Foreign relations of Ghana

The foreign relations of Ghana are controlled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ghana. Ghana is active in the United Nations and many of its specialised agencies, the World Trade Organization, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States. Ghana generally follows the consensus of the Non-aligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under UN auspices in Lebanon, Afghanistan, Rwanda, and the Balkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in Liberia. Ghana is also a member of the International Criminal Court.

Guiding principles and objectives

Ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and Pan-Africanism as first enunciated by Kwame Nkrumah in the early 1960s. For Nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both East and West and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both East and West power blocs. Pan-Africanism, by contrast, was a specifically African policy that envisioned the independence of Africa from Western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the African continent.^[1]

The PNDC, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the NDC government, promises to follow in the PNDC's footsteps. Under the NDC, Ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. Ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. This is a departure from Nkrumah's foreign policy approach; Nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting African regimes, such as Togo and Ivory Coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. The NDC government, like the PNDC before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. Another feature of NDC rule carried over from the PNDC era is faithfulness to what a leading scholar of Africa has called "one of the most successful neoclassical economic reform efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank."^[1]

 

Kwame Nkrumah and his family meeting Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser during the 1965 OAU Summit in Accra.

The broad objectives of Ghana's foreign policy thus include maintaining friendly relations and cooperation with all countries that desire such cooperation, irrespective of ideological considerations, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Africa and its liberation and unity are naturally the cornerstones of Ghana's foreign policy. As a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), NDC policy is to adhere faithfully to the OAU Charter.^[1]

Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighbouring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics. The results have included various bilateral trade and economic agreements and permanent joint commissions involving Ghana and its immediate neighbours, sometimes in the face of latent ideological and political differences and mutual suspicion, as well as numerous reciprocal state visits by high-ranking officials. These measures have contributed significantly to subregional cooperation, development, and the reduction of tension.^[1]

 

Diplomatic missions of Ghana

As an example of Ghana's interest in regional cooperation, the country enthusiastically endorsed formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. This organisation was created specifically to foster inter-regional economic and political cooperation. It has served as a useful vehicle for contacts with neighbouring West African governments and for channelling increased Ghanaian exports to regional markets. Since 1990 ECOWAS has been engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Liberia to which Ghana has contributed a large contingent of troops. Ghana has participated in other international peacekeeping efforts as well, sending soldiers to operations of the United Nations (UN) in Cambodia in 1992-93 and Rwanda in 1993-94.^[1]

In August 1994, Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman, a post that had eluded him since the PNDC came to power. He immediately undertook several initiatives to reduce tensions and conflict in West Africa. Notable among them was the Akosombo Accord of September 12, designed to end civil war in Liberia.^[1]

Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Ghana maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
1	United Kingdom	6 March 1957^[2]
2	India	6 March 1957^[3]
3	Japan	6 March 1957^[4]
4	Philippines	6 March 1957^[5]
5	United States	6 March 1957^[6]
6	Germany	24 June 1957^[7]
7	Liberia	June 1957^[8]
8	France	7 July 1957^[9]
9	Canada	30 October 1957^[10]
10	Israel	October 1957^[11]
11	Russia	15 January 1958^[12]
12	Australia	21 February 1958^[13]
13	Tunisia	11 June 1958^[14]
14	Guinea	1958^[15]
15	Turkey	1958^[16]^[17]
16	Serbia	10 January 1959^[18]
17	Lebanon	30 March 1959^[19]^[20]
18	Ethiopia	10 April 1959^[21]
19	Netherlands	9 May 1959^[22]
20	Sudan	20 September 1959^[23]
21	Belgium	2 October 1959^[24]
22	Cuba	23 December 1959^[25]
23	Poland	31 December 1959^[26]
24	Indonesia	1959^[27]
25	Saudi Arabia	1 April 1960^[28]
26	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1 July 1960^[29]
27	China	5 July 1960^[30]
28	Switzerland	19 July 1960^[31]
29	Nigeria	1 October 1960^[32]
30	Mali	14 October 1960^[33]
31	Brazil	1960^[34]
32	Libya	1960^[35]
33	Morocco	1960^[36]
34	Czech Republic	18 January 1961^[37]
35	Sri Lanka	6 March 1961^[38]
36	Ivory Coast	15 March 1961^[39]
37	Argentina	28 March 1961^[40]
38	Senegal	21 April 1961^[41]
39	Sierra Leone	27 April 1961^[42]
40	Burkina Faso	12 June 1961^[43]
41	Hungary	29 July 1961^[44]
42	Afghanistan	2 August 1961^[45]
43	Mexico	8 August 1961^[46]
44	Bulgaria	10 August 1961^[47]
45	Romania	10 August 1961^[48]
46	Niger	24 August 1961^[49]
47	Denmark	28 September 1961^[50]
48	Chile	6 October 1961^[51]
49	Albania	1961^[52]
50	Somalia	1961^[53]
51	Sweden	27 April 1962^[54]
52	Benin	20 June 1962^[55]
53	Uganda	1962^[56]^[57]
54	Togo	21 January 1963^[58]
55	Algeria	2 May 1963^[59]
56	Cameroon	20 August 1963^[60]
57	Kenya	16 December 1963^[61]
58	Republic of the Congo	8 February 1964^[62]
59	Trinidad and Tobago	1 March 1964^[63]
60	Malawi	8 July 1964^[64]
61	Burundi	25 August 1964^[65]
62	Zambia	30 November 1964^[66]
63	North Korea	28 December 1964^[67]
64	Venezuela	16 March 1965^[68]
65	Vietnam	25 March 1965^[69]
66	Norway	19 May 1965^[70]
67	Gambia	28 May 1965^[71]
68	Mongolia	7 December 1965^[72]
69	Tanzania	20 December 1965^[73]
70	Lesotho	24 November 1966^[74]
71	Central African Republic	14 June 1967^[75]
72	Chad	24 July 1967^[76]
73	Spain	10 November 1967^[77]
74	Jamaica	15 November 1967^[78]
75	Madagascar	1967^[79]
76	Malaysia	1967^[80]
77	Luxembourg	21 February 1968^[81]
78	Rwanda	1969^[82]
79	Equatorial Guinea	4 June 1971^[83]
80	Greece	31 July 1973^[84]
81	Malta	27 February 1974^[85]
82	Bangladesh	19 July 1974^[86]
83	Iran	1974^[87]
84	Kuwait	1974^[88]
85	Portugal	27 May 1975^[89]
—	Holy See	20 November 1975^[90]
86	Suriname	24 November 1975^[91]
87	Angola	8 October 1976^[92]
88	Papua New Guinea	22 August 1977^[93]
89	Cape Verde	4 October 1977^[94]
90	South Korea	14 November 1977^[95]
91	Finland	1 December 1977^[96]
92	Iceland	1977^[97]
93	Bahrain	9 April 1978^[98]
94	Mozambique	27 June 1978^[99]
95	Guyana	14 May 1979^[100]
96	Botswana	21 May 1979^[101]
97	Zimbabwe	1980^[102]
98	Qatar	25 July 1981^[103]
99	United Arab Emirates	25 August 1981^[104]^[105]
100	Belize	September 1981^[106]
101	Uruguay	24 May 1982^[107]
102	Thailand	25 October 1985^[108]
103	Peru	23 June 1987^[109]
104	Bolivia	3 December 1987^[110]
105	Colombia	23 June 1988^[109]
106	Seychelles	10 October 1988^[109]
—	State of Palestine	17 February 1989^[111]
107	Panama	24 February 1989^[112]
108	Oman	1 March 1989^[113]
109	Cyprus	5 May 1989^[114]
110	Maldives	10 August 1989^[109]
111	Singapore	11 October 1989^[115]
112	Namibia	21 March 1990^[116]
113	Ireland	1990^[117]
114	Brunei	10 December 1991^[118]
115	Latvia	3 January 1992^[119]
116	Estonia	5 February 1992^[120]
117	Belarus	5 May 1992^[121]
118	Armenia	29 May 1992^[122]
119	Ukraine	17 June 1992^[123]
120	Kyrgyzstan	26 June 1992^[124]
121	Lithuania	10 July 1992^[125]
122	Kazakhstan	14 August 1992^[126]
123	Moldova	28 August 1992^[127]
124	Azerbaijan	11 September 1992^[128]
125	Turkmenistan	17 September 1992^[129]
126	Georgia	4 December 1992^[130]
127	Slovenia	15 February 1993^[131]
128	Croatia	17 February 1993^[132]
129	Saint Kitts and Nevis	June 1993^[133]
130	Slovakia	1 October 1993^[134]
131	Uzbekistan	28 October 1993^[135]
132	Tajikistan	2 November 1993^[136]
133	South Africa	6 May 1994^[137]
134	Barbados	August 1994^[138]
135	Guatemala	26 September 1994^[139]
136	Myanmar	13 January 1995^[140]
137	Cambodia	24 May 1995^[141]
138	Yemen	30 November 1995^[142]
139	North Macedonia	7 February 1996^[143]
140	Costa Rica	11 July 2000^[144]
141	New Zealand	1 March 2001^[145]
142	Eritrea	26 August 2004^[146]
143	Jordan	5 June 2007^[147]
144	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1 August 2008^[148]
145	San Marino	5 November 2008^[149]
146	Bahamas	17 March 2011^[150]
147	Andorra	31 March 2011^[151]
148	Honduras	29 August 2011^[152]
149	Montenegro	20 September 2012^[109]
—	Kosovo (suspended)	4 October 2012^[153]
150	Fiji	12 October 2012^[154]
151	Bosnia and Herzegovina	13 February 2013^[109]
152	South Sudan	15 September 2014^[155]
153	Comoros	5 July 2015^[156]
154	East Timor	15 June 2016^[157]
155	Dominica	18 January 2018^[109]
156	Dominican Republic	23 September 2019^[109]
157	Nepal	25 September 2019^[109]
158	Monaco	26 September 2019^[109]
159	Laos	27 September 2019^[158]
160	Liechtenstein	19 December 2019^[109]
161	Samoa	20 December 2019^[109]
162	Antigua and Barbuda	Before March 2020^[159]
163	Paraguay	17 June 2021^[160]
164	El Salvador	18 September 2023^[161]
—	Cook Islands	8 November 2023^[162]
165	Austria	Unknown
166	Djibouti	Unknown
167	Ecuador	Unknown
168	Egypt	Unknown
169	Eswatini	Unknown
170	Gabon	Unknown
171	Grenada	Unknown^[163]
172	Guinea-Bissau	Unknown^[164]
173	Haiti	Unknown
174	Iraq	Unknown
175	Italy	Unknown
176	Mauritania	Unknown
177	Mauritius	Unknown
178	Nicaragua	Unknown^[165]
179	Pakistan	Unknown
—	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Unknown
180	São Tomé and Príncipe	Unknown^[166]
181	Syria	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Algeria	1962	Algeria has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Algiers.
Burkina Faso	12 June 1961	See Burkina Faso–Ghana relations With the coming to power of Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed, Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunct Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of unified continental government. Political and economic ties between Ghana and Burkina, a poorer country, were strengthened through joint commissions of cooperation and through border demarcation committee meetings. Frequent high-level consultations and joint military exercises, meant to discourage potential dissidents and to protect young "revolutions" in each country, were fairly regular features of Ghana-Burkina relations.^[167] Burkina Faso has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
Egypt	7 November 1957	Egypt has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Cairo.
Guinea	1958	Guinea has an embassy in Accra, which was opened in 1958.^[168] Ghana has an embassy in Conakry which is also accredited to Guinea-Bissau.^[169]
Ivory Coast	15 March 1961	See Ivory Coast–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961.^[170] Ghana-Ivory Coast relations suffered from the same ups and downs that characterised Ghana-Togo relations. In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Ivory Coast was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts of sabotage against Ghana. Ghana also accused Ivory Coast of granting asylum to political agitators wanted for crimes in Ghana. Relations between Ghana and Ivory Coast improved significantly, however, after 1988. In 1989, after fifteen years of no progress, the Ghana-Ivory Coast border re-demarcation commission finally agreed on the definition of the 640-kilometer border between the two countries. The PNDC thereafter worked to improve the transportation and communication links with both Ivory Coast and Togo, despite problems with both countries.^[171] Ghana has an embassy in Abidjan. Ivory Coast has an embassy in Accra.
Kenya	16 December 1963	See Ghana–Kenya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1963. Ghana has a high commission in Nairobi. Kenya has a high commission in Accra.
Namibia	21 March 1990	Ghana has a high commission in Windhoek. Namibia has a high commission in Accra.
Nigeria	1 October 1960	See Ghana–Nigeria relations Ghana set up a commission in 1959 when Nigeria was still a dependent territory. This was elevated to High Commission status on the attainment of Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960^[172] Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile. After the takeover in November 1993 by General Sani Abacha as the new Nigerian head of state, Ghana and Nigeria continued to consult on economic, political, and security issues affecting the two countries and West Africa as a whole. Between early August 1994 when Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman and the end of the following October, the Ghanaian president visited Nigeria three times to discuss the peace process in Liberia and measures to restore democracy in that country.^[1] Ghana has a high commission in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos. Nigeria has a high commission in Accra.
Senegal	21 April 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1961. Ghana has an embassy in Dakar. Senegal has an embassy in Accra.
South Africa	6 May 1994	See Ghana–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994^[173]   High Commission of Ghana in Pretoria Ghana has a high commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a high commission in Accra.
Togo	21 January 1963	See Ghana–Togo relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963.^[174] The strains in Ghana-Togo relations stretch back to pre-independence days. After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, the League of Nations divided the German colony of Togoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among the Gold Coast, British Togoland, and French Togoland. After 1945, the United Nations took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea that Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast.^[1]^[175] After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such as smuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression.^[171] The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital, Lomé, by day.^[175] Ghana has an embassy in Lomé. Togo has an embassy in Accra.

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina	28 March 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1961^[176] Argentina is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria. Ghana is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Brazil	2 January 1961	President of Ghana John Kufuor with President of Brazil Lula da Silva Brazil has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Brasília.
Canada	17 May 1957	Canada has a High Commission in Accra. Ghana has a High Commission in Ottawa.
Chile	6 October 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961^[177] Chile has an embassy in Accra. Ghana is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Colombia	23 June 1988	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1988^[178] Ghana and Colombia's diplomatic relations dated back to 1988 but it remained dormant until July 2013 when Colombia opened its embassy in Accra. Colombia helps Ghana by providing assistance on building capacity of the Ghana Police Service, Immigration Service and the Narcotics Control Board on cybersecurity and drug trafficking.^[179] Colombia has an embassy in Accra. Ghana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Cuba	23 December 1959	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1959^[180] Cuba has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Havana.
Jamaica	8 May 1968	See Ghana–Jamaica relations Ghana is accredited to Jamaica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba. Jamaica is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
Mexico	8 August 1961	See Ghana–Mexico relations Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1961.^[181] Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980.^[182] Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013. Ghana is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.^[183] Mexico has an embassy in Accra.^[184]
Peru	23 June 1987	Main article: Ghana–Peru relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987^[185] Ghana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil. Peru has an embassy in Accra.
Suriname	1 April 1977	See: Ghana-Suriname relations Accra currently hosts the only Surinamese embassy in Africa.^[186]
United States	6 March 1957	See Ghana–United States relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957^[187] The United States is among Ghana's trading partners. The Office of the President of Ghana worked closely with the U.S. Embassy in Accra to establish an American Chamber of Commerce to continue to develop closer economic ties in the private sector. Major U.S. companies operating in the country include ACS, CMS Energy, Coca-Cola, S.C. Johnson, Ralston Purina, Star-Kist, A.H. Robins, Sterling, Pfizer, IBM, 3M, Motorola, Stewart & Stevenson, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, and National Cash Register (NCR). Several U.S. firms recently made or are considering investments in Ghana, primarily in gold mining, wood products, and petroleum. U.S. mining giant Newmont entered Ghana's mining sector in 2004 and intends to invest up to $1 billion. In late 1997, Nuevo Petroleum concluded an oil exploration agreement accounting for one of Ghana's offshore mineral rights zones. Several other U.S. oil companies also are engaged in offshore exploration. Ghana has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York City. United States has an embassy in Accra.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Bangladesh	19 July 1974	See Bangladesh–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong.^[188] Bangladesh is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria. Ghana is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
China	5 July 1960	See China–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1960.^[189] Ghana's relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) date back to 1960 when President Nkrumah became one of Africa's first leaders to recognise the country. Ghana and the PRC have had close and relatively good relations in that time despite a short period of relatively cold relations after Nkrumah was deposed in 1966. China has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Beijing.
India	6 March 1957	See Ghana–India relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957.^[190] Ghana has a high commission in New Delhi. India has a high commission in Accra.
Indonesia	1959	Ghana is accredited to Indonesia from its high commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Indonesia is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Israel	6 March 1957, severed 28 October 1973, restored 9 August 1994	See Ghana–Israel relations Ghana has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Israel has an embassy in Accra.
Japan	12 March 1959	Ghana has an embassy in Tokyo. Japan has an embassy in Accra.
Malaysia	5 December 1966	See Ghana–Malaysia relations Ghana has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has a high commission in Accra.
Pakistan	1958	Pakistan and Ghana enjoy amicable and cordial relations. There has been historical support extended by Pakistan to the African states particularly OIC member states in which Ghana has significant importance. Despite this, there has been a low level of bilateral trade between the two countries. The volume of bilateral trade during 2011 was just $19 million.^[191] Ghana is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan has a high commission in Accra.
Saudi Arabia	1 April 1960	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1960. Ghana has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Accra.
Turkey	1958	See Ghana–Turkey relations Ghana has an embassy in Ankara.^[192] Turkey has an embassy in Accra.^[192] Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.^[192]

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Denmark	28 September 1961	See Denmark–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1961 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Ghana Mr. Hans Adolf Biering^[193] Denmark has historic relations with Ghana from once possessing Danish Gold Coast. Denmark has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Copenhagen.
France	1957	France has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Paris.
Germany	24 June 1957	See Germany–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1957. Germany has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Berlin.
Italy		Ghana has an embassy in Rome. Italy has an embassy in Accra.
Malta	27 February 1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1974^[194] Ghana has a high commission in Valletta. Malta has a high commission in Accra.
Poland	31 December 1959	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1959^[195] Ghana is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Poland is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Russia	14 January 1958	See Ghana–Russia relations Ghana has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Accra.
Spain	10 November 1967	See Ghana–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967^[196] Ghana has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Accra.
United Kingdom	6 March 1957	See Ghana–United Kingdom relations Ghana has a high commission in London.^[197] United Kingdom has a high commission in Accra.^[198]

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Australia	21 February 1958	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1958^[199] Australia has a high commission in Accra. Ghana has a high commission in Canberra.
New Zealand	1 March 2001	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 2001.^[200] Ghana is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia. New Zealand is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ghana and the Commonwealth of Nations

 

Recipient of the 2008 Chatham House Prize and 10th President of Ghana John Kufuor with Prince Philip, the Husband of the Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II.

Ghana has been a member state of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, firstly as a Dominion, then as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

• Visa policy of Ghana
• Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ghana)
• List of diplomatic missions in Ghana
• List of diplomatic missions of Ghana
• List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Ghana
• Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement

References

1. Owusu, Maxwell. "Guiding Principles and Objectives". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[1]
2. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
3. "Report 1956-57 Government of India Ministry of External Affairs". p. 30. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
4. "Countries & Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
5. "Today, we celebrate 60 years of formal diplomatic relations with Ghana!". 6 March 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
6. "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ghana". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
7. "Ghana: Steckbrief". auswaertiges-amt.de (in German). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
8. Liberia Today Volumes 5-7. Liberian Embassy in Washington. 1956. p. 7. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
9. "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
10. Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
11. Levey, Zach (April 2003). "The Rise and Decline of a Special Relationship: Israel and Ghana, 1957-1966". African Studies Review. 46 (1): 158. doi:10.2307/1514985. JSTOR 1514985. S2CID 144903465.
12. "Reception on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between Russia and Ghana". Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
13. "Australian Representation Overseas". Current Notes on International Affairs. 29 (2). Department of External Affairs: 128. February 1958. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
14. Awakening Africa - Volume 1. Bureau of African Affairs. 1962. p. 113.
15. Giant Stride Forward: Republic of Guinea, First Year of Freedom. The Embassy of Guinea to the United States. 1959. p. 18.
16. "Ghana – Turkey Relations". Embassy of the Republic of Ghana Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
17. "Relations between Türkiye and Ghana". Repunic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
18. Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts, 6–10. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1959. p. 41.
19. Summary of the Yugoslav Press. The Service. 1959. p. 4.
20. Lazar Focsaneanu. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1959 / 5 /". persee.fr (in French). p. 921. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
21. W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 445.
22. "AMSTERDAM van DAG tot DAG Feestelijke opening N.V. Fijnhouthandel". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 8 May 1959. Retrieved 7 January 2024. Z.K.H. Prins Bernhard heeft vanmorgen jn tegenwoordigheid van de Hoge Commissaris van Ghana, Z.E. Asafu Adjay...
23. Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1960. p. 36.
24. Belgisch staatsblad Issues 275-326 (in French and Dutch). 1959. 1959. p. 8127.
25. "Cuba aboga por consolidar las relaciones diplomáticas con Ghana". granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
26. "Ghana". gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 April 2023.
27. "About Indonesia". Retrieved 8 August 2023.
28. Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts - Issues 66-70 - Page 4. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960.
29. W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 445.
30. "Introduction of China-Ghana Relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Ghana. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
31. "No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
32. Dei-Anang, Michael (1975). The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965 A Personal Memoir. University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 76.
33. "Journal officiel de la Republique du Mali de l'annee 1 Novembre 1960" (PDF) (in French). p. 855. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
34. "Todos los países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
35. Michael Dei-Anang (1975). The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965. University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 75. Libya : Ghana's mission in Tripoli from 1960 and for many years afterwards was occupied by a Chargé d'Affaires ;
36. (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
37. Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
38. 1963 Ferguson's Ceylon Directory (105 ed.). The Ceylon Observer Press. 1963. p. 167.
39. "Coopération Ghana-Côte d'Ivoire : les enjeux économiques de la première visite du président ghanéen Nana Akufo-Addo en terre ivoirienne". abidjan.net (in French). 6 May 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
40. "Comunicado Conjunto Estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Ghana". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
41. W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 447.
42. Commonwealth Papers. University of London. Institute of Commonwealth Studies. 1974. p. 76.
43. W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 447.
44. Ghana Gazette. 1962. p. 238.
45. The Middle East Journal Autumn 1961: Vol 15 Iss 4. Middle East Institute. Autumn 1961. p. 418. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
46. "Hoy conmemoramos el 61 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Ghana". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
47. "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
48. "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
49. Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger. 1961. pp. A-8.
50. Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1967. p. 197.
51. "Relaciones bilaterales". Embajada de Chile en Ghana (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
52. Directory of Albanian officials. CIA. 1988. pp. 41–47. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
53. Dei-Anang, Michael (1975). The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965: A Personal Memoir. University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 76.
54. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 84-85. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 7.
55. Daily report, foreign radio broadcasts 1962 no.120-121. 1962. p. 142.
56. Daily Graphic Issue 19431 April 10, 2014. Graphic Communications Group Limited. 10 April 2014. p. 29.
57. Reporter East Africa's Fortnightly Newsmagazine · Volume 2, Issues 37-77. News Publishing Limited. 1962. p. 27.
58. Africa Diary Volume 3. M. Chhabra. 1963. p. 986.
59. "CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE: Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie" (in French). p. 39. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
60. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 163-164. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. p. 3. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
61. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 244-245. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1953. p. 9. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
62. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 29-30. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 14. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
63. Ghana News Volume 2. Embassy of Ghana. 1964. p. 11. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
64. Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 156.
65. Documents diplomatiques français Volume 1 (in French). France. Commission de publication des documents diplomatiques français. 2006. p. 140. M. K. Ameko, Ambassadeur du Ghana à Bujumbura depuis le 25 août 1964.
66. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 184.
67. "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
68. Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
69. "Africa". April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
70. "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
71. West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company, Limited. 1965. p. 659.
72. (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. p. 4-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
73. "TANZANIA AND GHANA: CONSEQUENCES OF BREACH OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS. Joint Memorandum by Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and Minister for Overseas Development". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
74. "GHANA: KING MOSHOESHOE OF LESOTHO ENDS HIS STATE VISIT. (1966)". British PATHE. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
75. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 794. Ghana - Central African Republic . Mr. Quashie , Ghanaian Ambassador to the CAR , has presented his credentials to President Bokassa . ( MAC 14/6 )
76. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 834. Chad-Ghana. M. John Quashie, the new Ghanian Ambassador to Chad, with residence in Kinshasa, has presented his credentials to President Tombalbaye (ATP 24/7)
77. "GHANA: 3. RELACIONES BILATERALES CON ESPAÑA" (PDF). exteriores.gob.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
78. . 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
79. Europe, France outremer - Issues 453-464 (in French). 1967. p. 59. R.C.A. , CONGO - KINSHASA , RWANDA , MADAGASCAR , TCHAD Ambassadeur du Ghana ( résidant à Kinshasa ) : M. John Quashie .
80. (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
81. "Bulletin de documentation_1968_3" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 22. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
82. Ghana Today. Vol. 13. 1969. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
83. Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1971. p. 2130. Ghana-Equatorial Guinea. The Ghanaian Ambassador to Nigeria, Major-General M. A. Aferi, has been accredited to Equatorial Guinea on a non-residential basis. (GT 4/6)
84. Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 4335–4411. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1973. p. 4.
85. "PRESS RELEASE BY THE MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE PROMOTION: Minister Abela announces the opening of a new Malta High Commission in Ghana". gov.mt. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
86. Third Year in Office of Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, 13th January 1974-12th January 1975. Ghana. National Redemption Council. Office of the Press Secretary. 1975. p. 137.
87. "Ghana-Iran Relations". ghanaembassy-iran.com. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
88. "Kuwait marks National, Liberation days in Accra". 3 March 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
89. "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
90. "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved 5 September 2022.
91. (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
92. "Ghana-Angola Relations". Embassy of the Republic of Ghana Luanda, Angola. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
93. West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company. 1977. p. 1906.
94. Muzart-Fonseca dos Santos, Idelette; Manuel Da Costa Esteves, José; Rolland, Denis (2007). Les îles du Cap-Vert: langues, mémoires, histoire (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 239–240.
95. "Overview". mofa.go.kr. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
96. "Finland and Ghana". Finland Abroad. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
97. "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
98. . Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
99. Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1968-1977. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1978. p. 17.
100. . Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
101. Sub-Saharan Africa Report - Issues 2121-2127. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 8.
102. Richard, Schwartz (2001). Coming to terms : Zimbabwe in the international arena. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris. pp. 85–89.
103. "قطر و العالم". www.mofa.gov.qa. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
104. Le Mois en Afrique Issues 186-193 (in French). 1981. p. 159.
105. Near East/North Africa Report No. 2394. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 1981. p. 16. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
106. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
107. "La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): ¿construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur?" (PDF). Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish): 225. 2019.
108. "สาธารณรัฐกานา (Ghana)". mfa.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
109. "Diplomatic relations between Ghana and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
110. Tratados y convenios bilaterales (in Spanish). Bolivia. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. 1989. p. 264.
111. Chibamba, Abraham (1990). Right is Might. p. 149.
112. (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
113. Joseph A. Kechichian. (PDF). Oman and the World The emergence of an independent foreign policy. pp. 319–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
114. African Defence Journal 101-112. African Defence Journal. 1989. p. 17.
115. "MFA Press Statement on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Ghana and the Republic of Singapore" (PDF). nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
116. Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state" (PDF). pp. 254–259.
117. "Ambassador presents credentials in Ghana". Retrieved 2 November 2020.
118. Brunei Darussalam. Broadcasting and Information Department, Prime Minister's Office. 1991. p. 152.
119. "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
120. "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
121. . Belarus.by. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
122. "Ghana - Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
123. "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
124. "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
125. "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
126. (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
127. "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
128. "The Republic of Ghana". mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
129. "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
130. "GHANA, REPUBLIC OF". MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF GEORGIA. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
131. Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
132. "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
133. "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
134. "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
135. "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
136. "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2024.
137. "Transition (1990 - 1994) - Chronologies: 1994". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
138. . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados). Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
139. "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
140. . Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
141. "LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA". mfaic.gov.kh. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
142. Africa Research Bulletin Political, social, and cultural series · Volume 32. Blackwell. 1995. p. 12101.
143. . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
144. "Política Bilateral" (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 July 2023.
145. . Diplomatic & Consular Representatives Accredited to NZ. Archived from the original on 11 August 2002. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
146. "Three envoys present Credentials to President". GhanaWeb. 26 August 2004. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
147. "King receives credentials of new ambassadors". kingabdullah.jo. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
148. "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). pp. 104–112. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
149. "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
150. "Ghana seeking new areas of cooperation with Bahamas. The Bahamas Weekly".
151. "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
152. "Embajador de Ghana presenta cartas credenciales". La Prensa (in Spanish). 29 August 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
153. Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
154. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
155. "South Sudan appoints first ambassador to Ghana". 16 September 2014.
156. "Kwesi Ahwoi is Ghana's first Ambassador to Comoros". City 97.3 fm. 5 July 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
157. . Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
158. "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
159. "Ambassador of Antigua and Barbuda to Ethiopia with concurrent accreditation to Ghana..." 10 March 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
160. "Paraguay y Ghana buscan estrechar vínculos". mre.gov.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 May 2021.
161. "El Salvador establece relaciones diplomáticas con seis países de África". Salvadoreño.Noticias (in Spanish). September 18, 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
162. "Marking a milestone in our relations with Pacific countries, today in Rarotonga the Prime Minister of the Cook Islands Hon. @MarkBrownPM and I signed an MOU to establish diplomatic relations between our two countries". 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
163. Julien, Creswell R. (1991). A Civics Handbook on Grenada. p. 80.
164. "PRESENTATION OF CREDENTIALS TO THE PRESIDENT OF GUINEA BISSAU ON 7TH DECEMBER, 2023". Retrieved 3 March 2024.
165. "Ghana, Nicaragua to strengthen ties". GhanaWeb. 2 November 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
166. "Ayorkor Botchwey calls for strengthening of Ghana-São Tomé and Príncipe relation". 24 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
167. Owusu, Maxwell. "Burkina". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[2]
168. Giant Stride Forward: Republic of Guinea, First Year of Freedom. The Embassy of Guinea to the United States. 1959. p. 18.
169. "Embassy of the Republic of Ghana - Conakry, Guinea". Retrieved 15 March 2022.
170. "Coopération Ghana-Côte d'Ivoire : les enjeux économiques de la première visite du président ghanéen Nana Akufo-Addo en terre ivoirienne". abidjan.net (in French). 6 May 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
171. Owusu, Maxwell. "Relations with Immediate African Neighbours". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[3]
172. Dei-Anang, Michael (1975). The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965 A Personal Memoir. University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 76.
173. "Transition (1990 - 1994) - Chronologies: 1994". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
174. Africa Diary Volume 3. M. Chhabra. 1963. p. 986.
175. "Impressions of Togo after the 'coup'". 18 February 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
176. "Comunicado Conjunto Estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Ghana". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
177. "Relaciones bilaterales". Embajada de Chile en Ghana (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
178. "Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Ghana as of 23 June 1988". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
179. "Ghana, Colombia strengthen bilateral relations with cooperation agreements". graphic.com.gh. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
180. "Cuba aboga por consolidar las relaciones diplomáticas con Ghana". granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
181. "Hoy conmemoramos el 61 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Ghana". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
182. . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
183. . Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
184. "Información Relevante". embamex.sre.gob.mx.
185. "Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Ghana as of 23 June 1987". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
186. "Suriname opens embassy in Ghana after closure of South African mission". MENAFN. 2019-03-05.
187. "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ghana". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
188. Third Year in Office of Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, 13th January 1974-12th January 1975. Ghana. National Redemption Council. Office of the Press Secretary. 1975. p. 137.
189. "Introduction of China-Ghana Relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Ghana. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
190. "Report 1956-57 Government of India Ministry of External Affairs". p. 30. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
191. Pakistan-Ghana. thenews.com.pk.
192. "Relations between Turkey and Ghana".
193. Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1967. p. 197.
194. "PRESS RELEASE BY THE MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE PROMOTION: Minister Abela announces the opening of a new Malta High Commission in Ghana". gov.mt. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
195. "Ghana". gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 April 2023.
196. "GHANA: 3. RELACIONES BILATERALES CON ESPAÑA" (PDF). exteriores.gob.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
197. "Ghana High Commission Ghana High Commission is set to co ordinate". Brazil Consulate.
198. "British High Commission Accra - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
199. "Australian Representation Overseas". Current Notes on International Affairs. 29 (2). Department of External Affairs: 128. February 1958. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
200. . Diplomatic & Consular Representatives Accredited to NZ. Archived from the original on 11 August 2002. Retrieved 18 November 2023.

External links

• Official website