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Tattvartha Sutra

January 01, 1970

Tattvārthasūtra, meaning "On the Nature [artha] of Reality [tattva]" (also known as Tattvarth-adhigama-sutra or Moksha-shastra) is an ancient Jain text written by Acharya Umaswami in Sanskrit, sometime between the 2nd- and 5th-century CE.[3][4][1][5][6][7]

Tattvartha Sutra
Tattvartha sutra
Information
ReligionJainism
AuthorUmaswami
LanguageSanskrit
Period2nd to 5th century[1][2]
Chapters10
Sutras350

The Tattvārthasūtra is regarded as one of the earliest, most authoritative texts in Jainism. It is accepted as authoritative in both its major sub-traditions – Digambara and Śvētāmbara – as well as the minor sub-traditions. It is a philosophical text, and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the Brahma Sutras and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in Hinduism. In an aphoristic sutra style of ancient Indian texts, it presents the complete Jainism philosophy in 350 sutras over 10 chapters.[8][9] The text has attracted numerous commentaries, translations and interpretations since the 5th-century.[10]

One of its sutras, Parasparopagraho Jivanam is the motto of Jainism. Its meaning is interpreted as "(The function) of souls is to help one another",[11] or "Souls render service to one another".[12]

Names edit

Tattvartha Sutra is also known in Jainism as the Moksha-shastra (Scripture describing the path of liberation).[13][14]

Content edit

The text written in Sanskrit,[10] begins with an invocation:

I bow to the Lord, the promulgator of the path to liberation, the destroyer of mountains of karmas and the knower of the whole of reality, so that I may realize these qualities.[15]

The first verse of Tattvārthsūtra, "सम्यग्दर्शनज्ञानचारित्राणि मोक्षमार्ग:" summarizes the Jaina path to liberation. It means that the Ratnatraya (three jewels: right view, right knowledge and right conduct) collectively constitutes the path to liberation or moksha.[13][16]

Its ten chapters are:[17]

  1. Faith and Knowledge
  2. The Category of the Living
  3. The Lower World and the Middle World
  4. The Celestial Beings
  5. The Category of the Non-Living
  6. Influx of Karma
  7. The Five Vows
  8. Bondage of Karma
  9. Stoppage and Shedding of Karma
  10. Liberation
 
Chart showing Samyak Darsana as per Tattvarthasutra

The first chapter deals with the process of cognition and details about different types of knowledge. The next three chapters deal with the Jīva (soul), lower worlds, naraka, and celestial abodes, devas. The fifth chapter discusses the Non-soul (ajīva). The next three chapters deal with the karmas and their manifestations and the influx, asrava, good and bad karma, shubha-ashubha karma and the bondage of the karmas. The ninth chapter describes the blocking, samvara and shedding of the karmas, nirjara. The final chapter discusses moksha or the liberation of the soul.[8]

Seven categories of truth edit

The theology in Tattvartha Sutra presents seven categories of truth in sutra 1.4:[18]

  1. Souls exist (Jīva)
  2. Non-sentient matter exists (Ajīva)
  3. Karmic particles exist that inflow to each soul (Āsrava)
  4. Karmic particles bind to the soul {which transmigrate with rebirth} (Bandha)
  5. Karmic particles inflow can be stopped (Saṃvara)
  6. Karmic particles can fall away from soul (Nirjara)
  7. Complete release of karmic particles leads to liberation from worldly bondage (Moksha)

Umaswami categorizes the types of knowledge to be empirical, attained through one's sense of perception. He adds that knowledge is also acquired through literature, clairvoyance, and omniscience.[19] In chapter 2, Umaswati presents sutras on soul. He asserts that soul is distinguished by suppression of deluding karma, or elimination of eight types of karmas, or partial presence of destructive karmas, or arising of eight types of new karmas, or those that are innate to the soul, or a combination of these.[20] In chapter 3 through 6, Umaswati presents sutras for his first three categories of truth.[21]

Ethics edit

Main article: Ethics in Jainism

In chapter 7, Umaswati presents the Jaina vows and explains their value in stopping karmic particle inflow to the soul. The vows, with their respective translations by Nathmal Tatia, are

Karma and rebirths edit

Main article: Karma in Jainism

Umaswati, in chapter 8 of Tattvartha Sutra presents his sutras on how karma affects rebirths. He asserts that accumulated karma in life determines the length of life and realm of rebirth for each soul in each of four states – infernal beings, plants and animals, human beings and as gods.[23][24] Further, states Umaswati, karma also affects the body, the shape, the characteristics as well as the status of the soul within the same species, such as Ucchi (upper) or Nicchi (lower) status.[23][24] The accumulated and new karma are material particles, states Umaswati, which stick to the soul and these travel with the soul from one life to the next as bondage, where each ripens.[25][26] Once ripened, the karmic particles fall off, states Umaswati.[25][26]

Shedding karma and liberation edit

Main article: Moksha (Jainism)

The chapter 9 of Tattvartha Sutra states how karmic particles can be stopped from attaching to the soul and how these can be shed.[27][28] Umaswati asserts that gupti (curbing activity), dharma (virtues such as forbearance, modesty, purity, truthfulness, self-restraint, austerity, renunciation), contemplation, endurance in hardship (he lists twenty two hardships including hunger, thirst, cold, heat, nakedness, injury, lack of gain, illness, praise, disrespect), and with good character towards others (he lists five – equanimity, reinitiation, non-injury (Ahimsa), slight passion and fair conduct), a soul stops karmic accumulations.[28] External austerities such as fasting, reduced diet and isolated habitation, along with internal austerities such as expiation, reverence, service, renunciation and meditation, according to Umaswati, along with respectful service to teachers and ailing ascetics help shed karma.[28]

The state of liberation is presented in Chapter 10 by Umaswati.[29][30] It is achieved when deluding and obstructive karmas have been destroyed.[29][30] This leads to the state of quietism and potentiality, and the soul then moves to the end of the universe, states Umaswati.[30]

Importance edit

The Tattvartha Sutra is regarded as one of the earliest, most authoritative book on Jainism, and the only text authoritative in both the Digambara and Śvētāmbara sects,[13] and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the Brahma Sutras and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in Hinduism.[31][32]

Commentaries and translations edit

Commentaries edit

The Tattvartha Sutra has the largest number of Jaina bhashyas or commentaries in different Indian languages from the fifth century onward. There are over twenty-five commentaries and translations of Tattvartha Sutra,[10] including those by:[33]

Umasvati himself wrote a commentary on the text.[33] The next oldest and the most famous commentary on the Tattvārthasūtra is Sarvārthasiddhi of Ācārya Pujyapada[34][14] (sixth century CE). Sarvārthasiddhi along with Akalanka's c. 780 CE Rajavartika and Vijayananda's Slokavarttika (9th century) form the central texts of Digambara monastic students.[8]

Translations edit

The text is in sutra form. The word Sutra (Sanskrit: सूत्र) means "string, thread".[35] The root of the word is siv, that which sews and holds things together.[36][37] In the context of Indian literature, Sutra means a distilled collection of syllables and words, any form or manual of "aphorism, rule, direction" hanging together like threads with which the "teachings of ritual, philosophy, grammar or any field of knowledge" can be woven.[36][35]

The distilled nature of sutra texts leave them open to varying interpretations. The Tattvartha sutra have been variously translated. The first verse of Tattvartha Sutra has been translated as follows, for example:

"The enlightened darsana (world view), enlightened knowledge and enlightened conduct are the path to liberation" – Translated by Nathmal Tatia[38]

"Right faith, right knowledge and right conduct constitute the path to liberation" – Translated by Vijay Jain[16]

— Umaswati, Tattvartha Sutra 1.1

The text has been translated into many languages including English and German, latest being English translation in 1993.[10]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tattvartha Sutra.

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Paul Dundas (2006). Patrick Olivelle (ed.). Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. pp. 395–396. ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1.
  2. ^ Walter Slaje (2008), Śāstrārambha: Inquiries Into the Preamble in Sanskrit, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 35 with footnote 23, ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8
  3. ^ "Tattvārtha Sūtra". encyclopedia.com.
  4. ^ Dundas 2002, p. 86.
  5. ^ Hemacandra; R. C. C. Fynes (1998). The Lives of the Jain Elders. Oxford University Press. p. xxxix. ISBN 978-0-19-283227-6.
  6. ^ Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3105-6.
  7. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. vi.
  8. ^ a b c Jaini 1998, p. 82.
  9. ^ K. V. Mardia (1990). The Scientific Foundations of Jainism. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-208-0658-0. Thus, there is a vast literature available but it seems that Tattvartha Sutra of Umasvati can be regarded as the main philosophical text of the religion and is recognized as authoritative by all Jains.
  10. ^ a b c d Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 48.
  11. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 72.
  12. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, p. 131.
  13. ^ a b c Cort 2001, p. 16-17.
  14. ^ a b S.A. Jain 1992.
  15. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 1.
  16. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 2.
  17. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. xi.
  18. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, p. xviii-xx, 2-3, 6.
  19. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 12–15.
  20. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 33–62.
  21. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 7–168.
  22. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 169–170.
  23. ^ a b Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 195–199.
  24. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 118-119.
  25. ^ a b Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 200–203.
  26. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 121-124.
  27. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 213–248.
  28. ^ a b c Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 126-145.
  29. ^ a b Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 250–263.
  30. ^ a b c Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 146-151.
  31. ^ Jaini, p. 81
  32. ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 439–440.
  33. ^ a b David Pingree, ed. (1970). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A. Vol. 1. American Philosophical Society.
  34. ^ Banerjee, Satya Ranjan (2005). Prolegomena to Prakritica et Jainica. p. 151.
  35. ^ a b M Winternitz (2010 Reprint), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120802643, pages 249
  36. ^ a b Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for Sutra, page 1241
  37. ^ MacGregor, Geddes (1989). Dictionary of Religion and Philosophy (1st ed.). New York: Paragon House. ISBN 1557780196.
  38. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 5–6.

References edit

Further reading edit

  • Umāsvāti; Devanandī; Siddhasenagaṇi (1994). Nathmal Tatia (ed.). That which is: Tattvārtha Sūtra. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-06-068985-8. Retrieved 27 December 2012.

External links edit

  • Tattvartha Sutra with Sarvarthasiddhi English translation by Vijay K. Jain, 2018 (includes glossary)
  • Tattvarthasutra, with Hindi and English translation on crossasia repository
  • Tattvarthsutra (English) on archive.org

January 01, 1970
tattvartha, sutra, tattvārthasūtra, meaning, nature, artha, reality, tattva, also, known, tattvarth, adhigama, sutra, moksha, shastra, ancient, jain, text, written, acharya, umaswami, sanskrit, sometime, between, century, tattvartha, sutrainformationreligionja. Tattvarthasutra meaning On the Nature artha of Reality tattva also known as Tattvarth adhigama sutra or Moksha shastra is an ancient Jain text written by Acharya Umaswami in Sanskrit sometime between the 2nd and 5th century CE 3 4 1 5 6 7 Tattvartha SutraTattvartha sutraInformationReligionJainismAuthorUmaswamiLanguageSanskritPeriod2nd to 5th century 1 2 Chapters10Sutras350 The Tattvarthasutra is regarded as one of the earliest most authoritative texts in Jainism It is accepted as authoritative in both its major sub traditions Digambara and Svetambara as well as the minor sub traditions It is a philosophical text and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the Brahma Sutras and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in Hinduism In an aphoristic sutra style of ancient Indian texts it presents the complete Jainism philosophy in 350 sutras over 10 chapters 8 9 The text has attracted numerous commentaries translations and interpretations since the 5th century 10 One of its sutras Parasparopagraho Jivanam is the motto of Jainism Its meaning is interpreted as The function of souls is to help one another 11 or Souls render service to one another 12 Contents 1 Names 2 Content 2 1 Seven categories of truth 2 2 Ethics 2 3 Karma and rebirths 2 4 Shedding karma and liberation 3 Importance 4 Commentaries and translations 4 1 Commentaries 4 2 Translations 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksNames editTattvartha Sutra is also known in Jainism as the Moksha shastra Scripture describing the path of liberation 13 14 Content editThe text written in Sanskrit 10 begins with an invocation I bow to the Lord the promulgator of the path to liberation the destroyer of mountains of karmas and the knower of the whole of reality so that I may realize these qualities 15 The first verse of Tattvarthsutra सम यग दर शनज ञ नच र त र ण म क षम र ग summarizes the Jaina path to liberation It means that the Ratnatraya three jewels right view right knowledge and right conduct collectively constitutes the path to liberation or moksha 13 16 Its ten chapters are 17 Faith and Knowledge The Category of the Living The Lower World and the Middle World The Celestial Beings The Category of the Non Living Influx of Karma The Five Vows Bondage of Karma Stoppage and Shedding of Karma Liberation nbsp Chart showing Samyak Darsana as per Tattvarthasutra The first chapter deals with the process of cognition and details about different types of knowledge The next three chapters deal with the Jiva soul lower worlds naraka and celestial abodes devas The fifth chapter discusses the Non soul ajiva The next three chapters deal with the karmas and their manifestations and the influx asrava good and bad karma shubha ashubha karma and the bondage of the karmas The ninth chapter describes the blocking samvara and shedding of the karmas nirjara The final chapter discusses moksha or the liberation of the soul 8 Seven categories of truth edit The theology in Tattvartha Sutra presents seven categories of truth in sutra 1 4 18 Souls exist Jiva Non sentient matter exists Ajiva Karmic particles exist that inflow to each soul Asrava Karmic particles bind to the soul which transmigrate with rebirth Bandha Karmic particles inflow can be stopped Saṃvara Karmic particles can fall away from soul Nirjara Complete release of karmic particles leads to liberation from worldly bondage Moksha Umaswami categorizes the types of knowledge to be empirical attained through one s sense of perception He adds that knowledge is also acquired through literature clairvoyance and omniscience 19 In chapter 2 Umaswati presents sutras on soul He asserts that soul is distinguished by suppression of deluding karma or elimination of eight types of karmas or partial presence of destructive karmas or arising of eight types of new karmas or those that are innate to the soul or a combination of these 20 In chapter 3 through 6 Umaswati presents sutras for his first three categories of truth 21 Ethics edit Main article Ethics in Jainism In chapter 7 Umaswati presents the Jaina vows and explains their value in stopping karmic particle inflow to the soul The vows with their respective translations by Nathmal Tatia are ahimsa abstinence from violence anirta abstinence from falsehood asteya abstinence from stealing brahmacharya abstinence from carnality and aparigraha abstinence from possessiveness 22 Karma and rebirths edit Main article Karma in Jainism Umaswati in chapter 8 of Tattvartha Sutra presents his sutras on how karma affects rebirths He asserts that accumulated karma in life determines the length of life and realm of rebirth for each soul in each of four states infernal beings plants and animals human beings and as gods 23 24 Further states Umaswati karma also affects the body the shape the characteristics as well as the status of the soul within the same species such as Ucchi upper or Nicchi lower status 23 24 The accumulated and new karma are material particles states Umaswati which stick to the soul and these travel with the soul from one life to the next as bondage where each ripens 25 26 Once ripened the karmic particles fall off states Umaswati 25 26 Shedding karma and liberation edit Main article Moksha Jainism The chapter 9 of Tattvartha Sutra states how karmic particles can be stopped from attaching to the soul and how these can be shed 27 28 Umaswati asserts that gupti curbing activity dharma virtues such as forbearance modesty purity truthfulness self restraint austerity renunciation contemplation endurance in hardship he lists twenty two hardships including hunger thirst cold heat nakedness injury lack of gain illness praise disrespect and with good character towards others he lists five equanimity reinitiation non injury Ahimsa slight passion and fair conduct a soul stops karmic accumulations 28 External austerities such as fasting reduced diet and isolated habitation along with internal austerities such as expiation reverence service renunciation and meditation according to Umaswati along with respectful service to teachers and ailing ascetics help shed karma 28 The state of liberation is presented in Chapter 10 by Umaswati 29 30 It is achieved when deluding and obstructive karmas have been destroyed 29 30 This leads to the state of quietism and potentiality and the soul then moves to the end of the universe states Umaswati 30 Importance editThe Tattvartha Sutra is regarded as one of the earliest most authoritative book on Jainism and the only text authoritative in both the Digambara and Svetambara sects 13 and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the Brahma Sutras and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in Hinduism 31 32 Commentaries and translations editCommentaries edit The Tattvartha Sutra has the largest number of Jaina bhashyas or commentaries in different Indian languages from the fifth century onward There are over twenty five commentaries and translations of Tattvartha Sutra 10 including those by 33 Uma svati Vachaka Vadi gaja gandha hastin Siddha sena Divakara Siddha sena Gani Haribhadra and Yashobhadra Nagara Vachaka Malaya giri Yashovijaya Upadhyaya Samanta bhadra Deva nandin Pujya pada Akalanka Padmanabha Vidya nandin Yoga deva Prabha chandra Shruta sagara Bala chandra Jayanta Pandita Bhaskara nandin Kamala kirti Divakara bhatta Magha nandin Vibudha sena Lakshmi deva Shubha chandra Yogindra deva Devi dasa Ravi nanda Padma kirti Kanaka kirti Rajendra Maulin Sivakoti Ratna simha Prabha chandra Umasvati himself wrote a commentary on the text 33 The next oldest and the most famous commentary on the Tattvarthasutra is Sarvarthasiddhi of Acarya Pujyapada 34 14 sixth century CE Sarvarthasiddhi along with Akalanka s c 780 CE Rajavartika and Vijayananda s Slokavarttika 9th century form the central texts of Digambara monastic students 8 Translations edit The text is in sutra form The word Sutra Sanskrit स त र means string thread 35 The root of the word is siv that which sews and holds things together 36 37 In the context of Indian literature Sutra means a distilled collection of syllables and words any form or manual of aphorism rule direction hanging together like threads with which the teachings of ritual philosophy grammar or any field of knowledge can be woven 36 35 The distilled nature of sutra texts leave them open to varying interpretations The Tattvartha sutra have been variously translated The first verse of Tattvartha Sutra has been translated as follows for example The enlightened darsana world view enlightened knowledge and enlightened conduct are the path to liberation Translated by Nathmal Tatia 38 Right faith right knowledge and right conduct constitute the path to liberation Translated by Vijay Jain 16 Umaswati Tattvartha Sutra 1 1 The text has been translated into many languages including English and German latest being English translation in 1993 10 See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tattvartha Sutra Samayasara Jain literature Tattva Jainism Notes edit a b Paul Dundas 2006 Patrick Olivelle ed Between the Empires Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE Oxford University Press pp 395 396 ISBN 978 0 19 977507 1 Walter Slaje 2008 Sastrarambha Inquiries Into the Preamble in Sanskrit Otto Harrassowitz Verlag pp 35 with footnote 23 ISBN 978 3 447 05645 8 Tattvartha Sutra encyclopedia com Dundas 2002 p 86 Hemacandra R C C Fynes 1998 The Lives of the Jain Elders Oxford University Press p xxxix ISBN 978 0 19 283227 6 Sir Monier Monier Williams Ernst Leumann Carl Cappeller 2002 A Sanskrit English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 3105 6 Vijay K Jain 2011 p vi a b c Jaini 1998 p 82 K V Mardia 1990 The Scientific Foundations of Jainism Motilal Banarsidass p 103 ISBN 978 81 208 0658 0 Thus there is a vast literature available but it seems that Tattvartha Sutra of Umasvati can be regarded as the main philosophical text of the religion and is recognized as authoritative by all Jains a b c d Natubhai Shah 2004 p 48 Vijay K Jain 2011 p 72 Umasvati 1994 p 131 a b c Cort 2001 p 16 17 a b S A Jain 1992 Vijay K Jain 2011 p 1 a b Vijay K Jain 2011 p 2 Vijay K Jain 2011 p xi Umasvati 1994 p xviii xx 2 3 6 Umasvati 1994 pp 12 15 Umasvati 1994 pp 33 62 Umasvati 1994 pp 7 168 Umasvati 1994 pp 169 170 a b Umasvati 1994 pp 195 199 a b Vijay K Jain 2011 p 118 119 a b Umasvati 1994 pp 200 203 a b Vijay K Jain 2011 p 121 124 Umasvati 1994 pp 213 248 a b c Vijay K Jain 2011 p 126 145 a b Umasvati 1994 pp 250 263 a b c Vijay K Jain 2011 p 146 151 Jaini p 81 Jones amp Ryan 2007 pp 439 440 a b David Pingree ed 1970 Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A Vol 1 American Philosophical Society Banerjee Satya Ranjan 2005 Prolegomena to Prakritica et Jainica p 151 a b M Winternitz 2010 Reprint A History of Indian Literature Volume 1 Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 8120802643 pages 249 a b Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary Oxford University Press Entry for Sutra page 1241 MacGregor Geddes 1989 Dictionary of Religion and Philosophy 1st ed New York Paragon House ISBN 1557780196 Umasvati 1994 pp 5 6 References editCort John E 2001 Jains in the World Religious Values and Ideology in India Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 513234 3 Dasti Matthew R Bryant Edwin F eds 2014 Free Will Agency and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 992274 1 Dundas Paul 2002 1992 The Jains Second ed London and New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 26605 X Jain S A 1992 First edition 1960 Reality English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya s Sarvarthasiddhi Second ed Jwalamalini Trust nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Jain Vijay K 2011 Acharya Umasvami s Tattvarthsutra 1st ed Uttarakhand Vira Sasana Sangha ISBN 978 81 903639 2 1 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Jaini Padmanabh S 1998 1979 The Jaina Path of Purification Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1578 5 Jones Constance Ryan James D 2007 Encyclopedia of Hinduism Infobase Publishing ISBN 978 0816054589 Oldmeadow Harry ed 2007 Light from the East Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West World Wisdom ISBN 978 1 933316 22 2 Shah Natubhai 2004 First published in 1998 Jainism The World of Conquerors vol I Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1938 1 Umasvati Umaswami 1994 That which is Translator Nathmal Tatia Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 06 068985 8Further reading editUmasvati Devanandi Siddhasenagaṇi 1994 Nathmal Tatia ed That which is Tattvartha Sutra Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 06 068985 8 Retrieved 27 December 2012 External links editTattvartha Sutra with Sarvarthasiddhi English translation by Vijay K Jain 2018 includes glossary Tattvarthasutra with Hindi and English translation on crossasia repository Tattvarthsutra English on archive org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tattvartha Sutra amp oldid 1169968344, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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