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Southwestern Tai languages

February 08, 2023

The Southwestern Tai, Southwestern Thai or Thai languages are a branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia. Its languages include Siamese (Central Thai), Lanna, Lao, Shan and others.

Southwestern Tai
Southwestern Thai
Geographic
distribution		Southeast Asia
Linguistic classificationKra–Dai
Proto-languageProto-Southwestern Tai (Proto-Thai)
Subdivisions
  • Southern Thai
  • Central–Eastern Thai
Glottologsout3184
Distribution of the Southwestern Tai languages.

Classification

The internal classification of the Southwestern Tai dialects is still not well agreed on.

Chamberlain (1975)

Chamberlain (1975) divides Southwestern Tai into 4 branches.[1]

Chamberlain based his classification on the following phonological patterns. (Note: For an explanation of the notation system for Tai tones, see Proto-Tai language#Tones.)

  1. /p/ vs. /ph/
  2. tone *A column split/merger pattern
  3. tone *BCD columns split/merger patterns
  4. B-DL tonal coalescence
Proto-Southwestern Tai
  • Branch with distinguishing innovation: /p/
  • Branch with distinguishing innovation: /ph/ (*A 1-23-4)

The Tai Muong Vat of Yen Chau, Vietnam is a PH-type language like Lao, even though it is geographically surrounded by Black Tai (Theraphan 2003; Chamberlain 1984).[2][3]

Edmondson & Solnit (1997)

Edmondson & Solnit (1997) divide the Southwestern Tai dialects into two major subgroups. According to this classification, Dehong Tai and Khamti are the first languages to have split off from the Southwestern Tai branch.[4]

  1. Northern: Tai Nua = Shan-Tayok (Chinese Shan), Khamti
  2. Southern: Burman Shan ("Shan proper"), all other Southwestern Tai

A transition zone between the Northern and Southern groups occurs among the Tai languages (including Tai Mau) around the Burma-China border region of Mangshi, Namhkam, and Mu-se near Ruili.

This bipartite division of Southwestern Tai is argued for by Edward Robinson in his paper "Features of Proto-Nüa-Khamti" (1994). The following features set off the Nüa-Khamti group from all the other Southwestern Tai dialects.

  1. Labialized velar stops have become velar stops.
  2. Tripartite split of the A tone A1-23-4
  3. Merger of A23 and B4
  4. The low vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ have merged with /e/ and /o/, respectively.
  5. *ʔb > m

Luo (2001)

Luo Yongxian (2001) also recognizes the uniqueness of Dehong Tai (Tai Nuea), but argues for that it should be placed in a separate Northwestern Tai branch with Southwestern Tai as a sister branch.[5] Luo claims that the Northwestern Tai branch has many Northern Tai and Central Tai features that are not found in Southwestern Tai. His proposed tree for the Tai branch is as follows.

  • Tai
    • Northern
    • Central
    • Southwestern
    • Northwestern

Pittayaporn (2009)

See also: Tai languages § Pittayaporn (2009)

According to Pittayaporn (2009:301), Southwestern Tai (his subgroup Q) is defined by a phonological shift of *kr- → *ʰr-.[6]

Pittayaporn (2014) also suggests that Southwestern Tai began to disperse southward after the 7th century C.E. but before the 11th century C.E. (between 700 and 1000 C.E., during the late Tang dynasty or early Song dynasty), as evidenced by loanwords from Late Middle Chinese.[7]

Pittayaporn (2018)[8] recognizes two branches within Southwestern Tai, namely Eastern and Western. The Eastern branch consists of the closely related languages Black Tai, White Tai, and Red Tai, while the Western branch is much more internally diverse. The Western branch also contains a Southern group consisting of Thai and Lao.

Southwestern Tai

Pittayaporn, et al. (2018)[9] note that following sound changes from Proto-Southwestern Tai (PSWT) to the Tai varieties represented in the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya inscriptions, and conclude that the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya inscriptions in fact represent the same language.

  1. the merger of dorsal obstruents
  2. the merger of PSWT *aɯ and *aj
  3. the merger of PSWT *ɲ-, *j- and *ʔj-
  4. the loss of voicing distinction in sonorants
  5. *ɓl- > d-
  6. *kʰr- > kʰ-
  7. *ʰr- > h-

Dialects

Southern Thai (Pak Thai) is often posited to be the most divergent; it seems to retain regular reflexes of early tonal developments that were obscured in the other (Central–Eastern) languages. The reconstructed language is called Proto-Thai; cf. Proto-Tai, which is the ancestor of all of the Tai languages.

The following tree follows that of Ethnologue[10]

According to Ethnologue, other Southwestern dialects are Tai Ya (China), Pu Ko (Laos), Pa Di (China), Tai Thanh (Vietnam), Tai Long (Laos), Tai Hongjin (China), Yong (Thailand). It is not clear where they belong in the classification above. Ethnologue also lists under Tai, without further classification, Kuan (Laos), Tai Do (Viet Nam), Tai Pao (Laos), and Tay Khang (Laos). Geographically these would all appear to be Southwestern.[11]

Ethnologue also includes Tày Sa Pa (Sapa) of Vietnam, which Pittayaporn excludes from Southwestern Tai but classifies as the most closely related language outside of that group. Pittayaporn also includes Yoy, which Ethnologue classifies as a Northern Tai language.[11]

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Chamberlain, James R. 1975. "A new look at the history and classification of the Tai dialects." In J. G. Harris and J. R. Chamberlain, eds, Studies in Tai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney, pp. 49-60. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities.
  2. ^ Chamberlain, James R. 1984. "The Tai dialects of Khammouan province: their diversity and origins". Science of language, 4:62-95.
  3. ^ Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2003. "The Tai Muong Vat do not Speak the Black Tai Language". In Manusya: Journal of Humanities, Special Issue 6, 74-86. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
  4. ^ Edmondson, Jerold A., Solnit, David B., authors. 1997. "Comparative Shan." In Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch, Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.). pages 337-359. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  5. ^ Luo Yongxian. 2001. The Hypothesis of a New Branch for the Tai Languages. University of Melbourne.
  6. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
  7. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2014. "Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai". In Research Findings in Southeast Asian Linguistics, a Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pranee Kullavanijaya. Manusya, Special Issue 20. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
  8. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2018). Subgroup structure of Southwestern Tai based on early phonological innovations. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17–19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
  9. ^ Pittayawat Pittayaporn, Sireemas Maspong, Shinnakrit Tangsiriwattanakul, and Yanyong Sikkharit (2018). The genetic relationship between Sukhothai and Ayutthaya. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17–19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
  10. ^ "Southwestern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  11. ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16 ed.), SIL International

External links

February 08, 2023
southwestern, languages, southwestern, southwestern, thai, thai, languages, branch, languages, southeast, asia, languages, include, siamese, central, thai, lanna, shan, others, southwestern, taisouthwestern, thaigeographicdistributionsoutheast, asialinguistic,. The Southwestern Tai Southwestern Thai or Thai languages are a branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia Its languages include Siamese Central Thai Lanna Lao Shan and others Southwestern TaiSouthwestern ThaiGeographicdistributionSoutheast AsiaLinguistic classificationKra DaiKam TaiBe Tai TaiSouthwestern TaiProto languageProto Southwestern Tai Proto Thai SubdivisionsSouthern Thai Central Eastern ThaiGlottologsout3184Distribution of the Southwestern Tai languages Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Chamberlain 1975 1 2 Edmondson amp Solnit 1997 1 3 Luo 2001 1 4 Pittayaporn 2009 2 Dialects 3 Further reading 4 References 5 External linksClassification EditThe internal classification of the Southwestern Tai dialects is still not well agreed on Chamberlain 1975 Edit Chamberlain 1975 divides Southwestern Tai into 4 branches 1 Chamberlain based his classification on the following phonological patterns Note For an explanation of the notation system for Tai tones see Proto Tai language Tones p vs ph tone A column split merger pattern tone BCD columns split merger patterns B DL tonal coalescenceProto Southwestern TaiBranch with distinguishing innovation p Branch with distinguishing innovation A 1 23 4 Tse Fang a variety of Tai Nuea spoken at Zhefang 遮放镇 in Mangshi Yunnan China Tai Mao a variety of Tai Nuea spoken at Nam Hkam Shan State Myanmar Muang Ka a variety of Tai Nuea spoken at Muang Ka in Muang Baw Yunnan China Branch with distinguishing innovation ABCD 123 4 B DL Black Tai spoken at Sơn La Vietnam Red Tai White Tai Lue a composite of varieties from many locations in several countries Shan spoken at Kengtung ca 1930s Yuan a composite of varieties spoken in the capital towns of Chiang Rai Phrae Nan Lampang and Chiang Mai Thailand Ahom Branch with distinguishing innovation ph A 1 23 4 Branch with distinguishing innovation BCD 123 4 Siamese Phu Tai Lao Neua spoken at Nam Tha perhaps referring to Luang Namtha Laos Phuan spoken at Ban Mi Lopburi Thailand and Pak Seng Branch with distinguishing innovation BCD 1 23 4 B DL Lao Southern ThaiThe Tai Muong Vat of Yen Chau Vietnam is a PH type language like Lao even though it is geographically surrounded by Black Tai Theraphan 2003 Chamberlain 1984 2 3 Edmondson amp Solnit 1997 Edit Edmondson amp Solnit 1997 divide the Southwestern Tai dialects into two major subgroups According to this classification Dehong Tai and Khamti are the first languages to have split off from the Southwestern Tai branch 4 Northern Tai Nua Shan Tayok Chinese Shan Khamti Southern Burman Shan Shan proper all other Southwestern TaiA transition zone between the Northern and Southern groups occurs among the Tai languages including Tai Mau around the Burma China border region of Mangshi Namhkam and Mu se near Ruili This bipartite division of Southwestern Tai is argued for by Edward Robinson in his paper Features of Proto Nua Khamti 1994 The following features set off the Nua Khamti group from all the other Southwestern Tai dialects Labialized velar stops have become velar stops Tripartite split of the A tone A1 23 4 Merger of A23 and B4 The low vowels ɛ and ɔ have merged with e and o respectively ʔb gt mLuo 2001 Edit Luo Yongxian 2001 also recognizes the uniqueness of Dehong Tai Tai Nuea but argues for that it should be placed in a separate Northwestern Tai branch with Southwestern Tai as a sister branch 5 Luo claims that the Northwestern Tai branch has many Northern Tai and Central Tai features that are not found in Southwestern Tai His proposed tree for the Tai branch is as follows Tai Northern Central Southwestern NorthwesternPittayaporn 2009 Edit See also Tai languages Pittayaporn 2009 According to Pittayaporn 2009 301 Southwestern Tai his subgroup Q is defined by a phonological shift of kr ʰr 6 Pittayaporn 2014 also suggests that Southwestern Tai began to disperse southward after the 7th century C E but before the 11th century C E between 700 and 1000 C E during the late Tang dynasty or early Song dynasty as evidenced by loanwords from Late Middle Chinese 7 Pittayaporn 2018 8 recognizes two branches within Southwestern Tai namely Eastern and Western The Eastern branch consists of the closely related languages Black Tai White Tai and Red Tai while the Western branch is much more internally diverse The Western branch also contains a Southern group consisting of Thai and Lao Southwestern TaiEastern branch Black Tai White Tai Red Tai Western branch Shan varieties Lue Yuan Lao Thai defining innovation kʰr gt kʰ Southern sub branch Thai Lao etc defining innovations ɓl gt ɗ and ʰr gt h Pittayaporn et al 2018 9 note that following sound changes from Proto Southwestern Tai PSWT to the Tai varieties represented in the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya inscriptions and conclude that the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya inscriptions in fact represent the same language the merger of dorsal obstruents the merger of PSWT aɯ and aj the merger of PSWT ɲ j and ʔj the loss of voicing distinction in sonorants ɓl gt d kʰr gt kʰ ʰr gt h Dialects EditSouthern Thai Pak Thai is often posited to be the most divergent it seems to retain regular reflexes of early tonal developments that were obscured in the other Central Eastern languages The reconstructed language is called Proto Thai cf Proto Tai which is the ancestor of all of the Tai languages The following tree follows that of Ethnologue 10 Southern Thai Pak Thai Thailand Chiang Saen dialects 10 Tai Dam Black Tai Vietnam Thailand Laos Northern Thai Lanna Tai Yuan Thailand Laos Burma Lue Lue Tai Lue China Vietnam Thailand Laos Burma Phuan Thailand Thai Song Thailand Thai Central Standard Thai Siamese Thailand Tai Don White Tai Tai Kao Vietnam China Tai Daeng Vietnam Tai Meuay Laos Tay Tac Vietnam Thu Lao Vietnam Lao Phutai dialects 4 Lao Laos except Luang Prabang dialect is classified as Chiang Saen languages Lao Nyo Cambodia Thailand Phu Thai Thailand Isan Northeastern Thai Thailand Laos Kaloeng Thailand Laos Northwestern Tai dialects Shanic family 9 Ahom Assam extinct Modern Assamese is Indo European Khamti Assam Burma Tai Laing Tai Lai Burma Khun Kuen Burma Khamyang Assam Shan Tai Shan Dehong Burma Tai Aiton Assam Tai Nuea China Vietnam Thailand Laos Tai Phake Assam Turung Assam According to Ethnologue other Southwestern dialects are Tai Ya China Pu Ko Laos Pa Di China Tai Thanh Vietnam Tai Long Laos Tai Hongjin China Yong Thailand It is not clear where they belong in the classification above Ethnologue also lists under Tai without further classification Kuan Laos Tai Do Viet Nam Tai Pao Laos and Tay Khang Laos Geographically these would all appear to be Southwestern 11 Ethnologue also includes Tay Sa Pa Sapa of Vietnam which Pittayaporn excludes from Southwestern Tai but classifies as the most closely related language outside of that group Pittayaporn also includes Yoy which Ethnologue classifies as a Northern Tai language 11 Further reading EditMiyake Marc 2014 Is Thai yuan Vietnamese a loanword from Lao Miyake Marc 2014 Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history Miyake Marc 2014 D ou b led letters in Tai Viet Miyake Marc 2014 C r usters in Black Tai and Bao Yen Miyake Marc 2014 S implificaition in Black Tai and Bao Yen Miyake Marc 2010 Brown s 1979 Vowel length in Thai Miyake Marc 2010 Lao x ex References Edit Chamberlain James R 1975 A new look at the history and classification of the Tai dialects In J G Harris and J R Chamberlain eds Studies in Tai Linguistics in Honor of William J Gedney pp 49 60 Bangkok Central Institute of English Language Office of State Universities Chamberlain James R 1984 The Tai dialects of Khammouan province their diversity and origins Science of language 4 62 95 Theraphan L Thongkum 2003 The Tai Muong Vat do not Speak the Black Tai Language In Manusya Journal of Humanities Special Issue 6 74 86 Bangkok Chulalongkorn University Press Edmondson Jerold A Solnit David B authors 1997 Comparative Shan In Comparative Kadai The Tai branch Jerold A Edmondson and David B Solnit eds pages 337 359 Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 124 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Luo Yongxian 2001 The Hypothesis of a New Branch for the Tai Languages University of Melbourne Pittayaporn Pittayawat 2009 The Phonology of Proto Tai Ph D dissertation Department of Linguistics Cornell University Pittayaporn Pittayawat 2014 Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai In Research Findings in Southeast Asian Linguistics a Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pranee Kullavanijaya Manusya Special Issue 20 Bangkok Chulalongkorn University Press Pittayaporn Pittayawat 2018 Subgroup structure of Southwestern Tai based on early phonological innovations Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society held May 17 19 2018 in Kaohsiung Taiwan Pittayawat Pittayaporn Sireemas Maspong Shinnakrit Tangsiriwattanakul and Yanyong Sikkharit 2018 The genetic relationship between Sukhothai and Ayutthaya Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society held May 17 19 2018 in Kaohsiung Taiwan Southwestern Ethnologue Retrieved 2020 06 29 a b Lewis M Paul 2009 Ethnologue Languages of the World 16 ed SIL InternationalExternal links Edithttp sealang net sala archives pdf8 wanna1992classification pdf http sealang net sala archives pdf8 chamberlain1975new pdf http sealang net sala archives pdf8 pranee1998linguistic pdf http sealang net sala archives pdf8 luo2001hypothesis pdf Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Southwestern Tai languages amp oldid 1137040571, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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