughlin BA math 1972 explored the fractional quantum Hall effect and Nobel laureate Andrew Fire BA math 1978 helped to discover RNA interference gene silencing by double stranded RNA Nobel laureate Glenn T Seaborg PhD 1937 collaborated with Albert Ghiorso BS 1913 to discover 12 chemical elements such as americium berkelium and californium David Bohm PhD 1943 discovered Bohm diffusion Nobel laureate Yuan T Lee PhD 1965 developed the crossed molecular beam technique for studying chemical reactions Carol Greider PhD 1987 professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer Harvey Itano BS 1942 conducted breakthrough work on sickle cell anemia that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin 229 While he was valedictorian of Berkeley s class of 1942 he was unable to attend commencement exercises due to internment 229 Narendra Karmarkar PhD 1983 is known for the interior point method a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar s algorithm 230 National Medal of Science laureate Chien Shiung Wu PhD 1940 often known as the Chinese Madame Curie disproved the Law of Conservation of Parity for which she was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics 231 Kary Mullis PhD 1973 was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in developing the polymerase chain reaction 232 a method for amplifying DNA sequences Olga Hartman Master s 1933 PhD 1936 was a zoologist who described hundreds of species of polychaete worms 233 234 235 Daniel Kahneman was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory Richard O Buckius engineer Bachelor s in Mechanical Engineering 72 Masters 73 PhD 75 currently Chief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation Edward P Tryon PhD 1967 is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum 236 237 238 John N Bahcall BS 1956 worked on the Standard Solar Model and the Hubble Space Telescope 239 resulting in a National Medal of Science 239 Peter Smith BS 1969 was the principal investigator and project leader for the NASA robotic explorer Phoenix 240 which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for the first time 241 Astronauts James van Hoften BS 1966 Margaret Rhea Seddon BA 1970 Leroy Chiao BS 1983 and Rex Walheim BS 1984 have orbited the Earth in NASA s fleet of Space Shuttles Business Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer 242 Intel 243 LSI Logic 244 The Gap 245 MySpace 246 PowerBar 247 Berkeley Systems 248 Bolt Beranek and Newman 249 which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet Chez Panisse 250 GrandCentral known now as Google Voice 251 HTC Corporation 252 VIA Technologies 252 Marvell Technology Group 253 MoveOn org 248 Opsware 254 RedOctane 255 Rimon Law P C 256 SanDisk 257 Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker 258 VMware 259 and Zilog 260 while graduate school alumni have cofounded companies such as DHL 261 KeyHole Inc known now as Google Earth 262 Sun Microsystems 263 and The Learning Company 264 Berkeley alumni have also led various technology companies such as Electronic Arts 265 Google 266 Adobe Systems Softbank Masayoshi Son and Qualcomm 267 Computers Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the personal computer and the Internet 268 Unix was created by alumnus Ken Thompson BS 1965 MS 1966 along with colleague Dennis Ritchie Alumni such as L Peter Deutsch 269 270 271 PhD 1973 Butler Lampson PhD 1967 and Charles P Thacker BS 1967 272 worked with Ken Thompson on Project Genie and then formed the ill fated US Department of Defense funded Berkeley Computer Corporation BCC which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non descript offices to avoid anti war protestors 273 After BCC failed Deutsch Lampson and Thacker joined Xerox PARC where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies culminating in the Xerox Alto that inspired the Apple Macintosh In particular the Alto used a computer mouse which had been invented by Doug Engelbart BEng 1952 PhD 1955 Thompson Lampson Engelbart and Thacker 274 all later received a Turing Award Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald Schmidt BS 1966 MS 1968 PhD 1971 who became known as the man who brought Ethernet to the masses 275 Another Xerox PARC researcher Charles Simonyi BS 1972 pioneered the first WYSIWIG word processor program and was recruited personally by Bill Gates to join the fledgling company known as Microsoft to create Microsoft Word Simonyi later became the first repeat space tourist blasting off on Russian Soyuz rockets to work at the International Space Station orbiting the Earth In 1977 a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy MS 1982 assembled 276 the original Berkeley Software Distribution commonly known as BSD Unix Joy who went on to co found Sun Microsystems also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi while Ken Arnold BA 1985 created Curses a terminal control library for Unix like systems that enables the construction of text user interface TUI applications Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates William Jolitz BS 1997 and his future wife Lynne Jolitz BA 1989 who together created 386BSD a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the BSD family of free operating systems and the Darwin operating system underlying Apple Mac OS X 277 Eric Allman BS 1977 MS 1980 created SendMail a Unix mail transfer agent that delivers about 12 percent of the email in the world 278 The XCF an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall has been responsible for a number of notable software projects including GTK created by Peter Mattis BS 1997 The GIMP Spencer Kimball BS 1996 and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm 279 In 1992 Pei Yuan Wei 280 an undergraduate at the XCF created ViolaWWW one of the first graphical web browsers ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects stylesheets and tables In the spirit of Open Source he donated the code to Sun Microsystems inspiring Java applets ViolaWWW also inspired researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic web browser 281 a pioneering web browser that became Microsoft Internet Explorer Pulitzer Prize winners Alumni collectively have won at least twenty five Pulitzer Prizes Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Marguerite Higgins BA 1941 was a pioneering female war correspondent 282 283 who covered World War II the Korean War and the Vietnam War 284 Novelist Robert Penn Warren MA 1927 won three Pulitzer Prizes 285 including one for his novel All the King s Men which was later made into an Academy Award winning 286 movie Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist Rube Goldberg BS 1904 invented the comically complex yet ultimately trivial contraptions known as Rube Goldberg machines Journalist Alexandra Berzon MA 2006 won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009 287 and journalist Matt Richtel BA 1989 who also coauthors the comic strip Rudy Park under the pen name of Theron Heir 288 won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting 289 Pulitzer Prize winning historian Leon Litwack BA 290 1951 PhD 1958 taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years 291 three other UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize Alumna and professor Susan Rasky won the Polk Award for journalism in 1991 USC Professor and Berkeley alumnus Viet Thanh Nguyen s PhD 1997 first novel The Sympathizer won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 292 Fiction and screenwriters Alumni have also written novels and screenplays that have attracted Oscar caliber talent including The Call of the Wild author Jack London Irving Stone BA 1923 wrote the novel Lust for Life which was later made into an Academy Award winning film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh Stone also wrote The Agony and the Ecstasy which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winner Charlton Heston as Michelangelo Mona Simpson BA 1979 wrote the novel Anywhere But Here which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winning actress Susan Sarandon Terry McMillan BA 1986 wrote How Stella Got Her Groove Back which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar nominated actress Angela Bassett Randi Mayem Singer BA 1979 wrote the screenplay for Mrs Doubtfire which starred Oscar winning actor Robin Williams and Oscar winning actress Sally Field Audrey Wells BA 1981 wrote the screenplay The Truth About Cats amp Dogs which starred Oscar nominated actress Uma Thurman James Schamus BA 1982 MA 1987 PhD 2003 has collaborated on screenplays with Oscar winning director Ang Lee on the Academy Award winning movies Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon and Brokeback Mountain Academy Award winners Collectively alumni have won at least twenty Academy Awards Gregory Peck BA 1939 nominated for four Oscars during his career won an Oscar for acting in To Kill a Mockingbird Chris Innis BA 1991 won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner The Hurt Locker Walter Plunkett BA 1923 won an Oscar for costume design for An American in Paris Freida Lee Mock BA 1961 and Charles H Ferguson BA 1978 have each 293 294 won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking Mark Berger BA 1964 has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley 295 Edith Head BA 1918 who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career won eight Oscars for costume design Joe Letteri BA 1981 296 has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film Avatar and the Peter Jackson films King Kong The Two Towers and The Return of the King 297 Emmy Award winners Alumni have collectively won at least twenty five Emmy Awards Jon Else BA 1968 for cinematography Andrew Schneider BA 1973 for screenwriting Linda Schacht BA 1966 MA 1981 two for broadcast journalism 298 299 Christine Chen dual BA s 1990 two for broadcast journalism 300 Kristen Sze BA two for broadcast journalism 301 Kathy Baker BA 1977 three for acting Ken Milnes BS 1977 four for broadcasting technology and Leroy Sievers BA 302 twelve for production Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of thirteen Emmy awards 303 304 305 Television Alumni have acted in classic television series that are still broadcast on TV today Karen Grassle BA 1965 played Caroline Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie Jerry Mathers BA 1974 starred in Leave it to Beaver and Roxann Dawson BA 1980 portrayed B Elanna Torres on Star Trek Voyager Music and entertainment Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry such as Grateful Dead bass guitarist Phil Lesh the Police drummer Stewart Copeland 306 Rolling Stone Magazine founder Jann Wenner the Bangles lead singer Susanna Hoffs BA 1980 Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz electronic music producer Giraffage MTV correspondent Suchin Pak BA 1997 307 AFI musicians Davey Havok and Jade Puget BA 1996 and solo artist Marie Digby Say It Again People Magazine included Third Eye Blind lead singer and songwriter Stephan Jenkins BA 1987 in the magazine s list of 50 Most Beautiful People 308 Kendall Ross Bean became a master piano rebuilder and concert pianist Bean first performed on a piano he rebuilt in one of the first classical music videos to be broadcast across the United States on the A amp E Network which in 1985 had 18 million cable viewers This broadcast coincided with MTV emerging as a medium for record production companies to use music videos to promote the albums of Rock and Pop stars The novelty of a classical music video featuring a solo pianist and the inside view of piano hammers hitting strings contrasted to the high production rock music videos caught media attention from coast to coast The video was titled Kendall Ross Bean Chopin Polonaise in A Flat Karen Earle Lile niece of Tony Terran became the Art Director Executive Producer for the USPS Building Bridges Special Postal Cancellation Series and a Talk Show host for Sail Sport Talk on Sports Byline USA a record producer 309 310 at Fantasy Studios and the historian who discovered the provenance of the Lost Lennon piano 311 afterwards known as the Lennon Ono Green Warhol piano 312 Sports Alumni have also participated in the world of sports Tennis athlete Helen Wills Moody BA 1925 won 31 Grand Slam titles including eight singles titles at Wimbledon Tarik Glenn BA 1999 is a Super Bowl XLI champion Michele Tafoya BA 1988 is a sports television reporter for ABC Sports and ESPN 313 Sports agent Leigh Steinberg BA 1970 JD 1973 has represented professional athletes such as Steve Young Troy Aikman and Oscar De La Hoya Steinberg has been called the real life inspiration 314 for the title character in the Oscar winning 315 film Jerry Maguire portrayed by Tom Cruise Matt Biondi BA 1988 won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career in which he participated in three different Olympics At the Beijing Olympics in 2008 Natalie Coughlin BA 2005 became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympics 316 Patrons Berkeley alumni have long been among the billionaire ranks their largess giving rise to many of the campus eponymous schools pavilions centers institutes and halls and with the more prominent being J Paul Getty Ann Getty Sanford Diller and Helen Diller Donald Fisher Flora Lamson Hewlett David Schwartz Bio Rad and members of the Haas Walter A Haas Rhoda Haas Goldman Walter A Haas Jr Peter E Haas Bob Haas family There are at least twenty five living alumni billionaires Gordon Moore Intel founder James Harris Simons Renaissance Technologies Masayoshi Son SoftBank 317 Jon Stryker Stryker Medical Equipment 318 Eric Schmidt former Google Chairman and Wendy Schmidt Michael Milken Bassam Alghanim Kutayba Alghanim 319 Charles Simonyi Microsoft Cher Wang HTC Robert Haas Levi Strauss amp Co Carlos Rodriguez Pastor Interbank Peru 320 Fayez Sarofim Daniel S Loeb Paul Merage David Hindawi Orion Hindawi Bill Joy Sun Microsystems founder Victor Koo Tony Xu DoorDash Lowell Milken Nathaniel Simons and Laura Baxter Simons Elizabeth Simons and Mark Heising 321 Oleg Tinkov Liong Tek Kwee BS 1968 Liong Seen Kwee BS 1974 and Alice Schwartz BS 1947 See also nbsp San Francisco Bay Area portal Blockeley Higher Education Recruitment Consortium Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute World Community GridNotes Other consists of Multiracial Americans amp those who prefer to not say The percentage of students who received an income based federal Pell grant intended for low income students The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum References A brief history of the University of California Academic Personnel and Programs Archived from the original on October 21 2020 Retrieved August 24 2020 As of June 30 2022 includes assets managed by the UC Regents in the General Endowment Pool for the exclusive benefit of Berkeley Annual Endowment Report Fiscal Year Ended June 30 2022 PDF University of California a b University of California 21 22 Annual Financial Report PDF University of California Retrieved February 20 2023 Home Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost evcp berkeley edu Retrieved July 7 2022 About Berkeley What We Do Archived from the original on October 28 2021 Retrieved October 24 2021 a b c UC Berkeley Quick Facts UC Berkeley Office of Planning and Analysis Retrieved October 21 2021 College Navigator University of California Berkeley National Center for Education Statistics UC Berkeley Zero Waste Plan PDF University of California Berkeley September 2019 p 5 Retrieved October 12 2020 Primary Palettes Berkeley Brand Guidelines University of California Berkeley Retrieved May 7 2017 a b Trademark Use Guidelines and Requirements PDF University of California Berkeley Retrieved February 18 2018 a b Our Name The Berkeley Brand Manual PDF Berkeley University of California Berkeley Office of Communications and Public Affairs June 2019 p 34 Archived from the original PDF on June 7 2020 Retrieved June 23 2020 Examples include Selingo Jeffrey Our dangerous obsession with Harvard Stanford and other elite universities The Washington Post the Ivy League along with Stanford the University of Chicago Duke and a few elite public universities such as the University of Michigan UC Berkeley and UNC Chapel Hill are the pride of the American higher education system around the world Thoenig Jean Claude August 31 2023 Organizational Governance and the Production of Academic Quality Lessons from Two Top U S Research Universities Minerva 52 4 Springer 381 417 doi 10 1007 s11024 014 9261 2 JSTOR 43548922 MIT and UCB were selected as two consistently top ranked universities internationally speaking not only in terms of prestige in the eyes of international public opinion but also in terms of actual outputs as measured by metrics of excellence They enjoy a very long tenure in the first decile whatever the classification used and despite the fact that ranking agencies do not allocate the same weight to excellence and prestige indicators Once they reach the top they seem to remain there forever despite increasingly tough competition from research universities who all vie to join the academic heavens a b c Carnegie Classifications University of California Berkeley Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Retrieved February 24 2015 UC National Laboratories UCOP www ucop edu Retrieved April 6 2018 a b c Berkeley Graduate Profile UC Berkeley Retrieved June 28 2019 Table 20 Campus funding for sponsored research tops 1 billion for first time Berkeley News August 16 2021 Retrieved August 16 2021 Berkeley Library Facts PDF www lib berkeley edu New addition to UC Berkeley Main Library dedicated to former UC President David Gardner Berkeley edu June 12 1997 Retrieved June 8 2012 The Nation s Largest Libraries American Library Association July 7 2006 Archived from the original on November 25 2022 California Golden Bears Olympic Medals University of California Golden Bears Athletics Retrieved March 14 2021 Cal National Champions University of California Golden Bears Athletics Retrieved March 14 2021 Nine faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences news berkeley edu April 23 2020 Retrieved August 18 2020 Rachel Sugar May 29 2015 Where MacArthur Geniuses Went to College Business Insider Retrieved November 5 2020 Cal Facts PDF admissions berkeley edu Retrieved February 22 2023 National Academy of Engineering members Berkeley Engineering Retrieved August 18 2020 About UC Berkeley Honors and Awards Berkeley edu Archived from the original on July 4 2008 Retrieved June 8 2012 Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill p 34 History of UC Berkeley University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on November 23 2010 Founded in the wake of the gold rush by leaders of the newly established 31st state the University of California s flagship campus at Berkeley has become one of the preeminent universities in the world Berdahl Robert October 8 1998 The Future of Flagship Universities University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on May 11 2011 The issue I want to talk about tonight is the future of flagship universities institutions like the University of Texas at Austin or Texas A amp M at College Station or the University of California Berkeley This is not an easy topic to talk about for a number of reasons not the least of which is the fact that those of us in systems of higher education are frequently actively discouraged from using the term flagship to refer to our campuses because it is seen as 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Berkeley launches ambitious 6 billion fundraising campaign Inside Higher Ed Ron Leuty December 15 2021 New Institute will fund Stanford Berkeley UCSF scientists targeting complex human diseases San Francisco Business Times UC Berkeley sets fundraising record at 569M in donations during 2017 18 fiscal year Daily Californian Retrieved July 22 2018 Berkeley launches Light the Way fundraising campaign aims for 6 Billion Daily Californian Retrieved February 29 2020 Kathleen Chaykowski September 21 2016 Chan Zuckerberg Iinitiative invests 3 billion to cure disease Forbes Rick DelVecchio San Francisco Chronicle staff writer February 2 2007 Berkeley Cal sees BP deal as landmark Research could lead more quickly to making alternative fuel a reality SFGATE com Committed grants Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved September 3 2022 University of California Annual Report on University Private Support PDF University of California Office of the President November 13 2019 Retrieved November 18 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