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Ghana

April 21, 2023

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Ghana (disambiguation).

Ghana (/ˈɡɑːnə/ (listen)), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa.[9] It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east.[10] It covers an area of 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), spanning biomes that range from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests. With over 32 million inhabitants, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa, after Nigeria.[11]

Republic of Ghana
Motto: "Freedom and Justice"
Anthem: "God Bless Our Homeland Ghana"
Capital
and largest city
Accra
5°33′N 0°12′W / 5.550°N 0.200°W / 5.550; -0.200
Official languagesEnglish[1][2]
Ethnic groups
(2021 census[3])
Religion
(2021 census[3])
Demonym(s)Ghanaian
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Nana Akufo-Addo
Mahamudu Bawumia
Alban Bagbin
Kwasi Anin-Yeboah
LegislatureParliament
Independence from the United Kingdom
6 March 1957
• Republic
1 July 1960
Area
• Total
238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi) (80th)
• Water (%)
4.61 (11,000 km2; 4,247 mi2)
Population
• 2022 estimate
32,103,042[4] (47th)
• 2021 census
30,792,608[5]
• Density
101.5/km2 (262.9/sq mi) (103rd)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
$217 billion[6] (68th)
• Per capita
 $6,780[6] (140th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
 $75.9  billion[6] (77th)
• Per capita
$2,369[6] (143th)
Gini (2016) 43.5[7]
medium
HDI (2021) 0.632[8]
medium · 133rd
CurrencyCedi (GHS)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+233
ISO 3166 codeGH
Internet TLD.gh

The Bono state existed in the area during the 11th century.[12] Kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, including the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north[13] and the Ashanti Empire in the south.[14] Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese Empire, followed by other European powers, contested the area for trading rights, until the British ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th century. Following over a century of colonisation, borders took shape, encompassing 4 separate British colonial territories: Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland. These were unified as an independent dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations on 6 March 1957, becoming the first colony in West Africa to achieve sovereignty.[15][16][17] Ghana subsequently became influential in decolonisation efforts and the Pan-African movement.[18]

Ghana is a multi-ethnic country with linguistic and religious groups;[19] while the Akan are the largest ethnic group, they constitute a plurality. Most Ghanaians are Christians (71.3%); almost a fifth are Muslims; a tenth practise traditional faiths or report no religion.[3] Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is head of state and head of government.[20] For political stability in Africa, Ghana ranked 7th in the 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance and 5th in the 2012 Fragile States Index. Its performance in healthcare, economic growth, and human development[18] has an influence in West Africa and Africa as a whole.[21] It is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, African Union and a member of the Economic Community of West African States, Group of 24 and Commonwealth of Nations.[22]

History

Main article: History of Ghana
 
16th-century Akan Terracotta, Metropolitan Museum of Art
 
An 1850 map showing the Akan Kingdom of Ashanti within the Guinea region and surrounding regions in West Africa
 
18th-century Ashanti brass kuduo. Gold dust and nuggets were kept in kuduo, as were other items of personal value and significance. As receptacles for their owners' kra, or life force, kuduo were prominent features of ceremonies designed to honour and protect that individual.

Medieval kingdoms

Main articles: Ashanti Empire and Kingdom of Dagbon

Mole-Dagbani states were in the area.[23] The Mole-Dagomba came on horseback from what later became Burkina Faso under a single leader, Naa Gbewaa.[24] They invaded and occupied the lands of the local people ruled by the tendamba (land god priests), established themselves as the rulers over the locals, and made Gambaga their capital.[25] The death of Naa Gbewaa caused seccession among their children, some of whom broke off and founded separate states including Mamprugu and Nanung.[26][27]

The Akan-speaking peoples began to move into what later is Ghana toward the 15th century.[23][28] By the 16th century, the Akans were established in the Akan state called Bonoman, for which the Brong-Ahafo region was named.[23][29] From the 17th century, Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, to create Akan states, mainly based on gold trading.[30] These states included Bonoman (Brong-Ahafo region), Ashanti (Ashanti Region), Denkyira (Western North region), Mankessim Kingdom (Central region), and Akwamu (Eastern region).[23] By the 19th century, the territory of the southern part of Ghana was included in the Kingdom of Ashanti.[23] The government of the Ashanti Empire operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralised kingdom with a specialised bureaucracy centred in the capital city of Kumasi.[23] Prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan people created an economy based on principally gold and gold bar commodities, which were traded with other states in Africa.[23][31]

European contact and colonialism

See also: Slave Coast of West Africa and Dutch Slave Coast
 
The Portuguese established the Portuguese Gold Coast with the construction of Elmina Castle (Castelo da Mina) by Diogo de Azambuja in 1482, making it the oldest European building in sub-Saharan Africa.

Akan trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century.[32] European contact by the Portuguese people, who came to the Gold Coast region in the 15th century to trade. The Portuguese then established the Portuguese Gold Coast (Costa do Ouro), focused on the availability of gold.[33] The Portuguese built a trading lodge at a coastal settlement called Anomansah (the perpetual drink) which they renamed São Jorge da Mina.[33] In 1481, King John II of Portugal commissioned Diogo de Azambuja to build the Elmina Castle, which was completed in 3 years.[33] By 1598, the Dutch had joined the Portuguese in the gold trade, establishing the Dutch Gold Coast (Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea) and building forts at Fort Komenda and Kormantsi.[34] In 1617, the Dutch captured the Elmina Castle from the Portuguese and Axim in 1642 (Fort St Anthony).[34]

European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century, including the Swedes, establishing the Swedish Gold Coast (Svenska Guldkusten), and Denmark–Norway, establishing the Danish Gold Coast (Danske Guldkyst or Dansk Guinea).[35] European traders participated in the Atlantic slave trade in this area.[36] More than 30 forts and castles were built by the merchants. The Germans established the Brandenburger Gold Coast or Groß Friedrichsburg).[37] In 1874, Great Britain established control over some parts of the country, assigning these areas the status of the British Gold Coast.[38] Military engagements occurred between British colonial powers and Akan nation-states. The Kingdom of Ashanti defeated the British some times in the 100-year-long Anglo-Ashanti wars and eventually lost with the War of the Golden Stool in 1900.[39][40][41]

 
During the Anglo-Ashanti Wars, British troops ransacking a Fomena chief's palace en route to Kumasi in 1874

Transition to independence

See also: Dominion of Ghana and Ghana Independence Act 1957
 
A postage stamp of Gold Coast overprinted for Ghanaian independence in 1957
Celebrations marking Ghana's independence on 6 March 1957

In 1947, the United Gold Coast Convention led by "The Big Six" called for "self-government within the shortest possible time" following the 1946 Gold Coast legislative election.[35][42] Kwame Nkrumah, a Ghanaian nationalist who led Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as the country's first prime minister and president, formed the Convention People's Party in 1949 with the motto "self-government now".[35] The party initiated a "positive action" campaign involving non-violent protests, strikes and non-cooperation with the British authorities. Nkrumah was arrested and sentenced to 1 year imprisonment during this time. In the Gold Coast's 1951 general election, he was elected to Parliament and was released from prison.[35]

On 6 March 1957 at midnight, the Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland were unified as one single independent dominion within the British Commonwealth under the name Ghana. This was done under the Ghana Independence Act 1957. The flag of Ghana, consisting of the colours red, gold, green, and a black star, dates back to this unification.[43] On 1 July 1960, following the Ghanaian constitutional referendum and Ghanaian presidential election, Nkrumah declared Ghana a republic and assumed the presidency.[15][16][17][35] 6 March is the nation's Independence Day, and 1 July is celebrated as Republic Day.[44][45]

Nkrumah repressed political opposition.[46][47][48][49][50] In 1964, a constitutional amendment made Ghana a one-party state, with Nkrumah as president for life of both the nation and its party.[51] Nkrumah promote the concept of Pan-Africanism, which he had been introduced to during his studies at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when Marcus Garvey was known for his "Back to Africa Movement".[35] He merged the teachings of Garvey, Martin Luther King Jr. and the naturalised Ghanaian scholar W. E. B. Du Bois into the formation of 1960s Ghana.[35] Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he became known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement, and in establishing the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute to teach his ideologies of communism and socialism.[52] His life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration, and the day was instituted as a public holiday in Ghana (Founders' Day).[53]

Operation Cold Chop and aftermath

Main article: History of Ghana (1966–1979)

The government of Nkrumah was subsequently overthrown by a coup by the Ghana Armed Forces codenamed "Operation Cold Chop". This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People's Republic of China, on a fruitless mission to Hanoi in Vietnam to help end the Vietnam War. The coup took place on 24 February 1966, led by Colonel Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa. The National Liberation Council was formed, chaired by Lieutenant General Joseph A. Ankrah.[54]

A series of alternating military and civilian governments, affected by economic instabilities,[55] ruled Ghana from 1966 to 1981, ending with the ascension to power of Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings of the Provisional National Defence Council in 1981.[56] These changes resulted in the suspension of the Constitution of Ghana in 1981 and the banning of political parties.[57] The economy declined, so Rawlings negotiated a structural adjustment plan, changing economic policies, and economic growth recovered during the mid-1980s.[57] A constitution restoring multi-party system politics was promulgated in the presidential election of 1992; Rawlings was elected as president of Ghana then, and again in the general election of 1996.[58]

At least 1,000 and as many as 2,000 people were killed during the conflict between the Konkomba and other ethnic groups such as the Nanumba, Dagomba and Gonja, while 150,000 people were displaced as part of the tribal war in Northern Ghana in 1994.[59]

 
Traditional chiefs in 2015

Winning the 2000 general election, John Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party was sworn into office as president of Ghana on 7 January 2001 and attained the presidency again in the 2004 election, thus serving 2 terms (the term limit) as president of Ghana and thus marking the first time under the fourth republic that power was transferred from 1 legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another.[58]

Nana Akufo-Addo, the ruling party candidate, was defeated in an election by John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress following the 2008 general election.[60][61] Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President John Mahama on 24 July 2012.[62] Following the 2012 general election, Mahama became president,[63] and Ghana was a "stable democracy".[58] As a result of the 2016 general election,[64] Nana Akufo-Addo became president on 7 January 2017.[65] He was re-elected after the election in 2020.[66]

On 11 June 2021, Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day in an aim of planting 5 million trees in a concentrating effort to preserve the country's cover of rainforest to combat deforestation.[67]

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Ghana and Geology of Ghana
 
Topography−topographic map
 
Satellite image

Ghana is located on the Gulf of Guinea, a few degrees north of the Equator.[68] It spans an area of 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi) and has an Atlantic coastline that stretches 560 kilometres (350 miles) on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to its south.[68] Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island are near the south coast.[69] It lies between latitudes 4°45'N and 11°N, and longitudes 1°15'E and 3°15'W. The prime meridian passes through Ghana, specifically through Tema.[68]

Grasslands mixed with south coastal shrublands and forests dominate Ghana, with forest extending northward from the coast 320 kilometres (200 miles) and eastward for a maximum of about 270 kilometres (170 miles) with locations for mining of industrial minerals and timber.[68] Ghana is home to 5 terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, Central African mangroves, and Guinean mangroves.[70] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.53/10, ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries.[71]

The White Volta River and its tributary Black Volta, flow south through Ghana to Lake Volta, the world's third-largest reservoir by volume and largest by surface area, formed by the hydroelectric Akosombo Dam,[72] completed in 1965. The Volta flows out of Lake Volta into the Gulf of Guinea.[73] The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape Three Points.[68]

Landmarks, Borders, and Regions
Settlements
Accra Seat of Government and Capital city.
Bolgatanga Paga Crocodile Pond location.
Cape Coast Cape Coast Castle is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Elmina Coastal town with Elmina Castle.
Koforidua Aburi Botanical Gardens location.
Kumasi Traditional centre of the Kingdom of Ashanti.
Obuasi World's 9th largest gold mine location; and Mining town.
Sekondi-Takoradi Surfing beaches such as Busua Beach,[74] and UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Tamale Largest settlement in the Kingdom of Dagbon and gateway to Mole National Park.
Yendi Traditional Capital of the Kingdom of Dagbon and seat of Yaa Naa.

The climate of Ghana is tropical, and there is wet season and dry season.[75] Ghana sits at the intersection of 3 hydro-climatic zones.[76] Changes in rainfall, weather conditions and sea-level rise affect the salinity of coastal waters. This is expected to negatively affect both farming and fisheries.[77]

Politics

Main articles: Government of Ghana and Politics of Ghana
 
Parliament House of Ghana, the Supreme Court of Ghana and Judiciary of Ghana buildings and Jubilee House is the presidential palace.

A unitary presidential constitutional democracy with a parliamentary multi-party system is dominated by 2 parties—the National Democratic Congress (NDC) and the New Patriotic Party (NPP). Ghana alternated between civilian and military governments until January 1993, when the military government gave way to the Fourth Republic of Ghana after presidential and parliamentary elections in 1992. The 1992 constitution of Ghana divides powers among a commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces (President of Ghana), parliament (Parliament of Ghana), cabinet (Cabinet of Ghana), council of state (Ghanaian Council of State), and a judiciary (Judiciary of Ghana). The government is elected by universal suffrage after every 4 years.[78]

The 2012 Fragile States Index indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th-least fragile state in the world and the fifth-least fragile state in Africa. Ghana ranked 112th out of 177 countries on the index.[79] It ranked as the 64th-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in the world out of all 174 countries ranked and ranked as the fifth-least corrupt and politically corrupt country in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index.[80][81] It was ranked 7th in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African government, based on variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.[82]

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Ghana

Since independence, Ghana has been devoted to ideals of nonalignment and is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. It favours international and regional political and economic co-operation, and is an active member of the United Nations and the African Union.[83]

3 U.S. presidents—Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama and a Vice President — Kamala Harris made diplomatic trips to Ghana.[84] Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations, including Ghanaian diplomat and former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, International Criminal Court Judge Akua Kuenyehia, former President Jerry John Rawlings and former President John Agyekum Kufuor, who both served as diplomats of the United Nations.[78]

In September 2010, President John Atta Mills visited China on an official visit. Mills and China's former President Hu Jintao marked the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between the 2 nations, at the Great Hall of the People.[85] China reciprocated with an official visit in November 2011, by the vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China, Zhou Tienong who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's President John Mahama.[86] Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad met with Mahama in 2013 to hold discussions on strengthening the Non-Aligned Movement and co–chair a bilateral meeting between Ghana and Iran at the Ghanaian presidential palace Flagstaff House.[87][88][89][90][91]

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were integrated into Ghana's development agenda and the budget. According to reports, SDGs were implemented through a decentralized planning approach. This allows stakeholders' participations such as UN agencies, traditional leaders, civil society organizations, academia, and others.[92] The 17 SDGs are a global call to action to end poverty among others, and the UN and its partners in the country are working towards achieving them.[93] According to the President Nana Akufo-Addo, Ghana was "the first sub-Saharan African country to achieve the goal of halving poverty, as contained in Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals"[94]

Military

 
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan inspects Honour Guards mounted by the Ghana Air Force at the Jubilee House, the Presidential Palace of Ghana in Greater Accra on 1 March 2016.

In 1957, the Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) consisted of its headquarters, support services, 3 battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured vehicles.[95] President Nkrumah aimed at rapidly expanding GAF to support the United States of Africa ambitions. Thus, in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion was established, from a parachute airborne unit originally raised in 1963.[96] Ghana is a regional power and regional hegemon.[21] In their book Shake Hands with the Devil, Canadian Forces commander Roméo Dallaire "highly rated" GAF soldiers and military personnel.[95]

The military operations and military doctrine of GAF are conceptualised in the constitution, Ghana's Law on Armed Force Military Strategy, and Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre agreements to which GAF is attestator.[97][98][99] GAF military operations are executed under the auspices and imperium of the Ministry of Defence.[97][100] Ghana has experienced political violence in the past and 2017 has thus far seen an upward trend in incidents motivated by political grievances.[101]

Law enforcement

Further information: Law enforcement in Ghana and Crime in Ghana

The Ghana Police Service and the Criminal Investigation Department are law enforcement agencies, responsible for the detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and the maintenance of internal peace and security.[102] The Ghana Police Service has 11 specialised police units, including a Militarized police Rapid deployment force and Marine Police Unit.[103][104] The Ghana Police Service operates in 12 divisions: 10 covering the regions, 1 assigned specifically to the seaport and industrial hub of Tema, and the twelfth being the Railways, Ports and Harbours Division.[104] The Ghana Police Service's Marine Police Unit and Division handles issues that arise from offshore oil and gas industry.[104]

The Ghana Prisons Service and the sub-division Borstal Institute for Juveniles administers incarceration.[105] Ghana retains and exercises the death penalty for treason, corruption, robbery, piracy, drug trafficking, rape, and homicide.[106][107] The sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations call for the international community to come together to promote the rule of law; support equal access to justice for all; reduce corruption; and develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels.[108]

 
Ghana is among the sovereign states of West Africa used by drug cartels and drug traffickers (shown in orange).

Ghana is used as a narcotics industry transshipment point by traffickers, from South America and other African nations.[109] In 2013, the UN chief of the Office on Drugs and Crime stated that "West Africa is completely weak in terms of border control and the big drug cartels from Colombia and Latin America have chosen Africa as a way to reach Europe."[110] The social context within which narcotic trafficking, storage, transportation, and repacking systems exist in Ghana and the state's location along the Gulf of Guinea makes Ghana a place for the narcotics business.[109][111] The Narcotics Control Board has impounded container ships at the Sekondi Naval Base in the Takoradi Harbour. These ships were carrying thousands of kilograms of cocaine, with a street value running into billions of Ghana cedis. Drug seizures saw a decline in 2011.[109][111] Drug cartels are using methods in narcotics production and narcotics exportation, to avoid Ghanaian security agencies.[109][111] "Underdeveloped institutions, porous open borders, and the existence of established smuggling organisations" contribute to Ghana's position in the narcotics industry.[109][111] President Mills initiated efforts to reduce the role of airports in drug trade.[109]

Homosexual acts are prohibited by law.[112] According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 96% of Ghanaians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.[113] Sometimes some are accused of witchcraft. Issues of witchcraft mainly remain as speculations based on superstitions within families. In some parts of northern Ghana, there exist what are called witch camps. This is said to house a total of around 1,000 people accused of witchcraft.[114] The government has announced that it intends to close the camps.[114]

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Ghana, New media in Ghana, and Automobile manufacturing in Ghana
 
Change in per capita GDP, 1870–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars
 
A proportional representation of exports, 2019
 
Petroleum and commodities; exports in percentage

It possesses industrial minerals, hydrocarbons and precious metals. It is an emerging designated digital economy with mixed economy hybridisation and an emerging market. It has an economic plan target known as the "Ghana Vision 2020". This plan envisions Ghana as the first African country to become a developed country between 2020 and 2029 and a newly industrialised country between 2030 and 2039.[115] This excludes fellow Group of 24 member and Sub-Saharan African country South Africa, which is a newly industrialised country.[116]

The economy has ties to the Chinese yuan renminbi along with Ghana's gold reserves. In 2013, the Bank of Ghana began circulating the renminbi throughout state-owned banks and to the public as hard currency along with the national Ghanaian cedi for second national trade currency.[117]

Between 2012 and 2013, 38% of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas 11% of urban dwellers were.[118] Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment, particularly in informal trade, while 94% of "rural poor households" participate in the agricultural sector.[119]

The Volta River Authority and the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation, both state-owned, are electricity producers.[120] The Akosombo Dam, built on the Volta River in 1965, along with the Bui Dam, the Kpong Dam and other hydroelectric dams, provide hydropower.[121][122]

The Ghana Stock Exchange is the 5th largest on continental Africa and 3rd largest in sub-saharan Africa with a market capitalisation of GH¢ 57.2 billion or CN¥180.4 billion in 2012 with the South Africa JSE Limited as first.[123] The Ghana Stock Exchange was the 2nd "best performing" stock exchange in sub-saharan Africa in 2013.[124]

Ghana produces cocoa.[125] It is the 2nd largest producer of cocoa globally.[126] Ghana is classified as a middle income country.[6][127] Services account for 50% of GDP, followed by manufacturing (24.1%), extractive industries (5%), and taxes (20.9%).[120] Ghana has an increasing primary manufacturing economy and export of digital technology goods along with assembling and exporting automobiles and ships, exportation of industrial minerals, agricultural products primarily cocoa, petroleum and natural gas,[128] and industries such as information and communications technology primarily via state digital technology corporation Rlg Communications which manufactures tablet computers with smartphones and consumer electronics.[120][129] Urban electric cars have been manufactured since 2014.[130][131]

It announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in Autumn 2021.[132][133] The country, which is planning to borrow up to $5 billion in international markets, would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health. It will use the proceeds to forge ahead with a free secondary-school initiative started in 2017 among other programs, while having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020.[134]

 
Jubilee oil field of the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) and National Petroleum Authority located off the coast of the Western Region in the South Atlantic Ocean

It produces and exports hydrocarbons such as sweet crude oil and natural gas.[135][136] The 100%-state-owned filling station company, Ghana Oil Company, is the number 1 petroleum and gas filling station, and the 100%-state-owned state oil company Ghana National Petroleum Corporation oversees hydrocarbon exploration and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves. Ghana aims to further increase the output of oil to 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m3) per day and gas to 34,000,000 cubic metres (1.2×10^9 cu ft) per day.[137] The Jubilee Oil Field, which contains up to 3 billion barrels (480,000,000 m3) of sweet crude oil, was discovered in 2007.[138] Ghana is believed to have up to 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m3) to 7 billion barrels (1.1×109 m3) of petroleum in reserves,[139] which is the fifth-largest in Africa and the 21st-to-25th-largest proven reserves in the world. It also has up to 1.7×1011 cubic metres (6×10^12 cu ft) of natural gas in reserves.[140] The government has drawn up plans to nationalise petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue.[141]

As of 2019, Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world, producing ~140 tonnes that year.[142] This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for the first time, making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa.[143] In addition to gold, Ghana exports silver, timber, diamonds, bauxite, and manganese, and has other mineral deposits.[144] Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size.[145] The government has drawn up plans to nationalize mining industry to increase government revenue.[146][147]

"Shortages" of electricity in 2015 & 2016 led to dumsor ("persistent, irregular and unpredictable" electric power outages),[148] increasing the interest in renewables.[149] As of 2019, there is a surplus of electricity.[150]

The judicial system of Ghana deals with corruption, economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency.[151] According to Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index of 2018, out of 180 countries, Ghana was ranked 78th, with a score of 41 on a scale where a 0–9 score means highly corrupt, and a 90–100 score means very clean. This was based on perceived levels of public sector corruption.[152]

Science and technology

It launched a cellular mobile network (1992). It was connected to the internet and introduced ADSL broadband services.[153] It was ranked 112nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 106th in 2019.[154][155][156][157]

The Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre (GSSTC) and Ghana Space Agency (GhsA) oversee space exploration and space programmes. GSSTC and GhsA worked to have a national security observational satellite launched into orbit in 2015.[158][159] Ghana's annual space exploration expenditure has been 1% of its GDP, to support research in science and technology. In 2012, Ghana was elected to chair the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (Comsats); Ghana has a joint effort in space exploration with the South African National Space Agency.[158]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Ghana

In 2011, 1,087,000 tourists visited Ghana.[160] Tourist arrivals include South Americans, Asians, Europeans, and North Americans.[161] The attractions and tourist destinations include waterfalls such as Kintampo waterfalls and the largest waterfall in west Africa, Wli waterfalls, the coastal palm-lined sandy beaches, caves, mountains, rivers, and reservoirs and lakes such as Lake Bosumtwi and the largest man-made lake in the world by surface area, Lake Volta, dozens of forts and castles, World Heritage Sites, nature reserves and national parks.[161] Some castles are Cape Coast Castle and the Elmina Castle.[162] Castles mark where blood was shed in the slave trade and preserve and promote the African heritage stolen and destroyed through the slave trade.[163] As a result of this, the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO named Ghana's castles and forts as World Heritage Monuments.[163]

The World Economic Forum statistics in 2010 showed that out of the world's favourite tourist destinations, Ghana was ranked 108th out of 139 countries.[164] The country had moved 2 places up from the 2009 rankings. In 2011, Forbes magazine published that Ghana was ranked the eleventh most friendly country in the world. The assertion was based on a survey in 2010 of a cross-section of travellers. Of all the African countries that were included in the survey, Ghana ranked highest.[164] Tourism is the fourth highest earner of foreign exchange for the country.[164] In 2017, Ghana ranked as the 43rd–most peaceful country in the world.[165]

Up and down the coastline, surfing spots have been identified and cultivated by locals and internationals. Surfers have made trips to the country to sample the waves. Surfers carried their boards amid traditional fishing vessels.[166]

According to Destination Pride[167]–a data-driven search platform used to visualize the world's LGBTQ+ laws, rights and social sentiment–Ghana's Pride score is 22 (out of 100).[168]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Ghana
Further information: Ghanaian people
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19505,036,000—    
19606,635,000+31.8%
19708,735,000+31.7%
198011,056,000+26.6%
199014,773,000+33.6%
200019,279,000+30.5%
201024,780,000+28.5%
201930,418,000+22.8%
source:[169][170]

As of 2019, Ghana has a population of 30,083,000.[171] Around 29% of the population is under the age of 15, while persons aged 15–64 make up 57.8% of the population.[172] The 2010 census reported that the largest ethnic groups are the Akan (47.3%), the Mole-Dagbani (16.6%), the Ewe (13.9%), the Ga-Dangme (7.4%), the Gurma (5.7%) and the Guan (3.7%).[173]

 
Population pyramid 2016

With legal immigration of skilled workers who possess Ghana Cards, there is a population of Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, Middle Eastern and European nationals. In 2010, the Ghana Immigration Service reported economic migrants and Illegal immigrants inhabiting Ghana: 14.6% (or 3.1 million) of Ghana's 2010 population (predominantly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the "Ghana Aliens Compliance Order" enacted by the Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia;[174] The Border Guard Unit deported over 3,000,000 aliens and illegal immigrants in 3 months as they made up 20% of the population at the time.[174][175][176] In 2013, there was a mass deportation of illegal miners, more than 4,000 of them Chinese nationals.[177][178]

 
Ghana Card (Ghanaian electronic ID Card)–obverse with chip
Ethnic Groups percentage
Ethnic Groups %
Akan
 
 47.5%
Mole-Dagbani
 
 16.6%
Ewe
 
 13.9%
Ga-Dangme
 
 7.4%
Gurma
 
 5.7%
Guan
 
 3.7%
Grusi
 
 2.5%
Mande
 
 1.1%
Other
 
 1.4%

Languages

Main article: Languages of Ghana

English is the official language.[179][180] There are 11 languages that have the status of government-sponsored languages:

French is taught in schools and used for commercial and international economic exchanges. Since 2006, Ghana has been an associate member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie,[183] the global organisation that unites French-speaking countries (84 nations on 6 continents). In 2005, more than 350,000 Ghanaian children studied French in schools. Since then, its status has been progressively updated to a mandatory language in every junior high school,[184] and it is in the process of becoming an official language.[185][186]

Ghanaian Pidgin English, also known as Kru English (or in Akan, kroo brofo), is a variety of West African Pidgin English spoken in Accra and in the southern towns.[187] It can be divided into 2 varieties, referred to as "uneducated" or "non-institutionalized" pidgin and "educated" or "institutionalized" pidgin, the former associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter acquired and used in institutions such as universities.[188]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Ghana
Religious affiliation
Affiliation 2000 Census[189] 2010 Census[189][190] 2014 DHS Survey[191][note 1] 2021 Census[3]
Christian 68.8% 71.2% 76.9% 71.3%
Pentecostal/Charismatic 24.1% 28.3% 36.3% 31.6%
Other Protestant 18.6% 18.4% 13.5%[note 2] 17.4%
Catholic 15.1% 13.1% 10.4% 10.0%
Other Christian 11.0% 11.4% 16.7% 12.3%
Muslim 15.9% 17.6% 16.4% 19.9%
Traditional 8.5% 5.2% 2.6%[note 3] 3.2%
Other 0.7% 0.8% 0.0% 4.5%
No religion 1.1%
Notes
  1. ^ The DHS survey surveyed only those between the ages of 15 and 59
  2. ^ The DHS survey used Anglican/Methodist/Presbyterian in place of "Protestant"
  3. ^ The DHS survey combined "Traditional" with "Spiritualist"

In 2010, the population was 72.2% Christian (24.3% Pentecostal, 18.4% Protestant, 13.1% Catholic and 11.4% other). Approximately 18.6% of the population are Muslim,[20] (51% Sunni, 16% Ahmadiyya, and 8% Shia).[192][193] The Bahá’í religious community, established in Ghana in 1951, includes more than 100 communities and over 50 local Bahá’í administrative councils, called Local Spiritual Assemblies.[194]

Universal health care and life expectancy

Main article: Health in Ghana
Further information: Eye care in Ghana and Optometry in Ghana
 
Development of life expectancy, 1921 to 2019

A universal health care system, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), is designated for Ghanaian nationals.[195] Health care is variable and in 2012, over 12 million Ghanaian nationals were covered by NHIS.[196] Urban centres contain most of the hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. There are over 200 hospitals, and Ghana is a destination for medical tourism.[197] In 2010, there were 0.1 physicians per 1,000 people and as of 2011, 0.9 hospital beds per 1,000 people.[172] 5.2% of Ghana's GDP was spent on health in 2010.[198] In 2020, WHO announced Ghana became the second country in the WHO African Region to attain regulatory system "maturity level 3", the second-highest in the 4-tiered WHO classification of National medicines regulatory systems.[199]

Life expectancy at birth in 2020 was 71 for a female and 65 for a male.[200] In 2013, infant mortality was to 39 per 1,000 live births.[201] Sources vary on life expectancy at birth; the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 62 years for men and 64 years for women born in 2016.[202] The fertility rate declined from 3.99 (2000) to 3.28 (2010) with 2.78 in urban region and 3.94 in rural region.[173] The United Nations reports a fertility decline from 6.95 (1970) to 4.82 (2000) to 3.93 live births per woman in 2017.[203]

As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was estimated at 1.40% among adults aged 15–49.[204]

Education

Main article: Education in Ghana
 
Education system's implementation of information and communications technology at the University of Ghana

A education system is divided into 3 parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15).[205] It is divided into kindergarten (2 years), primary school (2 modules of 3 years) and junior high (3 years). Junior high school ends with the Basic Education Certificate Examination.[205][206] Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle.[207] Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts 3 years and leads to the West African Senior School Certificate Examination, which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme.[208]: 7  Polytechnics are open to vocational students.[209]

A bachelor's degree requires 4 years of study. It can be followed by a 1- or 2-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least 3 years.[208]: 9  A polytechnic programme lasts 2 or 3 years.[209] Ghana possesses colleges of education.[210] Some of the universities are the University of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, and University of Cape Coast.[211]

There are over 95% of children in school.[212][213] The female and male ages 15–24 years literacy rate was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%,[214] and females at 80%.[215] A education system annually attracts foreign students particularly in the university sector.[216][217]

Ghana has a free education 6-year primary school education system beginning at age 6.[218] The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools. Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017/2018 academic year that senior high education became free.[219] At the higher education level, the government funds more than 80% of resources provided to public universities, polytechnics and teacher training colleges. As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, Fcube, the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies, like exercise books. Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government. Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers.[220]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Ghana

Food and drink

Ghanaian cuisine includes an assortment of soups and stews with seafoods; soups are prepared with vegetables, meat, poultry or fish.[221] Fishes are tilapia, roasted and fried whitebait, smoked fish and crayfish.[221] Banku (akple) is a starchy food made from ground corn (maize),[221] and cornmeal based staples kɔmi (kenkey) and banku (akple) are accompanied by some form of fried fish (chinam) or grilled tilapia and a condiment made from raw red and green chillies, onions and tomatoes (pepper sauce).[221] Banku and tilapia is a combo served in restaurants.[221] Fufu is an exported dish.[221] Rice is an established staple meal across the country, with rice based dishes serving as breakfast, lunch and dinner, the variants are waakye, plain rice and stew (eight kontomire or tomato gravy), fried rice and jollof rice.[222]

Clothing

During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their art of adinkra printing. Hand-printed and hand-embroidered adinkra clothes were made and used exclusively by royalty for devotional ceremonies. Each of the motifs that make up the corpus of adinkra symbolism has a name and meaning derived from a proverb, a historical event, human attitude, ethology, plant life-form, or shapes of inanimate and man-made objects. The meanings of the motifs may be categorised into aesthetics, ethics, human relations, and concepts.[223] The Adinkra symbols have a decorative function as tattoos and represent objects that encapsulate evocative messages that convey traditional wisdom, aspects of life, or the environment. There are symbols with meanings, linked with proverbs. In the words of Anthony Appiah, they were 1 of the means in a pre-literate society for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief".[224]

 
Kente cloth is worn by some southern ethnic groups, including the Akan, the Ga, and the Ewe.

Along with the adinkra cloth, Ghanaians use cloth fabrics for their traditional attire.[225] The different ethnic groups have their own individual cloth.[225] Kente cloth is a national costume and clothing, and these clothes are used to make Kente attire.[225] Different symbols and different colours mean different things.[225] Kente is a ceremonial cloth hand-woven on a horizontal treadle loom and strips measuring about 4 inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces of cloths.[225] Cloths come in colours, sizes and designs and are worn during social and religious occasions.[225] In a cultural context, kente is a visual representation of history and a form of written language through weaving.[225] The term kente has its roots in the Akan word kɛntɛn which means a basket and the first kente weavers used raffia fibres to weave cloths that looked like kenten (a basket); and thus were referred to as kenten ntoma; meaning basket cloth.[225] The original Akan name of the cloth was nsaduaso or nwontoma, meaning "a cloth hand-woven on a loom". Kente is woven by the Ewe people (Ewe Kente) in the Volta Region. The weaving centers are Agortime area and Agbozume. Agbozume has a kente market attracting patrons from all over west Africa and the diaspora.[225]

 
Fashion with Kente and other styles
 
Fashion with African print/Ankara and other fabrics

The cloth known as African print fabric was created out of Dutch wax textiles. It is believed that in the 19th century, Dutch ships on their way to Asia stocked with machine-made textiles that mimicked Indonesian batik stopped at West African ports on the way. In West Africa—including Ghana where there was an already established market for cloths and textiles—the client base grew and it was changed to include local and traditional designs, colours and patterns to cater to the taste of consumers.[226]

Music and dance

Main articles: Azonto and Kpanlogo
Adowa dance form and music performance.

Music incorporates types of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles, Akan Drum, goje fiddle and koloko lute, court music, including the Akan Seperewa, the Akan atumpan, the Ga kpanlogo styles, and log xylophones used in asonko music.[227] African jazz was created by Kofi Ghanaba.[228] A form of secular music is highlife.[227] Highlife originated in the 19th and 20th centuries and spread throughout West Africa.[227]

In the 1990s, a genre of music was created incorporating the influences of highlife, Afro-reggae, dancehall and hip hop.[227] This hybrid was called hiplife.[227]

There are dances for occasions.[229] Dances for celebrations include the Adowa, Kpanlogo, Azonto, Klama, Agbadza, Borborbor and Bamaya.[229] The Nana Otafrija Pallbearing Services, also known as the Dancing Pallbearers, come from the coastal town of Prampram. The group was featured in a BBC feature story in 2017, and footage from the story became part of an Internet meme in the wake of the COVID-19 world pandemic.[230]

Media

 
Mass media, news and information provided by television.

Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees freedom of the press and independence of the media, while Chapter 2 prohibits censorship.[231] Post-independence, private outlets closed during the military governments, and media laws prevented criticism of government.[232] Press freedoms were restored in 1992, and after the election in 2000 of Kufuor, the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor supported press freedom and repealed a libel law, and maintained that the media had to act responsibly.[233] The media have been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa.[234]

In 1948, the Gold Coast Film Unit was set up in the Information Services Department.[235]

Architecture

See also: Ghana's material cultural heritage and Ghanaian museums
 
High-rise buildings in Accra, the capital

There are 2 types of construction: the series of adjacent buildings in an enclosure around a common, and the round huts with grass roof.[236] The round huts with grass roof architecture are situated in the northern regions, while the series of adjacent buildings are in the southern regions. Postmodern architecture and high-tech architecture buildings are in the southern regions, while heritage sites are evident in the more than 30 forts and castles in the country, such as Fort William and Fort Amsterdam. Ghana has museums that are situated inside castles, and 2 are situated inside a fort.[237] The Military Museum and the National Museum organise temporary exhibitions.[237]

Ghana has museums that show an in-depth look at specific regions. There are a number of museums that provide insight into the traditions and history of the geographical areas.[237] The Cape Coast Castle Museum and St. Georges Castle (Elmina Castle) Museum offer guided tours. The Museum of Science and Technology provides its visitors with a look into the domain of scientific development, through exhibits of objects of scientific and technological interest.[237]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Ghana

Association football is the top spectator sport in Ghana.[238] Ghana has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times, the FIFA U-20 World Cup once, and has participated in three consecutive FIFA World Cups in 2006, 2010, and 2014.[238] The International Federation of Football History and Statistics crowned Asante Kotoko SC as the African club of the 20th century.[239]

 
Ghanaian winter sports Olympic team at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics

Ghana competes in the Commonwealth Games, sending athletes in every edition since 1954 (except for the 1986 games). Ghana has won 57 medals at the Commonwealth Games, including 15 gold, with all but one of their medals coming in athletics and boxing. The country has also produced a number of boxers, including Azumah Nelson a three-time world champion,[240][241] Nana Yaw Konadu also a three-time world champion,[241] Ike Quartey,[241] and Joshua Clottey.[241]

See also

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Further reading

  • Arhin, Kwame, The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah (Africa Research & Publications, 1995)
  • Babatope, Ebenezer, The Ghana Revolution: From Nkrumah to Jerry Rawlings (Fourth Dimension Publishing, 1982)
  • Birmingham, David, Kwame Nkrumah: Father Of African Nationalism (Ohio University Press, 1998)
  • Boafo-Arthur, Kwame, Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State (Zed Books, 2007)
  • Briggs, Philip, Ghana (Bradt Travel Guide) (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010)
  • Clark, Gracia, African Market Women: Seven Life Stories from Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2010)
  • Davidson, Basil, Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah (James Currey, 2007)
  • Falola, Toyin, and Salm, Stephen J, Culture and Customs of Ghana (Greenwood, 2002)
  • Grant, Richard, Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana (Syracuse University Press, 2008)
  • Hadjor, Kofi Buenor, Nkrumah and Ghana (Africa Research & Publications, 2003)
  • Hasty, Jennifer, The Press and Political Culture in Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2005)
  • James, C.L.R., Kwame Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution (Allison & Busby, 1977)
  • Kuada, John, and Chachah Yao, Ghana. Understanding the People and their Culture (Woeli Publishing Services, 1999)
  • Miescher, Stephan F, Making Men in Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2005)
  • Milne, June, Kwame Nkrumah, A Biography (Panaf Books, 2006)
  • Nkrumah, Kwame, Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (International Publishers, 1971)
  • Utley, Ian, Ghana – Culture Smart!: the essential guide to customs & culture (Kuperard, 2009)
  • Various, Ghana: An African Portrait Revisited (Peter E. Randall Publisher, 2007)
  • Younge, Paschal Yao, Music and Dance Traditions of Ghana: History, Performance and Teaching (Mcfarland & Co Inc., 2011)
  • Burke, Laura; Armando García Schmidt (2013). Ghana: Staying on Track in a Challenging Environment. Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh. pp. 127–147. ISBN 978-3-86793-491-6.

External links

Government

  • Ghana site
  • The Parliament of Ghana site
  • National Commission on Culture site

General information

  • Country Profile from BBC News
  • Ghana from Encyclopædia Britannica
  • from UCB Libraries GovPubs
  • Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  • profile from Africa.com
  • Ghana at Curlie
  •   Wikimedia Atlas of Ghana
  • The African Activist Archive Project website has photographs of the All Africa People's Conference held in Accra, Ghana, 5–13 December 1958 including Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, addressing the conference, the American Committee on Africa delegation meeting with Nkrumah, and of Patrick Duncan and Alfred Hutchinson of South Africa at the conference.
  • Key Development Forecasts for Ghana from International Futures

Trade

  • Ghana 2012 Summary Trade Statistics

Coordinates: 7°49′N 1°03′W / 7.817°N 1.050°W / 7.817; -1.050

April 21, 2023
ghana, this, article, about, country, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, listen, officially, republic, country, west, africa, abuts, gulf, guinea, atlantic, ocean, south, sharing, borders, with, ivory, coast, west, burkina, faso, north, togo, east, covers, area,. This article is about the country For other uses see Ghana disambiguation Ghana ˈ ɡ ɑː n e listen officially the Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa 9 It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west Burkina Faso in the north and Togo in the east 10 It covers an area of 238 535 km2 92 099 sq mi spanning biomes that range from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests With over 32 million inhabitants Ghana is the second most populous country in West Africa after Nigeria 11 Republic of GhanaFlag Coat of armsMotto Freedom and Justice Anthem God Bless Our Homeland Ghana source source track track track track track Capitaland largest cityAccra5 33 N 0 12 W 5 550 N 0 200 W 5 550 0 200Official languagesEnglish 1 2 Ethnic groups 2021 census 3 45 7 Akans18 5 Mole Dagbon12 8 Ewe7 1 Ga Adangbe6 4 Gurma3 2 Guan2 7 Gurunsi2 0 Mande1 6 Other UnspecifiedReligion 2021 census 3 71 3 Christianity 49 0 Protestantism 22 3 Other Christian19 9 Islam3 2 Traditional faiths1 1 No religion4 5 Other UnspecifiedDemonym s GhanaianGovernmentUnitary presidential republic PresidentNana Akufo Addo Vice PresidentMahamudu Bawumia Speaker of ParliamentAlban Bagbin Chief JusticeKwasi Anin YeboahLegislatureParliamentIndependence from the United Kingdom Commonwealth realm6 March 1957 Republic1 July 1960Area Total238 535 km2 92 099 sq mi 80th Water 4 61 11 000 km2 4 247 mi2 Population 2022 estimate32 103 042 4 47th 2021 census30 792 608 5 Density101 5 km2 262 9 sq mi 103rd GDP PPP 2022 estimate Total 217 billion 6 68th Per capita 6 780 6 140th GDP nominal 2022 estimate Total 75 9 billion 6 77th Per capita 2 369 6 143th Gini 2016 43 5 7 mediumHDI 2021 0 632 8 medium 133rdCurrencyCedi GHS Time zoneUTC GMT Date formatdd mm yyyyDriving siderightCalling code 233ISO 3166 codeGHInternet TLD ghThe Bono state existed in the area during the 11th century 12 Kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries including the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north 13 and the Ashanti Empire in the south 14 Beginning in the 15th century the Portuguese Empire followed by other European powers contested the area for trading rights until the British ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th century Following over a century of colonisation borders took shape encompassing 4 separate British colonial territories Gold Coast Ashanti the Northern Territories and British Togoland These were unified as an independent dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations on 6 March 1957 becoming the first colony in West Africa to achieve sovereignty 15 16 17 Ghana subsequently became influential in decolonisation efforts and the Pan African movement 18 Ghana is a multi ethnic country with linguistic and religious groups 19 while the Akan are the largest ethnic group they constitute a plurality Most Ghanaians are Christians 71 3 almost a fifth are Muslims a tenth practise traditional faiths or report no religion 3 Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is head of state and head of government 20 For political stability in Africa Ghana ranked 7th in the 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance and 5th in the 2012 Fragile States Index Its performance in healthcare economic growth and human development 18 has an influence in West Africa and Africa as a whole 21 It is a founding member of the Non Aligned Movement African Union and a member of the Economic Community of West African States Group of 24 and Commonwealth of Nations 22 Contents 1 History 1 1 Medieval kingdoms 1 2 European contact and colonialism 1 3 Transition to independence 1 4 Operation Cold Chop and aftermath 2 Geography 3 Politics 3 1 Foreign relations 3 2 Military 3 3 Law enforcement 4 Economy 4 1 Science and technology 4 2 Tourism 5 Demographics 5 1 Languages 5 2 Religion 5 3 Universal health care and life expectancy 5 4 Education 6 Culture 6 1 Food and drink 6 2 Clothing 6 3 Music and dance 6 4 Media 6 5 Architecture 6 6 Sports 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10 1 Government 10 2 General information 10 3 TradeHistory EditMain article History of Ghana 16th century Akan Terracotta Metropolitan Museum of Art An 1850 map showing the Akan Kingdom of Ashanti within the Guinea region and surrounding regions in West Africa 18th century Ashanti brass kuduo Gold dust and nuggets were kept in kuduo as were other items of personal value and significance As receptacles for their owners kra or life force kuduo were prominent features of ceremonies designed to honour and protect that individual Medieval kingdoms Edit Main articles Ashanti Empire and Kingdom of Dagbon Mole Dagbani states were in the area 23 The Mole Dagomba came on horseback from what later became Burkina Faso under a single leader Naa Gbewaa 24 They invaded and occupied the lands of the local people ruled by the tendamba land god priests established themselves as the rulers over the locals and made Gambaga their capital 25 The death of Naa Gbewaa caused seccession among their children some of whom broke off and founded separate states including Mamprugu and Nanung 26 27 The Akan speaking peoples began to move into what later is Ghana toward the 15th century 23 28 By the 16th century the Akans were established in the Akan state called Bonoman for which the Brong Ahafo region was named 23 29 From the 17th century Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area to create Akan states mainly based on gold trading 30 These states included Bonoman Brong Ahafo region Ashanti Ashanti Region Denkyira Western North region Mankessim Kingdom Central region and Akwamu Eastern region 23 By the 19th century the territory of the southern part of Ghana was included in the Kingdom of Ashanti 23 The government of the Ashanti Empire operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralised kingdom with a specialised bureaucracy centred in the capital city of Kumasi 23 Prior to Akan contact with Europeans the Akan people created an economy based on principally gold and gold bar commodities which were traded with other states in Africa 23 31 European contact and colonialism Edit See also Slave Coast of West Africa and Dutch Slave Coast The Portuguese established the Portuguese Gold Coast with the construction of Elmina Castle Castelo da Mina by Diogo de Azambuja in 1482 making it the oldest European building in sub Saharan Africa Akan trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century 32 European contact by the Portuguese people who came to the Gold Coast region in the 15th century to trade The Portuguese then established the Portuguese Gold Coast Costa do Ouro focused on the availability of gold 33 The Portuguese built a trading lodge at a coastal settlement called Anomansah the perpetual drink which they renamed Sao Jorge da Mina 33 In 1481 King John II of Portugal commissioned Diogo de Azambuja to build the Elmina Castle which was completed in 3 years 33 By 1598 the Dutch had joined the Portuguese in the gold trade establishing the Dutch Gold Coast Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea and building forts at Fort Komenda and Kormantsi 34 In 1617 the Dutch captured the Elmina Castle from the Portuguese and Axim in 1642 Fort St Anthony 34 European traders had joined in gold trading by the 17th century including the Swedes establishing the Swedish Gold Coast Svenska Guldkusten and Denmark Norway establishing the Danish Gold Coast Danske Guldkyst or Dansk Guinea 35 European traders participated in the Atlantic slave trade in this area 36 More than 30 forts and castles were built by the merchants The Germans established the Brandenburger Gold Coast or Gross Friedrichsburg 37 In 1874 Great Britain established control over some parts of the country assigning these areas the status of the British Gold Coast 38 Military engagements occurred between British colonial powers and Akan nation states The Kingdom of Ashanti defeated the British some times in the 100 year long Anglo Ashanti wars and eventually lost with the War of the Golden Stool in 1900 39 40 41 During the Anglo Ashanti Wars British troops ransacking a Fomena chief s palace en route to Kumasi in 1874 Transition to independence Edit See also Dominion of Ghana and Ghana Independence Act 1957 A postage stamp of Gold Coast overprinted for Ghanaian independence in 1957 source source source source source source source source source source Celebrations marking Ghana s independence on 6 March 1957 In 1947 the United Gold Coast Convention led by The Big Six called for self government within the shortest possible time following the 1946 Gold Coast legislative election 35 42 Kwame Nkrumah a Ghanaian nationalist who led Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as the country s first prime minister and president formed the Convention People s Party in 1949 with the motto self government now 35 The party initiated a positive action campaign involving non violent protests strikes and non cooperation with the British authorities Nkrumah was arrested and sentenced to 1 year imprisonment during this time In the Gold Coast s 1951 general election he was elected to Parliament and was released from prison 35 On 6 March 1957 at midnight the Gold Coast Ashanti the Northern Territories and British Togoland were unified as one single independent dominion within the British Commonwealth under the name Ghana This was done under the Ghana Independence Act 1957 The flag of Ghana consisting of the colours red gold green and a black star dates back to this unification 43 On 1 July 1960 following the Ghanaian constitutional referendum and Ghanaian presidential election Nkrumah declared Ghana a republic and assumed the presidency 15 16 17 35 6 March is the nation s Independence Day and 1 July is celebrated as Republic Day 44 45 Nkrumah repressed political opposition 46 47 48 49 50 In 1964 a constitutional amendment made Ghana a one party state with Nkrumah as president for life of both the nation and its party 51 Nkrumah promote the concept of Pan Africanism which he had been introduced to during his studies at Lincoln University Pennsylvania in the United States at the time when Marcus Garvey was known for his Back to Africa Movement 35 He merged the teachings of Garvey Martin Luther King Jr and the naturalised Ghanaian scholar W E B Du Bois into the formation of 1960s Ghana 35 Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah as he became known played an instrumental part in the founding of the Non Aligned Movement and in establishing the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute to teach his ideologies of communism and socialism 52 His life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration and the day was instituted as a public holiday in Ghana Founders Day 53 Operation Cold Chop and aftermath Edit Main article History of Ghana 1966 1979 The government of Nkrumah was subsequently overthrown by a coup by the Ghana Armed Forces codenamed Operation Cold Chop This occurred while Nkrumah was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People s Republic of China on a fruitless mission to Hanoi in Vietnam to help end the Vietnam War The coup took place on 24 February 1966 led by Colonel Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka and Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa The National Liberation Council was formed chaired by Lieutenant General Joseph A Ankrah 54 A series of alternating military and civilian governments affected by economic instabilities 55 ruled Ghana from 1966 to 1981 ending with the ascension to power of Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings of the Provisional National Defence Council in 1981 56 These changes resulted in the suspension of the Constitution of Ghana in 1981 and the banning of political parties 57 The economy declined so Rawlings negotiated a structural adjustment plan changing economic policies and economic growth recovered during the mid 1980s 57 A constitution restoring multi party system politics was promulgated in the presidential election of 1992 Rawlings was elected as president of Ghana then and again in the general election of 1996 58 At least 1 000 and as many as 2 000 people were killed during the conflict between the Konkomba and other ethnic groups such as the Nanumba Dagomba and Gonja while 150 000 people were displaced as part of the tribal war in Northern Ghana in 1994 59 Traditional chiefs in 2015 Winning the 2000 general election John Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party was sworn into office as president of Ghana on 7 January 2001 and attained the presidency again in the 2004 election thus serving 2 terms the term limit as president of Ghana and thus marking the first time under the fourth republic that power was transferred from 1 legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another 58 Nana Akufo Addo the ruling party candidate was defeated in an election by John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress following the 2008 general election 60 61 Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by Vice President John Mahama on 24 July 2012 62 Following the 2012 general election Mahama became president 63 and Ghana was a stable democracy 58 As a result of the 2016 general election 64 Nana Akufo Addo became president on 7 January 2017 65 He was re elected after the election in 2020 66 On 11 June 2021 Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day in an aim of planting 5 million trees in a concentrating effort to preserve the country s cover of rainforest to combat deforestation 67 Geography EditMain articles Geography of Ghana and Geology of Ghana Topography topographic map Satellite image Ghana is located on the Gulf of Guinea a few degrees north of the Equator 68 It spans an area of 238 535 km2 92 099 sq mi and has an Atlantic coastline that stretches 560 kilometres 350 miles on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to its south 68 Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island are near the south coast 69 It lies between latitudes 4 45 N and 11 N and longitudes 1 15 E and 3 15 W The prime meridian passes through Ghana specifically through Tema 68 Grasslands mixed with south coastal shrublands and forests dominate Ghana with forest extending northward from the coast 320 kilometres 200 miles and eastward for a maximum of about 270 kilometres 170 miles with locations for mining of industrial minerals and timber 68 Ghana is home to 5 terrestrial ecoregions Eastern Guinean forests Guinean forest savanna mosaic West Sudanian savanna Central African mangroves and Guinean mangroves 70 It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4 53 10 ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries 71 The White Volta River and its tributary Black Volta flow south through Ghana to Lake Volta the world s third largest reservoir by volume and largest by surface area formed by the hydroelectric Akosombo Dam 72 completed in 1965 The Volta flows out of Lake Volta into the Gulf of Guinea 73 The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape Three Points 68 Landmarks Borders and RegionsCoastal Plain Accra Apam Cape Coast Elmina Kakum National Park Kokrobite Nzulezo Sekondi Takoradi Ada Foah The Gulf of Guinea coastal plain with the seat of government and capital city castles and forts and rainforestAshanti Kwahu Koforidua Kumasi Obuasi Sunyani Forested hills and the Kingdom of AshantiVolta Basin Tamale Lake Volta the river system that feeds it and Ghana eastern border crossingNorthern Plains Wa Bolgatanga Mole National Park Savanna plains and north Ghana trade route and border crossing Map with national border geographical regions and terrestrial plains colour codedSettlementsAccra Seat of Government and Capital city Bolgatanga Paga Crocodile Pond location Cape Coast Cape Coast Castle is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Elmina Coastal town with Elmina Castle Koforidua Aburi Botanical Gardens location Kumasi Traditional centre of the Kingdom of Ashanti Obuasi World s 9th largest gold mine location and Mining town Sekondi Takoradi Surfing beaches such as Busua Beach 74 and UNESCO World Heritage Sites Tamale Largest settlement in the Kingdom of Dagbon and gateway to Mole National Park Yendi Traditional Capital of the Kingdom of Dagbon and seat of Yaa Naa The climate of Ghana is tropical and there is wet season and dry season 75 Ghana sits at the intersection of 3 hydro climatic zones 76 Changes in rainfall weather conditions and sea level rise affect the salinity of coastal waters This is expected to negatively affect both farming and fisheries 77 Politics EditMain articles Government of Ghana and Politics of Ghana Parliament House of Ghana the Supreme Court of Ghana and Judiciary of Ghana buildings and Jubilee House is the presidential palace A unitary presidential constitutional democracy with a parliamentary multi party system is dominated by 2 parties the National Democratic Congress NDC and the New Patriotic Party NPP Ghana alternated between civilian and military governments until January 1993 when the military government gave way to the Fourth Republic of Ghana after presidential and parliamentary elections in 1992 The 1992 constitution of Ghana divides powers among a commander in chief of the Ghana Armed Forces President of Ghana parliament Parliament of Ghana cabinet Cabinet of Ghana council of state Ghanaian Council of State and a judiciary Judiciary of Ghana The government is elected by universal suffrage after every 4 years 78 The 2012 Fragile States Index indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th least fragile state in the world and the fifth least fragile state in Africa Ghana ranked 112th out of 177 countries on the index 79 It ranked as the 64th least corrupt and politically corrupt country in the world out of all 174 countries ranked and ranked as the fifth least corrupt and politically corrupt country in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index 80 81 It was ranked 7th in Africa out of 53 countries in the 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African government based on variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens 82 Foreign relations Edit Main article Foreign relations of Ghana Since independence Ghana has been devoted to ideals of nonalignment and is a founding member of the Non Aligned Movement It favours international and regional political and economic co operation and is an active member of the United Nations and the African Union 83 3 U S presidents Bill Clinton George W Bush and Barack Obama and a Vice President Kamala Harris made diplomatic trips to Ghana 84 Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations including Ghanaian diplomat and former Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan International Criminal Court Judge Akua Kuenyehia former President Jerry John Rawlings and former President John Agyekum Kufuor who both served as diplomats of the United Nations 78 In September 2010 President John Atta Mills visited China on an official visit Mills and China s former President Hu Jintao marked the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between the 2 nations at the Great Hall of the People 85 China reciprocated with an official visit in November 2011 by the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People s Congress of China Zhou Tienong who visited Ghana and met with Ghana s President John Mahama 86 Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad met with Mahama in 2013 to hold discussions on strengthening the Non Aligned Movement and co chair a bilateral meeting between Ghana and Iran at the Ghanaian presidential palace Flagstaff House 87 88 89 90 91 The Sustainable Development Goals SDG were integrated into Ghana s development agenda and the budget According to reports SDGs were implemented through a decentralized planning approach This allows stakeholders participations such as UN agencies traditional leaders civil society organizations academia and others 92 The 17 SDGs are a global call to action to end poverty among others and the UN and its partners in the country are working towards achieving them 93 According to the President Nana Akufo Addo Ghana was the first sub Saharan African country to achieve the goal of halving poverty as contained in Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals 94 Military Edit Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan inspects Honour Guards mounted by the Ghana Air Force at the Jubilee House the Presidential Palace of Ghana in Greater Accra on 1 March 2016 In 1957 the Ghana Armed Forces GAF consisted of its headquarters support services 3 battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured vehicles 95 President Nkrumah aimed at rapidly expanding GAF to support the United States of Africa ambitions Thus in 1961 4th and 5th Battalions were established and in 1964 6th Battalion was established from a parachute airborne unit originally raised in 1963 96 Ghana is a regional power and regional hegemon 21 In their book Shake Hands with the Devil Canadian Forces commander Romeo Dallaire highly rated GAF soldiers and military personnel 95 The military operations and military doctrine of GAF are conceptualised in the constitution Ghana s Law on Armed Force Military Strategy and Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre agreements to which GAF is attestator 97 98 99 GAF military operations are executed under the auspices and imperium of the Ministry of Defence 97 100 Ghana has experienced political violence in the past and 2017 has thus far seen an upward trend in incidents motivated by political grievances 101 Law enforcement Edit Further information Law enforcement in Ghana and Crime in Ghana Militarized police Unit of the Ghana Police Service The Ghana Police Service and the Criminal Investigation Department are law enforcement agencies responsible for the detection of crime maintenance of law and order and the maintenance of internal peace and security 102 The Ghana Police Service has 11 specialised police units including a Militarized police Rapid deployment force and Marine Police Unit 103 104 The Ghana Police Service operates in 12 divisions 10 covering the regions 1 assigned specifically to the seaport and industrial hub of Tema and the twelfth being the Railways Ports and Harbours Division 104 The Ghana Police Service s Marine Police Unit and Division handles issues that arise from offshore oil and gas industry 104 The Ghana Prisons Service and the sub division Borstal Institute for Juveniles administers incarceration 105 Ghana retains and exercises the death penalty for treason corruption robbery piracy drug trafficking rape and homicide 106 107 The sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations call for the international community to come together to promote the rule of law support equal access to justice for all reduce corruption and develop effective accountable and transparent institutions at all levels 108 Ghana is among the sovereign states of West Africa used by drug cartels and drug traffickers shown in orange Ghana is used as a narcotics industry transshipment point by traffickers from South America and other African nations 109 In 2013 the UN chief of the Office on Drugs and Crime stated that West Africa is completely weak in terms of border control and the big drug cartels from Colombia and Latin America have chosen Africa as a way to reach Europe 110 The social context within which narcotic trafficking storage transportation and repacking systems exist in Ghana and the state s location along the Gulf of Guinea makes Ghana a place for the narcotics business 109 111 The Narcotics Control Board has impounded container ships at the Sekondi Naval Base in the Takoradi Harbour These ships were carrying thousands of kilograms of cocaine with a street value running into billions of Ghana cedis Drug seizures saw a decline in 2011 109 111 Drug cartels are using methods in narcotics production and narcotics exportation to avoid Ghanaian security agencies 109 111 Underdeveloped institutions porous open borders and the existence of established smuggling organisations contribute to Ghana s position in the narcotics industry 109 111 President Mills initiated efforts to reduce the role of airports in drug trade 109 Homosexual acts are prohibited by law 112 According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center 96 of Ghanaians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society 113 Sometimes some are accused of witchcraft Issues of witchcraft mainly remain as speculations based on superstitions within families In some parts of northern Ghana there exist what are called witch camps This is said to house a total of around 1 000 people accused of witchcraft 114 The government has announced that it intends to close the camps 114 Economy EditMain articles Economy of Ghana New media in Ghana and Automobile manufacturing in Ghana Change in per capita GDP 1870 2018 Figures are inflation adjusted to 2011 International dollars A proportional representation of exports 2019 Petroleum and commodities exports in percentage It possesses industrial minerals hydrocarbons and precious metals It is an emerging designated digital economy with mixed economy hybridisation and an emerging market It has an economic plan target known as the Ghana Vision 2020 This plan envisions Ghana as the first African country to become a developed country between 2020 and 2029 and a newly industrialised country between 2030 and 2039 115 This excludes fellow Group of 24 member and Sub Saharan African country South Africa which is a newly industrialised country 116 The economy has ties to the Chinese yuan renminbi along with Ghana s gold reserves In 2013 the Bank of Ghana began circulating the renminbi throughout state owned banks and to the public as hard currency along with the national Ghanaian cedi for second national trade currency 117 Between 2012 and 2013 38 of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas 11 of urban dwellers were 118 Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment particularly in informal trade while 94 of rural poor households participate in the agricultural sector 119 The Volta River Authority and the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation both state owned are electricity producers 120 The Akosombo Dam built on the Volta River in 1965 along with the Bui Dam the Kpong Dam and other hydroelectric dams provide hydropower 121 122 The Ghana Stock Exchange is the 5th largest on continental Africa and 3rd largest in sub saharan Africa with a market capitalisation of GH 57 2 billion or CN 180 4 billion in 2012 with the South Africa JSE Limited as first 123 The Ghana Stock Exchange was the 2nd best performing stock exchange in sub saharan Africa in 2013 124 Ghana produces cocoa 125 It is the 2nd largest producer of cocoa globally 126 Ghana is classified as a middle income country 6 127 Services account for 50 of GDP followed by manufacturing 24 1 extractive industries 5 and taxes 20 9 120 Ghana has an increasing primary manufacturing economy and export of digital technology goods along with assembling and exporting automobiles and ships exportation of industrial minerals agricultural products primarily cocoa petroleum and natural gas 128 and industries such as information and communications technology primarily via state digital technology corporation Rlg Communications which manufactures tablet computers with smartphones and consumer electronics 120 129 Urban electric cars have been manufactured since 2014 130 131 It announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in Autumn 2021 132 133 The country which is planning to borrow up to 5 billion in international markets would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health It will use the proceeds to forge ahead with a free secondary school initiative started in 2017 among other programs while having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020 134 Jubilee oil field of the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation GNPC and National Petroleum Authority located off the coast of the Western Region in the South Atlantic Ocean It produces and exports hydrocarbons such as sweet crude oil and natural gas 135 136 The 100 state owned filling station company Ghana Oil Company is the number 1 petroleum and gas filling station and the 100 state owned state oil company Ghana National Petroleum Corporation oversees hydrocarbon exploration and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves Ghana aims to further increase the output of oil to 2 2 million barrels 350 000 m3 per day and gas to 34 000 000 cubic metres 1 2 10 9 cu ft per day 137 The Jubilee Oil Field which contains up to 3 billion barrels 480 000 000 m3 of sweet crude oil was discovered in 2007 138 Ghana is believed to have up to 5 billion barrels 790 000 000 m3 to 7 billion barrels 1 1 109 m3 of petroleum in reserves 139 which is the fifth largest in Africa and the 21st to 25th largest proven reserves in the world It also has up to 1 7 1011 cubic metres 6 10 12 cu ft of natural gas in reserves 140 The government has drawn up plans to nationalise petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue 141 As of 2019 Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world producing 140 tonnes that year 142 This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for the first time making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa 143 In addition to gold Ghana exports silver timber diamonds bauxite and manganese and has other mineral deposits 144 Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size 145 The government has drawn up plans to nationalize mining industry to increase government revenue 146 147 Shortages of electricity in 2015 amp 2016 led to dumsor persistent irregular and unpredictable electric power outages 148 increasing the interest in renewables 149 As of 2019 there is a surplus of electricity 150 The judicial system of Ghana deals with corruption economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency 151 According to Transparency International s Corruption Perception Index of 2018 out of 180 countries Ghana was ranked 78th with a score of 41 on a scale where a 0 9 score means highly corrupt and a 90 100 score means very clean This was based on perceived levels of public sector corruption 152 Science and technology Edit It launched a cellular mobile network 1992 It was connected to the internet and introduced ADSL broadband services 153 It was ranked 112nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 106th in 2019 154 155 156 157 The Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre GSSTC and Ghana Space Agency GhsA oversee space exploration and space programmes GSSTC and GhsA worked to have a national security observational satellite launched into orbit in 2015 158 159 Ghana s annual space exploration expenditure has been 1 of its GDP to support research in science and technology In 2012 Ghana was elected to chair the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South Comsats Ghana has a joint effort in space exploration with the South African National Space Agency 158 Tourism Edit Main article Tourism in Ghana Surfers surfing and big wave surfing at Busua Beach in Western region 74 In 2011 1 087 000 tourists visited Ghana 160 Tourist arrivals include South Americans Asians Europeans and North Americans 161 The attractions and tourist destinations include waterfalls such as Kintampo waterfalls and the largest waterfall in west Africa Wli waterfalls the coastal palm lined sandy beaches caves mountains rivers and reservoirs and lakes such as Lake Bosumtwi and the largest man made lake in the world by surface area Lake Volta dozens of forts and castles World Heritage Sites nature reserves and national parks 161 Some castles are Cape Coast Castle and the Elmina Castle 162 Castles mark where blood was shed in the slave trade and preserve and promote the African heritage stolen and destroyed through the slave trade 163 As a result of this the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO named Ghana s castles and forts as World Heritage Monuments 163 The World Economic Forum statistics in 2010 showed that out of the world s favourite tourist destinations Ghana was ranked 108th out of 139 countries 164 The country had moved 2 places up from the 2009 rankings In 2011 Forbes magazine published that Ghana was ranked the eleventh most friendly country in the world The assertion was based on a survey in 2010 of a cross section of travellers Of all the African countries that were included in the survey Ghana ranked highest 164 Tourism is the fourth highest earner of foreign exchange for the country 164 In 2017 Ghana ranked as the 43rd most peaceful country in the world 165 Up and down the coastline surfing spots have been identified and cultivated by locals and internationals Surfers have made trips to the country to sample the waves Surfers carried their boards amid traditional fishing vessels 166 According to Destination Pride 167 a data driven search platform used to visualize the world s LGBTQ laws rights and social sentiment Ghana s Pride score is 22 out of 100 168 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Ghana Further information Ghanaian people Historical populationYearPop 19505 036 000 19606 635 000 31 8 19708 735 000 31 7 198011 056 000 26 6 199014 773 000 33 6 200019 279 000 30 5 201024 780 000 28 5 201930 418 000 22 8 source 169 170 As of 2019 Ghana has a population of 30 083 000 171 Around 29 of the population is under the age of 15 while persons aged 15 64 make up 57 8 of the population 172 The 2010 census reported that the largest ethnic groups are the Akan 47 3 the Mole Dagbani 16 6 the Ewe 13 9 the Ga Dangme 7 4 the Gurma 5 7 and the Guan 3 7 173 Population pyramid 2016With legal immigration of skilled workers who possess Ghana Cards there is a population of Chinese Malaysian Indian Middle Eastern and European nationals In 2010 the Ghana Immigration Service reported economic migrants and Illegal immigrants inhabiting Ghana 14 6 or 3 1 million of Ghana s 2010 population predominantly Nigerians Burkinabe citizens Togolese citizens and Malian citizens In 1969 under the Ghana Aliens Compliance Order enacted by the Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia 174 The Border Guard Unit deported over 3 000 000 aliens and illegal immigrants in 3 months as they made up 20 of the population at the time 174 175 176 In 2013 there was a mass deportation of illegal miners more than 4 000 of them Chinese nationals 177 178 Ghana Card Ghanaian electronic ID Card obverse with chip Ethnic Groups percentageEthnic Groups Akan 47 5 Mole Dagbani 16 6 Ewe 13 9 Ga Dangme 7 4 Gurma 5 7 Guan 3 7 Grusi 2 5 Mande 1 1 Other 1 4 Languages Edit Main article Languages of Ghana English is the official language 179 180 There are 11 languages that have the status of government sponsored languages Akan languages Asante Twi Akuapem Twi Fante which have a high degree of mutual intelligibility and Nzema which is less intelligible with the above Dangme Ewe Ga Guan Kasem Mole Dagbani languages Dagaare and Dagbanli 181 182 French is taught in schools and used for commercial and international economic exchanges Since 2006 Ghana has been an associate member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 183 the global organisation that unites French speaking countries 84 nations on 6 continents In 2005 more than 350 000 Ghanaian children studied French in schools Since then its status has been progressively updated to a mandatory language in every junior high school 184 and it is in the process of becoming an official language 185 186 Ghanaian Pidgin English also known as Kru English or in Akan kroo brofo is a variety of West African Pidgin English spoken in Accra and in the southern towns 187 It can be divided into 2 varieties referred to as uneducated or non institutionalized pidgin and educated or institutionalized pidgin the former associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter acquired and used in institutions such as universities 188 Religion Edit Main article Religion in Ghana Religious affiliation Affiliation 2000 Census 189 2010 Census 189 190 2014 DHS Survey 191 note 1 2021 Census 3 Christian 68 8 71 2 76 9 71 3 Pentecostal Charismatic 24 1 28 3 36 3 31 6 Other Protestant 18 6 18 4 13 5 note 2 17 4 Catholic 15 1 13 1 10 4 10 0 Other Christian 11 0 11 4 16 7 12 3 Muslim 15 9 17 6 16 4 19 9 Traditional 8 5 5 2 2 6 note 3 3 2 Other 0 7 0 8 0 0 4 5 No religion 1 1 Notes The DHS survey surveyed only those between the ages of 15 and 59 The DHS survey used Anglican Methodist Presbyterian in place of Protestant The DHS survey combined Traditional with Spiritualist In 2010 the population was 72 2 Christian 24 3 Pentecostal 18 4 Protestant 13 1 Catholic and 11 4 other Approximately 18 6 of the population are Muslim 20 51 Sunni 16 Ahmadiyya and 8 Shia 192 193 The Baha i religious community established in Ghana in 1951 includes more than 100 communities and over 50 local Baha i administrative councils called Local Spiritual Assemblies 194 Universal health care and life expectancy Edit Main article Health in Ghana Further information Eye care in Ghana and Optometry in Ghana Development of life expectancy 1921 to 2019 A universal health care system National Health Insurance Scheme NHIS is designated for Ghanaian nationals 195 Health care is variable and in 2012 over 12 million Ghanaian nationals were covered by NHIS 196 Urban centres contain most of the hospitals clinics and pharmacies There are over 200 hospitals and Ghana is a destination for medical tourism 197 In 2010 there were 0 1 physicians per 1 000 people and as of 2011 update 0 9 hospital beds per 1 000 people 172 5 2 of Ghana s GDP was spent on health in 2010 198 In 2020 WHO announced Ghana became the second country in the WHO African Region to attain regulatory system maturity level 3 the second highest in the 4 tiered WHO classification of National medicines regulatory systems 199 Life expectancy at birth in 2020 was 71 for a female and 65 for a male 200 In 2013 infant mortality was to 39 per 1 000 live births 201 Sources vary on life expectancy at birth the World Health Organization WHO estimated 62 years for men and 64 years for women born in 2016 202 The fertility rate declined from 3 99 2000 to 3 28 2010 with 2 78 in urban region and 3 94 in rural region 173 The United Nations reports a fertility decline from 6 95 1970 to 4 82 2000 to 3 93 live births per woman in 2017 203 As of 2012 update the HIV AIDS prevalence was estimated at 1 40 among adults aged 15 49 204 Education Edit Main article Education in Ghana Education system s implementation of information and communications technology at the University of Ghana A education system is divided into 3 parts basic education secondary cycle and tertiary education Basic education lasts 11 years ages 4 15 205 It is divided into kindergarten 2 years primary school 2 modules of 3 years and junior high 3 years Junior high school ends with the Basic Education Certificate Examination 205 206 Once certified the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle 207 Hence the pupil has the choice between general education offered by the senior high school and vocational education offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes Senior high school lasts 3 years and leads to the West African Senior School Certificate Examination which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor s degree programme 208 7 Polytechnics are open to vocational students 209 A bachelor s degree requires 4 years of study It can be followed by a 1 or 2 year master s degree programme which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least 3 years 208 9 A polytechnic programme lasts 2 or 3 years 209 Ghana possesses colleges of education 210 Some of the universities are the University of Ghana Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology and University of Cape Coast 211 There are over 95 of children in school 212 213 The female and male ages 15 24 years literacy rate was 81 in 2010 with males at 82 214 and females at 80 215 A education system annually attracts foreign students particularly in the university sector 216 217 Ghana has a free education 6 year primary school education system beginning at age 6 218 The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017 2018 academic year that senior high education became free 219 At the higher education level the government funds more than 80 of resources provided to public universities polytechnics and teacher training colleges As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education Fcube the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies like exercise books Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers 220 Culture Edit Hogbetsotso festival in the Volta regionMain article Culture of Ghana Food and drink Edit Ghanaian cuisine includes an assortment of soups and stews with seafoods soups are prepared with vegetables meat poultry or fish 221 Fishes are tilapia roasted and fried whitebait smoked fish and crayfish 221 Banku akple is a starchy food made from ground corn maize 221 and cornmeal based staples kɔmi kenkey and banku akple are accompanied by some form of fried fish chinam or grilled tilapia and a condiment made from raw red and green chillies onions and tomatoes pepper sauce 221 Banku and tilapia is a combo served in restaurants 221 Fufu is an exported dish 221 Rice is an established staple meal across the country with rice based dishes serving as breakfast lunch and dinner the variants are waakye plain rice and stew eight kontomire or tomato gravy fried rice and jollof rice 222 Clothing Edit Adinkra symbols by Robert Sutherland RattrayDuring the 13th century Ghanaians developed their art of adinkra printing Hand printed and hand embroidered adinkra clothes were made and used exclusively by royalty for devotional ceremonies Each of the motifs that make up the corpus of adinkra symbolism has a name and meaning derived from a proverb a historical event human attitude ethology plant life form or shapes of inanimate and man made objects The meanings of the motifs may be categorised into aesthetics ethics human relations and concepts 223 The Adinkra symbols have a decorative function as tattoos and represent objects that encapsulate evocative messages that convey traditional wisdom aspects of life or the environment There are symbols with meanings linked with proverbs In the words of Anthony Appiah they were 1 of the means in a pre literate society for supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief 224 Kente cloth is worn by some southern ethnic groups including the Akan the Ga and the Ewe Along with the adinkra cloth Ghanaians use cloth fabrics for their traditional attire 225 The different ethnic groups have their own individual cloth 225 Kente cloth is a national costume and clothing and these clothes are used to make Kente attire 225 Different symbols and different colours mean different things 225 Kente is a ceremonial cloth hand woven on a horizontal treadle loom and strips measuring about 4 inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces of cloths 225 Cloths come in colours sizes and designs and are worn during social and religious occasions 225 In a cultural context kente is a visual representation of history and a form of written language through weaving 225 The term kente has its roots in the Akan word kɛntɛn which means a basket and the first kente weavers used raffia fibres to weave cloths that looked like kenten a basket and thus were referred to as kenten ntoma meaning basket cloth 225 The original Akan name of the cloth was nsaduaso or nwontoma meaning a cloth hand woven on a loom Kente is woven by the Ewe people Ewe Kente in the Volta Region The weaving centers are Agortime area and Agbozume Agbozume has a kente market attracting patrons from all over west Africa and the diaspora 225 Fashion with Kente and other styles Fashion with African print Ankara and other fabrics The cloth known as African print fabric was created out of Dutch wax textiles It is believed that in the 19th century Dutch ships on their way to Asia stocked with machine made textiles that mimicked Indonesian batik stopped at West African ports on the way In West Africa including Ghana where there was an already established market for cloths and textiles the client base grew and it was changed to include local and traditional designs colours and patterns to cater to the taste of consumers 226 Music and dance Edit Main articles Azonto and Kpanlogo source source source source source source source source source source Adowa dance form and music performance Music incorporates types of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles Akan Drum goje fiddle and koloko lute court music including the Akan Seperewa the Akan atumpan the Ga kpanlogo styles and log xylophones used in asonko music 227 African jazz was created by Kofi Ghanaba 228 A form of secular music is highlife 227 Highlife originated in the 19th and 20th centuries and spread throughout West Africa 227 In the 1990s a genre of music was created incorporating the influences of highlife Afro reggae dancehall and hip hop 227 This hybrid was called hiplife 227 There are dances for occasions 229 Dances for celebrations include the Adowa Kpanlogo Azonto Klama Agbadza Borborbor and Bamaya 229 The Nana Otafrija Pallbearing Services also known as the Dancing Pallbearers come from the coastal town of Prampram The group was featured in a BBC feature story in 2017 and footage from the story became part of an Internet meme in the wake of the COVID 19 world pandemic 230 Media Edit Mass media news and information provided by television Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees freedom of the press and independence of the media while Chapter 2 prohibits censorship 231 Post independence private outlets closed during the military governments and media laws prevented criticism of government 232 Press freedoms were restored in 1992 and after the election in 2000 of Kufuor the tensions between the private media and government decreased Kufuor supported press freedom and repealed a libel law and maintained that the media had to act responsibly 233 The media have been described as one of the most unfettered in Africa 234 In 1948 the Gold Coast Film Unit was set up in the Information Services Department 235 Architecture Edit See also Ghana s material cultural heritage and Ghanaian museums High rise buildings in Accra the capital There are 2 types of construction the series of adjacent buildings in an enclosure around a common and the round huts with grass roof 236 The round huts with grass roof architecture are situated in the northern regions while the series of adjacent buildings are in the southern regions Postmodern architecture and high tech architecture buildings are in the southern regions while heritage sites are evident in the more than 30 forts and castles in the country such as Fort William and Fort Amsterdam Ghana has museums that are situated inside castles and 2 are situated inside a fort 237 The Military Museum and the National Museum organise temporary exhibitions 237 Ghana has museums that show an in depth look at specific regions There are a number of museums that provide insight into the traditions and history of the geographical areas 237 The Cape Coast Castle Museum and St Georges Castle Elmina Castle Museum offer guided tours The Museum of Science and Technology provides its visitors with a look into the domain of scientific development through exhibits of objects of scientific and technological interest 237 Sports Edit Main article Sports in Ghana Association football is the top spectator sport in Ghana 238 Ghana has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times the FIFA U 20 World Cup once and has participated in three consecutive FIFA World Cups in 2006 2010 and 2014 238 The International Federation of Football History and Statistics crowned Asante Kotoko SC as the African club of the 20th century 239 Ghanaian winter sports Olympic team at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics Ghana competes in the Commonwealth Games sending athletes in every edition since 1954 except for the 1986 games Ghana has won 57 medals at the Commonwealth Games including 15 gold with all but one of their medals coming in athletics and boxing The country has also produced a number of boxers including Azumah Nelson a three time world champion 240 241 Nana Yaw Konadu also a three time world champion 241 Ike Quartey 241 and Joshua Clottey 241 See also Edit Africa portalIndex of Ghana related articles Outline of GhanaReferences Edit Language and Religion Ghana Embassy Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 Retrieved 8 January 2017 English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages The most widely spoken local languages are Dagbanli Ewe Ga and Twi Ghana 2010 Population and Housing Census PDF Government of Ghana 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 25 September 2013 Retrieved 1 June 2013 a b c d 2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C Background Characteristics PDF Ghana Statistical Service Archived PDF from the original on 27 December 2021 Ghana Population 2022 Worldometer Archived from the original on 5 February 2022 Retrieved 5 February 2022 1 dead link a 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original on 5 June 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 West African Examinations Council corporate site Ghana BECE Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 a b Country module Ghana PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 June 2012 Retrieved 18 May 2013 a b Vocational Education in Ghana UNESCO UNEVOC July 2012 Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 Retrieved 23 May 2014 Atuahene Ansah 23 July 2013 A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access Participation Equity and Disparity in Ghana SageOpen p 2 Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 Retrieved 23 May 2014 Top 10 Best Universities in Ghana Pulse Gh 27 September 2019 Archived from the original on 29 October 2020 Retrieved 12 September 2020 UNICEF Basic Education and Gender Equality PDF unicef org Archived PDF from the original on 3 August 2012 Retrieved 1 April 2012 Africa The Globe and Mail Toronto Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 Retrieved 26 June 2010 Literacy rate youth male of males ages 15 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okra and soup kadirecipes com Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 Retrieved 1 August 2013 Ghana s rice market www ifpri org Archived from the original on 17 February 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2022 Ghana Amadeus in Spanish Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 Retrieved 1 August 2013 Appiah Kwame Anthony 1993 In my father s house Africa in the philosophy of culture 1 paperbackedition 1993 ed New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 506852 8 a b c d e f g h i Ghanaian Kente Cloth kentecloth net 19 October 2009 Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 The Story Behind African Wax Print Cloth Thewrendesign com 10 July 2008 Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 Retrieved 24 January 2015 a b c d e Ghana From Highlife to Hiplife worldmusic net Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 Ghana Kofi Ghanaba Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz Ghanaian Chronicle 12 February 2009 Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 Retrieved 30 May 2009 a b Dance Ghana PDF Temple Archived from the original PDF on 26 December 2011 Retrieved 6 June 2014 How Prampram pallbearers became an international sensation and a meme The Ghana Report 17 April 2020 Archived from the original on 2 May 2020 Retrieved 11 June 2020 Constitution of Ghana Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 Retrieved 18 May 2013 Government of Ghana Anokwa K 1997 In Press Freedom and Communication in Africa Erbio F amp Jong Ebot W Eds Africa World Press ISBN 978 0 86543 551 3 Basic Data Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine pressreference com BBC Country Profile Ghana Archived 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine BBC News Gold Coast Film Unit Colonialfilm org uk Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 Retrieved 2 April 2014 Culture Art and Architecture Ghana Countriesquest Archived from the original on 4 March 2015 Retrieved 10 May 2014 a b c d Ghana Museums and Monuments Board Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 Retrieved 10 May 2014 a b Ghana thrilled by historic title BBC Sport 17 October 2009 Retrieved 6 June 2014 Africa s club of the Century IFFHS official website Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 21 July 2013 Barnett Errol 10 August 2012 Is Azumah Nelson Africa s greatest boxer CNN Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 a b c d Top 5 Ghanaian Boxers proboxing fans com Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 Further reading EditArhin Kwame The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah Africa Research amp Publications 1995 Babatope Ebenezer The Ghana Revolution From Nkrumah to Jerry Rawlings Fourth Dimension Publishing 1982 Birmingham David Kwame Nkrumah Father Of African Nationalism Ohio University Press 1998 Boafo Arthur Kwame Ghana One Decade of the Liberal State Zed Books 2007 Briggs Philip Ghana Bradt Travel Guide Bradt Travel Guides 2010 Clark Gracia African Market Women Seven Life Stories from Ghana Indiana University Press 2010 Davidson Basil Black Star A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah James Currey 2007 Falola Toyin and Salm Stephen J Culture and Customs of Ghana Greenwood 2002 Grant Richard Globalizing City The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra Ghana Syracuse University Press 2008 Hadjor Kofi Buenor Nkrumah and Ghana Africa Research amp Publications 2003 Hasty Jennifer The Press and Political Culture in Ghana Indiana University Press 2005 James C L R Kwame Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution Allison amp Busby 1977 Kuada John and Chachah Yao Ghana Understanding the People and their Culture Woeli Publishing Services 1999 Miescher Stephan F Making Men in Ghana Indiana University Press 2005 Milne June Kwame Nkrumah A Biography Panaf Books 2006 Nkrumah Kwame Ghana The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah International Publishers 1971 Utley Ian Ghana Culture Smart the essential guide to customs amp culture Kuperard 2009 Various Ghana An African Portrait Revisited Peter E Randall Publisher 2007 Younge Paschal Yao Music and Dance Traditions of Ghana History Performance and Teaching Mcfarland amp Co Inc 2011 Burke Laura Armando Garcia Schmidt 2013 Ghana Staying on Track in a Challenging Environment Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung Gutersloh pp 127 147 ISBN 978 3 86793 491 6 External links EditGhana at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Government Edit Ghana site The Parliament of Ghana site National Commission on Culture siteGeneral information Edit Country Profile from BBC News Ghana from Encyclopaedia Britannica Ghana from UCB Libraries GovPubs Ghana The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Ghana profile from Africa com Ghana at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Ghana The African Activist Archive Project website has photographs of the All Africa People s Conference held in Accra Ghana 5 13 December 1958 including Kwame Nkrumah Prime Minister of Ghana addressing the conference the American Committee on Africa delegation meeting with Nkrumah and of Patrick Duncan and Alfred Hutchinson of South Africa at the conference Key Development Forecasts for Ghana from International FuturesTrade Edit Ghana 2012 Summary Trade Statistics Coordinates 7 49 N 1 03 W 7 817 N 1 050 W 7 817 1 050 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ghana amp oldid 1150933246, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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