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Ancient philosophy

April 04, 2023

For the journal, see Ancient Philosophy (journal).

This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history (c. 600 CE).

Overview

Genuine philosophical thought, depending upon original individual insights, arose in many cultures roughly contemporaneously. Karl Jaspers termed the intense period of philosophical development beginning around the 7th century BCE and concluding around the 3rd century BCE an Axial Age in human thought.

In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of medieval philosophy, whereas in the Middle East, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.

Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy

Main articles: Ancient Greek philosophy and Roman philosophy
 
Graphical relationship among the various pre-Socratic philosophers and thinkers; red arrows indicate a relationship of opposition.
 
Raphael's School of Athens, depicting an array of ancient Greek philosophers engaged in discussion.

Philosophers

Pre-Socratic philosophers

Thales (624 – c 546 BCE)
Anaximander (610 – 546 BCE)
Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 – c. 525 BCE)
Pythagoras (582 – 496 BCE)
Philolaus (470 – 380 BCE)
Alcmaeon of Croton
Archytas (428 – 347 BCE)
Xenophanes (570 – 470 BCE)
Parmenides (510 – 440 BCE)
Zeno of Elea (490 – 430 BCE)
Melissus of Samos (c. 470 BCE – ?)
Empedocles (490 – 430 BCE)
Anaxagoras (500 – 428 BCE)
Leucippus (first half of 5th century BCE)
Democritus (460 – 370 BCE)
Metrodorus of Chios (4th century BCE)
Protagoras (490 – 420 BCE)
Gorgias (487 – 376 BCE)
Antiphon (480 – 411 BCE)
Prodicus (465/450 – after 399 BCE)
Hippias (middle of the 5th century BCE)
Thrasymachus (459 – 400 BCE)
Callicles
Critias
Lycophron

Classical Greek philosophers

Hellenistic philosophy

Hellenistic schools of thought

Early Roman and Christian philosophy

See also: Christian philosophy

Philosophers during Roman times

 
Plotinus

Ancient Iranian philosophy

 
Zarathustra as depicted in Raphael's The School of Athens beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter Apelles of Kos.
Main article: Iranian philosophy

See also: Dualism, Dualism (philosophy of mind)

While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of human rights by Cyrus the Great as understood in the Cyrus cylinder is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra and developed in Zoroastrian schools of thought of the Achaemenid Era of Iranian history.[1][2]

Schools of thought

Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in Avestan language. Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard, Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings".[3]

Zoroastrianism

Anacharsis

Pre-Manichaean thought

Manichaeism

Mazdakism

Zurvanism

Philosophy and the Empire

Literature

Ancient Jewish philosophy

See also: Jewish philosophy

Ancient Indian philosophy

Main article: Indian philosophy

The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions: the Vedic tradition and the śramaṇa tradition.

Vedic philosophy

Indian philosophy begins with the Vedas wherein questions pertaining to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous Rigvedic Hymn of Creation (Nasadiya Sukta) the poet asks:

 
Vyasa, at middle of the picture
"Whence all creation had its origin,
he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
he knows—or maybe even he does not know."

In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (Purusha). This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma. Nature (prakriti) is taken to have three qualities (sattva, rajas, and tamas).

Sramana philosophy

Main articles: Jain philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Sramana

Jainism and Buddhism are continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa. Cārvāka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named after its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.

Classical Indian philosophy

In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:

  • What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
  • How is cognition itself experienced?
  • Is mind (chit) intentional or not?
  • Does cognition have its own structure?

The six schools of Indian philosophy are:

Ancient Indian philosophers

Main article: Timeline of Eastern philosophers § Indian philosophers

1st millennium BCE

Philosophers of Vedic Age (c. 1500 – c. 600 BCE)

Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 BCE)

 
Buddha.

Philosophers of Golden Age (184 BCE – 600 CE)

Ancient Chinese philosophy

Main article: Chinese philosophy

Chinese philosophy is the dominant philosophical thought in China and other countries within the East Asian cultural sphere that share a common language, including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

Schools of thought

Hundred Schools of Thought

Main article: Hundred Schools of Thought

The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophers and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BCE,[13] an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China. Even though this period – known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period – in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely. The thoughts and ideas discussed and refined during this period have profoundly influenced lifestyles and social consciousness up to the present day in East Asian countries. The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy. This period ended with the rise of the Qin Dynasty and the subsequent purge of dissent. The Book of Han lists ten major schools, they are:

  • Confucianism, which teaches that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation. A main idea of Confucianism is the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection. Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary, either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.[14]
  • Legalism. Often compared with Machiavelli, and foundational for the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire, the Legalists examined administrative methods, emphasizing a realistic consolidation of the wealth and power of autocrat and state.
  • Taoism (also called Daoism), a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos; health and longevity; and wu wei (action through inaction). Harmony with the Universe, or the source thereof (Tao), is the intended result of many Taoist rules and practices.
  • Mohism, which advocated the idea of universal love: Mozi believed that "everyone is equal before heaven", and that people should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love. His epistemology can be regarded as primitive materialist empiricism; he believed that human cognition ought to be based on one's perceptions – one's sensory experiences, such as sight and hearing – instead of imagination or internal logic, elements founded on the human capacity for abstraction. Mozi advocated frugality, condemning the Confucian emphasis on ritual and music, which he denounced as extravagant.
  • Naturalism, the School of Naturalists or the Yin-yang school, which synthesized the concepts of yin and yang and the Five Elements; Zou Yan is considered the founder of this school.[15]
  • Agrarianism, or the School of Agrarianism, which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.[16] The Agrarians believed that Chinese society should be modeled around that of the early sage king Shen Nong, a folk hero which was portrayed in Chinese literature as "working in the fields, along with everyone else, and consulting with everyone else when any decision had to be reached."[16]
  • The Logicians or the School of Names, which focused on definition and logic. It is said to have parallels with that of the Ancient Greek sophists or dialecticians. The most notable Logician was Gongsun Longzi.
  • The School of Diplomacy or School of Vertical and Horizontal [Alliances], which focused on practical matters instead of any moral principle, so it stressed political and diplomatic tactics, and debate and lobbying skill. Scholars from this school were good orators, debaters and tacticians.
  • The Miscellaneous School, which integrated teachings from different schools; for instance, Lü Buwei found scholars from different schools to write a book called Lüshi Chunqiu cooperatively. This school tried to integrate the merits of various schools and avoid their perceived flaws.
  • The School of "Minor-talks", which was not a unique school of thought, but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street.
  • Another group is the School of the Military that studied strategy and the philosophy of war; Sunzi and Sun Bin were influential leaders. However, this school was not one of the "Ten Schools" defined by Hanshu.

Early Imperial China

The founder of the Qin Dynasty, who implemented Legalism as the official philosophy, quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools. Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the Han Dynasty adopted Daoism and later Confucianism as official doctrine. These latter two became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism.

Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements. He also was a promoter of the New Text school, which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China, who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace. In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language (from this comes the denomination Old Text) that were so much more reliable. In particular, they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage, but simply a human and mortal.

The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the rise of the Xuanxue (mysterious learning), also called Neo-Taoism. The most important philosophers of this movement were Wang Bi, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being (in Chinese, ming and wuming). A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, was the concept of feng liu (lit. wind and flow), a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse.

Buddhism arrived in China around the 1st century AD, but it was not until the Northern and Southern, Sui and Tang Dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement. At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha. Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century. Two chiefly important monk philosophers were Sengzhao and Daosheng. But probably the most influential and original of these schools was the Chan sect, which had an even stronger impact in Japan as the Zen sect.

Philosophers

See also

References

  1. ^ Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
  2. ^ Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
  3. ^ An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008. ISBN 978-1845115418.
  4. ^ Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972. ISBN 0-8196-0280-9.
  5. ^ a b Sasanian Iran - intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996. ISBN 9231032119.
  6. ^ Mansour Shaki. Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period. Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999. ISBN 0-933273-35-5.
  7. ^ Prods Oktor Skjaervo. Bardesanes. Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8. ISBN 0-7100-9121-4.
  8. ^ David A. Scott. Manichaean Views of Buddhism in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.
  9. ^ Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997
  10. ^ This date has been repeatedly demonstrated as reliable by such scholars as Dr. Douglas Petrovich and Gerard Gertoux. Note the linked paper for further details. https://answersresearchjournal.org/ancient-egypt/place-of-exodus-egyptian-history/
  11. ^ The significance of Purusha Sukta in Daily Invocations 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine by Swami Krishnananda
  12. ^ P. 285 Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary By S. Devadas Pillai
  13. ^ "Chinese philosophy", Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 4/6/2014
  14. ^ Lo, Ping-cheung (1999), (PDF), The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics. Society of Christian Ethics (U.s.), Society of Christian Ethics, 19: 313–333, doi:10.5840/asce19991916, PMID 11913447, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011
  15. ^ "Zou Yan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  16. ^ a b Deutsch, Eliot; Ronald Bontekoei (1999). A companion to world philosophies. Wiley Blackwell. p. 183.

Further reading

  • Luchte, James, Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn, in series Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011. ISBN 978-0567353313

External links

April 04, 2023
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For the journal see Ancient Philosophy journal This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ancient philosophy news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Serbo Croatian September 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Serbo Croatian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Serbo Croatian Wikipedia article at sh Anticka filozofija see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated sh Anticka filozofija to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This page lists some links to ancient philosophy namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post classical history c 600 CE Contents 1 Overview 2 Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy 2 1 Philosophers 2 1 1 Pre Socratic philosophers 2 1 2 Classical Greek philosophers 2 1 3 Hellenistic philosophy 2 2 Hellenistic schools of thought 2 3 Early Roman and Christian philosophy 2 4 Philosophers during Roman times 3 Ancient Iranian philosophy 3 1 Schools of thought 3 1 1 Zoroastrianism 3 1 2 Pre Manichaean thought 3 1 3 Manichaeism 3 1 4 Mazdakism 3 1 5 Zurvanism 3 2 Philosophy and the Empire 3 3 Literature 4 Ancient Jewish philosophy 5 Ancient Indian philosophy 5 1 Vedic philosophy 5 2 Sramana philosophy 5 3 Classical Indian philosophy 5 4 Ancient Indian philosophers 5 4 1 1st millennium BCE 5 4 2 Philosophers of Vedic Age c 1500 c 600 BCE 5 4 3 Philosophers of Axial Age 600 185 BCE 5 4 4 Philosophers of Golden Age 184 BCE 600 CE 6 Ancient Chinese philosophy 6 1 Schools of thought 6 1 1 Hundred Schools of Thought 6 1 2 Early Imperial China 6 2 Philosophers 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksOverview EditGenuine philosophical thought depending upon original individual insights arose in many cultures roughly contemporaneously Karl Jaspers termed the intense period of philosophical development beginning around the 7th century BCE and concluding around the 3rd century BCE an Axial Age in human thought In Western philosophy the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of medieval philosophy whereas in the Middle East the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy EditMain articles Ancient Greek philosophy and Roman philosophy Graphical relationship among the various pre Socratic philosophers and thinkers red arrows indicate a relationship of opposition Raphael s School of Athens depicting an array of ancient Greek philosophers engaged in discussion Philosophers Edit Pre Socratic philosophers Edit Milesian SchoolThales 624 c 546 BCE Anaximander 610 546 BCE Anaximenes of Miletus c 585 c 525 BCE PythagoreansPythagoras 582 496 BCE Philolaus 470 380 BCE Alcmaeon of Croton Archytas 428 347 BCE Heraclitus 535 475 BCE Eleatic SchoolXenophanes 570 470 BCE Parmenides 510 440 BCE Zeno of Elea 490 430 BCE Melissus of Samos c 470 BCE PluralistsEmpedocles 490 430 BCE Anaxagoras 500 428 BCE AtomistsLeucippus first half of 5th century BCE Democritus 460 370 BCE Metrodorus of Chios 4th century BCE Pherecydes of Syros 6th century BCE SophistsProtagoras 490 420 BCE Gorgias 487 376 BCE Antiphon 480 411 BCE Prodicus 465 450 after 399 BCE Hippias middle of the 5th century BCE Thrasymachus 459 400 BCE Callicles Critias LycophronDiogenes of Apollonia c 460 BCE Classical Greek philosophers Edit Socrates 469 399 BCE Euclid of Megara 450 380 BCE Antisthenes 445 360 BCE Aristippus 435 356 BCE Plato 428 347 BCE Speusippus 407 339 BCE Diogenes of Sinope 400 325 BCE Xenocrates 396 314 BCE Aristotle 384 322 BCE Stilpo 380 300 BCE Theophrastus 370 288 BCE Hellenistic philosophy Edit Pyrrho 365 275 BCE Epicurus 341 270 BCE Metrodorus of Lampsacus the younger 331 278 BCE Zeno of Citium 333 263 BCE Cleanthes c 330 c 230 BCE Timon 320 230 BCE Arcesilaus 316 232 BCE Menippus 3rd century BCE Archimedes c 287 212 BCE Chrysippus 280 207 BCE Carneades 214 129 BCE Clitomachus 187 109 BCE Metrodorus of Stratonicea late 2nd century BCE Philo of Larissa 160 80 BCE Posidonius 135 51 BCE Antiochus of Ascalon 130 68 BCE Aenesidemus 1st century BCE Agrippa 1st century CE Hellenistic schools of thought Edit Academic skepticism Cynicism Cyrenaicism Eclecticism Epicureanism Middle Platonism Neo Platonism Neopythagoreanism Peripatetic School Pyrrhonism Stoicism SophismEarly Roman and Christian philosophy Edit See also Christian philosophy Neoplatonism in Christianity School of the SextiiPhilosophers during Roman times Edit Plotinus Cicero 106 43 BCE Lucretius 94 55 BCE Seneca 4 BCE 65 CE Musonius Rufus 30 100 CE Plutarch 45 120 CE Epictetus 55 135 CE Favorinus c 80 c 160 CE Marcus Aurelius 121 180 CE Clement of Alexandria 150 215 CE Alcinous philosopher 2nd century CE Sextus Empiricus 3rd century CE Alexander of Aphrodisias 3rd century CE Ammonius Saccas 3rd century CE Plotinus 205 270 CE Porphyry 232 304 CE Iamblichus 242 327 CE Themistius 317 388 CE Ambrose 340 397 CE Augustine of Hippo 354 430 CE Proclus 411 485 CE Damascius 462 540 CE Boethius 472 524 CE Simplicius of Cilicia 490 560 CE John Philoponus 490 570 CE Ancient Iranian philosophy Edit Zarathustra as depicted in Raphael s The School of Athens beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter Apelles of Kos Main article Iranian philosophy See also Dualism Dualism philosophy of mind While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta the two main families of the Indo Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being s position in society and their view of man s role in the universe The first charter of human rights by Cyrus the Great as understood in the Cyrus cylinder is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra and developed in Zoroastrian schools of thought of the Achaemenid Era of Iranian history 1 2 Schools of thought Edit Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in Avestan language Among these are treatises such as the Shikand gumanic Vichar by Mardan Farrux Ohrmazddadan selections of Denkard Wizidagiha i Zatspram Selections of Zatspram as well as older passages of the book Avesta the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his direct teachings 3 Zoroastrianism Edit Zarathustra Jamasp Ostanes Mardan Farrux Ohrmazddadan 4 Adurfarnbag Farroxzadan 5 Adurbad Emedan 5 Avesta GathasAnacharsis Pre Manichaean thought Edit Bardesanes 6 7 Manichaeism Edit Mani c 216 276 CE Ammo 8 Mazdakism Edit Mazdak the Elder 9 Mazdak died c 524 or 528 CE Zurvanism Edit Aesthetic Zurvanism Materialist Zurvanism Fatalistic ZurvanismPhilosophy and the Empire Edit Political philosophy Tansar University of Gundishapur Borzouye Bakhtshooa Gondishapuri Emperor Khosrau s philosophical discourses Paul the PersianLiterature Edit Pahlavi literatureAncient Jewish philosophy EditSee also Jewish philosophy Moses 1400 BCE 1280 BCE 10 Hillel the Elder c 110 BCE 10CE Philo of Alexandria 30 BCE 45 CE Rabbi Akiva c 40 c 137 CE Ancient Indian philosophy EditMain article Indian philosophy The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions the Vedic tradition and the sramaṇa tradition Vedic philosophy Edit Indian philosophy begins with the Vedas wherein questions pertaining to laws of nature the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked In the famous Rigvedic Hymn of Creation Nasadiya Sukta the poet asks Vyasa at middle of the picture Whence all creation had its origin he whether he fashioned it or whether he did not he who surveys it all from highest heaven he knows or maybe even he does not know In the Vedic view creation is ascribed to the self consciousness of the primeval being Purusha This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things Cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma Nature prakriti is taken to have three qualities sattva rajas and tamas Vedas Upanishads Hindu philosophySramana philosophy Edit Main articles Jain philosophy Buddhist philosophy and Sramana Jainism and Buddhism are continuation of the Sramana school of thought The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa Karma Jnana Samsara and Moksa Carvaka Sanskrit च र व क atheist philosophy also known as Lokayata it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference It is named after its founder Carvaka author of the Barhaspatya sutras Classical Indian philosophy Edit In classical times these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy Some of the questions asked were What is the ontological nature of consciousness How is cognition itself experienced Is mind chit intentional or not Does cognition have its own structure The six schools of Indian philosophy are Nyaya Vaisheshika Samkhya Yoga Mimamsa Purva Mimamsa Vedanta Uttara Mimamsa Ancient Indian philosophers Edit Main article Timeline of Eastern philosophers Indian philosophers 1st millennium BCE Edit Parashara writer of Viṣṇu Puraṇa Philosophers of Vedic Age c 1500 c 600 BCE Edit Rishi Narayana seer of the Purusha Sukta of the Rig Veda 11 Seven Rishis Atri Bharadwaja Gautama Jamadagni Kasyapa Vasishtha Viswamitra 12 Other Vedic Rishis Gritsamada Sandilya Kanva etc Rishaba Rishi mentioned in Rig Veda and later in several Puranas and believed by Jains to be the first official religious guru of Jainism as accredited by later followers Yajnavalkya one of the Vedic sages greatly influenced Buddhistic thought Lopamudra Gargi Vachaknavi Maitreyi Parshvanatha Ghosha Angiras one of the seers of the Atharva Veda and author of Mundaka Upanishad Uddalaka Aruni an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of Chandogya Upaniṣad Ashvapati a King in the Later Vedic age who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of Chandogya Upaniṣad Ashtavakra an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the Mahabharata who authored Ashtavakra Gita Philosophers of Axial Age 600 185 BCE Edit Gotama c 600 BCE logician author of Nyaya Sutra Kanada c 600 BCE founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika gave theory of atomism Mahavira 599 527 BCE heavily influenced Jainism the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism Purana Kassapa Ajita Kesakambali Payasi Makkhali Gosala Sanjaya Belaṭṭhiputta Mahavira Dandamis Nagasena Lakulisha Buddha Pakudha Kaccayana Paṇini 520 460 BCE grammarian author of Ashtadhyayi Kapila c 500 BCE proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy Badarayana lived between 500 BCE and 400 BCE Author of Brahma Sutras Jaimini c 400 BCE author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras Pingala c 500 BCE author of the Chandas shastra Gautama Buddha c 480 c 400 BCE founder of Buddhist school of thought Sariputra Chanakya c 350 c 275 BCE author of Arthashastra professor acharya of political science at the Takshashila University Patanjali c 200 BCE developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras Shvetashvatara Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism Philosophers of Golden Age 184 BCE 600 CE Edit Asvaghoṣa believed to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist and is considered the greatest Indian poet prior to Kalidasa Vatsyana known for Kama Sutra Samantabhadra a proponent of the Jaina doctrine of Anekantavada Isvarakrsna Aryadeva a student of Nagarjuna and contributed significantly to the Madhyamaka Dharmakirti Haribhadra Pujyapada Buddhaghosa Kamandaka Maticandra Prashastapada Bhaviveka Dharmapala Udyotakara Gaudapada Siddhasena Valluvar c 5th century CE wrote the Kural text a Tamil language treatise on morality and secular ethics Dignaga c 500 one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic Asanga c 300 exponent of the Yogacara Bhartrihari c 450 510 CE early figure in Indic linguistic theory Bodhidharma c 440 528 CE founder of the Zen school of Buddhism Siddhasena Divakara 5th century CE Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit such as Nyayavatara on Logic and Sanmatisutra dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints knowledge and the objects of knowledge Vasubandhu c 300 CE one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school Kundakunda 2nd century CE exponent of Jain mysticism and Jain nayas dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter author of Pancastikayasara Essence of the Five Existents the Pravacanasara Essence of the Scripture and the Samayasara Essence of the Doctrine Nagarjuna c 150 250 CE the founder of the Madhyamaka Middle Path school of Mahayana Buddhism Umasvati or Umasvami 2nd century CE author of first Jain work in Sanskrit Tattvarthasutra expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism Adi Shankara philosopher and theologian most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophyAncient Chinese philosophy EditMain article Chinese philosophy Chinese philosophy is the dominant philosophical thought in China and other countries within the East Asian cultural sphere that share a common language including Japan Korea and Vietnam Schools of thought Edit Hundred Schools of Thought Edit Main article Hundred Schools of Thought The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophers and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BCE 13 an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China Even though this period known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely The thoughts and ideas discussed and refined during this period have profoundly influenced lifestyles and social consciousness up to the present day in East Asian countries The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government war and diplomacy This period ended with the rise of the Qin Dynasty and the subsequent purge of dissent The Book of Han lists ten major schools they are Confucianism which teaches that human beings are teachable improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self cultivation and self creation A main idea of Confucianism is the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection Confucianism holds that one should give up one s life if necessary either passively or actively for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi 14 Legalism Often compared with Machiavelli and foundational for the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire the Legalists examined administrative methods emphasizing a realistic consolidation of the wealth and power of autocrat and state Taoism also called Daoism a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao compassion moderation and humility while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature the relationship between humanity and the cosmos health and longevity and wu wei action through inaction Harmony with the Universe or the source thereof Tao is the intended result of many Taoist rules and practices Mohism which advocated the idea of universal love Mozi believed that everyone is equal before heaven and that people should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love His epistemology can be regarded as primitive materialist empiricism he believed that human cognition ought to be based on one s perceptions one s sensory experiences such as sight and hearing instead of imagination or internal logic elements founded on the human capacity for abstraction Mozi advocated frugality condemning the Confucian emphasis on ritual and music which he denounced as extravagant Naturalism the School of Naturalists or the Yin yang school which synthesized the concepts of yin and yang and the Five Elements Zou Yan is considered the founder of this school 15 Agrarianism or the School of Agrarianism which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism 16 The Agrarians believed that Chinese society should be modeled around that of the early sage king Shen Nong a folk hero which was portrayed in Chinese literature as working in the fields along with everyone else and consulting with everyone else when any decision had to be reached 16 The Logicians or the School of Names which focused on definition and logic It is said to have parallels with that of the Ancient Greek sophists or dialecticians The most notable Logician was Gongsun Longzi The School of Diplomacy or School of Vertical and Horizontal Alliances which focused on practical matters instead of any moral principle so it stressed political and diplomatic tactics and debate and lobbying skill Scholars from this school were good orators debaters and tacticians The Miscellaneous School which integrated teachings from different schools for instance Lu Buwei found scholars from different schools to write a book called Lushi Chunqiu cooperatively This school tried to integrate the merits of various schools and avoid their perceived flaws The School of Minor talks which was not a unique school of thought but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street Another group is the School of the Military that studied strategy and the philosophy of war Sunzi and Sun Bin were influential leaders However this school was not one of the Ten Schools defined by Hanshu Early Imperial China Edit The founder of the Qin Dynasty who implemented Legalism as the official philosophy quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the Han Dynasty adopted Daoism and later Confucianism as official doctrine These latter two became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements He also was a promoter of the New Text school which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace In contrast there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language from this comes the denomination Old Text that were so much more reliable In particular they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage but simply a human and mortal The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the rise of the Xuanxue mysterious learning also called Neo Taoism The most important philosophers of this movement were Wang Bi Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not Being in Chinese ming and wuming A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove was the concept of feng liu lit wind and flow a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse Buddhism arrived in China around the 1st century AD but it was not until the Northern and Southern Sui and Tang Dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement At the beginning it was considered a sort of Taoist sect and there was even a theory about Laozi founder of Taoism who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century Two chiefly important monk philosophers were Sengzhao and Daosheng But probably the most influential and original of these schools was the Chan sect which had an even stronger impact in Japan as the Zen sect Philosophers Edit Taoism Laozi 5th 4th century BCE Zhuangzi 4th century BCE Zhang Daoling Zhang Jue died 184 CE Ge Hong 283 343 CE Confucianism Confucius Mencius Xun Zi c 312 230 BCE Legalism Li Si Li Kui Han Fei Mi Su Yu Shang Yang Shen Buhai Shen Dao Mohism Mozi Song Xing Logicians Deng Xi Hui Shi 380 305 BCE Gongsun Long c 325 c 250 BCE Agrarianism Xu Xing Naturalism Zou Yan 305 240 BCE Neotaoism Wang Bi Guo Xiang Xiang Xiu School of Diplomacy Guiguzi Su Qin 380 284 BCE Zhang Yi bef 329 309 BCE Yue Yi Li Yiji 268 204 BCE Military strategy Sunzi c 500 BCE Sun Bin died 316 BCE See also EditIndex of ancient philosophy articles Wisdom literatureReferences Edit Philip G Kreyenbroek Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy in Persian Philosophy Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam Routledge 2009 Mary Boyce The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy in Persian Philosophy Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam Routledge 2009 An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia From Zoroaster to Umar Khayyam S H Nasr amp M Aminrazavi I B Tauris Publishers London amp New York 2008 ISBN 978 1845115418 Zurvan A Zoroastrian Dilemma Robert Charles Zaehner Biblo and Tannen 1972 ISBN 0 8196 0280 9 a b Sasanian Iran intellectual life A Tafazzoli and A L Khromov in History of Civilizations of Central Asia The Crossroads of Civilization B A Litvinsky Zhang Guand Da R Shabani Samghabadi Unesco 1996 ISBN 9231032119 Mansour Shaki Falsafa Philosophy in the pre Islamic period Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume IX 1999 ISBN 0 933273 35 5 Prods Oktor Skjaervo Bardesanes Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume III Fasc 7 8 ISBN 0 7100 9121 4 David A Scott Manichaean Views of Buddhism in History of Religions Vol 25 No 2 Nov 1985 University of Chicago Press Yarshater Ehsan 1983 The Cambridge history of Iran volume 2 pp 995 997 This date has been repeatedly demonstrated as reliable by such scholars as Dr Douglas Petrovich and Gerard Gertoux Note the linked paper for further details https answersresearchjournal org ancient egypt place of exodus egyptian history The significance of Purusha Sukta in Daily Invocations Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine by Swami Krishnananda P 285 Indian sociology through Ghurye a dictionary By S Devadas Pillai Chinese philosophy Encyclopaedia Britannica accessed 4 6 2014 Lo Ping cheung 1999 Confucian Ethic of Death with Dignity and Its Contemporary Relevance PDF The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics Society of Christian Ethics U s Society of Christian Ethics 19 313 333 doi 10 5840 asce19991916 PMID 11913447 archived from the original PDF on 16 July 2011 Zou Yan Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 1 March 2011 a b Deutsch Eliot Ronald Bontekoei 1999 A companion to world philosophies Wiley Blackwell p 183 Further reading EditLuchte James Early Greek Thought Before the Dawn in series Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy Bloomsbury Publishing London 2011 ISBN 978 0567353313External links EditAncient philosophy at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ancient philosophy amp oldid 1146895583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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