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The Tai Dam language is similar to Thai and Lao (including Isan), but it is not close enough to be readily understood by most Thai and Lao (Isan) speakers. In particular, the Khmer, Pali and Sanskrit additions to Thai and Lao (Isan) are largely missing from Tai Dam.[2]
Tai Dam is spoken in Vietnam, China, Laos, and Thailand. In central and western Thailand, it is known as Thai Song.
Tai Dam speakers in China are classified as part of the Dai nationality along with almost all the other Tai peoples. But in Vietnam they are given their own nationality (with the White Tai) where they are classified (confusingly for English speakers) as the Thái nationality (meaning Tai people).
In China, Tai Dam (Chinese: 傣朗姆) people are located in the following townships of Yunnan, with about 20,000 people in Yunnan (Gao 1999).[3]
Maguan County 马关县: Muchang Township 木厂乡, Dalishu Township 大栗树乡, and Pojiao Township 坡脚乡
Wenshan County 文山县: Dehou Township 德厚乡, Panzhihua Township 攀枝花乡
Hekou County 河口县: Qiaotou Town 桥头镇 (in Baihei Village 白黑村 and Gantianzhai 甘田寨)
Yuanjiang County 元江县: Dashuiping Township 大水平乡 (in Gaozhai 高寨 and Yangmahe 养马河)
Official statusedit
In Vietnam, all Tai peoples are taught a standardized Tai language based on the Tai Dam language, using the standardized Tai Viet script.[4]
Sounds /b/ and /d/ can fluctuate to voiced implosive sounds [ɓ], [ɗ]. /d/ may also fluctuate to a lateral sound [l]. /v/ can fluctuate to sounds [b~ɓ].
In some rare cases /j/ can be realized as a [z] sound.
The Khmer, Pali and Sanskrit additions to Thai and Lao (Isan) are generally absent from Tai Dam.[2] Tai Dam lacks many of the Khmer and Indic (via Khmer) loanwords found in Thai, Lao and Isan.
Lack of Khmer and Indic (via Khmer) loan words in Tai Dam
^1 Khmer tônlé generally signifies 'lake' or 'large canal'. Similarly, the Tai Dam term for the sea means 'large lake'.
^2 Sanskrit source of following Khmer word. Thai and Lao adopted Sanskrit terms via Khmer, but restored their vowels pronunciations.
^3 The term rak was borrowed from Proto-Mon-Khmer *r[a]k meaning 'to love, beloved, dear' although now the term raek means 'friendly, cordial, pleasant; intimate, affectionate' in modern Khmer.
Grammaredit
Pronounsedit
Pronoun
Formal
Informal
I
ꪄ꫁ꪮꪤ (xɔy3)
ꪀꪴ (ku1)
We
ꪏꪴꪙ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪤ (sun4 xɔy3)
ꪏꪴꪣ ꪠꪴ (sum4 fu1)
You
ꪹꪊ꫁ꪱ (caw3)
ꪣꪳꪉ (mueng4)
You (plural)
ꪏꪴꪙ ꪹꪊ꫁ꪱ (sun4 caw3)
ꪎꪴ (su1)
He/ she
ꪹꪝ꪿ꪙ (puean5)
ꪣꪽ (man4)
They
ꪏꪴꪙ ꪹꪝ꪿ꪙ (sun4 puean5)
ꪹꪎꪱ (saw1)
For the word "I"
When addressing parents the word ꪩꪴ꪿ꪀ (luk5) is used instead.
When addressing grandparents the word ꪨꪰꪣ (lam1) is used instead.
Pronoun
Formal
Informal
My
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪤ (xɔng1 xɔy3)
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪀꪴ (xɔng1 ku1)
Our
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏꪴꪙ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪤ (xɔng1 sun4 xɔy3)
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏꪴꪣ ꪠꪴ (xɔng1 sum4 fu1)
Your
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪹꪊ꫁ꪱ (xɔng1 caw3)
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪣꪳꪉ (xɔng1 mueng4)
Your (plural)
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏꪴꪙ ꪹꪊ꫁ꪱ (xɔng1 sun4 caw3)
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪎꪴ (xɔng1 su1)
His/ her
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪹꪝ꪿ꪙ (xɔng1 puean5)
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪣꪽ (xɔng1 man4)
Their
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏꪴꪙ ꪹꪝ꪿ꪙ (xɔng1 sun4 puean5)
ꪄꪮꪉ ꪹꪎꪱ (xɔng1 saw1)
For the word "my"
When addressing parents the word ꪄꪮꪉ ꪩꪴ꪿ꪀ (xɔng1 luk5) is used instead.
When addressing grandparents the word ꪄꪮꪉ ꪨꪰꪣ (xɔng1 lam1) is used instead.
Syntaxedit
Tai Dam uses an SVO word order.
Writing systemedit
A text in Tai Viet script
The Tai Dam language has its own system of writing, called Tai Viet, which consists of 31 consonants and 14 vowels. At the beginning, there was no tone marker although the language is tonal. Tone markers emerge in the 1970s in two sets: combining marks like Thai/Lao, and modifiers like New Tai Lue/Tai Nuea which are now less popular. According to Thai authors, the writing system is probably derived from the old Thai writing of the kingdom of Sukhotai.[2]
Further readingedit
Miyake, Marc. 2014. Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history.
Miyake, Marc. 2014. *(C).r-usters in Black Tai and Bao Yen.
Miyake, Marc. 2014. S-implificaition in Black Tai and Bao Yen.
Referencesedit
^Tai Dam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abcBankston, Carl L. "The Tai Dam: Refugees from Vietnam and Laos". Passage: A Journal of Refugee Education. 3 (Winter 1987): 30–31.
^Choowonglert, Achariya (2015). "We Do Not Want to be Inferior: Politics of Difference in Teaching and Studying Tai Languages in North-Central of Vietnam". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Fippinger, Jay W. and Dorothy C. (1970). Black Tai Phonemes, with Reference to White Tai. Anthropological Linguistics.
External linksedit
Tai Dam alphabet
Tai Dam Language, Literature, and Culture 2014-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
language, chinese, 傣担语, pinyin, dǎidānyǔ, also, known, black, thai, ภาษาไทดำ, pronounced, pʰāː, sǎː, tʰāj, dām, vietnamese, tiếng, thái, Đen, black, language, chinese, 黑傣语, pinyin, hēidǎiyǔ, language, spoken, vietnam, laos, thailand, china, mostly, jinping, mi. Tai Dam Chinese 傣担语 pinyin Dǎidanyǔ also known as Black Tai Thai phasaithda pronounced pʰaː sǎː tʰaj dam Vietnamese tiếng Thai Đen Black Tai language Chinese 黑傣语 pinyin Heidǎiyǔ is a Tai language spoken by the Tai Dam in Vietnam Laos Thailand and China mostly in Jinping Miao Yao and Dai Autonomous County Tai DamBlack Taiꪼꪕꪒ ithdaNative toVietnam Laos Thailand ChinaEthnicityTai DamNative speakers 760 000 cited 1995 2002 1 Language familyKra Dai TaiSouthwestern Thai Chiang SaenTai DamWriting systemTai VietOfficial statusRecognised minoritylanguage in Vietnam ThailandLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code blt class extiw title iso639 3 blt blt a Glottologtaid1247 You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly The Tai Dam language is similar to Thai and Lao including Isan but it is not close enough to be readily understood by most Thai and Lao Isan speakers In particular the Khmer Pali and Sanskrit additions to Thai and Lao Isan are largely missing from Tai Dam 2 Contents 1 Geographical distribution 1 1 Official status 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 1 1 Initials 2 1 2 Finals 2 2 Vowels 3 Vocabulary 4 Grammar 4 1 Pronouns 4 2 Syntax 5 Writing system 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External linksGeographical distribution editTai Dam is spoken in Vietnam China Laos and Thailand In central and western Thailand it is known as Thai Song Tai Dam speakers in China are classified as part of the Dai nationality along with almost all the other Tai peoples But in Vietnam they are given their own nationality with the White Tai where they are classified confusingly for English speakers as the Thai nationality meaning Tai people In China Tai Dam Chinese 傣朗姆 people are located in the following townships of Yunnan with about 20 000 people in Yunnan Gao 1999 3 Maguan County 马关县 Muchang Township 木厂乡 Dalishu Township 大栗树乡 and Pojiao Township 坡脚乡 Wenshan County 文山县 Dehou Township 德厚乡 Panzhihua Township 攀枝花乡 Hekou County 河口县 Qiaotou Town 桥头镇 in Baihei Village 白黑村 and Gantianzhai 甘田寨 Yuanjiang County 元江县 Dashuiping Township 大水平乡 in Gaozhai 高寨 and Yangmahe 养马河 Official status edit In Vietnam all Tai peoples are taught a standardized Tai language based on the Tai Dam language using the standardized Tai Viet script 4 Phonology editConsonants edit Initials edit Labial Dental Alveolar Alveolo Palatal Velar Glottal plain lab Plosive tenuis p t k kʷ ʔ aspirated tʰ voiced b d Affricate t ɕ Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ Fricative voiceless f s x xʷ h voiced v Approximant l j Sounds b and d can fluctuate to voiced implosive sounds ɓ ɗ d may also fluctuate to a lateral sound l v can fluctuate to sounds b ɓ In some rare cases j can be realized as a z sound Finals edit Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive p t k ʔ Nasal m n ŋ Approximant w j Final plosive sounds p t k can be realized as unreleased p t k Vowels edit Front Central Back Back Close i ɨ ɯ u Glide ie ɨe ɯe ue Mid e e ɤ o Open ɛ a aː ɔ There is also ew that corresponds to Proto Tai aɰ ɛ can tend to fluctuate to a more open sound ae ɨ fluctuates to a back unrounded sound ɯ 5 Vocabulary editThe Khmer Pali and Sanskrit additions to Thai and Lao Isan are generally absent from Tai Dam 2 Tai Dam lacks many of the Khmer and Indic via Khmer loanwords found in Thai Lao and Isan Lack of Khmer and Indic via Khmer loan words in Tai Dam Khmer loan word Isan Lao Thai Tai Dam Gloss ទន ល tonle1 tɔːn leː thaelthale tʰaʔ leː ທະເລthale tʰaʔ leː thaelthale tʰaʔ leː ꪘꪮꪉꪨꪺꪉ noang luang nɔŋ lue ŋ sea រ នreăn rien ehiynhian hian ຮຽນhian hiːan eriynrian rian ꪵꪮꪚ ʼaep ʔɛp to learn भ ष bhaṣa2 bʱaːʂaː ភ ស pheăsa pʰie saː phasaphasa pʰaː săː ພາສາphasa pʰaː săː phasaphasa pʰaː sǎː ꪁꪫꪱꪣ kwaam kʷaːm language र जraja2 raːdʒaː រ ជ reăcheă rie ɕie racharacha laː tɕʰaː ຣາຊາraxa laː saː racharacha raː tɕʰaː ꪜꪺ pua pue king व ल vela2 ʋe laː វ ល vereǎ veː liːe ewlawela weː laː ເວລາvela ʋeː laː ewlawela weː laː ꪑꪱꪣ nyaam ɲaːm time សប ប យsǎpbay sap baːj sbaysabai saʔ baːj ສບາຽ ສະບາຍsabay saʔ baːj sbaysabai saʔ baːj ꪅ ꪽꪒ xan doa xan dɔː to be well រ ក raek3 raːk hkhak hak ຮ ກhak hak rkrak rak ꪭ ꪀ hak hak love 1 Khmer tonle generally signifies lake or large canal Similarly the Tai Dam term for the sea means large lake 2 Sanskrit source of following Khmer word Thai and Lao adopted Sanskrit terms via Khmer but restored their vowels pronunciations 3 The term rak was borrowed from Proto Mon Khmer r a k meaning to love beloved dear although now the term raek means friendly cordial pleasant intimate affectionate in modern Khmer Grammar editPronouns edit Pronoun Formal Informal I ꪄ ꪮꪤ xɔy3 ꪀ ku1 We ꪏ ꪙ ꪄ ꪮꪤ sun4 xɔy3 ꪏ ꪣ ꪠ sum4 fu1 You ꪹꪊ ꪱ caw3 ꪣ ꪉ mueng4 You plural ꪏ ꪙ ꪹꪊ ꪱ sun4 caw3 ꪎ su1 He she ꪹꪝ ꪙ puean5 ꪣꪽ man4 They ꪏ ꪙ ꪹꪝ ꪙ sun4 puean5 ꪹꪎꪱ saw1 For the word I When addressing parents the word ꪩ ꪀ luk5 is used instead When addressing grandparents the word ꪨ ꪣ lam1 is used instead Pronoun Formal Informal My ꪄꪮꪉ ꪄ ꪮꪤ xɔng1 xɔy3 ꪄꪮꪉ ꪀ xɔng1 ku1 Our ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏ ꪙ ꪄ ꪮꪤ xɔng1 sun4 xɔy3 ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏ ꪣ ꪠ xɔng1 sum4 fu1 Your ꪄꪮꪉ ꪹꪊ ꪱ xɔng1 caw3 ꪄꪮꪉ ꪣ ꪉ xɔng1 mueng4 Your plural ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏ ꪙ ꪹꪊ ꪱ xɔng1 sun4 caw3 ꪄꪮꪉ ꪎ xɔng1 su1 His her ꪄꪮꪉ ꪹꪝ ꪙ xɔng1 puean5 ꪄꪮꪉ ꪣꪽ xɔng1 man4 Their ꪄꪮꪉ ꪏ ꪙ ꪹꪝ ꪙ xɔng1 sun4 puean5 ꪄꪮꪉ ꪹꪎꪱ xɔng1 saw1 For the word my When addressing parents the word ꪄꪮꪉ ꪩ ꪀ xɔng1 luk5 is used instead When addressing grandparents the word ꪄꪮꪉ ꪨ ꪣ xɔng1 lam1 is used instead Syntax edit Tai Dam uses an SVO word order Writing system edit nbsp A text in Tai Viet script The Tai Dam language has its own system of writing called Tai Viet which consists of 31 consonants and 14 vowels At the beginning there was no tone marker although the language is tonal Tone markers emerge in the 1970s in two sets combining marks like Thai Lao and modifiers like New Tai Lue Tai Nuea which are now less popular According to Thai authors the writing system is probably derived from the old Thai writing of the kingdom of Sukhotai 2 Further reading editMiyake Marc 2014 Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history Miyake Marc 2014 C r usters in Black Tai and Bao Yen Miyake Marc 2014 S implificaition in Black Tai and Bao Yen References edit Tai Dam at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b c Bankston Carl L The Tai Dam Refugees from Vietnam and Laos Passage A Journal of Refugee Education 3 Winter 1987 30 31 Gao Lishi 高立士 1999 傣族支系探微 中南民族学院学报 哲学社会科学版 1999 年第1 期 总第96 期 Choowonglert Achariya 2015 We Do Not Want to be Inferior Politics of Difference in Teaching and Studying Tai Languages in North Central of Vietnam a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Fippinger Jay W and Dorothy C 1970 Black Tai Phonemes with Reference to White Tai Anthropological Linguistics External links editTai Dam alphabet Tai Dam Language Literature and Culture Archived 2014 06 06 at the Wayback Machine SIL Tai Heritage Pro fonts Basic Tai Dam phrases Archived 2018 05 20 at the Wayback Machine Tai Viet script notes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tai Dam language amp oldid 1181929396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
