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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton ( Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American retired politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary Clinton, who was a U.S. senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election.

Bill Clinton
Official portrait, 1993
42nd President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Vice PresidentAl Gore
Preceded byGeorge H. W. Bush
Succeeded byGeorge W. Bush
40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas
In office
January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992
Lieutenant
Preceded byFrank D. White
Succeeded byJim Guy Tucker
In office
January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981
LieutenantJoe Purcell
Preceded byJoe Purcell (acting)
Succeeded byFrank D. White
Chair of the National Governors Association
In office
August 26, 1986 – July 28, 1987
Preceded byLamar Alexander
Succeeded byJohn H. Sununu
Vice Chair of the National Governors Association
In office
August 6, 1985 – August 26, 1986
Preceded byLamar Alexander
Succeeded byJohn H. Sununu
50th Attorney General of Arkansas
In office
January 3, 1977 – January 9, 1979
Governor
Preceded byJim Guy Tucker
Succeeded bySteve Clark
Personal details
Born
William Jefferson Blythe III

(1946-08-19) August 19, 1946 (age 76)
Hope, Arkansas, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
(m. 1975)
ChildrenChelsea Clinton
Parents
RelativesClinton family
Residences
Education
Occupation
  • Politician
  • lawyer
  • professor
  • author
AwardsList of honors and awards
Signature

Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University. He received a Rhodes Scholarship to study at University College, Oxford and later graduated from Yale Law School. He met Hillary Rodham at Yale; they married in 1975. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed by two non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the 1992 presidential election, defeating incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush and independent businessman Ross Perot. At 46 years old, he became the third-youngest president of the United States and the first president to be born in the Baby Boomer generation.

Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, but failed to pass his plan for national health care reform. The Republican Party won unified control of Congress for the first time in 40 years in the 1994 elections, but Clinton was still comfortably re-elected in 1996, becoming the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second full term. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, the State Children's Health Insurance Program and financial deregulation measures. He appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer to the U.S. Supreme Court. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars, eventually signing the Dayton Peace agreement. He also called for the expansion of NATO in Eastern Europe and many former Warsaw Pact members joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign the Iraq Liberation Act which gave aid to groups against Saddam Hussein. He also participated in the Oslo I Accord and Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted the Northern Ireland peace process.

Clinton's second term was dominated by the Monica Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1996, when he had a sexual relationship with 22-year-old Monica Lewinsky, an intern at the White House. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines.[1] This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating on December 19 when Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives, becoming the second U.S. president — the first since Andrew Johnson — to be impeached. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered around him using the powers of the presidency to obstruct the investigation and lying under oath. In 1999, Clinton's impeachment trial began in the Senate. He was acquitted on both charges as the Senate failed to cast 67 votes against him, which was necessary to meet the two-thirds conviction threshold prescribed by Article I, section 3, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution.

Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president in the modern era, alongside Franklin D. Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan. His presidency has been ranked among the upper tier in historical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct and allegations of sexual assault have made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the Clinton Foundation to address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton and George W. Bush formed the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's 2008 and 2016 presidential campaigns.

Early life and career

 
Clinton's birthplace home in Hope, Arkansas
 
Clinton in Hot Springs High School's 1963 yearbook

Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas.[2] He is the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy (later Virginia Kelley).[3] His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife.[4] Virginia traveled to New Orleans to study nursing soon after Bill was born, leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.[5] At a time when the southern United States was racially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sold goods on credit to people of all races.[5][6][7][8][9] In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr., who co-owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks.[5] The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950.[10]

Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15[11] that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him.[5] Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother, Roger Clinton Jr. He threatened his stepfather with violence multiple times to protect them.[12]

In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and whites only Hot Springs High School, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.[5] Clinton was in the chorus and played the tenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. In 1961, Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of the Order of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated with Freemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.[13] He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiography My Life:

Sometime in my sixteenth year, I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official. I loved music and thought I could be very good, but I knew I would never be John Coltrane or Stan Getz. I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor, but I knew I would never be Michael DeBakey. But I knew I could be great in public service.[5]
 
Photo of Clinton at age 17 shaking hands with President John F. Kennedy at the White House in 1963

Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancient Roman senator Catiline in a mock trial in his Latin class.[14] After a vigorous defense that made use of his "budding rhetorical and political skills", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it "made him realize that someday he would study law".[15]

Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as a Boys Nation senator to the White House to meet President John F. Kennedy.[12] The other was watching Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech on TV, which impressed him so much that he later memorized it.[16]

College and law school years

Georgetown University

 
Clinton ran for president of the Student Council while attending the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., receiving a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degree in 1968. Georgetown was the only school where Clinton applied.[17]

In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections for class president.[18] From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas Senator J. William Fulbright.[5] While in college, he became a brother of service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega[19] and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He is a member of Kappa Kappa Psi honorary band fraternity.[20]

Oxford

Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College, Oxford, where he initially read for a B.Phil. in philosophy, politics, and economics but transferred to a B.Litt. in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.[21] Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study at Yale Law School, Yale University, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford.[12][22][23]

During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received a draft letter that mandated deployment to the Vietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.[21][24] British writer and feminist Sara Maitland said of Clinton, "I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things".[21] Clinton was a member of the Oxford University Basketball Club and also played for Oxford University's rugby union team.[25]

While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honorary degree and a fellowship from the University of Oxford, specifically for being "a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace", having "a powerful collaborator in his wife," and for winning "general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget".[22][26]

Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy

During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.[27] While at Oxford, he participated in Vietnam War protests and organized a Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam event in October 1969.[5] He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in the National Guard and the Air Force officer candidate school, and he then made arrangements to join the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program at the University of Arkansas.[28][29]

He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way "to maintain my political viability within the system".[30] Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers 1 to 310 would be drafted before him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.)[31]

Colonel Eugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued a notarized statement during the 1992 presidential campaign:

I was informed by the draft board that it was of interest to Senator Fulbright's office that Bill Clinton, a Rhodes Scholar, should be admitted to the ROTC program ... I believe that he purposely deceived me, using the possibility of joining the ROTC as a ploy to work with the draft board to delay his induction and get a new draft classification.[32]

During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in the Navy Reserve, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.[33] Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.[34][35] Clinton's 1992 campaign manager, James Carville, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position.[36]

Law school

After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1973.[12] In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in the Yale Law Library; she was a class year ahead of him.[37] They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for the George McGovern campaign for the 1972 United States presidential election in order to move in with her in California.[38] The couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.[39]

Clinton eventually moved to Texas with Rodham in 1972 to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time in Dallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-term mayor of Dallas Ron Kirk,[40] future governor of Texas Ann Richards,[41] and then unknown television director and filmmaker Steven Spielberg.[42]

Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas

After graduating from Yale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for the House of Representatives. Running in the conservative 3rd district against incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from the Watergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran for Arkansas attorney general. Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary, Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election, as no Republican had run for the office.[43][12]

Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)

 
Newly elected Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton meets with President Jimmy Carter, 1978

In 1978, Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary. At just 31 years old, he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state's history. Clinton was elected governor of Arkansas in 1978, having defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe, a farmer from Texarkana. Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office, the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas.[44] Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the "Boy Governor".[45][46][47] He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from the Mariel boatlift) detained in Fort Chaffee in 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose, of Kingsland in Cleveland County, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by Republican challenger Frank D. White in the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history.[12]

Clinton joined friend Bruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.[48] In 1982, he was elected governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system.[49] For senior citizens, he removed the sales tax from medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.[50] He became a leading figure among the New Democrats, a group of Democrats who advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally organized as the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of President Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in 1984, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level.[50][51] Clinton delivered the Democratic response to Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address and served as chair of the National Governors Association from 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas.[12]

 
Governor and Mrs. Clinton attend the Dinner Honoring the Nation's Governors in the White House with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan, 1987.

In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of the Legal Services Corporation. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system. Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a special legislative session—the longest in Arkansas history.[49] Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.[12][50] He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986), Jonesboro businessmen Woody Freeman (1984), and Sheffield Nelson of Little Rock (1990).[43]

Also in the 1980s, the Clintons' personal and business affairs included transactions that became the basis of the Whitewater controversy investigation, which later dogged his presidential administration.[52] After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas.[12][53]

According to some sources, Clinton was a death penalty opponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions.[54][55] However he might have felt previously, by 1992, Clinton was insisting that Democrats "should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent".[56] During Clinton's final term as governor, Arkansas performed its first executions since 1964 (the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976).[57] As Governor, he oversaw the first four executions carried out by the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976: one by electric chair and three by lethal injection.[58] To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment, Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign in 1992, in order to affirm in person that the controversial execution of Ricky Ray Rector, would go forward as scheduled.[59][60]

1988 Democratic presidential primaries

In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race after incumbent New York governor Mario Cuomo declined to run and Democratic front-runner Gary Hart withdrew owing to revelations of multiple marital infidelities.[61] Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).[62] For the nomination, Clinton endorsed Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long[63] and poorly delivered.[64] Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991.[50][65]

Presidential campaigns

1992

In the first primary contest, the Iowa Caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senator Tom Harkin. During the campaign for the New Hampshire primary, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas in the New Hampshire polls.[12] Following Super Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on 60 Minutes to rebuff the charges.[66] Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in the New Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him "The Comeback Kid" for earning a firm second-place finish.[67]

Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of the Southern primaries on Super Tuesday gave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California governor Jerry Brown was scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.[12][65] With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.[65] Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California.[12]

 
The Clintons in a White House Christmas portrait

During the campaign, questions of conflict of interest regarding state business and the politically powerful Rose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.[68] Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents "for the price of one".[69]

Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. president, and he returned to his home state to see that Ricky Ray Rector would be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article for The New York Times as a possible political move to counter "soft on crime" accusations.[54][70]

Bush's approval ratings were around 80 percent during the Gulf War, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits, he reneged on his promise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.[65] By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.[65][71] Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. When Pat Buchanan and Pat Robertson addressed Christian themes at the Republican National Convention—with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated.[72] Clinton then pointed to his moderate, "New Democrat" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.[73] Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.[74] Clinton and his running mate, Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a "new beginning".[74]

On March 26, 1992, during a Democratic fund raiser of the presidential campaign, Robert Rafsky confronted then Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do about AIDS, to which Clinton replied, "I feel your pain."[75] The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election. On April 4, then candidate Clinton met with members of ACT UP and other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech, to have people with HIV speak to the Democratic Convention, and to sign onto the AIDS United Action five point plan.[76]

 
1992 electoral vote results. Clinton won 370–168.

Clinton won the 1992 presidential election (370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and billionaire populist Ross Perot (zero electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.[74] Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of the United States Congress,[3] the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the 96th United States Congress during the presidency of Jimmy Carter.[77][78]

According to Seymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.[79]

1996

 
1996 electoral vote results. Clinton won 379–159.

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole (40.7 percent of the popular vote) and Reform candidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of the Electoral College votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections since Franklin D. Roosevelt.[80][81]

Presidency (1993–2001)

Clinton's "third way" of moderate liberalism built up the nation's fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti-American terrorist organizations.[82]

During his presidency, Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform, have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.[83][84] His policy of fiscal conservatism helped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.[85][86] Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history.[87][88][89]

The Congressional Budget Office reported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,[90] during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.[91] Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, The U.S. treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.[92][93] Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.[94] At the end of his presidency, the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane in Chappaqua, New York, in order to satisfy a residency requirement for his wife to win election as a U.S. Senator from New York.

First term (1993–1997)

"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America."

Inaugural address, January 20, 1993.[95]

 
Clinton during the signing of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, with Yitzhak Rabin (left) and King Hussein of Jordan (right)

After his presidential transition, Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. Clinton was physically exhausted at the time, and had an inexperienced staff. His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks, as he made a series of mistakes. His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw. The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason. Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service, despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military leadership. He tried anyway, and was publicly opposed by the top generals, and forced by Congress to a compromise position of "Don't ask, don't tell" whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret.[96] He devised a $16-billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner-city programs desired by liberals, but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate.[97] His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point.[98]

Public opinion did support one liberal program, and Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,[99] and was popular with the public.[100]

Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade—Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and international family planning programs that had been imposed by Reagan and Bush.[101] Clinton said abortion should be kept "safe, legal, and rare"—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientist Samuel L. Popkin and first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning.[102] During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the abortion rate declined by 18 percent.[103]

On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close a budget deficit.[104] Two days later, in a nationally televised address to a joint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.[105] Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates.[106]

President Clinton's attorney general Janet Reno authorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of ending a 51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role.[107][108]

In August, Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15 million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses,[109] and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints.[110]

 
Clinton and Vice President Al Gore on the South Lawn, August 10, 1993

On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regarding a health care reform plan; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, the American Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographer John F. Harris said the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.[53] Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation by George J. Mitchell failed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration.[50][53]

On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law the Brady Bill, which mandated federal background checks on people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until the NICS system was implemented in 1998. He also expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers.[53]

In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopers Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock in The American Spectator. In the affair later known as "Troopergate", the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman named Paula, a reference to Paula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated "bad journalism", and that "the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives".[111]

 
Yitzhak Rabin, Clinton and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993

That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual preferences a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.[112] The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including senators John McCain (R-AZ) and Sam Nunn (D-GA). According to David Mixner, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that "the President should lift the ban ... even though [his executive order] was sure to be overridden by the Congress".[113] Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.[114] Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that President Harry S. Truman used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.[50] Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not "out of whack".[115] The policy remained controversial, and was finally repealed in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces.[116]

On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.[117] Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and one independent opposed). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president.[117]

On July 29, 1994, the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website, whitehouse.gov.[118] The site was followed with three more versions, with the final version being launched on July 21, 2000.[118] The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, "Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011—Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public."[119]

The Omnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,[120] made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, "My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons."[121] It also included a subsection of assault weapons ban for a ten-year period.[122]

After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in the mid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years.[123]

A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6, 1995 White House Conference on HIV/AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed. The President focused on his administration's accomplishments and efforts related to the epidemic, including an accelerated drug-approval process. He also condemned homophobia and discrimination against people with HIV. Clinton announced three new initiatives: creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout the federal government; convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention; and launching a new effort by the Department of Justice to ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS.[124]

 
Clinton's coat of arms, granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1995

On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman; the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other states.[125] Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said Clinton's signing DOMA "was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election". In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to "head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states", a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a "very reactionary Congress".[126] Administration spokesman Richard Socarides said, "the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected."[127] Clinton himself said DOMA was something "which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that";[128] Others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activist Evan Wolfson has called these claims "historic revisionism".[127] Despite this, it has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader's Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it, Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996.[129] In a July 2, 2011, editorial The New York Times opined, "The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments."[130] Ultimately, in United States v. Windsor, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013.[131]

Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions,[132] and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights.[133] During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employees[134] and the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce.[135] Under Clinton's leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.[136] Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sector Employment Non-Discrimination Act, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996.[137] Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by the Human Rights Campaign.[133] Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009[138] and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013.[139] He was later honored by GLAAD for his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA.[140]

"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now even my cat has its own page."

Bill Clinton's announcement of Next Generation Internet initiative, October 1996.[141]

The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by China to influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.[142][143] Despite the evidence,[142][144] the Chinese government denied all accusations.[145]

As part of a 1996 initiative to curb illegal immigration, Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,[146] the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000.[147][148]

Ken Gormley, author of The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr, reveals in his book that Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines in November 1996. During his visit to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Manila, while he was on his way to meet with a senior member of the Philippine government, Clinton was saved from danger minutes before his motorcade was scheduled to drive over a bridge charged with a timed improvised explosive device (IED).[149] According to officials, the IED was large enough to "blow up the entire presidential motorcade".[150] Details of the plot were revealed to Gormley by Lewis C. Merletti, former member of the presidential protection detail and Director of the Secret Service. Intelligence officers intercepted a radio transmission indicating there was a wedding cake under a bridge.[149] This alerted Merletti and others as Clinton's motorcade was scheduled to drive over a major bridge in downtown Manila.[150] Once more, the word "wedding" was the code name used by a terrorist group for a past assassination attempt.[150] Merletti wanted to reroute the motorcade, but the alternate route would add forty-five minutes to the drive time. Clinton was very angry, as he was already late for the meeting, but following the advice of the secret service possibly saved his life. Two other bombs had been discovered in Manila earlier in the week so the threat level that day was high.[151] Security personnel at the Manila International Airport uncovered several grenades and a timing device in a travel bag.[152] Officials also discovered a bomb near a major U.S. naval base.[152] The president was scheduled to visit both these locations later in the week. An intense investigation took place into the events in Manila and it was discovered that the group behind the bridge bomb was a Saudi terrorist group in Afghanistan known as al-Qaeda and the plot was masterminded by Osama bin Laden.[150] Until recently, this thwarted assassination attempt was never made public and remained top secret. Only top members of the U.S. intelligence community were aware of these events.[150]

Second term (1997–2001)

In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. Senators Ted Kennedy—a Democrat—and Orrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress the Adoption and Safe Families Act and two years later she succeeded in helping pass the Foster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.[153] In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of the Glass–Steagall Act that had prohibited a bank from offering a full range of investment, commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933.[154]

Investigations

In November 1993, David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.[155] A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.[156] Investigations Robert B. Fiske and Ken Starr found insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons.[157][158]

The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to FBI security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.[159] In March 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, "there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved" in seeking the files.[160]

On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused the White House travel office controversy even though the travel office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could be dismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.[161] Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.[162] The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.[163] Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave "factually false" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute.[164][165]

Impeachment and acquittal

 
Clinton's impeachment trial in 1999

After a House inquiry, Clinton was impeached on December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to a grand jury[166] and voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.[167] Clinton was only the second U.S. president (after Andrew Johnson) to be impeached.[168][169] Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and later Department of Defense) employee Monica Lewinsky.[170] After the Starr Report was submitted to the House providing what it termed "substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment",[171] the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before the mid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, the Republican leadership called a lame-duck session in December 1998.

 
Future president Donald Trump and Clinton shaking hands at Trump Tower, June 2000

While the House Judiciary Committee hearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition during Jones v. Clinton, Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.[172] The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition.

The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.[173] The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firm Williams & Connolly.[174] The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury charge[173] and 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.[175] Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty.[173]

On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court that he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in the Jones case.[176][177]

Pardons and commutations

Clinton issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.[53][178] Controversy surrounded Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.[179] Federal prosecutor Mary Jo White was appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-Republican James Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.[180] Clinton also pardoned 4 defendants in the Whitewater Scandal, Chris Wade, Susan McDougal, Stephen Smith, and Robert W. Palmer, all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.[181] Former Clinton HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros, who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton's pardons.[182]

Campaign finance controversies

In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by the Clinton Administration that 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to the Democratic Party and got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.[183][184] Some donors included Steven Spielberg, Tom Hanks, Jane Fonda, and Judy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.[184] Janet Reno was called on to investigate the matter by Trent Lott, but she refused.[185]

In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton's reelection campaign and the Democratic National Committee with the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton's defense fund.[186] This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton and Al Gore also allegedly met with the foreign donors.[187][188][189][190] A Republican investigation led by Fred Thompson found that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senators Joe Lieberman and John Glenn said that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections.[191]

Military and foreign affairs

 
Col. Paul Fletcher, USAF and Clinton speak before boarding Air Force One, November 4, 1999

Somalia

American troops had first entered Somalia during the Bush administration in response to a humanitarian crisis and civil war. Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts, the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords. In 1993, during the Battle of Mogadishu, two U.S. helicopters were shot down by rocket-propelled grenade attacks to their tail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and resulted in one being taken prisoner.[192] Television news programs depicted the supporters of warlord Mohammed Aidid desecrating the corpses of troops.[192] The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration.[192] Following a subsequent national security policy review, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground.[193][194]

Rwanda

In April 1994, genocide broke out in Rwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a "final solution to eliminate all Tutsis" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word "genocide."[195][196][197] Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.[198] Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings, saying "I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it."[199]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In 1993 and 1994, Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy against Bosnian Serbs during the Bosnian War. This strategy faced staunch opposition from the United Nations, NATO allies, and Congressional Republicans, leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach.[200] In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraft bombed Bosnian Serb targets to halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end the Bosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequent Dayton Agreement.[201]

Irish peace talks

 
Clinton shaking hands with Gerry Adams outside a business in East Belfast, November 30, 1995

In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy to Northern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government. In November 1995, in a ceasefire during the Troubles, Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland, examining both of the two divided communities of Belfast.[202] Despite unionist criticism, Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict, playing a key role in the peace talks that produced the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.[203]

 
Clinton plays the saxophone presented to him by Russian president Boris Yeltsin at a private dinner in Russia, January 13, 1994

Iran

Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration's policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East, which he laid out in the dual containment strategy. In 1994, Clinton declared that Iran was a "state sponsor of terrorism" and a "rogue state," marking the first time that an American President used that term.[204] Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran's oil industry and banned almost all trade between U.S. companies and the Iranian government. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8 million (equivalent to $227.72 million in 2021) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in the International Court of Justice after the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the U.S. Navy guided missile cruiser.[205] Following the 1997 election of reformist president Mohammad Khatami, the administration eased sanctions.

Iraq

In Clinton's 1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons.[206]

Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of "regime change" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.[207][208] The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign named Operation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that "So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors."[209] American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000.[210]

Osama bin Laden

Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government during the Clinton presidency (and continued to be until bin Laden's death in 2011).[211] Despite claims by Mansoor Ijaz and Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,[212] the 9/11 Commission Report stated that "we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim."[213]

In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Laden[214] and the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa by al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan.[citation needed]

Sudan

On August 20, 1998, Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum, Sudan. The factory was destroyed by the attack, resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other people. Clinton's justification for the attack was that the factory was manufacturing nerve gas, and that the factory had ties to Al-Qaeda.[215] After the destruction of the factory, there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan's medicine, and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine, a drug which is used to treat malaria.[216] US officials would later acknowledge that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas.[217] The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics including Christopher Hitchens,[218] Seymour Hersh,[219] Max Taylor,[220] and others.[221]

Kosovo

 
Clinton during a briefing on Kosovo, March 31, 1999.

In the midst of a brutal crackdown on ethnic Albanian separatists in the province of Kosovo by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Operation Allied Force.[222] The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop the ethnic cleansing (and what the Clinton administration labeled genocide)[223][224] of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. General Wesley Clark was Supreme Allied Commander of NATO and oversaw the mission. With United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized a peacekeeping force to be deployed to the region.[225] NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,[226] though two died in an Apache helicopter crash.[227] Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.[228][229] Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year long conflict in Kosovo had been approximately 1,800, with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide.[230][231] In a post-war inquiry, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe noted "the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24."[232] In 2001, the UN-supervised Supreme Court of Kosovo ruled that genocide (the intent to destroy a people) did not take place, but recognized "a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.[233] The term "ethnic cleansing" was used as an alternative to "genocide" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.[234] Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, was eventually brought to trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Hague on charges including crimes against humanity and war crimes for his role in the war.[235] He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial.[235][236]

China

 
Clinton and Chinese president Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House, October 29, 1997

Clinton aimed to increase trade with China, minimizing import tariffs and offering the country most favoured nation status in 1993, his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports. Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status on human rights reforms, but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas, including free emigration, treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights, and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions, among others.[237]

Relations were damaged briefly by the American bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental.[238]

On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law the United States–China Relations Act of 2000, which granted permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) trade status to China.[239] The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform.[240][241]

Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak, President Clinton and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat at Camp David, July 2000

In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests, saying that "economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways."[242]

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Clinton attempted to end the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat led to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993, called the Oslo Accords, which were signed at the White House on September 13. The agreement led to the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994 and the Wye River Memorandum in October 1998, however, this did not end the conflict. He brought Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat together at Camp David for the 2000 Camp David Summit, which lasted 14 days in July.[53] Following the failure of the peace talks, Clinton said Arafat had "missed the opportunity" to facilitate a "just and lasting peace." In his autobiography, Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the summit.[243] Following another attempt in December 2000 at Bolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered the Clinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the end of the Taba Summit and with the start of the Second Intifada.[53]

Judicial appointments

 
Ruth Bader Ginsburg accepting her nomination to the Supreme Court from President Clinton, 1993

Clinton appointed two justices to the Supreme Court: Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993[244] and Stephen Breyer in 1994.[245] Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s, leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton.[246]

Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.[247] In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women.[247]

Public opinion

 
Clinton's approval ratings throughout his presidential career (Roper Center)

Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.[248] After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.[249] According to a CBS News/New York Times poll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.[250] Clinton's average Gallup poll approval rating for his last quarter in office was 61%, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.[251] Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters.[251]

As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he "would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his "involvement in personal scandal" than for "his accomplishments"; and 58 percent answered "No" to the question "Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?"[251] The same percentage said he would be remembered as either "outstanding" or "above average" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be remembered as "below average" or "poor".[251] ABC News characterized public consensus on Clinton as, "You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job."[252]

Public opinion of Bill Clinton (Gallup)[253]

In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.[254] Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history.[255][256]

In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.[257] The same poll showed that just 3% of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II.[257]

A 2015 poll by The Washington Post asked 162 scholars of the American Political Science Association to rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent.[258]

Public image

 
Clinton addressing the British Parliament on November 29, 1995

Clinton was the first baby boomer president.[259] Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward stated that Clinton's innovative use of sound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.[260][261] When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as "the MTV president".[262] Opponents sometimes referred to him as "Slick Willie", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 by Pine Bluff Commercial journalist Paul Greenberg;[263] Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such as Winthrop Rockefeller, Dale Bumpers and David Pryor.[263] The claim "Slick Willie" would last throughout his presidency.[264] His folksy manner led him to be nicknamed Bubba, especially in the South.[265] Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as "The Big Dog" or "Big Dog".[266][267] His prominent role in campaigning for President Obama during the 2012 presidential election and his widely publicized speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nominee Mitt Romney and Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname "Explainer-in-Chief".[268][269]

Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.[270] In 1998, Nobel laureate Toni Morrison called Clinton "the first Black president", saying, "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas".[271] Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping and double standards that, she said, blacks typically endure.[271] Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community at large.[272] Clinton, a Baptist,[273] has been open about his faith.[274]

Sexual assault and misconduct allegations

 
Clinton and Monica Lewinsky on February 28, 1997

Several women have publicly accused Bill Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the #MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair.[275][276][277]

In 1994, Paula Jones initiated a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by Judge Susan Webber Wright on the grounds that it lacked legal merit.[278] Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.[279] In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas. Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing "a pack of lies" and "an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States" funded by Clinton's political enemies.[280] Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.[281] Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.[282] During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,[283] Clinton denied having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury.[284]

In 1998, Kathleen Willey alleged that Clinton had groped her in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave "false information" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.[285] On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released an affidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.[286] An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former Independent Counsel for prosecutorial misconduct.[287] Linda Tripp's grand jury testimony also differed from Willey's claims regarding inappropriate sexual advances.[288]

Also in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.[289] To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.[290] Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any "unwelcome sexual advances" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.[289] In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly.[289]

The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.[291] In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.[292] During the 2018 Congressional elections, The New York Times alleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.[291] However, former DNC interim chair Donna Brazile previously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senator Kirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal.[293]

Alleged affairs

Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singer Gennifer Flowers and Monica Lewinsky.[294] Actress Elizabeth Gracen,[295] Miss Arkansas winner Sally Perdue,[296] and Dolly Kyle Browning[297] all claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton, Bruce Lindsey, Robert S. Bennett, and Jane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed.[298]

Post-presidency (2001–present)

 
Clinton greets a Hurricane Katrina evacuee, September 5, 2005. In the background, second from the right, is then-Senator Barack Obama.

Bill Clinton has continued to be active in public life since leaving office in 2001, giving speeches, fundraising, and founding charitable organizations,[299] and has spoken in prime time at every Democratic National Convention.[300]

Activities until 2008 campaign

In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,[301][302] and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).[303] In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at the United Nations Climate Change conference in Montreal.[304]

The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.[305] Clinton released a best-selling autobiography, My Life, in 2004.[306] In 2007, he released Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became a New York Times Best Seller and garnered positive reviews.[307]

 
Former president George H. W. Bush and Clinton in the White House Library, January 2005

In the aftermath of the 2004 Asian tsunami, U.N. secretary-general Kofi Annan appointed Clinton to head a relief effort.[308] After Hurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.[309] As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in a Super Bowl XXXIX pre-game show,[310] and traveled to the affected areas.[311] They also spoke together at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin in April 2007.[312]

Based on his philanthropic worldview,[313] Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. The Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as global public health, poverty alleviation and religious and ethnic conflict.[314] In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.[315] Clinton's foundation joined with the Large Cities Climate Leadership Group in 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.[316] The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.[317] In 2008, Foundation director Inder Singh announced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.[318] Clinton also spoke in favor of California Proposition 87 on alternative energy, which was voted down.[319]

2008 presidential election

 
Clinton speaking at the 2008 Democratic National Convention

During the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.[320] Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rival Barack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.[321] Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.[322] Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.[323] Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is "ready to lead".[324] After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt.[325][326]

After the 2008 election

In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalists imprisoned there. Euna Lee and Laura Ling had been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.[327] Jimmy Carter had made a similar visit in 1994.[327] After Clinton met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon.[328][329]

Since then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.[330] Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to "build back better".[331] In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.[332] Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she and Cheryl Mills worked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have a key tenant.[331] In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration of NTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.[333][334] At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama.[335]

2016 presidential election and after

During the 2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.[336] In a series of tweets, then-President-elect Donald Trump criticized his ability to get people out to vote.[337] Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York.[338] He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mate Tim Kaine.

 

On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities.[339]

In 2020, Clinton again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris.[340][341]

Post-presidential health concerns

In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.[342] In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.[343] On February 11, 2010, he was rushed to New York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospital in Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had two coronary stents implanted in his heart.[342][344] After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctors Dean Ornish and Caldwell Esselstyn.[345] However, he has since incorporated fish and lean proteins at the suggestion of Dr. Mark Hyman, a proponent of the pseudoscientific ethos of functional medicine.[346] As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan.[347]

In October 2021, Clinton was treated for sepsis at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center.[348][349]

In December 2022, Clinton tested positive for COVID-19.[350]

Wealth

The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.[351] Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.[352] In 2016, Forbes reported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240 million in the 15 years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).[353] Also in 2016, CNN reported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153 million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.[354] In May 2015, The Hill reported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25 million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5 million or more from her book, Hard Choices, during the same time period.[355] In July 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth between $5 million and $25.5 million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17 million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.[356] Clinton earned more than $104 million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.[357] In June 2014, ABC News and The Washington Post reported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100 million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008, The New York Times reported that the Clintons' income tax returns[358] show they made $109 million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92 million from his speaking and book-writing.[352][359][360][361] His books include two novels.

Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.[354][362][363][364] Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech in Moscow.[365][366] Hillary Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially "broke" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. "We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education." She added, "Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members."[360]

Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein

In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights on Jeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.[367][368] In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as "a committed philanthropist" with "insights and generosity".[369] While Clinton was president Epstein visited the white house at least 17 times.[370][371] Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, "President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. [...] He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade."[367][372][373] However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.[374][375] In another statement Clinton said "one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein’s New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail." In July 2019 it was reported that that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed.[376]

Personal life

At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park Place Baptist Church in Hot Springs, Arkansas and remained a member of a Baptist church.[377] In 2007, he worked with Jimmy Carter in the establishment of the New Baptist Covenant organization.[378][379]

On October 11, 1975, in Fayetteville, Arkansas, he married Hillary Rodham, whom he met while studying at Yale University. They had Chelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.[380] He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children.[381]

Honors and recognition

Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, including Doctorate of Law degrees[382][383] and Doctor of Humane Letters degrees.[384] He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.[385] He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as a Rhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.[386][387] Schools have been named for Clinton,[388][389][390] and statues have been built to pay him homage.[391][392] U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,[393] Arkansas,[394] Kentucky,[395] and New York.[396] He was presented with the Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary of Defense William Cohen in 2001.[397] The Clinton Presidential Center was opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001.[398]

He has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,[399] Papua New Guinea,[400] Germany,[401] and Kosovo.[391] The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during the Kosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city of Pristina as Bill Clinton Boulevard and added a monumental Clinton statue.[402][403][404]

Clinton was selected as Time's "Man of the Year" in 1992,[405] and again in 1998, along with Ken Starr.[406] From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century.[407] In 2001, Clinton received the NAACP's President's Award.[408] He has also been honored with a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children, a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,[409] a TED Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),[410] and was named as an Honorary GLAAD Media Award recipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community.[411]

In 2011, President Michel Martelly of Haiti awarded Clinton with the National Order of Honour and Merit to the rank of Grand Cross "for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010". Clinton declared at the ceremony that "in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise".[412]

U.S. president Barack Obama awarded Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 20, 2013.[413]

Electoral history

Year Office Jurisdiction Democratic Republican Other
1974 Arkansas 3rd congressional district Arkansas Bill Clinton 48% John Paul Hammerschmidt 52%
1976 Arkansas Attorney General Arkansas Bill Clinton Unopposed
1978 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 63% Lynn Lowe 37%
1980 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 48% Frank White 52%
1982 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 55% Frank White 45%
1984 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 63% Woody Freeman 37%
1986 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 64% Frank White 36%
1990 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 57% Sheffield Nelson 42%
1992 President of the United States United States of America Bill Clinton 43% George H. W. Bush 37% Ross Perot (I) 19%
1996 President of the United States United States of America Bill Clinton 49% Bob Dole 41% Ross Perot (Reform) 8%

Authored books

  • Putting People First: How We Can All Change America. New York: Three Rivers Press. September 12, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8129-2193-9.
  • Between Hope and History. New York: Times Books. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8129-2913-3.
  • My Life (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4000-3003-3.
  • Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 2007. ISBN 978-0-307-26674-3.
  • Back to Work (book) (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 2011. ISBN 978-0-307-95975-1.
  • The President Is Missing (1st ed.). Knopf. 2018. ISBN 978-0-316-41269-8.
  • The President's Daughter (1st ed.). Knopf. 2021. ISBN 978-0-316-54071-1.

Recordings

Bill Clinton is one of the narrators on Wolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf, a 2003 recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf performed by the Russian National Orchestra, on Pentatone, together with Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren.[414] This garnered Clinton the 2003 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children.[415][416]

The audiobook edition of his autobiography, My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album[415] as well as the Audie Award as the Audiobook of the Year.[417]

Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks: Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World in 2007 and Back to Work in 2012.[415]

See also

References

Citations

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bill, clinton, william, clinton, redirects, here, other, uses, william, clinton, disambiguation, william, jefferson, clinton, blythe, born, august, 1946, american, retired, politician, served, 42nd, president, united, states, from, 1993, 2001, previously, serv. William Clinton redirects here For other uses see William Clinton disambiguation William Jefferson Clinton ne Blythe III born August 19 1946 is an American retired politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992 and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979 A member of the Democratic Party Clinton became known as a New Democrat as many of his policies reflected a centrist Third Way political philosophy He is the husband of Hillary Clinton who was a U S senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election Bill ClintonOfficial portrait 199342nd President of the United StatesIn office January 20 1993 January 20 2001Vice PresidentAl GorePreceded byGeorge H W BushSucceeded byGeorge W Bush40th and 42nd Governor of ArkansasIn office January 11 1983 December 12 1992LieutenantWinston BryantJim Guy TuckerPreceded byFrank D WhiteSucceeded byJim Guy TuckerIn office January 9 1979 January 19 1981LieutenantJoe PurcellPreceded byJoe Purcell acting Succeeded byFrank D WhiteChair of the National Governors AssociationIn office August 26 1986 July 28 1987Preceded byLamar AlexanderSucceeded byJohn H SununuVice Chair of the National Governors AssociationIn office August 6 1985 August 26 1986Preceded byLamar AlexanderSucceeded byJohn H Sununu50th Attorney General of ArkansasIn office January 3 1977 January 9 1979GovernorDavid PryorJoe Purcell acting Preceded byJim Guy TuckerSucceeded bySteve ClarkPersonal detailsBornWilliam Jefferson Blythe III 1946 08 19 August 19 1946 age 76 Hope Arkansas U S Political partyDemocraticSpouseHillary Rodham m 1975 wbr ChildrenChelsea ClintonParentsWilliam Jefferson Blythe Jr Virginia CassidyRelativesClinton familyResidencesChappaqua New York U S Washington D C U S EducationGeorgetown University BS University College Oxford no degree Yale University JD OccupationPoliticianlawyerprofessorauthorAwardsList of honors and awardsSignatureClinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University He received a Rhodes Scholarship to study at University College Oxford and later graduated from Yale Law School He met Hillary Rodham at Yale they married in 1975 After graduating from law school Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general followed by two non consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor As governor he overhauled the state s education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association Clinton was elected president in the 1992 presidential election defeating incumbent Republican president George H W Bush and independent businessman Ross Perot At 46 years old he became the third youngest president of the United States and the first president to be born in the Baby Boomer generation Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history He signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act but failed to pass his plan for national health care reform The Republican Party won unified control of Congress for the first time in 40 years in the 1994 elections but Clinton was still comfortably re elected in 1996 becoming the first Democrat since Franklin D Roosevelt to win a second full term Starting in the mid 1990s he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy advocating for and signing the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act the State Children s Health Insurance Program and financial deregulation measures He appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer to the U S Supreme Court During the last three years of Clinton s presidency the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus the first such surplus since 1969 In foreign policy Clinton ordered U S military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars eventually signing the Dayton Peace agreement He also called for the expansion of NATO in Eastern Europe and many former Warsaw Pact members joined NATO during his presidency Clinton s foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign the Iraq Liberation Act which gave aid to groups against Saddam Hussein He also participated in the Oslo I Accord and Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli Palestinian peace process and assisted the Northern Ireland peace process Clinton s second term was dominated by the Monica Lewinsky scandal which began in 1996 when he had a sexual relationship with 22 year old Monica Lewinsky an intern at the White House In January 1998 news of the affair made tabloid headlines 1 This scandal escalated throughout the year culminating on December 19 when Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives becoming the second U S president the first since Andrew Johnson to be impeached The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered around him using the powers of the presidency to obstruct the investigation and lying under oath In 1999 Clinton s impeachment trial began in the Senate He was acquitted on both charges as the Senate failed to cast 67 votes against him which was necessary to meet the two thirds conviction threshold prescribed by Article I section 3 clause 6 of the U S Constitution Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint highest approval rating of any U S president in the modern era alongside Franklin D Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan His presidency has been ranked among the upper tier in historical rankings of U S presidents However his personal conduct and allegations of sexual assault have made him the subject of substantial scrutiny Since leaving office Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work He created the Clinton Foundation to address international causes such as the prevention of HIV AIDS and global warming In 2009 he was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti After the 2010 Haiti earthquake Clinton and George W Bush formed the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund He has remained active in Democratic Party politics campaigning for his wife s 2008 and 2016 presidential campaigns Contents 1 Early life and career 2 College and law school years 2 1 Georgetown University 2 2 Oxford 2 3 Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy 2 4 Law school 3 Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas 4 Governor of Arkansas 1979 1981 1983 1992 4 1 1988 Democratic presidential primaries 5 Presidential campaigns 5 1 1992 5 2 1996 6 Presidency 1993 2001 6 1 First term 1993 1997 6 2 Second term 1997 2001 6 2 1 Investigations 6 2 2 Impeachment and acquittal 6 2 3 Pardons and commutations 6 2 4 Campaign finance controversies 6 3 Military and foreign affairs 6 3 1 Somalia 6 3 2 Rwanda 6 3 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 3 4 Irish peace talks 6 3 5 Iran 6 3 6 Iraq 6 3 7 Osama bin Laden 6 3 8 Sudan 6 3 9 Kosovo 6 3 10 China 6 3 11 Israeli Palestinian conflict 6 4 Judicial appointments 7 Public opinion 8 Public image 9 Sexual assault and misconduct allegations 9 1 Alleged affairs 10 Post presidency 2001 present 10 1 Activities until 2008 campaign 10 2 2008 presidential election 10 3 After the 2008 election 10 4 2016 presidential election and after 10 5 Post presidential health concerns 10 6 Wealth 10 7 Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein 11 Personal life 12 Honors and recognition 13 Electoral history 14 Authored books 15 Recordings 16 See also 17 References 17 1 Citations 18 Further reading 18 1 Primary sources 18 2 Popular books 18 3 Scholarly studies 19 External links 19 1 Official 19 2 Interviews speeches and statements 19 3 Media coverage 19 4 OtherEarly life and career Clinton s birthplace home in Hope Arkansas Clinton in Hot Springs High School s 1963 yearbook Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19 1946 at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope Arkansas 2 He is the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth and Virginia Dell Cassidy later Virginia Kelley 3 His parents had married on September 4 1943 but this union later proved to be bigamous as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife 4 Virginia traveled to New Orleans to study nursing soon after Bill was born leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy who owned and ran a small grocery store 5 At a time when the southern United States was racially segregated Clinton s grandparents sold goods on credit to people of all races 5 6 7 8 9 In 1950 Bill s mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr who co owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs Arkansas with his brother and Earl T Ricks 5 The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950 10 Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather s surname it was not until Clinton turned 15 11 that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him 5 Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half brother Roger Clinton Jr He threatened his stepfather with violence multiple times to protect them 12 In Hot Springs Clinton attended St John s Catholic Elementary School Ramble Elementary School and whites only Hot Springs High School where he was an active student leader avid reader and musician 5 Clinton was in the chorus and played the tenor saxophone winning first chair in the state band s saxophone section In 1961 Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of the Order of DeMolay a youth group affiliated with Freemasonry but he never became a Freemason 13 He briefly considered dedicating his life to music but as he noted in his autobiography My Life Sometime in my sixteenth year I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official I loved music and thought I could be very good but I knew I would never be John Coltrane or Stan Getz I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor but I knew I would never be Michael DeBakey But I knew I could be great in public service 5 Photo of Clinton at age 17 shaking hands with President John F Kennedy at the White House in 1963 Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancient Roman senator Catiline in a mock trial in his Latin class 14 After a vigorous defense that made use of his budding rhetorical and political skills he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it made him realize that someday he would study law 15 Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life both occurring in 1963 that contributed to his decision to become a public figure One was his visit as a Boys Nation senator to the White House to meet President John F Kennedy 12 The other was watching Martin Luther King Jr s 1963 I Have a Dream speech on TV which impressed him so much that he later memorized it 16 College and law school yearsGeorgetown University Clinton ran for president of the Student Council while attending the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University With the aid of scholarships Clinton attended the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington D C receiving a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degree in 1968 Georgetown was the only school where Clinton applied 17 In 1964 and 1965 Clinton won elections for class president 18 From 1964 to 1967 he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas Senator J William Fulbright 5 While in college he became a brother of service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega 19 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa He is a member of Kappa Kappa Psi honorary band fraternity 20 Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968 Clinton won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College Oxford where he initially read for a B Phil in philosophy politics and economics but transferred to a B Litt in politics and ultimately a B Phil in politics 21 Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort He had received an offer to study at Yale Law School Yale University and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford 12 22 23 During his time at Oxford Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller In 1969 Aller received a draft letter that mandated deployment to the Vietnam War Aller s 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton 21 24 British writer and feminist Sara Maitland said of Clinton I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War I knew nothing about it and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry Bill said that feeling bad wasn t good enough That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren t enough and you had to do something about such things 21 Clinton was a member of the Oxford University Basketball Club and also played for Oxford University s rugby union team 25 While Clinton was president in 1994 he received an honorary degree and a fellowship from the University of Oxford specifically for being a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace having a powerful collaborator in his wife and for winning general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget 22 26 Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy During the Vietnam War Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969 27 While at Oxford he participated in Vietnam War protests and organized a Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam event in October 1969 5 He was planning to attend law school in the U S and knew he might lose his deferment Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in the National Guard and the Air Force officer candidate school and he then made arrangements to join the Reserve Officers Training Corps ROTC program at the University of Arkansas 28 29 He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC National Guard or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam He further stated that because he opposed the war he would not volunteer to serve in uniform but would subject himself to the draft and would serve if selected only as a way to maintain my political viability within the system 30 Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number 311 meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers 1 to 310 would be drafted before him making it unlikely he would be called up In fact the highest number drafted was 195 31 Colonel Eugene Holmes the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton s ROTC application suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform He issued a notarized statement during the 1992 presidential campaign I was informed by the draft board that it was of interest to Senator Fulbright s office that Bill Clinton a Rhodes Scholar should be admitted to the ROTC program I believe that he purposely deceived me using the possibility of joining the ROTC as a ploy to work with the draft board to delay his induction and get a new draft classification 32 During the 1992 campaign it was revealed that Clinton s uncle had attempted to secure him a position in the Navy Reserve which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then 33 Although legal Clinton s actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright s influence to avoid military service 34 35 Clinton s 1992 campaign manager James Carville successfully argued that Clinton s letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public insisting that voters many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War would understand and appreciate his position 36 Law school After Oxford Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned a Juris Doctor J D degree in 1973 12 In 1971 he met his future wife Hillary Rodham in the Yale Law Library she was a class year ahead of him 37 They began dating and were soon inseparable After only about a month Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for the George McGovern campaign for the 1972 United States presidential election in order to move in with her in California 38 The couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school 39 Clinton eventually moved to Texas with Rodham in 1972 to take a job leading McGovern s effort there He spent considerable time in Dallas at the campaign s local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue where he had an office Clinton worked with future two term mayor of Dallas Ron Kirk 40 future governor of Texas Ann Richards 41 and then unknown television director and filmmaker Steven Spielberg 42 Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of ArkansasFurther information Electoral history of Bill Clinton After graduating from Yale Law School Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a law professor at the University of Arkansas In 1974 he ran for the House of Representatives Running in the conservative 3rd district against incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt Clinton s campaign was bolstered by the anti Republican and anti incumbent mood resulting from the Watergate scandal Hammerschmidt who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972 defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin In 1976 Clinton ran for Arkansas attorney general Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election as no Republican had run for the office 43 12 Governor of Arkansas 1979 1981 1983 1992 Main article Governorships of Bill Clinton Newly elected Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton meets with President Jimmy Carter 1978 In 1978 Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary At just 31 years old he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state s history Clinton was elected governor of Arkansas in 1978 having defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe a farmer from Texarkana Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas 44 Due to his youthful appearance Clinton was often called the Boy Governor 45 46 47 He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas s roads with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform However his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens anger over the escape of Cuban refugees from the Mariel boatlift detained in Fort Chaffee in 1980 Monroe Schwarzlose of Kingsland in Cleveland County polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980 Some suggested Schwarzlose s unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton s defeat by Republican challenger Frank D White in the general election that year As Clinton once joked he was the youngest ex governor in the nation s history 12 Clinton joined friend Bruce Lindsey s Little Rock law firm of Wright Lindsey and Jennings 48 In 1982 he was elected governor a second time and kept the office for ten years Effective with the 1986 election Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years During his term he helped transform Arkansas s economy and improved the state s educational system 49 For senior citizens he removed the sales tax from medications and increased the home property tax exemption 50 He became a leading figure among the New Democrats a group of Democrats who advocated welfare reform smaller government and other policies not supported by liberals Formally organized as the Democratic Leadership Council DLC the New Democrats argued that in light of President Ronald Reagan s landslide victory in 1984 the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level 50 51 Clinton delivered the Democratic response to Reagan s 1985 State of the Union Address and served as chair of the National Governors Association from 1986 to 1987 bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas 12 Governor and Mrs Clinton attend the Dinner Honoring the Nation s Governors in the White House with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan 1987 In the early 1980s Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton s wife Hillary who was also an attorney as well as the chair of the Legal Services Corporation The committee transformed Arkansas s education system Proposed reforms included more spending for schools supported by a sales tax increase better opportunities for gifted children vocational education higher teachers salaries more course variety and compulsory teacher competency exams The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a special legislative session the longest in Arkansas history 49 Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship 12 50 He defeated four Republican candidates for governor Lowe 1978 White 1982 and 1986 Jonesboro businessmen Woody Freeman 1984 and Sheffield Nelson of Little Rock 1990 43 Also in the 1980s the Clintons personal and business affairs included transactions that became the basis of the Whitewater controversy investigation which later dogged his presidential administration 52 After extensive investigation over several years no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas 12 53 According to some sources Clinton was a death penalty opponent in his early years but he eventually switched positions 54 55 However he might have felt previously by 1992 Clinton was insisting that Democrats should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent 56 During Clinton s final term as governor Arkansas performed its first executions since 1964 the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976 57 As Governor he oversaw the first four executions carried out by the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976 one by electric chair and three by lethal injection 58 To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid campaign in 1992 in order to affirm in person that the controversial execution of Ricky Ray Rector would go forward as scheduled 59 60 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987 the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race after incumbent New York governor Mario Cuomo declined to run and Democratic front runner Gary Hart withdrew owing to revelations of multiple marital infidelities 61 Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor initially favored but ultimately vetoed by the First Lady 62 For the nomination Clinton endorsed Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention but his speech which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be was criticized for being too long 63 and poorly delivered 64 Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party and he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991 50 65 Presidential campaigns1992 Main articles Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1992 United States presidential election In the first primary contest the Iowa Caucus Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senator Tom Harkin During the campaign for the New Hampshire primary reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas in the New Hampshire polls 12 Following Super Bowl XXVI Clinton and his wife Hillary went on 60 Minutes to rebuff the charges 66 Their television appearance was a calculated risk but Clinton regained several delegates He finished second to Tsongas in the New Hampshire primary but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning the media viewed it as a victory News outlets labeled him The Comeback Kid for earning a firm second place finish 67 Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of the Southern primaries on Super Tuesday gave Clinton a sizable delegate lead However former California governor Jerry Brown was scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South 12 65 With no major Southern state remaining Clinton targeted New York which had many delegates He scored a resounding victory in New York City shedding his image as a regional candidate 65 Having been transformed into the consensus candidate he secured the Democratic Party nomination finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown s home state of California 12 The Clintons in a White House Christmas portrait During the campaign questions of conflict of interest regarding state business and the politically powerful Rose Law Firm at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner arose Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary s firm pay 68 Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that with Hillary voters would be getting two presidents for the price of one 69 Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U S president and he returned to his home state to see that Ricky Ray Rector would be executed After killing a police officer and a civilian Rector shot himself in the head leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death According to both Arkansas state law and federal law a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution Clinton s return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article for The New York Times as a possible political move to counter soft on crime accusations 54 70 Bush s approval ratings were around 80 percent during the Gulf War and he was described as unbeatable When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits he reneged on his promise not to raise taxes which hurt his approval rating Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep 65 By election time the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent 65 71 Finally conservatives were previously united by anti communism but with the end of the Cold War the party lacked a uniting issue When Pat Buchanan and Pat Robertson addressed Christian themes at the Republican National Convention with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform many moderates were alienated 72 Clinton then pointed to his moderate New Democrat record as governor of Arkansas though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious 73 Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton 74 Clinton and his running mate Al Gore toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign shoring up support and pledging a new beginning 74 On March 26 1992 during a Democratic fund raiser of the presidential campaign Robert Rafsky confronted then Gov Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do about AIDS to which Clinton replied I feel your pain 75 The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election On April 4 then candidate Clinton met with members of ACT UP and other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech to have people with HIV speak to the Democratic Convention and to sign onto the AIDS United Action five point plan 76 1992 electoral vote results Clinton won 370 168 Clinton won the 1992 presidential election 370 electoral votes against Republican incumbent George H W Bush 168 electoral votes and billionaire populist Ross Perot zero electoral votes who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues Bush s steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton s success 74 Clinton s victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty four years The election gave Democrats full control of the United States Congress 3 the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the 96th United States Congress during the presidency of Jimmy Carter 77 78 According to Seymour Martin Lipset the 1992 election had several unique characteristics Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were which harmed Bush A rare event was the presence of a strong third party candidate Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House The chief factor was Clinton s uniting his party and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups 79 1996 Main articles Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign 1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1996 United States presidential election 1996 electoral vote results Clinton won 379 159 In the 1996 presidential election Clinton was re elected receiving 49 2 percent of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole 40 7 percent of the popular vote and Reform candidate Ross Perot 8 4 percent of the popular vote Clinton received 379 of the Electoral College votes with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes With his victory he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections since Franklin D Roosevelt 80 81 Presidency 1993 2001 Main article Presidency of Bill Clinton For a chronological guide see Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency Clinton s third way of moderate liberalism built up the nation s fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti American terrorist organizations 82 During his presidency Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch His policies particularly the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance 83 84 His policy of fiscal conservatism helped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters 85 86 Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history 87 88 89 The Congressional Budget Office reported budget surpluses of 69 billion in 1998 126 billion in 1999 and 236 billion in 2000 90 during the last three years of Clinton s presidency 91 Over the years of the recorded surplus the gross national debt rose each year At the end of the fiscal year September 30 for each of the years a surplus was recorded The U S treasury reported a gross debt of 5 413 trillion in 1997 5 526 trillion in 1998 5 656 trillion in 1999 and 5 674 trillion in 2000 92 93 Over the same period the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year December 31 gross debt of 5 369 trillion in 1997 5 478 trillion in 1998 5 606 in 1999 and 5 629 trillion in 2000 94 At the end of his presidency the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane in Chappaqua New York in order to satisfy a residency requirement for his wife to win election as a U S Senator from New York First term 1993 1997 First inauguration of Bill Clinton January 20 1993 source source source source source source track Video of the First inauguration of Bill ClintonFirst inauguration of Bill Clinton January 20 1993 source source track track audio only version Problems playing these files See media help Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America Inaugural address January 20 1993 95 Clinton during the signing of the Israel Jordan peace treaty with Yitzhak Rabin left and King Hussein of Jordan right After his presidential transition Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd president of the United States on January 20 1993 Clinton was physically exhausted at the time and had an inexperienced staff His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks as he made a series of mistakes His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military leadership He tried anyway and was publicly opposed by the top generals and forced by Congress to a compromise position of Don t ask don t tell whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret 96 He devised a 16 billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner city programs desired by liberals but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate 97 His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point 98 Public opinion did support one liberal program and Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition This action had bipartisan support 99 and was popular with the public 100 Two days after taking office on January 22 1993 the 20th anniversary of the U S Supreme Court decision in Roe v Wade Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and international family planning programs that had been imposed by Reagan and Bush 101 Clinton said abortion should be kept safe legal and rare a slogan that had been suggested by political scientist Samuel L Popkin and first used by Clinton in December 1991 while campaigning 102 During the eight years of the Clinton administration the abortion rate declined by 18 percent 103 On February 15 1993 Clinton made his first address to the nation announcing his plan to raise taxes to close a budget deficit 104 Two days later in a nationally televised address to a joint session of Congress Clinton unveiled his economic plan The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class which had been high on his campaign agenda 105 Clinton s advisers pressured him to raise taxes based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates 106 President Clinton s attorney general Janet Reno authorized the FBI s use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco Texas in hopes of ending a 51 day siege During the operation on April 19 1993 the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died including 24 children The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration Clinton had played no role 107 108 In August Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 which passed Congress without a Republican vote It cut taxes for 15 million low income families made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses 109 and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1 2 percent of taxpayers Additionally it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints 110 Clinton and Vice President Al Gore on the South Lawn August 10 1993 On September 22 1993 Clinton made a major speech to Congress regarding a health care reform plan the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton s legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton The plan was well received in political circles but it was eventually doomed by well organized lobby opposition from conservatives the American Medical Association and the health insurance industry However Clinton biographer John F Harris said the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House 53 Despite the Democratic majority in Congress the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation by George J Mitchell failed to gain a majority of support in August 1994 The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration 50 53 On November 30 1993 Clinton signed into law the Brady Bill which mandated federal background checks on people who purchase firearms in the United States The law also imposed a five day waiting period on purchases until the NICS system was implemented in 1998 He also expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit a subsidy for low income workers 53 In December of the same year allegations by Arkansas state troopers Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock in The American Spectator In the affair later known as Troopergate the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas The story mentioned a woman named Paula a reference to Paula Jones Brock later apologized to Clinton saying the article was politically motivated bad journalism and that the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives 111 Yitzhak Rabin Clinton and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 1993 That month Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as Don t Ask Don t Tell which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual preferences a secret The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual s sexual orientation 112 The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton s proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats including senators John McCain R AZ and Sam Nunn D GA According to David Mixner Clinton s support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore who felt that the President should lift the ban even though his executive order was sure to be overridden by the Congress 113 Some gay rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions 114 Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order noting that President Harry S Truman used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces Clinton s defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future 50 Later in his presidency in 1999 Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not out of whack 115 The policy remained controversial and was finally repealed in 2011 removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces 116 Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA December 8 1993 source source source source source source Clinton s December 8 1993 remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade AgreementRemarks on the Signing of NAFTA December 8 1993 source source audio only version Problems playing these files See media help On January 1 1994 Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law 117 Throughout his first year in office Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U S Senate Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures there remained however strong disagreement within the party Opposition came chiefly from anti trade Republicans protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor 156 Democrats 43 Republicans and one independent opposed The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president 117 On July 29 1994 the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website whitehouse gov 118 The site was followed with three more versions with the final version being launched on July 21 2000 118 The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web based communication According to Robert Longley Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies the U S court system and the U S military onto the Internet thus opening up America s government to more of America s citizens than ever before On July 17 1996 Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 Federal Information Technology ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public 119 The Omnibus Crime Bill which Clinton signed into law in September 1994 120 made many changes to U S crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death such as running a large scale drug enterprise During Clinton s re election campaign he said My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins murderers of federal law enforcement officers and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons 121 It also included a subsection of assault weapons ban for a ten year period 122 After two years of Democratic Party control the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in the mid term elections in 1994 for the first time in forty years 123 A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6 1995 White House Conference on HIV AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed The President focused on his administration s accomplishments and efforts related to the epidemic including an accelerated drug approval process He also condemned homophobia and discrimination against people with HIV Clinton announced three new initiatives creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout the federal government convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention and launching a new effort by the Department of Justice to ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS 124 Clinton s coat of arms granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1995 On September 21 1996 Clinton signed into law the Defense of Marriage Act DOMA which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other states 125 Paul Yandura speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office said Clinton s signing DOMA was a political decision that they made at the time of a re election In defense of his actions Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a very reactionary Congress 126 Administration spokesman Richard Socarides said the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse and it was time to move on and get the president re elected 127 Clinton himself said DOMA was something which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up I think it s obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that 128 Others were more critical The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activist Evan Wolfson has called these claims historic revisionism 127 Despite this it has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader s Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996 129 In a July 2 2011 editorial The New York Times opined The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election year wedge issue signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments 130 Ultimately in United States v Windsor the U S Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013 131 Despite DOMA Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions 132 and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights 133 During his presidency Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employees 134 and the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce 135 Under Clinton s leadership federal funding for HIV AIDS research prevention and treatment more than doubled 136 Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sector Employment Non Discrimination Act which buoyed by his lobbying failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996 137 Advocacy for these issues paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time led to enthusiastic support for Clinton s election and reelection by the Human Rights Campaign 133 Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009 138 and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013 139 He was later honored by GLAAD for his prior pro gay stances and his reversal on DOMA 140 When I took office only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web Now even my cat has its own page Bill Clinton s announcement of Next Generation Internet initiative October 1996 141 The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by China to influence the domestic policies of the United States before and during the Clinton administration and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself 142 143 Despite the evidence 142 144 the Chinese government denied all accusations 145 As part of a 1996 initiative to curb illegal immigration Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act IIRIRA on September 30 1996 Appointed by Clinton 146 the U S Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800 000 people a year to about 550 000 147 148 Ken Gormley author of The Death of American Virtue Clinton vs Starr reveals in his book that Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines in November 1996 During his visit to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC forum in Manila while he was on his way to meet with a senior member of the Philippine government Clinton was saved from danger minutes before his motorcade was scheduled to drive over a bridge charged with a timed improvised explosive device IED 149 According to officials the IED was large enough to blow up the entire presidential motorcade 150 Details of the plot were revealed to Gormley by Lewis C Merletti former member of the presidential protection detail and Director of the Secret Service Intelligence officers intercepted a radio transmission indicating there was a wedding cake under a bridge 149 This alerted Merletti and others as Clinton s motorcade was scheduled to drive over a major bridge in downtown Manila 150 Once more the word wedding was the code name used by a terrorist group for a past assassination attempt 150 Merletti wanted to reroute the motorcade but the alternate route would add forty five minutes to the drive time Clinton was very angry as he was already late for the meeting but following the advice of the secret service possibly saved his life Two other bombs had been discovered in Manila earlier in the week so the threat level that day was high 151 Security personnel at the Manila International Airport uncovered several grenades and a timing device in a travel bag 152 Officials also discovered a bomb near a major U S naval base 152 The president was scheduled to visit both these locations later in the week An intense investigation took place into the events in Manila and it was discovered that the group behind the bridge bomb was a Saudi terrorist group in Afghanistan known as al Qaeda and the plot was masterminded by Osama bin Laden 150 Until recently this thwarted assassination attempt was never made public and remained top secret Only top members of the U S intelligence community were aware of these events 150 Second term 1997 2001 In the January 1997 State of the Union address Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children Senators Ted Kennedy a Democrat and Orrin Hatch a Republican teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997 and succeeded in passing legislation forming the State Children s Health Insurance Program SCHIP the largest successful health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency That year Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress the Adoption and Safe Families Act and two years later she succeeded in helping pass the Foster Care Independence Act Bill Clinton negotiated the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 by the Republican Congress In October 1997 he announced he was getting hearing aids due to hearing loss attributed to his age and his time spent as a musician in his youth 153 In 1999 he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as the Gramm Leach Bliley Act which repealed the part of the Glass Steagall Act that had prohibited a bank from offering a full range of investment commercial banking and insurance services since its enactment in 1933 154 Investigations In November 1993 David Hale the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy alleged that while governor of Arkansas Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal 300 000 loan to Susan McDougal the Clintons partner in the Whitewater land deal 155 A U S Securities and Exchange Commission investigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project but the Clintons themselves were never charged and Clinton maintains his and his wife s innocence in the affair 156 Investigations Robert B Fiske and Ken Starr found insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons 157 158 The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to FBI security clearance documents Craig Livingstone head of the White House Office of Personnel Security improperly requested and received from the FBI background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals many of these were employees of former Republican administrations 159 In March 2000 Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined there was no credible evidence of any crime Ray s report further stated there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved in seeking the files 160 On May 19 1993 Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office This caused the White House travel office controversy even though the travel office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could be dismissed without cause The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation 161 Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted 162 The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair 163 Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave factually false testimony to the GAO congress and the independent counsel However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute 164 165 Impeachment and acquittal Main articles Impeachment of Bill Clinton and Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton Clinton s impeachment trial in 1999 After a House inquiry Clinton was impeached on December 19 1998 by the House of Representatives The House voted 228 206 to impeach him for perjury to a grand jury 166 and voted 221 212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice 167 Clinton was only the second U S president after Andrew Johnson to be impeached 168 169 Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22 year old White House and later Department of Defense employee Monica Lewinsky 170 After the Starr Report was submitted to the House providing what it termed substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment 171 the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before the mid term elections To hold impeachment proceedings the Republican leadership called a lame duck session in December 1998 Future president Donald Trump and Clinton shaking hands at Trump Tower June 2000 While the House Judiciary Committee hearings ended in a straight party line vote there was lively debate on the House floor The two charges passed in the House largely with Republican support but with a handful of Democratic votes as well were for perjury and obstruction of justice The perjury charge arose from Clinton s testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition during Jones v Clinton Paula Jones s sexual harassment lawsuit 172 The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges 173 The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term so the trial was held over until the next Congress Clinton was represented by Washington law firm Williams amp Connolly 174 The Senate finished a twenty one day trial on February 12 1999 with the vote of 55 not guilty 45 guilty on the perjury charge 173 and 50 not guilty 50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge 175 Both votes fell short of the constitutional two thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder The final vote was generally along party lines with no Democrats voting guilty and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty 173 On January 19 2001 Clinton s law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court that he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in the Jones case 176 177 Pardons and commutations Clinton issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20 2001 53 178 Controversy surrounded Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton s brother Hugh Rodham accepted payments in return for influencing the president s decision making regarding the pardons 179 Federal prosecutor Mary Jo White was appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich She was later replaced by then Republican James Comey The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton s part 180 Clinton also pardoned 4 defendants in the Whitewater Scandal Chris Wade Susan McDougal Stephen Smith and Robert W Palmer all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas 181 Former Clinton HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI was also among Clinton s pardons 182 Campaign finance controversies Further information Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy and 1996 United States campaign finance controversy In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by the Clinton Administration that 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to the Democratic Party and got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations 183 184 Some donors included Steven Spielberg Tom Hanks Jane Fonda and Judy Collins Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions 184 Janet Reno was called on to investigate the matter by Trent Lott but she refused 185 In 1996 it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton s reelection campaign and the Democratic National Committee with the backing of the People s Republic of China Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton s defense fund 186 This violated United States law forbidding non American citizens from making campaign contributions Clinton and Al Gore also allegedly met with the foreign donors 187 188 189 190 A Republican investigation led by Fred Thompson found that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government However Democratic senators Joe Lieberman and John Glenn said that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections 191 Military and foreign affairs Further information Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration Col Paul Fletcher USAF and Clinton speak before boarding Air Force One November 4 1999 Somalia American troops had first entered Somalia during the Bush administration in response to a humanitarian crisis and civil war Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords In 1993 during the Battle of Mogadishu two U S helicopters were shot down by rocket propelled grenade attacks to their tail rotors trapping soldiers behind enemy lines This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers wounded 73 others and resulted in one being taken prisoner 192 Television news programs depicted the supporters of warlord Mohammed Aidid desecrating the corpses of troops 192 The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration 192 Following a subsequent national security policy review U S forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground 193 194 Rwanda In April 1994 genocide broke out in Rwanda Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a final solution to eliminate all Tutsis was underway long before the administration publicly used the word genocide 195 196 197 Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year Clinton chose not to intervene 198 Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings saying I don t think we could have ended the violence but I think we could have cut it down And I regret it 199 Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1993 and 1994 Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy against Bosnian Serbs during the Bosnian War This strategy faced staunch opposition from the United Nations NATO allies and Congressional Republicans leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach 200 In 1995 U S and NATO aircraft bombed Bosnian Serb targets to halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end the Bosnian war Clinton deployed U S peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995 to uphold the subsequent Dayton Agreement 201 Irish peace talks Clinton shaking hands with Gerry Adams outside a business in East Belfast November 30 1995 In 1992 before his presidency Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy to Northern Ireland but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government In November 1995 in a ceasefire during the Troubles Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland examining both of the two divided communities of Belfast 202 Despite unionist criticism Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict playing a key role in the peace talks that produced the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 203 Clinton plays the saxophone presented to him by Russian president Boris Yeltsin at a private dinner in Russia January 13 1994 Iran Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration s policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East which he laid out in the dual containment strategy In 1994 Clinton declared that Iran was a state sponsor of terrorism and a rogue state marking the first time that an American President used that term 204 Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran s oil industry and banned almost all trade between U S companies and the Iranian government In February 1996 the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US 131 8 million equivalent to 227 72 million in 2021 in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U S in the International Court of Justice after the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the U S Navy guided missile cruiser 205 Following the 1997 election of reformist president Mohammad Khatami the administration eased sanctions Iraq In Clinton s 1998 State of the Union Address he warned Congress that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was building an arsenal of chemical biological and nuclear weapons 206 Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 on October 31 1998 which instituted a policy of regime change against Iraq though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces 207 208 The administration then launched a four day bombing campaign named Operation Desert Fox lasting from December 16 to 19 1998 At the end of this operation Clinton announced that So long as Saddam remains in power he will remain a threat to his people his region and the world With our allies we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors 209 American and British aircraft in the Iraq no fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000 210 Osama bin Laden Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U S government during the Clinton presidency and continued to be until bin Laden s death in 2011 211 Despite claims by Mansoor Ijaz and Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden and that U S authorities rejected each offer 212 the 9 11 Commission Report stated that we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim 213 In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Laden 214 and the 1998 bombings of U S embassies in East Africa by al Qaeda which killed 224 people including 12 Americans Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden all of which were unsuccessful In August 1998 Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan targeting the Al Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons and bin Laden s terrorist training camps in Afghanistan citation needed Sudan On August 20 1998 Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on Al Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum Sudan The factory was destroyed by the attack resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other people Clinton s justification for the attack was that the factory was manufacturing nerve gas and that the factory had ties to Al Qaeda 215 After the destruction of the factory there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan s medicine and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine a drug which is used to treat malaria 216 US officials would later acknowledge that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas 217 The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics including Christopher Hitchens 218 Seymour Hersh 219 Max Taylor 220 and others 221 Kosovo Clinton during a briefing on Kosovo March 31 1999 In the midst of a brutal crackdown on ethnic Albanian separatists in the province of Kosovo by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Clinton authorized the use of U S Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999 named Operation Allied Force 222 The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop the ethnic cleansing and what the Clinton administration labeled genocide 223 224 of Albanians by Yugoslav anti guerilla military units General Wesley Clark was Supreme Allied Commander of NATO and oversaw the mission With United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 the bombing campaign ended on June 10 1999 The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized a peacekeeping force to be deployed to the region 225 NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat 226 though two died in an Apache helicopter crash 227 Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated 228 229 Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24 1999 estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year long conflict in Kosovo had been approximately 1 800 with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide 230 231 In a post war inquiry the Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe noted the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings killings rape kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24 232 In 2001 the UN supervised Supreme Court of Kosovo ruled that genocide the intent to destroy a people did not take place but recognized a systematic campaign of terror including murders rapes arsons and severe maltreatments with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population 233 The term ethnic cleansing was used as an alternative to genocide to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement though critics charge there is little difference 234 Slobodan Milosevic the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities was eventually brought to trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Hague on charges including crimes against humanity and war crimes for his role in the war 235 He died in 2006 before the completion of the trial 235 236 China See also 1996 United States campaign finance controversy Clinton and Chinese president Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House October 29 1997 Clinton aimed to increase trade with China minimizing import tariffs and offering the country most favoured nation status in 1993 his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status on human rights reforms but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas including free emigration treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions among others 237 Relations were damaged briefly by the American bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in May 1999 Clinton apologized for the bombing stating it was accidental 238 On October 10 2000 Clinton signed into law the United States China Relations Act of 2000 which granted permanent normal trade relations PNTR trade status to China 239 The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform 240 241 source source source source source source source source source source Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak President Clinton and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat at Camp David July 2000 In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China s accession to the World Trade Organization WTO Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America s economic interests saying that economically this agreement is the equivalent of a one way street It requires China to open its markets with a fifth of the world s population potentially the biggest markets in the world to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways 242 Israeli Palestinian conflict Clinton attempted to end the Israeli Palestinian conflict Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat led to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993 called the Oslo Accords which were signed at the White House on September 13 The agreement led to the Israel Jordan peace treaty in 1994 and the Wye River Memorandum in October 1998 however this did not end the conflict He brought Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat together at Camp David for the 2000 Camp David Summit which lasted 14 days in July 53 Following the failure of the peace talks Clinton said Arafat had missed the opportunity to facilitate a just and lasting peace In his autobiography Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the summit 243 Following another attempt in December 2000 at Bolling Air Force Base in which the president offered the Clinton Parameters the situation broke down completely after the end of the Taba Summit and with the start of the Second Intifada 53 Judicial appointments Main articles Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates and List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton Ruth Bader Ginsburg accepting her nomination to the Supreme Court from President Clinton 1993 Clinton appointed two justices to the Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 244 and Stephen Breyer in 1994 245 Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton 246 Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts 247 In his eight years in office 11 6 of Clinton s court of appeals nominees and 17 4 of his district court nominees were black 32 8 of his court of appeals nominees and 28 5 of his district court nominees were women 247 Public opinion Clinton s approval ratings throughout his presidential career Roper Center Throughout Clinton s first term his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s In his second term his rating consistently ranged from the high 50s to the high 60s 248 After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999 Clinton s rating reached its highest point 249 According to a CBS News New York Times poll Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era 250 Clinton s average Gallup poll approval rating for his last quarter in office was 61 the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years 251 Forty seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters 251 As he was leaving office a CNN USA Today Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him 55 percent thought he would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his involvement in personal scandal than for his accomplishments and 58 percent answered No to the question Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy 251 The same percentage said he would be remembered as either outstanding or above average as a president while 22 percent said he would be remembered as below average or poor 251 ABC News characterized public consensus on Clinton as You can t trust him he s got weak morals and ethics and he s done a heck of a good job 252 Public opinion of Bill Clinton Gallup 253 In May 2006 a CNN poll comparing Clinton s job performance with that of his successor George W Bush found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned 254 Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U S history 255 256 In 2014 18 percent of respondents in a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II making him the third most popular among postwar presidents behind John F Kennedy and Ronald Reagan 257 The same poll showed that just 3 of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II 257 A 2015 poll by The Washington Post asked 162 scholars of the American Political Science Association to rank all the U S presidents in order of greatness According to their findings Clinton ranked eighth overall with a rating of 70 percent 258 Public imageMain article Public image of Bill Clinton Clinton addressing the British Parliament on November 29 1995 Clinton was the first baby boomer president 259 Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward stated that Clinton s innovative use of sound bite ready dialogue personal charisma and public perception oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings 260 261 When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show he was described by some religious conservatives as the MTV president 262 Opponents sometimes referred to him as Slick Willie a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 by Pine Bluff Commercial journalist Paul Greenberg 263 Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such as Winthrop Rockefeller Dale Bumpers and David Pryor 263 The claim Slick Willie would last throughout his presidency 264 His folksy manner led him to be nicknamed Bubba especially in the South 265 Since 2000 he has frequently been referred to as The Big Dog or Big Dog 266 267 His prominent role in campaigning for President Obama during the 2012 presidential election and his widely publicized speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nominee Mitt Romney and Republican policies in detail earned him the nickname Explainer in Chief 268 269 Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency 270 In 1998 Nobel laureate Toni Morrison called Clinton the first Black president saying Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness single parent household born poor working class saxophone playing McDonald s and junk food loving boy from Arkansas 271 Morrison noted that Clinton s sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments and she compared this to the stereotyping and double standards that she said blacks typically endure 271 Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African American community at large 272 Clinton a Baptist 273 has been open about his faith 274 Sexual assault and misconduct allegationsMain article Bill Clinton sexual assault and misconduct allegations Clinton and Monica Lewinsky on February 28 1997 Several women have publicly accused Bill Clinton of sexual misconduct including rape harassment and sexual assault Additionally some commentators have characterized Clinton s sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non consensual despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018 in light of the MeToo movement with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair 275 276 277 In 1994 Paula Jones initiated a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991 Clinton denied the allegations In April 1998 the case was initially dismissed by Judge Susan Webber Wright on the grounds that it lacked legal merit 278 Jones appealed Webber Wright s ruling and her suit gained traction following Clinton s admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998 279 In 1998 lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas Robert S Bennett Clinton s main lawyer for the case called the filing a pack of lies and an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States funded by Clinton s political enemies 280 Clinton later agreed to an out of court settlement and paid Jones 850 000 281 Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life 282 During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit which was held at the White House 283 Clinton denied having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury 284 In 1998 Kathleen Willey alleged that Clinton had groped her in a hallway in 1993 An independent counsel determined Willey gave false information to the FBI inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation 285 On March 19 1998 Julie Hiatt Steele a friend of Willey released an affidavit accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms Willey s account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office 286 An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former Independent Counsel for prosecutorial misconduct 287 Linda Tripp s grand jury testimony also differed from Willey s claims regarding inappropriate sexual advances 288 Also in 1998 Juanita Broaddrick alleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978 although she said she did not remember the exact date 289 To support her charge Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press 290 Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any unwelcome sexual advances and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition 289 In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape Broaddrick said she had denied under oath being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly 289 The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton s legacy beyond his impeachment in 1998 291 In the wake of the MeToo movement which shed light on the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment especially in the workplace various commentators and Democratic political leaders as well as Lewinsky herself have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment in light of the power differential between a president and a 22 year old intern In 2018 Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he should have resigned and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning 292 During the 2018 Congressional elections The New York Times alleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal 291 However former DNC interim chair Donna Brazile previously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections in spite of New York U S senator Kirsten Gillibrand s recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal 293 Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singer Gennifer Flowers and Monica Lewinsky 294 Actress Elizabeth Gracen 295 Miss Arkansas winner Sally Perdue 296 and Dolly Kyle Browning 297 all claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas Browning later sued Clinton Bruce Lindsey Robert S Bennett and Jane Mayer alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him However Browning s lawsuit was dismissed 298 Post presidency 2001 present Main article Post presidency of Bill Clinton Clinton greets a Hurricane Katrina evacuee September 5 2005 In the background second from the right is then Senator Barack Obama Bill Clinton has continued to be active in public life since leaving office in 2001 giving speeches fundraising and founding charitable organizations 299 and has spoken in prime time at every Democratic National Convention 300 Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002 Clinton warned that pre emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences 301 302 and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start though some dispute this 303 In 2005 Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control while speaking at the United Nations Climate Change conference in Montreal 304 The William J Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock Arkansas was dedicated in 2004 305 Clinton released a best selling autobiography My Life in 2004 306 In 2007 he released Giving How Each of Us Can Change the World which also became a New York Times Best Seller and garnered positive reviews 307 Former president George H W Bush and Clinton in the White House Library January 2005 In the aftermath of the 2004 Asian tsunami U N secretary general Kofi Annan appointed Clinton to head a relief effort 308 After Hurricane Katrina Clinton joined with fellow former president George H W Bush to establish the Bush Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005 and the Bush Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year 309 As part of the tsunami effort these two ex presidents appeared in a Super Bowl XXXIX pre game show 310 and traveled to the affected areas 311 They also spoke together at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin in April 2007 312 Based on his philanthropic worldview 313 Clinton created the William J Clinton Foundation to address issues of global importance This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative CHAI which strives to combat that disease and has worked with the Australian government toward that end The Clinton Global Initiative CGI begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005 attempts to address world problems such as global public health poverty alleviation and religious and ethnic conflict 314 In 2005 Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools 315 Clinton s foundation joined with the Large Cities Climate Leadership Group in 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative 316 The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world including Asia and the Middle East 317 In 2008 Foundation director Inder Singh announced deals to reduce the price of anti malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations 318 Clinton also spoke in favor of California Proposition 87 on alternative energy which was voted down 319 2008 presidential election Clinton speaking at the 2008 Democratic National Convention During the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife Hillary Through speaking engagements and fundraisers he was able to raise 10 million toward her campaign 320 Some worried that as an ex president he was too active on the trail too negative to Clinton rival Barack Obama and alienating his supporters at home and abroad 321 Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary which Obama won Later in the 2008 primaries there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary s staffs especially in Pennsylvania 322 Considering Bill s remarks many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary 323 Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama s election Fears were allayed August 27 2008 when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is ready to lead 324 After Hillary Clinton s presidential campaign was over Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt 325 326 After the 2008 election Clinton with then President Barack Obama and Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett in July 2010 Clinton his wife Hillary and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New York City on September 29 2014In 2009 Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalists imprisoned there Euna Lee and Laura Ling had been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China 327 Jimmy Carter had made a similar visit in 1994 327 After Clinton met with North Korean leader Kim Jong il Kim issued a pardon 328 329 Since then Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions He was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused 1 billion in damages 330 Clinton organized a conference with the Inter American Development Bank where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to build back better 331 In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake U S president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti s recovery 332 Funds began pouring into Haiti which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea she and Cheryl Mills worked to convince SAE A a large apparel subcontractor to invest in Haiti despite the company s deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage In the summer of 2010 the South Korean company signed a contract at the U S State Department ensuring that the new industrial park would have a key tenant 331 In 2010 Clinton announced support of and delivered the keynote address for the inauguration of NTR Ireland s first environmental foundation 333 334 At the 2012 Democratic National Convention Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama 335 2016 presidential election and after Clinton campaigning at an election rally for his wife Hillary who was running for President of the United States 2016 Clinton speaking at the 2016 Democratic National ConventionDuring the 2016 presidential election Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail 336 In a series of tweets then President elect Donald Trump criticized his ability to get people out to vote 337 Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York 338 He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running mate Tim Kaine The state funeral of George H W Bush in December 2018 On September 7 2017 Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter George H W Bush George W Bush and Barack Obama to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities 339 In 2020 Clinton again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris 340 341 Post presidential health concerns In September 2004 Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery 342 In March 2005 he again underwent surgery this time for a partially collapsed lung 343 On February 11 2010 he was rushed to New York Presbyterian Columbia Hospital in Manhattan after complaining of chest pains and he had two coronary stents implanted in his heart 342 344 After this procedure Clinton adopted a plant based whole foods vegan diet which had been recommended by doctors Dean Ornish and Caldwell Esselstyn 345 However he has since incorporated fish and lean proteins at the suggestion of Dr Mark Hyman a proponent of the pseudoscientific ethos of functional medicine 346 As a result he is no longer a strict vegan 347 In October 2021 Clinton was treated for sepsis at the University of California Irvine Medical Center 348 349 In December 2022 Clinton tested positive for COVID 19 350 Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency which were paid off four years after he left office 351 Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing 352 In 2016 Forbes reported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about 240 million in the 15 years from January 2001 to December 2015 mostly from paid speeches business consulting and book writing 353 Also in 2016 CNN reported the Clintons combined to receive more than 153 million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015 354 In May 2015 The Hill reported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than 25 million in speaking fees since the start of 2014 and that Hillary Clinton also made 5 million or more from her book Hard Choices during the same time period 355 In July 2014 The Wall Street Journal reported that at the end of 2012 the Clintons were worth between 5 million and 25 5 million and that in 2012 the last year they were required to disclose the information the Clintons made between 16 and 17 million mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president 356 Clinton earned more than 104 million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012 357 In June 2014 ABC News and The Washington Post reported that Bill Clinton has made more than 100 million giving paid speeches since leaving public office and in 2008 The New York Times reported that the Clintons income tax returns 358 show they made 109 million in the eight years from January 1 2000 to December 31 2007 including almost 92 million from his speaking and book writing 352 359 360 361 His books include two novels Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001 mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe he often earned 100 000 to 300 000 per speech 354 362 363 364 Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton 500 000 for a speech in Moscow 365 366 Hillary Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially broke and in debt especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House We had no money when we got there and we struggled to you know piece together the resources for mortgages for houses for Chelsea s education She added Bill has worked really hard we had to pay off all our debts he had to make double the money because of obviously taxes and then pay off the debts and get us houses and take care of family members 360 Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s Clinton took flights on Jeffrey Epstein s private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work 367 368 In 2002 a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as a committed philanthropist with insights and generosity 369 While Clinton was president Epstein visited the white house at least 17 times 370 371 Years later Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges Clinton s office released a statement in 2019 saying President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago or those with which he has been recently charged in New York In 2002 and 2003 President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein s airplane one to Europe one to Asia and two to Africa which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation Staff supporters of the Foundation and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip He s not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade 367 372 373 However later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein s plane 26 times 374 375 In another statement Clinton said one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002 and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein s New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail In July 2019 it was reported that that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995 a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed 376 Personal lifeAt the age of 10 he was baptized at Park Place Baptist Church in Hot Springs Arkansas and remained a member of a Baptist church 377 In 2007 he worked with Jimmy Carter in the establishment of the New Baptist Covenant organization 378 379 On October 11 1975 in Fayetteville Arkansas he married Hillary Rodham whom he met while studying at Yale University They had Chelsea Clinton their only child on February 27 1980 380 He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea s three children 381 Honors and recognitionMain article List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees including Doctorate of Law degrees 382 383 and Doctor of Humane Letters degrees 384 He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University his alma mater and was the commencement speaker in 1980 385 He is an honorary fellow of University College Oxford which he attended as a Rhodes Scholar although he did not complete his studies there 386 387 Schools have been named for Clinton 388 389 390 and statues have been built to pay him homage 391 392 U S states where he has been honored include Missouri 393 Arkansas 394 Kentucky 395 and New York 396 He was presented with the Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary of Defense William Cohen in 2001 397 The Clinton Presidential Center was opened in Little Rock Arkansas in his honor on December 5 2001 398 He has been honored in various other ways in countries that include the Czech Republic 399 Papua New Guinea 400 Germany 401 and Kosovo 391 The Republic of Kosovo in gratitude for his help during the Kosovo War renamed a major street in the capital city of Pristina as Bill Clinton Boulevard and added a monumental Clinton statue 402 403 404 Clinton was selected as Time s Man of the Year in 1992 405 and again in 1998 along with Ken Starr 406 From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999 Clinton was among eighteen included in Gallup s List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century 407 In 2001 Clinton received the NAACP s President s Award 408 He has also been honored with a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children a J William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding 409 a TED Prize named for the confluence of technology entertainment and design 410 and was named as an Honorary GLAAD Media Award recipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community 411 In 2011 President Michel Martelly of Haiti awarded Clinton with the National Order of Honour and Merit to the rank of Grand Cross for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12 2010 Clinton declared at the ceremony that in the United States of America I really don t believe former American presidents need awards anymore but I am very honored by this one I love Haiti and I believe in its promise 412 U S president Barack Obama awarded Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 20 2013 413 Secretary of Defense Cohen presents President Clinton the DoD Medal for Distinguished Public Service Bill Clinton statue in Ballybunion erected to commemorate his 1998 golfing visit Bill Clinton statue in Pristina the capital of Kosovo Former President Bill Clinton is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by then president Barack Obama Electoral historyMain article Electoral history of Bill Clinton Year Office Jurisdiction Democratic Republican Other1974 Arkansas 3rd congressional district Arkansas Bill Clinton 48 John Paul Hammerschmidt 52 1976 Arkansas Attorney General Arkansas Bill Clinton Unopposed1978 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 63 Lynn Lowe 37 1980 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 48 Frank White 52 1982 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 55 Frank White 45 1984 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 63 Woody Freeman 37 1986 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 64 Frank White 36 1990 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 57 Sheffield Nelson 42 1992 President of the United States United States of America Bill Clinton 43 George H W Bush 37 Ross Perot I 19 1996 President of the United States United States of America Bill Clinton 49 Bob Dole 41 Ross Perot Reform 8 Authored booksPutting People First How We Can All Change America New York Three Rivers Press September 12 1992 ISBN 978 0 8129 2193 9 Between Hope and History New York Times Books 1996 ISBN 978 0 8129 2913 3 My Life 1st ed New York Vintage Books 2004 ISBN 978 1 4000 3003 3 Giving How Each of Us Can Change the World 1st ed New York Knopf 2007 ISBN 978 0 307 26674 3 Back to Work book 1st ed New York Knopf 2011 ISBN 978 0 307 95975 1 The President Is Missing 1st ed Knopf 2018 ISBN 978 0 316 41269 8 The President s Daughter 1st ed Knopf 2021 ISBN 978 0 316 54071 1 RecordingsBill Clinton is one of the narrators on Wolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf a 2003 recording of Sergei Prokofiev s Peter and the Wolf performed by the Russian National Orchestra on Pentatone together with Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren 414 This garnered Clinton the 2003 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children 415 416 The audiobook edition of his autobiography My Life read by Clinton himself won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 415 as well as the Audie Award as the Audiobook of the Year 417 Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks Giving How Each of Us Can Change the World in 2007 and Back to Work in 2012 415 See also1996 United States campaign finance controversy Clinton family Clinton School of Public Service Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton Gun control policy of the Clinton Administration List of presidents of the United StatesReferencesCitations Twenty years ago the Drudge Report broke the Clinton Lewinsky scandal The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved April 6 2022 Directory of Irish Genealogy American Presidents with Irish Ancestors Homepage eircom net March 23 2004 Retrieved August 30 2011 a b Biography of William J Clinton whitehouse gov Retrieved August 30 2011 via National Archives Andrews Edmund L June 21 1993 Clinton Reported to Have A Brother He Never Met The New York 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