fbpx
Wikipedia

Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix"[citation needed] or "support").[1] The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.

The Mona Lisa (1503–1517) by Leonardo da Vinci is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.
An artistic depiction of a group of rhinos was made in the Chauvet Cave 30,000 to 32,000 years ago.

In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called "a painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf, and even whole objects.

Painting is an important form of visual art, bringing in elements such as drawing, composition, gesture, narration, and abstraction.[2] Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in still life and landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism) or political in nature (as in Artivism).

A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, to scenes from the life of Buddha (or other images of Eastern religious origin).

History

 
Prehistoric cave painting of aurochs (French: Bos primigenius primigenius), Lascaux, France
 
The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave in Indonesia. It was painted 40,000 - 52,000 years ago or earlier.

The oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old, found in both the Franco-Cantabrian region in western Europe, and in the caves in the district of Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia). In November 2018, however, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo (Kalimantan).[3][4] In December 2019, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be “the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world”.[5][6] More recently, in 2021, cave art of a pig found in an Indonesian island, and dated to over 45,500 years, has been reported.[7][8] However, the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites, there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40,000 years old.[9] There are examples of cave paintings all over the world—in Indonesia, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, China ,India, Australia, Mexico,[10] etc. In Western cultures, oil painting and watercolor painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions.

The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first photograph was produced in 1829, photographic processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Dadaism—challenged the Renaissance view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.[citation needed]

Modern and Contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of concept. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of pluralism, there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge.

The Feminist art movement[11] began in the 1960s during the second wave of feminism. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally.

Elements of painting

 
Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (Ming dynasty)
 
Georges Seurat, Circus Sideshow (French: Parade de cirque) (1887–88)

Color and tone

Color, made up of hue, saturation, and value, dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including Goethe,[12] Kandinsky,[13] and Newton,[14] have written their own color theory.

Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent. The word "red", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as F or C♯. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.).

Painters deal practically with pigments,[15] so "blue" for a painter can be any of the blues: phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, Cobalt blue, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to dynamics, and "coloration" is to painting as the specific timbre of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it.

Non-traditional elements

Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, which began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, sand, cement, straw, leaves or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required.

Rhythm

 
Jean Metzinger, La danse (Bacchante) (c.1906), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm, Kröller-Müller Museum

Jean Metzinger's mosaic-like Divisionist technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between Symbolist writers and Neo-Impressionist artists:

I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, circa 1907)[16]

 
Piet Mondrian, Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir (1921), Gemeentemuseum Den Haag

Rhythm, for artists such as Piet Mondrian,[17][18] is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "techne", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.[17]

Music was important to the birth of abstract art since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. Wassily Kandinsky often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher,"[19] and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten Compositions. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle C on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.[20][21] Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.[22]

Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. Jackson Pollock underscores that interest with his 1950 painting Autumn Rhythm (Number 30).[23]

Aesthetics and theory

 
Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of Dionysus or Priapus onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from Pompeii, 1st century

Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century philosophers such as Kant and Hegel. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the truth—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a craft, similar to shoemaking or iron casting.[24] By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in Ancient Greece. Leonardo da Vinci, on the contrary, said that "Italian: La Pittura è cosa mentale" ("English: painting is a thing of the mind").[25] Kant distinguished between Beauty and the Sublime, in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.[citation needed] Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as J.M.W. Turner and Caspar David Friedrich.

 
Nino Pisano, Apelles or the Art of painting in detail (1334–1336); relief of the Giotto's Bell Tower in Florence, Italy

Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with Poetry and Music, for its symbolic, highly intellectual purpose.[26][27] Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include Kandinsky and Paul Klee.[28][29] In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches primary colors to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe and other writers had already tried to do.

Iconography is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. Erwin Panofsky and other art historians first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.[30]

In 1890, the Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."[31] Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as Cubism, were reflections on the means of painting rather than on the external world—nature—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book What is Painting?, Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.[32] In Mirror of The World, Bell writes:

A work of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a history of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.[33]

Painting media

Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying time, etc.

Hot wax or encaustic

 
Encaustic icon from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Egypt (6th-century)

Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of waxes, damar resin, linseed oil, or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or collaged into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface.

The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox icon tradition.

Watercolor

 

Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum or leather, fabric, wood and canvas. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, Ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions. Finger-painting with watercolor paints originated in China. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and watercolor pencils. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry.

Gouache

Gouache is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as chalk is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all watermedia, it is diluted with water.[34]

Ink

 
Sesshū Tōyō, Landscapes of the Four Seasons (1486), ink and light color on paper

Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing with a pen, brush, or quill. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry.

Enamel

 
Jean de Court (attributed), painted Limoges enamel dish in detail (mid-16th century), Waddesdon Bequest, British Museum

Enamels are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,[35] but have also been used for other purposes. Limoges enamel was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as salts or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for portrait miniatures.[36] In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.[37]

Tempera

Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as poster paint.

Fresco

 
White Angel (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia

Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko], which derives from the Latin word for fresh. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh lime mortar or plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used. A secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (secco is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall.

Oil

 
Honoré Daumier, The Painter (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes

Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil, such as linseed oil, which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even frankincense; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe.

Pastel

 
Maurice Quentin de La Tour, Portrait of Louis XV of France (1748), pastel

Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.[38] The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including oil paints; the binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.[39] Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a fixative. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries.

Acrylic

 
Ray Burggraf, Jungle Arc (1998), acrylic paint on wood

Acrylic paint is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time. Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques, but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly.

Spray paint

Aerosol paint (also called spray paint) is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button. A form of spray painting, aerosol paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics.

Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common graffiti medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A stencil protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut logos or hand-cut by artists.

Water miscible oil paint

Water miscible oil paints (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of oil paint engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an oil medium in which one end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a solution.

Digital painting

Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as acrylic paint, oils, ink, watercolor, etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of software driving industrial robotic or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a computer graphics software program that uses a virtual canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a digital artwork a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.[40]

Painting styles

Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an individual artist's work. It can also refer to the movement or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following:

Western

Modernism

Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism.[41][42] The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).[43]

Impressionism
 
Claude Monet's 1872 Impression, Sunrise inspired the name of the movement

The first example of modernism in painting was impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (en plein air). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon.

Abstract styles

Abstract painting uses a visual language of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.[44][45] Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art movement that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as Futurism, Bauhaus and Cubism, and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.[46]

Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.[47] The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, and is closely associated with abstract expressionism (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably).

Other modernist styles include:

Outsider art

The term outsider art was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut (French: [aʁ bʁyt], "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by insane-asylum inmates.[48] Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world," regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work.

Photorealism

Photorealism is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a photograph. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop Art[49][50][51] and as a counter to Abstract Expressionism.

Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is a fully-fledged school of art and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.[52]

Surrealism

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the Surrealist Movement. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and non-sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.

Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities of World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film and music of many countries, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy and social theory.

East Asian

Southeast Asia

Islamic

Indian

Miniature painting

Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc.

Mughal miniature painting is a particular style of South Asian, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums (muraqqa). It emerged[53] from Persian miniature painting (itself partly of Chinese origin) and developed in the court of the Mughal Empire of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.[54][55][56]

Rajasthani painting evolved and flourished in the royal courts of Rajputana[57] in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the Mughal miniature were dispersed from the

 
Krishna and Radha, might be the work of Nihâl Chand, master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting

imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or Hindu mythology, as well as some genre scenes of landscapes, and humans.[58][59][60]Punjab Hills or Pahari painting of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of Kangra, named after Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, a former princely state, which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of Basohli school of painting in mid-18th century.[61][62] The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.[63] The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of Jayadeva and Keshav Das who wrote ecstatically of the love of Radha and Krishna with Bhakti being the driving force.[64][65]

 
Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style

Company style is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the British East India Company or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.[66] Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres- Delhi, Calcutta and Madras. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.[67][68]

The Sikh style and Deccan style are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India.

Pichwai painting

Pichwai paintings are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna. These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare.

Folk and tribal art

Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based scroll painting, based in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal.[69] The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord Jagannath in Odisha.[70] The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of Odisha. Patachitras are a component of an ancient Bengali narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.[71][72][73]

Madhubani Art is a style of Indian painting, practiced in the Mithila region of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representating ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals,religious rituals etc.[74]

Warli is another folk tribal art form from India.

Bengal School

The Bengal School[75] was an art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in Bengal, primarily Kolkata and Shantiniketan, and flourished throughout the Indian subcontinent, during the British Raj in the early 20th century.[76] The Bengal school arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as Raja Ravi Varma and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage.In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, Abanindranath Tagore also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the Japanese wash technique.[77][78][79]

Others

 
19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess Saraswathi

African

Contemporary art

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Types of painting

 
Francisco de Zurbarán, Still Life with Pottery Jars (Spanish: Bodegón de recipientes) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid

Allegory

Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the grim reaper. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death.

Bodegón

 
Reza Abbasi, Two Lovers (1630)

In Spanish art, a bodegón is a still life painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the Baroque period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary Low Countries, today Belgium and Netherlands (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in southern Europe. Northern still lifes had many subgenres: the breakfast piece was augmented by the trompe-l'œil, the flower bouquet, and the vanitas. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of breakfast piece did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table.

Figure painting

A figure painting is a work of art in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or nude. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings, and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.[82] Some artists well known for figure painting are Peter Paul Rubens, Edgar Degas, and Édouard Manet.

Illustration painting

Illustration paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie posters and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and graphic designers. But as the result of computer game and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States.

Landscape painting

 
Andreas Achenbach, Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily (1847), The Walters Art Museum[83][84]

Landscape painting is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and weather is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art, going back well over a thousand years in both cases.

Portrait painting

 
Ned Bittinger, Portrait of Abraham Lincoln in Congress (2004), US Capitol

Portrait paintings are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci's painting titled Mona Lisa, which is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.[85]

Still life

 
Otto Marseus van Schrieck, A Forest Floor Still-Life (1666)

A still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as landscape or portraiture. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound.

Veduta

A veduta is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista. This genre of landscape originated in Flanders, where artists such as Paul Bril painted vedute as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the Grand Tour became somewhat standardized, vedute of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted panoramas.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Paint – Definition". Merriam-webster.com. 2012. from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  2. ^ Perry, Lincoln (Summer 2014). "The Music of Painting". The American Scholar. 83 (3): 85.
  3. ^ Zimmer, Carl (7 November 2018). "In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World - A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  4. ^ Aubert, M.; et al. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538.
  5. ^ Aubert, M.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art". Nature. 576 (7787): 442–445. Bibcode:2019Natur.576..442A. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y. PMID 31827284. S2CID 209311825.
  6. ^ Ferreira, Becky (11 December 2019). "Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans - The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  7. ^ Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian-xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime (1 January 2021). "Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi". Science Advances. 7 (3): eabd4648. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4648B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4648. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7806210. PMID 33523879.
  8. ^ Ferreira, Becky (13 January 2021). "Pig Painting May Be World's Oldest Cave Art Yet, Archaeologists Say - The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years old, the researchers say". The New York Times. from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  9. ^ . Aboriginalartonline.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  10. ^ "Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México". BBC News Brasil (in Portuguese). 23 May 2013. from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  11. ^ "A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement's History & Contemporary Impact". Rise Art.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours, John Murray, London 1840
  13. ^ Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, pdf 10 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 pdf 20 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Pigments 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine at ColourLex
  16. ^ Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907
  17. ^ a b Eiichi Tosaki, Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought 25 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 23 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures, Springer, 15 November 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, ISBN 9402411984
  18. ^ Piet Mondrian, Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater, 1922
  19. ^ "Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes". www.wassilykandinsky.net. from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  20. ^ , François Le Targat, Kandinsky, Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, ISBN 0847808106
  21. ^ Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation, 1991
  22. ^ Fiedler, Jeannine (2013). Bauhaus. Germany: h.f.ullmann publishing GmbH. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-8480-0275-7.
  23. ^ "Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock". 16 April 2016. from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  24. ^ . www.rowan.edu. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  25. ^ Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). Modern criticism. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. ISBN 81-269-0187-X
  26. ^ Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal. Routledge. 1998. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-415-18709-1. from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  27. ^ Wallace, William (1911). "Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–207, see page 207. Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit
  28. ^ Franciscono, Marcel, Paul Klee: His Work and Thought, part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365
  29. ^ Barasch, Moshe (2000) Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky 1 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33
  30. ^ Jones, Howard (October 2014). "The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience". Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies. 37 (4): 541–252.[page needed]
  31. ^ Encyclopedia Encarta 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ "Review by art historian David Cohen". Artnet.com. from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  33. ^ Bell, Julian (2007). Mirror of the World: A New History of Art. Thames and Hudson. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-500-23837-0.
  34. ^ Cohn, Marjorie B., Wash and Gouache, Fogg Museum, 1977.
  35. ^ Mayer, Ralph,The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.
  36. ^ McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", Oxford Art Online
  37. ^ Mayer, Ralph, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.
  38. ^ Mayer, Ralph, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p. 312.
  39. ^ Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques. Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. ISBN 0-670-83701-6
  40. ^ "What is digital painting?". Turning Point Arts. 1 November 2008. from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  41. ^ Barth, John (1979) The Literature of Replenishment, later republished in The Friday Book (1984).
  42. ^ Graff, Gerald (1975) Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction, TriQuarterly, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.
  43. ^ Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. Gardner's Art Through the Ages (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991). ISBN 0-15-503770-6. p. 953.
  44. ^ Arnheim, Rudolph, 1969, Visual Thinking
  45. ^ Key, Joan (September 2009). "Future Use: Abstract Painting". Third Text. 23 (5): 557–63. doi:10.1080/09528820903184666. S2CID 144061791.
  46. ^ Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge
  47. ^ Boddy-Evans, Marion. "Art Glossary: Action Painting". About.com. from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  48. ^ Cardinal, Roger, Outsider Art, London, 1972
  49. ^ Lindey, Christine Superrealist Painting and Sculpture, William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.
  50. ^ Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.
  51. ^ Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, Art in America. 61 (November – December 1973), P. 98.
  52. ^ Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1
  53. ^ "Mughal Painting - Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists". www.culturalindia.net. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  54. ^ "Mughal Painting". Self Study History. 22 August 2016. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  55. ^ "BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". www.bbc.co.uk. from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  56. ^ "Mughal painting". britannica.com. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  57. ^ "Rājput painting | Indian art | Britannica". www.britannica.com. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  58. ^ "Rajput Paintings in India | Different Rajput Schools of Art". BYJUS. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  59. ^ "Rajput Painting - Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History". www.culturalindia.net. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  60. ^ "Rajput painting". Jagranjosh.com. 17 August 2012. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  61. ^ "Kāngra painting | Britannica". www.britannica.com. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  62. ^ Bradnock, Robert W.; Bradnock, Roma (2004). Footprint India. Footprint. p. 512. ISBN 978-1-904777-00-7. from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  63. ^ "Kangra Painting - The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh". Caleidoscope | Indian Culture, Heritage. 27 July 2021. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  64. ^ "Kangra Paintings | District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India". from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  65. ^ Sharma, Vijay (1 November 2020). "How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting". ThePrint. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  66. ^ "Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | the Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org. from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  67. ^ "Company Paintings - Capturing an Era". Live History India. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  68. ^ Victoria and Albert Museum, Digital Media (16 November 2012). "Indian company paintings". www.vam.ac.uk. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  69. ^ "Parampara Project | Pata Chitra". www.paramparaproject.org. from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  70. ^ "Daricha Foundation". www.daricha.org. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  71. ^ "Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity". The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design. 2 August 2015. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  72. ^ "Orissa Pattachitra –". The Hindu. 15 June 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  73. ^ says, Conrad Comrie (26 April 2017). "Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal". Media India Group. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  74. ^ "Madhubani (Mithila) Painting - History, Designs & Artists". www.culturalindia.net. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  75. ^ "National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi". ngmaindia.gov.in. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  76. ^ "Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism". 8 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  77. ^ "Bengal School of Art". Artsy. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  78. ^ "How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape". Artisera. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  79. ^ "Bengal School of Art". Jagranjosh.com. 18 August 2012. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  80. ^ "Mysore Paintings: Notes for UPSC Art and Culture". BYJUS. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  81. ^ "Mysore Paintings | Buy Mysore School Paintings | Shop Online at Artisera". Artisera. from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  82. ^ Droste, Flip (October 2014). "Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age". Semiotica. 2014 (202): 155–165. doi:10.1515/sem-2014-0035. S2CID 170631343.
  83. ^ Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.
  84. ^ "Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily". The Walters Art Museum. from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  85. ^ . Louvre Museum. 1503–1519. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

Further reading

  • Howard Daniel (1971). Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.
  • W. Stanley Taft, Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). The Science of Paintings. Springer-Verlag.

painting, this, article, about, artistic, painting, other, uses, disambiguation, painter, redirects, here, other, uses, painter, disambiguation, practice, applying, paint, pigment, color, other, medium, solid, surface, called, matrix, citation, needed, support. This article is about artistic painting For other uses see Painting disambiguation Painter redirects here For other uses see Painter disambiguation Painting is the practice of applying paint pigment color or other medium to a solid surface called the matrix citation needed or support 1 The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other implements such as knives sponges and airbrushes can be used The Mona Lisa 1503 1517 by Leonardo da Vinci is one of the world s most recognizable paintings An artistic depiction of a group of rhinos was made in the Chauvet Cave 30 000 to 32 000 years ago In art the term paintingdescribes both the act and the result of the action the final work is called a painting The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls paper canvas wood glass lacquer pottery leaf copper and concrete and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials including sand clay paper plaster gold leaf and even whole objects Painting is an important form of visual art bringing in elements such as drawing composition gesture narration and abstraction 2 Paintings can be naturalistic and representational as in still life and landscape painting photographic abstract narrative symbolistic as in Symbolist art emotive as in Expressionism or political in nature as in Artivism A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling to scenes from the life of Buddha or other images of Eastern religious origin Contents 1 History 2 Elements of painting 2 1 Color and tone 2 2 Non traditional elements 2 3 Rhythm 3 Aesthetics and theory 4 Painting media 4 1 Hot wax or encaustic 4 2 Watercolor 4 3 Gouache 4 4 Ink 4 5 Enamel 4 6 Tempera 4 7 Fresco 4 8 Oil 4 9 Pastel 4 10 Acrylic 4 11 Spray paint 4 12 Water miscible oil paint 4 13 Digital painting 5 Painting styles 5 1 Western 5 1 1 Modernism 5 1 1 1 Impressionism 5 1 1 2 Abstract styles 5 1 1 3 Outsider art 5 1 1 4 Photorealism 5 1 1 5 Surrealism 5 2 East Asian 5 3 Southeast Asia 5 4 Islamic 5 5 Indian 5 5 1 Miniature painting 5 5 2 Pichwai painting 5 5 3 Folk and tribal art 5 5 4 Bengal School 5 5 5 Others 5 6 African 5 7 Contemporary art 5 8 1950s 5 9 1960s 5 10 1970s 5 11 1980s 5 12 1990s 5 13 2000s 6 Types of painting 6 1 Allegory 6 2 Bodegon 6 3 Figure painting 6 4 Illustration painting 6 5 Landscape painting 6 6 Portrait painting 6 7 Still life 6 8 Veduta 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further readingHistory EditMain article History of painting Prehistoric cave painting of aurochs French Bos primigenius primigenius Lascaux France The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saleh cave in Indonesia It was painted 40 000 52 000 years ago or earlier The oldest known paintings are approximately 40 000 years old found in both the Franco Cantabrian region in western Europe and in the caves in the district of Maros Sulawesi Indonesia In November 2018 however scientists reported the discovery of the then oldest known figurative art painting over 40 000 perhaps as old as 52 000 years old of an unknown animal in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saleh on the Indonesian island of Borneo Kalimantan 3 4 In December 2019 figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the Maros Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older at at least 43 900 years old The finding was noted to be the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world 5 6 More recently in 2021 cave art of a pig found in an Indonesian island and dated to over 45 500 years has been reported 7 8 However the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two rock shelters in Arnhem Land in northern Australia In the lowest layer of material at these sites there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60 000 years old Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock shelter in the Kimberley region of North Western Australia that is dated 40 000 years old 9 There are examples of cave paintings all over the world in Indonesia France Spain Portugal Italy China India Australia Mexico 10 etc In Western cultures oil painting and watercolor painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter In the East ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media with equally rich and complex traditions The invention of photography had a major impact on painting In the decades after the first photograph was produced in 1829 photographic processes improved and became more widely practiced depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries notably Impressionism Post Impressionism Fauvism Expressionism Cubism and Dadaism challenged the Renaissance view of the world Eastern and African painting however continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time citation needed Modern and Contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of concept This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous declarations of its demise In an epoch characterized by the idea of pluralism there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge The Feminist art movement 11 began in the 1960s during the second wave of feminism The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally Elements of painting Edit Chen Hongshou 1598 1652 Leaf album painting Ming dynasty Georges Seurat Circus Sideshow French Parade de cirque 1887 88 Color and tone Edit Color made up of hue saturation and value dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting just as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music Color is highly subjective but has observable psychological effects although these can differ from one culture to the next Black is associated with mourning in the West but in the East white is Some painters theoreticians writers and scientists including Goethe 12 Kandinsky 13 and Newton 14 have written their own color theory Moreover the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent The word red for example can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music such as F or C For a painter color is not simply divided into basic primary and derived complementary or mixed colors like red blue green brown etc Painters deal practically with pigments 15 so blue for a painter can be any of the blues phthalocyanine blue Prussian blue indigo Cobalt blue ultramarine and so on Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not strictly speaking means of painting Colors only add to the potential derived context of meanings and because of this the perception of a painting is highly subjective The analogy with music is quite clear sound in music like a C note is analogous to light in painting shades to dynamics and coloration is to painting as the specific timbre of musical instruments is to music These elements do not necessarily form a melody in music of themselves rather they can add different contexts to it Non traditional elements Edit Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include as one example collage which began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal plastic sand cement straw leaves or wood for their texture Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer There is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop Corel Painter and many others These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required Rhythm Edit Jean Metzinger La danse Bacchante c 1906 oil on canvas 73 x 54 cm Kroller Muller Museum Jean Metzinger s mosaic like Divisionist technique had its parallel in literature a characteristic of the alliance between Symbolist writers and Neo Impressionist artists I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables I use strokes which variable in quantity cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature Jean Metzinger circa 1907 16 Piet Mondrian Composition en rouge jaune bleu et noir 1921 Gemeentemuseum Den Haag Rhythm for artists such as Piet Mondrian 17 18 is important in painting as it is in music If one defines rhythm as a pause incorporated into a sequence then there can be rhythm in paintings These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations form melody coloration The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent i e the freedom of movement of perception is perceived as beauty Free flow of energy in art as well as in other forms of techne directly contributes to the aesthetic value 17 Music was important to the birth of abstract art since music is abstract by nature it does not try to represent the exterior world but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul Wassily Kandinsky often used musical terms to identify his works he called his most spontaneous paintings improvisations and described more elaborate works as compositions Kandinsky theorized that music is the ultimate teacher 19 and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten Compositions Hearing tones and chords as he painted Kandinsky theorized that for example yellow is the color of middle C on a brassy trumpet black is the color of closure and the end of things and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies akin to chords played on a piano In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello 20 21 Kandinsky s stage design for a performance of Mussorgsky s Pictures at an Exhibition illustrates his synaesthetic concept of a universal correspondence of forms colors and musical sounds 22 Music defines much of modernist abstract painting Jackson Pollock underscores that interest with his 1950 painting Autumn Rhythm Number 30 23 Aesthetics and theory EditMain article Theory of painting Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of Dionysus or Priapus onto a panel which is held by a boy Fresco from Pompeii 1st century Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty it was an important issue for 18th and 19th century philosophers such as Kant and Hegel Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also theorized about art and painting in particular Plato disregarded painters as well as sculptors in his philosophical system he maintained that painting cannot depict the truth it is a copy of reality a shadow of the world of ideas and is nothing but a craft similar to shoemaking or iron casting 24 By the time of Leonardo painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in Ancient Greece Leonardo da Vinci on the contrary said that Italian La Pittura e cosa mentale English painting is a thing of the mind 25 Kant distinguished between Beauty and the Sublime in terms that clearly gave priority to the former citation needed Although he did not refer to painting in particular this concept was taken up by painters such as J M W Turner and Caspar David Friedrich Nino Pisano Apelles or the Art of painting in detail 1334 1336 relief of the Giotto s Bell Tower in Florence Italy Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and in his aesthetic essay wrote that painting is one of the three romantic arts along with Poetry and Music for its symbolic highly intellectual purpose 26 27 Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include Kandinsky and Paul Klee 28 29 In his essay Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value and he attaches primary colors to essential feelings or concepts something that Goethe and other writers had already tried to do Iconography is the study of the content of paintings rather than their style Erwin Panofsky and other art historians first seek to understand the things depicted before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time and finally analyzing their wider cultural religious and social meaning 30 In 1890 the Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously asserted Remember that a painting before being a warhorse a naked woman or some story or other is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order 31 Thus many 20th century developments in painting such as Cubism were reflections on the means of painting rather than on the external world nature which had previously been its core subject Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell In his book What is Painting Bell discusses the development through history of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas 32 In Mirror of The World Bell writes A work of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed a history of art urges it onwards bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination 33 Painting media EditDifferent types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in which determines the general working characteristics of the paint such as viscosity miscibility solubility drying time etc Hot wax or encaustic Edit Encaustic icon from Saint Catherine s Monastery Egypt 6th century Encaustic painting also known as hot wax painting involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added The liquid paste is then applied to a surface usually prepared wood though canvas and other materials are often used The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax but there are several other recipes that can be used some containing other types of waxes damar resin linseed oil or other ingredients Pure powdered pigments can be purchased and used though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface Other materials can be encased or collaged into the surface or layered using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox icon tradition Watercolor Edit John Martin Manfred on the Jungfrau 1837 watercolor Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water soluble vehicle The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper other supports include papyrus bark papers plastics vellum or leather fabric wood and canvas In East Asia watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting In Chinese Korean and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium often in monochrome black or browns India Ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions Finger painting with watercolor paints originated in China There are various types of watercolors used by artists Some examples are pan watercolors liquid watercolors watercolor brush pens and watercolor pencils Watercolor pencils water soluble color pencils may be used either wet or dry Gouache Edit Gouache is a water based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger the ratio of pigment to water is much higher and an additional inert white pigment such as chalk is also present This makes gouache heavier and more opaque with greater reflective qualities Like all watermedia it is diluted with water 34 Ink Edit Sesshu Tōyō Landscapes of the Four Seasons 1486 ink and light color on paper Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image text or design Ink is used for drawing with a pen brush or quill Ink can be a complex medium composed of solvents pigments dyes resins lubricants solubilizers surfactants particulate matter fluorescers and other materials The components of inks serve many purposes the ink s carrier colorants and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry Enamel Edit Jean de Court attributed painted Limoges enamel dish in detail mid 16th century Waddesdon Bequest British Museum Enamels are made by painting a substrate typically metal with powdered glass minerals called color oxides provide coloration After firing at a temperature of 750 850 degrees Celsius 1380 1560 degrees Fahrenheit the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal Unlike most painted techniques the surface can be handled and wetted Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects 35 but have also been used for other purposes Limoges enamel was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds on plaques or objects such as salts or caskets In the 18th century enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe especially as a medium for portrait miniatures 36 In the late 20th century the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals 37 Tempera Edit Tempera also known as egg tempera is a permanent fast drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water soluble binder medium usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium Tempera paintings are very long lasting and examples from the first centuries CE still exist Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting A paint commonly called tempera though it is not consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as poster paint Fresco Edit White Angel fresco c 1235 Mileseva monastery Serbia Fresco is any of several related mural painting types done on plaster on walls or ceilings The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco afˈfresːko which derives from the Latin word for fresh Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet fresh lime mortar or plaster for which the Italian word for plaster intonaco is used A secco painting in contrast is done on dry plaster secco is dry in Italian The pigments require a binding medium such as egg tempera glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall Oil Edit Honore Daumier The Painter 1808 1879 oil on panel with visible brushstrokes Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil such as linseed oil which was widely used in early modern Europe Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even frankincense these were called varnishes and were prized for their body and gloss Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe Pastel Edit Maurice Quentin de La Tour Portrait of Louis XV of France 1748 pastel Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder 38 The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media including oil paints the binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process 39 Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass it may also be sprayed with a fixative Nonetheless when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries Pastels are not susceptible as are paintings made with a fluid medium to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color opacity or dimensions of the medium as it dries Acrylic Edit Ray Burggraf Jungle Arc 1998 acrylic paint on wood Acrylic paint is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water resistant when dry Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water or modified with acrylic gels media or pastes the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under paintings This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist s ability to work quickly Spray paint Edit Aerosol paint also called spray paint is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button A form of spray painting aerosol paint leaves a smooth evenly coated surface Standard sized cans are portable inexpensive and easy to store Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics Speed portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common graffiti medium In the late 1970s street graffiti writers signatures and murals became more elaborate and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist A stencil protects a surface except the specific shape to be painted Stencils can be purchased as movable letters ordered as professionally cut logos or hand cut by artists Water miscible oil paint Edit Water miscible oil paints also called water soluble or water mixable is a modern variety of oil paint engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil based paint but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes palettes and rags with ordinary soap and water Its water solubility comes from the use of an oil medium in which one end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules as in a solution Digital painting Edit Main article Digital painting Digital painting is a method of creating an art object painting digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer As a method of creating an art object it adapts traditional painting medium such as acrylic paint oils ink watercolor etc and applies the pigment to traditional carriers such as woven canvas cloth paper polyester etc by means of software driving industrial robotic or office machinery printers As a technique it refers to a computer graphics software program that uses a virtual canvas and virtual painting box of brushes colors and other supplies The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer and which give a digital artwork a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way Furthermore digital painting is not computer generated art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations On the other hand the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer 40 Painting styles EditMain article Style visual arts Style is used in two senses It can refer to the distinctive visual elements techniques and methods that typify an individual artist s work It can also refer to the movement or school that an artist is associated with This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter The word style in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting though it continues to be used in popular contexts Such movements or classifications include the following Western Edit Modernism Edit Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements originally arising from wide scale and far reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th century and early 20th century Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism 41 42 The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the traditional forms of art architecture literature religious faith social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic social and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world A salient characteristic of modernism is self consciousness This often led to experiments with form and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used and to the further tendency of abstraction 43 Impressionism Edit Claude Monet s 1872 Impression Sunrise inspired the name of the movement The first example of modernism in painting was impressionism a school of painting that initially focused on work done not in studios but outdoors en plein air Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects but instead see light itself The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time the government sponsored Paris Salon the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s timing them to coincide with the official Salon A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refuses created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon Abstract styles Edit Abstract painting uses a visual language of form colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world 44 45 Abstract expressionism was an American post World War II art movement that combined the emotional intensity and self denial of the German Expressionists with the anti figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism Bauhaus and Cubism and the image of being rebellious anarchic highly idiosyncratic and some feel nihilistic 46 Action painting sometimes called gestural abstraction is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled splashed or smeared onto the canvas rather than being carefully applied 47 The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with abstract expressionism some critics have used the terms action painting and abstract expressionism interchangeably Other modernist styles include Color Field Lyrical Abstraction Hard edge painting Pop artOutsider art Edit The term outsider art was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut French aʁ bʁyt raw art or rough art a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture Dubuffet focused particularly on art by insane asylum inmates 48 Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992 The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream art world regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work Photorealism Edit Photorealism is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a photograph The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s As a full fledged art movement Photorealism evolved from Pop Art 49 50 51 and as a counter to Abstract Expressionism Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high resolution photograph Hyperrealism is a fully fledged school of art and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s 52 Surrealism Edit Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the Surrealist Movement Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise the uncanny the unconscious unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur however many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost with the works being an artifact Leader Andre Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities of World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris From the 1920s onward the movement spread around the globe eventually affecting the visual arts literature film and music of many countries as well as political thought and practice philosophy and social theory See also Outline of painting Styles of painting East Asian Edit Liang Kai Drunken Celestial 12th century ink on Xuan paper Yun Bing Album Leaf 17th century ink and color on paperChinese Tang Dynasty Ming Dynasty Shan shui Ink and wash painting Hua niao Southern School Zhe School Wu School Contemporary Japanese Yamato e Rimpa school Emakimono Kanō school Shijō school Superflat KoreanSoutheast Asia Edit IndonesianIslamic Edit Arabic miniature Ottoman miniature Persian miniatureIndian Edit Miniature painting Edit Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre colonial India These were done on a special paper known as wasli using mineral and natural colours Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal Pahari Rajasthani Company style etc Mughal miniature painting is a particular style of South Asian particularly North Indian more specifically modern day India and Pakistan painting confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums muraqqa It emerged 53 from Persian miniature painting itself partly of Chinese origin and developed in the court of the Mughal Empire of the 16th to 18th centuries Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums and were more realistically depicted 54 55 56 Rajasthani painting evolved and flourished in the royal courts of Rajputana 57 in northern India mainly during the 17th century Artists trained in the tradition of the Mughal miniature were dispersed from the Krishna and Radha might be the work of Nihal Chand master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Paintingimperial Mughal court and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics the Mahabharata and Ramayana Subjects varied but portraits of the ruling family often engaged in hunting or their daily activities were generally popular as were narrative scenes from the epics or Hindu mythology as well as some genre scenes of landscapes and humans 58 59 60 Punjab Hills or Pahari painting of which Kangra Guller Basholi were major sub styles Kangra painting is the pictorial art of Kangra named after Kangra Himachal Pradesh a former princely state which patronized the art It became prevalent with the fading of Basohli school of painting in mid 18th century 61 62 The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar the erotic sentiment The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period 63 The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of Jayadeva and Keshav Das who wrote ecstatically of the love of Radha and Krishna with Bhakti being the driving force 64 65 Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan c 1815 from the Fraser Album Company StyleCompany style is a term for a hybrid Indo European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists many of whom worked for European patrons in the British East India Company or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries 66 Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres Delhi Calcutta and Madras The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative and as a consequence the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual 67 68 The Sikh style and Deccan style are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India Pichwai painting Edit Pichwai paintings are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan India However very few were made in the Deccan region but these are extremely rare Folk and tribal art Edit Pattachitra is a general term for traditional cloth based scroll painting based in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal 69 The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord Jagannath in Odisha 70 The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of Odisha Patachitras are a component of an ancient Bengali narrative art originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song 71 72 73 Madhubani Art is a style of Indian painting practiced in the Mithila region of India and Nepal The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns these paintings are famous for representating ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals religious rituals etc 74 Warli is another folk tribal art form from India Bengal School Edit The Bengal School 75 was an art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in Bengal primarily Kolkata and Shantiniketan and flourished throughout the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj in the early 20th century 76 The Bengal school arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles previously promoted in India both by Indian artists such as Raja Ravi Varma and in British art schools The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics Abanindranath Tagore also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art such as the Japanese wash technique 77 78 79 Others Edit 19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess Saraswathi Mysore painting is an important form of classical South Indian painting that originated in and around the town of Mysore in Karnataka encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers Mysore paintings are known for their elegance muted colours and attention to detail The themes for most of these paintings are Hindu gods and goddesses and scenes from Hindu mythology 80 81 Samikshavad Tanjore Kerala mural paintingAfrican Edit TingatingaContemporary art Edit 1950s Edit Abstract Expressionism American Figurative Expressionism Bay Area Figurative Movement Lyrical Abstraction New York Figurative Expressionism New York School 1960s Edit Abstract expressionism American Figurative Expressionism Abstract Imagists Bay Area Figurative Movement Color field Computer art Conceptual art Fluxus Happenings Hard edge painting Lyrical Abstraction Minimalism Neo figurative Neo Dada New York School Nouveau Realisme Op Art Performance art Pop Art Postminimalism Washington Color School Kinetic art 1970s Edit Arte Povera Ascii Art Bad Painting Body art Artist s book Feminist art Installation art Land Art Lowbrow art movement Photorealism Postminimalism Process Art Video art Funk art Pattern and Decoration 1980s Edit Appropriation art Culture jamming Demoscene Electronic art Figuration Libre Graffiti Art Live art Mail art Postmodern art Neo conceptual art Neo expressionism Neo pop Sound art Transgressive art Video installation Institutional Critique NeoGeo 1990s Edit Bio art Cyberarts Cynical Realism Digital Art Information art Internet art Massurrealism Maximalism New media art Software art New European Painting Young British Artists 2000s Edit Digital Painting Hyperrealism Classical Realism Relational art Street art Stuckism Superflat Pseudorealism Videogame art Superstroke VJ art Virtual artTypes of painting Edit Francisco de Zurbaran Still Life with Pottery Jars Spanish Bodegon de recipientes 1636 oil on canvas 46 x 84 cm Museo del Prado Madrid Allegory Edit Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures actions or symbolic representation Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the grim reaper Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death Bodegon Edit Reza Abbasi Two Lovers 1630 In Spanish art a bodegon is a still life painting depicting pantry items such as victuals game and drink often arranged on a simple stone slab and also a painting with one or more figures but significant still life elements typically set in a kitchen or tavern Starting in the Baroque period such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary Low Countries today Belgium and Netherlands then Flemish and Dutch artists than it ever was in southern Europe Northern still lifes had many subgenres the breakfast piece was augmented by the trompe l œil the flower bouquet and the vanitas In Spain there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing but a type of breakfast piece did become popular featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table Figure painting Edit A figure painting is a work of art in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure whether clothed or nude Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history 82 Some artists well known for figure painting are Peter Paul Rubens Edgar Degas and Edouard Manet Illustration painting Edit Illustration paintings are those used as illustrations in books magazines and theater or movie posters and comic books Today there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork Various museum exhibitions magazines and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past In the visual art world illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and graphic designers But as the result of computer game and comic industry growth illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two especially in Korea Japan Hong Kong and the United States Landscape painting Edit Main article Landscape art Andreas Achenbach Clearing Up Coast of Sicily 1847 The Walters Art Museum 83 84 Landscape painting is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains valleys trees rivers lakes and forests and especially art where the main subject is a wide view with its elements arranged into a coherent composition In other works landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work The sky is almost always included in the view and weather is often an element of the composition Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects The two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art going back well over a thousand years in both cases Portrait painting Edit Ned Bittinger Portrait of Abraham Lincoln in Congress 2004 US Capitol Portrait paintings are representations of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant The intent is to display the likeness personality and even the mood of the person The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits even unflattering ones One of the best known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci s painting titled Mona Lisa which is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini the wife of Francesco del Giocondo 85 Still life Edit Otto Marseus van Schrieck A Forest Floor Still Life 1666 A still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter typically commonplace objects which may be either natural food flowers plants rocks or shells or human made drinking glasses books vases jewelry coins pipes and so on With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek Roman art still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as landscape or portraiture Still life paintings particularly before 1700 often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted Some modern still life breaks the two dimensional barrier and employs three dimensional mixed media and uses found objects photography computer graphics as well as video and sound Veduta Edit A veduta is a highly detailed usually large scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista This genre of landscape originated in Flanders where artists such as Paul Bril painted vedute as early as the 16th century As the itinerary of the Grand Tour became somewhat standardized vedute of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen In the later 19th century more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy which was satisfied instead by painted panoramas See also Edit Visual arts portal Painting portal20th century Western painting Cobweb painting Drawing Graphic arts Index of painting related articles List of most expensive paintings Outline of painting Painting outsourcing in China Visual arts ImageNotes Edit Paint Definition Merriam webster com 2012 Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2014 Perry Lincoln Summer 2014 The Music of Painting The American Scholar 83 3 85 Zimmer Carl 7 November 2018 In Cave in Borneo Jungle Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40 000 years old raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies The New York Times Retrieved 8 November 2018 Aubert M et al 7 November 2018 Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo Nature 564 7735 254 257 Bibcode 2018Natur 564 254A doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0679 9 PMID 30405242 S2CID 53208538 Aubert M et al 11 December 2019 Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art Nature 576 7787 442 445 Bibcode 2019Natur 576 442A doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1806 y PMID 31827284 S2CID 209311825 Ferreira Becky 11 December 2019 Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43 900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal like features in a hunting scene The New York Times Retrieved 12 December 2019 Brumm Adam Oktaviana Adhi Agus Burhan Basran Hakim Budianto Lebe Rustan Zhao Jian xin Sulistyarto Priyatno Hadi Ririmasse Marlon Adhityatama Shinatria Sumantri Iwan Aubert Maxime 1 January 2021 Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi Science Advances 7 3 eabd4648 Bibcode 2021SciA 7 4648B doi 10 1126 sciadv abd4648 ISSN 2375 2548 PMC 7806210 PMID 33523879 Ferreira Becky 13 January 2021 Pig Painting May Be World s Oldest Cave Art Yet Archaeologists Say The depiction of the animal on an Indonesian island is at least 45 500 years old the researchers say The New York Times Archived from the original on 21 June 2021 Retrieved 14 January 2021 How Old is Australia s Rock Art Aboriginalartonline com Archived from the original on 4 May 2013 Retrieved 13 March 2014 Milhares de pinturas rupestres sao descobertas em cavernas no Mexico BBC News Brasil in Portuguese 23 May 2013 Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 Retrieved 2 March 2015 A Guide to the Feminist Art Movement s History amp Contemporary Impact Rise Art a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Goethe s theory of colours John Murray London 1840 Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual in Art Translated By Michael T H Sadler pdf Archived 10 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton 1671 pdf Archived 20 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Pigments Archived 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine at ColourLex Jean Metzinger circa 1907 quoted by Georges Desvallieres in La Grande Revue vol 124 1907 a b Eiichi Tosaki Mondrian s Philosophy of Visual Rhythm Phenomenology Wittgenstein and Eastern thought Archived 25 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine Volume 23 of Sophia Studies in Cross cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures Springer 15 November 2017 pp 108 109 130 139 158 ISBN 9402411984 Piet Mondrian Neo Plasticism Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater 1922 Wassily Kandinsky Quotes www wassilykandinsky net Archived from the original on 4 February 2019 Retrieved 17 September 2016 Francois Le Targat Kandinsky Twentieth Century masters series Random House Incorporated 1987 p 7 ISBN 0847808106 Susan B Hirschfeld Solomon R Guggenheim Museum Hilla von Rebay Foundation Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum a selection from the Solomon R Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation 1991 Fiedler Jeannine 2013 Bauhaus Germany h f ullmann publishing GmbH p 262 ISBN 978 3 8480 0275 7 Intersections with art and music Rothko and Pollock 16 April 2016 Archived from the original on 4 February 2019 Retrieved 3 February 2019 Plato s Aesthetics www rowan edu Archived from the original on 1 October 2017 Retrieved 1 October 2017 Rollason C amp Mittapalli R 2002 Modern criticism New Delhi Atlantic Publishers and Distributors p 196 ISBN 81 269 0187 X Craig Edward Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Genealogy to Iqbal Routledge 1998 p 278 ISBN 978 0 415 18709 1 Archived from the original on 22 April 2021 Retrieved 27 March 2020 Wallace William 1911 Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 200 207 see page 207 Painting and music are the specially romantic arts Lastly as a union of painting and music comes poetry where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit Franciscono Marcel Paul Klee His Work and Thought part 6 The Bauhaus and Dusseldorf chap Klee s theory courses p 246 and under notes to pp 245 54 p 365 Barasch Moshe 2000 Theories of art from impressionism to Kandinsky Archived 1 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine part IV Abstract art chap Color pp 332 33 Jones Howard October 2014 The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience Journal for Spiritual amp Consciousness Studies 37 4 541 252 page needed Encyclopedia Encarta Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Review by art historian David Cohen Artnet com Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 Retrieved 13 March 2014 Bell Julian 2007 Mirror of the World A New History of Art Thames and Hudson p 496 ISBN 978 0 500 23837 0 Cohn Marjorie B Wash and Gouache Fogg Museum 1977 Mayer Ralph The Artist s Handbook of Materials and Techniques Third Edition New York Viking 1970 p 375 McNally Rika Smith Enamel Oxford Art Online Mayer Ralph The Artist s Handbook of Materials and Techniques Third Edition New York Viking 1970 p 371 Mayer Ralph The Artist s Handbook of Materials and Techniques Third Edition New York Viking 1970 p 312 Mayer Ralph The Artist s Handbook of Materials and Techniques Viking Adult 5th revised and updated edition 1991 ISBN 0 670 83701 6 What is digital painting Turning Point Arts 1 November 2008 Archived from the original on 5 May 2017 Retrieved 17 May 2017 Barth John 1979 The Literature of Replenishment later republished in The Friday Book 1984 Graff Gerald 1975 Babbitt at the Abyss The Social Context of Postmodern American Fiction TriQuarterly No 33 Spring 1975 pp 307 37 reprinted in Putz and Freese eds Postmodernism and American Literature Gardner Helen Horst De la Croix Richard G Tansey and Diane Kirkpatrick Gardner s Art Through the Ages San Diego Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1991 ISBN 0 15 503770 6 p 953 Arnheim Rudolph 1969 Visual Thinking Key Joan September 2009 Future Use Abstract Painting Third Text 23 5 557 63 doi 10 1080 09528820903184666 S2CID 144061791 Shapiro David Cecile 2000 Abstract Expressionism The politics of apolitical painting p 189 90 In Frascina Francis 2000 Pollock and After The critical debate 2nd ed London Routledge Boddy Evans Marion Art Glossary Action Painting About com Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 Retrieved 20 August 2006 Cardinal Roger Outsider Art London 1972 Lindey Christine Superrealist Painting and Sculpture William Morrow and Company New York 1980 pp 27 33 Chase Linda Photorealism at the Millennium The Not So Innocent Eye Photorealism in Context Harry N Abrams Inc New York 2002 pp 14 15 Nochlin Linda The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II Art in America 61 November December 1973 P 98 Bredekamp Horst Hyperrealism One Step Beyond Tate Museum Publishers UK 2006 p 1 Mughal Painting Evolution amp History Features amp Prominent Artists www culturalindia net Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Mughal Painting Self Study History 22 August 2016 Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 BBC Religions Islam Mughal Empire 1500s 1600s www bbc co uk Archived from the original on 10 November 2010 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Mughal painting britannica com Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Rajput painting Indian art Britannica www britannica com Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Rajput Paintings in India Different Rajput Schools of Art BYJUS Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Rajput Painting Rajput Paintings Rajput Paintings India Rajput Painting History www culturalindia net Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Rajput painting Jagranjosh com 17 August 2012 Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Kangra painting Britannica www britannica com Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Bradnock Robert W Bradnock Roma 2004 Footprint India Footprint p 512 ISBN 978 1 904777 00 7 Archived from the original on 19 February 2022 Retrieved 26 November 2021 Kangra Painting The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh Caleidoscope Indian Culture Heritage 27 July 2021 Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Kangra Paintings District Kangra Government of Himachal Pradesh India Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Sharma Vijay 1 November 2020 How love war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting ThePrint Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Company Painting in Nineteenth Century India Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History the Metropolitan Museum of Art www metmuseum org Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Company Paintings Capturing an Era Live History India Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Victoria and Albert Museum Digital Media 16 November 2012 Indian company paintings www vam ac uk Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Parampara Project Pata Chitra www paramparaproject org Archived from the original on 19 February 2022 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Daricha Foundation www daricha org Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal Tradition and Modernity The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design 2 August 2015 Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Orissa Pattachitra The Hindu 15 June 2016 ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 says Conrad Comrie 26 April 2017 Patachitra Ancient scroll painting of Bengal Media India Group Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Madhubani Mithila Painting History Designs amp Artists www culturalindia net Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 National Gallery of Modern Art New Delhi ngmaindia gov in Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Bengal School Painting The transition to Modernism 8 August 2022 Retrieved 10 August 2022 Bengal School of Art Artsy Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India s Art Landscape Artisera Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Bengal School of Art Jagranjosh com 18 August 2012 Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Mysore Paintings Notes for UPSC Art and Culture BYJUS Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Mysore Paintings Buy Mysore School Paintings Shop Online at Artisera Artisera Archived from the original on 22 November 2021 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Droste Flip October 2014 Cave Paintings of the Early Stone Age Semiotica 2014 202 155 165 doi 10 1515 sem 2014 0035 S2CID 170631343 Achenbach specialized in the sublime mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature s might and fury Clearing Up Coast of Sicily The Walters Art Museum Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 Retrieved 18 September 2012 Mona Lisa Portrait of Lisa Gherardini wife of Francesco del Giocondo Louvre Museum 1503 1519 Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 Retrieved 13 March 2014 Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Painting Wikiquote has quotations related to Painting Look up painting in Wiktionary the free dictionary Howard Daniel 1971 Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting Mythological Biblical Historical Literary Allegorical and Topical New York Harry N Abrams Inc W Stanley Taft Jr and James W Mayer 2000 The Science of Paintings Springer Verlag Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Painting amp oldid 1151706983, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.