The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial authority in the United States of America.
In the exercise of governance, the terms authority and power are inaccurate synonyms. The term authority identifies the political legitimacy, which grants and justifies the ruler's right to exercise the power of government; and the term power identifies the ability to accomplish an authorized goal, either by compliance or by obedience; hence, authority is the power to make decisions and the legitimacy to make such legal decisions and order their execution.[3]
Ancient understandings of authority trace back to Rome and draw later from Catholic (Thomistic) thought and other traditional understandings. In more modern terms, forms of authority include transitional authority (exhibited in, for example, Cambodia),[4] public authority in the form of popular power, and, in more administrative terms, bureaucratic or managerial techniques. In terms of bureaucratic governance, one limitation of the governmental agents of the executive branch, as outlined by George A. Krause, is that they are not as close to the popular will as elected representatives are.[5] The claims of authority can extend to national or individual sovereignty, which is broadly or provisionally understood as a claim to political authority that is legitimated.[6]
Historical applications of authority in political terms include the formation of the city-state of Geneva, and experimental treatises involving the topic of authority in relation to education include Emile, or On Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. As David Laitin defines, authority is a key concept to be defined in determining the range and role of political theory, science and inquiry.[7] The relevance of a grounded understanding of authority includes the basic foundation and formation of political, civil and/or ecclesiastical institutions or representatives. In recent years, however, authority in political contexts has been challenged or questioned.
In European political philosophy, the jurisdiction of political authority, the location of sovereignty, the balancing of notions of freedom and authority,[8] and the requirements of political obligations have been core questions from the time of Plato and Aristotle to the present. Most democratic societies are engaged in an ongoing discussion regarding the legitimate extent of the exercise of governmental authority. In the United States, for instance, there is a prevailing belief that the political system as instituted by the Founding Fathers should accord the populace as much freedom as reasonable; that government should limit its authority accordingly, known as limited government.
Political anarchism is a philosophy which rejects the legitimacy of political authority and adherence to any form of sovereign rule or autonomy of a nation-state.[2] An argument for political anarchy is made by Michael Huemer in his book The Problem of Political Authority. On the other side, one of the main arguments for the legitimacy of the state is some form of the social contract theory developed by Thomas Hobbes in his 1668 book, Leviathan, or by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his political writings on the social contract.
Since the emergence of the social sciences, authority has become a subject of research in a variety of empirical settings: the family (parental authority), small groups (informal authority of leadership), intermediate organizations such as schools, churches, armies, industries and bureaucracies (organizational and bureaucratic authority), and society-wide or inclusive organizations, ranging from the most primitive tribal society to the modern nation-state and intermediate organization (political authority).
Sovereign kings and queens in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms are considered the foundations of judicial, legislative and executive authority.
United States
The understanding of political authority and the exercise of political powers in the American context traces back to the writings of the Founding Fathers, including the arguments put forward in The Federalist Papers by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and the first chief justice of the United States John Jay, and later speeches by the 16th president of the United States Abraham Lincoln. "Our government rests in public opinion," Lincoln said in 1856.[10] In his 1854 speech at Peoria, Illinois, Lincoln espoused the proposition “that each man should do precisely as he pleases with all which is exclusively his own," a principle existing "at the foundation of the sense of justice."[11] This sense of personal ownership and stewardship was integral to the practice of self-government as Lincoln saw it by a Republican nation and its people. This was because, as Lincoln also declared, "No man is good enough to govern another man, without that other's consent."[12]
The U.S. president is called to give account to the legislature for the conduct of the whole government, including that of regulatory agencies. The president influences the appointments, the budgeting process and has the right and capacity to review regulatory rules on a case-by-case basis. Since the time of the Reagan administration the president was informed with a cost–benefit analysis of the regulation.[13] The creation of a regulatory agency requires an Act of Congress which specifies its jurisdiction, the related authority and delegated powers. Regulatory authorities can be qualified as independent agencies or executive branch agencies, a choice which is the reason of struggle between congress and the president as well as with the American courts. The latter's role is limited by the authorities' power to regulate property rights without the due process rights mandatorily applied by the courts.[13]
^Krause, George A. (2010). Durant, Robert F. (ed.). "Legislative Delegation of Authority to Bureaucratic Agencies". The Oxford Handbook of American Bureaucracy. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 524.
^Glanville, Luke (2016). Bellamy, Alex J. (ed.). "Sovereignty". The Oxford Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 153.
^Laitin, David (1998). "Toward a Political Science Discipline: Authority Patterns Revisited". Comparative Political Studies. 31 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1177/0010414098031004002. S2CID 146736449.
^Cristi, Renato (2005). Hegel on Freedom and Authority. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press.
^Bloom, Howard (2010). The Genius of the Beast: a radical re-vision of capitalism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 186. ISBN978-1-59102-754-6. To validate an argument, we refer back to our ancestors – or to someone who, while still alive, has already garnered the sort of authority only ancestors normally have.
^Guelzo, Allen C. (2012). Lincoln Speeches. New York: Penguin Books. p. xxi.
^Guelzo, Allen C. (2012). Lincoln Speeches. New York: Penguin Books. p. 47.
^Guelzo, Allen C. (2012). Lincoln Speeches. New York: Penguin Books. p. 48.
^ abJohn Ferejohn (2004). The Authority of Regulation and the Control of Regulators. Droit et économie de la régulation. Cairn.info. pp. 35–37. ISBN9782724686463. OCLC 7292576035. from the original on October 3, 2020 – via archive.today/IA9DF archive.is].
authority, this, article, about, authority, political, concept, other, uses, disambiguation, fields, sociology, political, science, authority, legitimate, power, person, group, over, other, people, civil, state, authority, practiced, ways, such, judicial, bran. This article is about authority as a political concept For other uses see Authority disambiguation In the fields of sociology and political science authority is the legitimate power of a person or group over other people 1 In a civil state authority is practiced in ways such a judicial branch or an executive branch of government 2 The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial authority in the United States of America In the exercise of governance the terms authority and power are inaccurate synonyms The term authority identifies the political legitimacy which grants and justifies the ruler s right to exercise the power of government and the term power identifies the ability to accomplish an authorized goal either by compliance or by obedience hence authority is the power to make decisions and the legitimacy to make such legal decisions and order their execution 3 Contents 1 History 2 Political philosophy 3 Sociology 4 United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms 5 United States 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory EditAncient understandings of authority trace back to Rome and draw later from Catholic Thomistic thought and other traditional understandings In more modern terms forms of authority include transitional authority exhibited in for example Cambodia 4 public authority in the form of popular power and in more administrative terms bureaucratic or managerial techniques In terms of bureaucratic governance one limitation of the governmental agents of the executive branch as outlined by George A Krause is that they are not as close to the popular will as elected representatives are 5 The claims of authority can extend to national or individual sovereignty which is broadly or provisionally understood as a claim to political authority that is legitimated 6 Historical applications of authority in political terms include the formation of the city state of Geneva and experimental treatises involving the topic of authority in relation to education include Emile or On Education by Jean Jacques Rousseau As David Laitin defines authority is a key concept to be defined in determining the range and role of political theory science and inquiry 7 The relevance of a grounded understanding of authority includes the basic foundation and formation of political civil and or ecclesiastical institutions or representatives In recent years however authority in political contexts has been challenged or questioned Political philosophy EditThere have been several contributions to the debate of political authority Among others Hannah Arendt Carl Joachim Friedrich Thomas Hobbes Alexandre Kojeve and Carl Schmitt have provided some of the most influential texts In European political philosophy the jurisdiction of political authority the location of sovereignty the balancing of notions of freedom and authority 8 and the requirements of political obligations have been core questions from the time of Plato and Aristotle to the present Most democratic societies are engaged in an ongoing discussion regarding the legitimate extent of the exercise of governmental authority In the United States for instance there is a prevailing belief that the political system as instituted by the Founding Fathers should accord the populace as much freedom as reasonable that government should limit its authority accordingly known as limited government Political anarchism is a philosophy which rejects the legitimacy of political authority and adherence to any form of sovereign rule or autonomy of a nation state 2 An argument for political anarchy is made by Michael Huemer in his book The Problem of Political Authority On the other side one of the main arguments for the legitimacy of the state is some form of the social contract theory developed by Thomas Hobbes in his 1668 book Leviathan or by Jean Jacques Rousseau in his political writings on the social contract Sociology EditFurther information Authority sociology Since the emergence of the social sciences authority has become a subject of research in a variety of empirical settings the family parental authority small groups informal authority of leadership intermediate organizations such as schools churches armies industries and bureaucracies organizational and bureaucratic authority and society wide or inclusive organizations ranging from the most primitive tribal society to the modern nation state and intermediate organization political authority The definition of authority in contemporary social science remains a matter of debate Max Weber in his essay Politics as a Vocation 1919 divided legitimate authority into three types Others like Howard Bloom suggest a parallel between authority and respect reverence for ancestors 9 United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms EditThe political authority in the British context can be traced to James VI and I of Scotland who wrote two political treatises called Basilikon Doron and The True Law of Free Monarchies Or The Reciprocal and Mutual Duty Between a Free King and His Natural Subjects which advocated his right to rule on the basis of the concept of the divine right of kings a theological concept that has a basis in multiple religions but in this case Christianity tracing this right to the apostolic succession Sovereign kings and queens in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms are considered the foundations of judicial legislative and executive authority United States EditThe understanding of political authority and the exercise of political powers in the American context traces back to the writings of the Founding Fathers including the arguments put forward in The Federalist Papers by James Madison Alexander Hamilton and the first chief justice of the United States John Jay and later speeches by the 16th president of the United States Abraham Lincoln Our government rests in public opinion Lincoln said in 1856 10 In his 1854 speech at Peoria Illinois Lincoln espoused the proposition that each man should do precisely as he pleases with all which is exclusively his own a principle existing at the foundation of the sense of justice 11 This sense of personal ownership and stewardship was integral to the practice of self government as Lincoln saw it by a Republican nation and its people This was because as Lincoln also declared No man is good enough to govern another man without that other s consent 12 The U S president is called to give account to the legislature for the conduct of the whole government including that of regulatory agencies The president influences the appointments the budgeting process and has the right and capacity to review regulatory rules on a case by case basis Since the time of the Reagan administration the president was informed with a cost benefit analysis of the regulation 13 The creation of a regulatory agency requires an Act of Congress which specifies its jurisdiction the related authority and delegated powers Regulatory authorities can be qualified as independent agencies or executive branch agencies a choice which is the reason of struggle between congress and the president as well as with the American courts The latter s role is limited by the authorities power to regulate property rights without the due process rights mandatorily applied by the courts 13 See also EditAuthority bias Authority management Anti authoritarianism Appeal to authority Auctoritas Authoritarianism Discipline Fidelity Milgram experiment Morale Political theology Protection Petty authority Question authorityReferences Edit Bealey Frank 1999 The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science A User s Guide to Its Terms pp 22 23 ISBN 0 631 20694 9 a b The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley Eds p 115 The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley Eds pp 677 678 Widyono Benny Oct 2014 United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAC Krause George A 2010 Durant Robert F ed Legislative Delegation of Authority to Bureaucratic Agencies The Oxford Handbook of American Bureaucracy New York Oxford University Press p 524 Glanville Luke 2016 Bellamy Alex J ed Sovereignty The Oxford Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect New York Oxford University Press p 153 Laitin David 1998 Toward a Political Science Discipline Authority Patterns Revisited Comparative Political Studies 31 4 423 443 doi 10 1177 0010414098031004002 S2CID 146736449 Cristi Renato 2005 Hegel on Freedom and Authority Cardiff Wales University of Wales Press Bloom Howard 2010 The Genius of the Beast a radical re vision of capitalism Amherst New York Prometheus Books p 186 ISBN 978 1 59102 754 6 To validate an argument we refer back to our ancestors or to someone who while still alive has already garnered the sort of authority only ancestors normally have Guelzo Allen C 2012 Lincoln Speeches New York Penguin Books p xxi Guelzo Allen C 2012 Lincoln Speeches New York Penguin Books p 47 Guelzo Allen C 2012 Lincoln Speeches New York Penguin Books p 48 a b John Ferejohn 2004 The Authority of Regulation and the Control of Regulators Droit et economie de la regulation Cairn info pp 35 37 ISBN 9782724686463 OCLC 7292576035 Archived from the original on October 3 2020 via archive today IA9DF archive is Further reading EditGiorgio Agamben State of Exception 2005 Hannah Arendt Authority in the Twentieth Century Review of Politics 1956 Hannah Arendt On Violence 1970 Jozef Maria Bochenski Was ist Autoritat 1974 Renato Cristi Hegel on Freedom and Authority 2005 Carl Joachim Friedrich Authority Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1958 Carl Joachim Friedrich An Introduction to Political Theory Twelve Lectures at Harvard New York Harper amp Row 1967 Carl Joachim Friedrich Tradition and Authority London Macmillan 1972 Robert E Goodin ed The Oxford Handbook of Political Science 2011 Sebastian De Grazia 1959 What Authority Is Not American Political Science Review 53 2 321 331 Patrick Hayden Hannah Arendt Key Concepts 2014 esp Chapter 8 Alexandre Kojeve The Notion of Authority 2014 Rafael Domingo Osle Auctoritas 1999 Gail Radford The Rise of the Public Authority Statebuilding and Economic Development in Twentieth Century America 2013 Carl Schmitt Der Begriff des Politischen The Concept of the Political 1932 Max Weber Economy and Society 1922 Max Weber Politics as a Vocation 1919 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Authority Political Obligation Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Appeal to Authority Breakdown Christiano Tom Authority In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Four essays published in the International Journal of Philosophical Studies from the Robert Papazian Essay Prize Competition on Authority Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Authority amp oldid 1133471025, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
