Resin identification code

For broader coverage of this topic, see Recycling codes.

The ASTM International Resin Identification Coding System, often abbreviated RIC, is a set of symbols appearing on plastic products that identify the plastic resin out of which the product is made.^[1] It was developed in 1988 by the Society of the Plastics Industry (now the Plastics Industry Association) in the United States, but since 2008 it has been administered by ASTM International, an international standards organization.^[1]

Resin code for polyethylene terephthalate

Polypropylene lid of a Tic Tac box, with a living hinge and the resin identification code, 5, under its flap

Due to resemblance to the recycling symbol, RIC symbols are often mistaken for the former. Subsequent revisions to the RIC have replaced the arrows with a solid triangle, but the old symbols are still in common use.

History

The US Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) first introduced the system in 1988 as the "Voluntary Plastic Container Coding System". The SPI stated that one purpose of the original SPI code was to "Provide a consistent national system to facilitate recycling of post-consumer plastics."^[2] The system has been adopted by a growing number of communities implementing recycling programs, as a tool to assist in sorting plastics. In order to deal with the concerns of recyclers across the U.S., the RIC system was designed to make it easier for workers in materials recovery and recycling facilities to sort and separate items according to their resin type.^{[citation needed]} Plastics must be recycled separately, with other like materials, in order to preserve the value of the recycled material, and enable its reuse in other products after being recycled.

In its original form, the symbols used as part of the RIC consisted of arrows that cycle clockwise to form a triangle that encloses a number.

• 1: polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) (beverage bottles, cups, other packaging, etc.)
• 2: high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (bottles, cups, milk jugs, etc.)
• 3: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (pipes, siding, flooring, etc.)
• 4: low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (plastic bags, six-pack rings, tubing, etc.)
• 5: polypropylene (PP) (auto parts, industrial fibres, food containers, etc.)
• 6: polystyrene (PS) (plastic utensils, Styrofoam, cafeteria trays, etc.)
• 7:(OTHER)/(PLA) other plastics, such as acrylic, nylon, polycarbonate and polylactic acid.

The numbers also indicate general ease (and thus, cost-effectiveness) of recycling, with 1 being the easiest and 6 and 7 being very difficult.^[3][4]

When a number is omitted, the arrows arranged in a triangle resemble the universal recycling symbol, a generic indicator of recyclability. Subsequent revisions to the RIC have replaced the arrows with a solid triangle, in order to address consumer confusion about the meaning of the RIC, and the fact that the presence of a RIC symbol on an item does not necessarily indicate that it is recyclable.

In 2008, ASTM International took over the administration of the RIC system and eventually issued ASTM D7611—Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification.^[5] In 2013 this standard was revised to change the graphic marking symbol of the RIC from the "chasing arrows" of the Recycling Symbol to a solid triangle instead.

Since its introduction, the RIC has often been used as a signifier of recyclability, but the presence of a code on a plastic product does not necessarily indicate that it is recyclable any more than its absence means the plastic object is necessarily unrecyclable.

Table of resin codes

Sources:^[6][7]

Number	Image	Alternate image #1	Alternate image #2	Abbreviation	Polymer name	Uses	“Recycling”
1				PETE or PET	Polyethylene terephthalate	Polyester fibres (Polar Fleece), thermoformed sheet, strapping, soft drink bottles, tote bags, furniture, carpet, paneling and (occasionally) new containers. (See also: Recycling of PET bottles.)	Picked up through most curbside recycling programs.
2				HDPE or PE-HD	High-density polyethylene	Bottles, grocery bags, milk jugs, recycling bins, agricultural pipe, base cups, car stops, playground equipment, and plastic lumber	Picked up through most curbside recycling programs, although some allow only those containers with necks.
3				PVC or V	Polyvinyl chloride	Pipe, window profile, siding, fencing, flooring, shower curtains, lawn chairs, non-food bottles, and children's toys.	Too long life for significant recycling volumes although there was 740,000 tonnes recycled in 2018 through EU Vinyl 2010 and VinylPlus initiatives.^[8]
4				LDPE or PE-LD	Low-density polyethylene, Linear low-density polyethylene	Plastic bags, six-pack rings, various containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, and various molded laboratory equipment	LDPE is not often recycled through curbside programs and is a significant source of plastic pollution. LDPE can often be returned to many stores for recycling.
5				PP	Polypropylene	Auto parts, industrial fibres, food containers, and dishware	Picked up through most curbside recycling programs.
6				PS	Polystyrene	Desk accessories, cafeteria trays, plastic utensils, coffee cup lids, toys, video cassettes and cases, clamshell containers, packaging peanuts, and insulation board and other expanded polystyrene products (e.g., Styrofoam)	Polystyrene is often not recycled through curbside programs as it is too lightweight to be economical to recycle, usually incinerated instead.
7				OTHER or O	Other plastics, such as acrylic, nylon, polycarbonate, and polylactic acid (a bioplastic also known as PLA), and multilayer combinations of different plastics	Bottles, plastic lumber applications, headlight lenses, and safety shields/glasses.	Number 7 plastics are not typically recycled as they were mostly specialty produced in limited volumes at the time the codes were established.

Below are the RIC symbols after ASTM's 2013 revision^[9][10]

 

Consumer confusion

In the United States, use of the RIC in the coding of plastics has led to ongoing consumer confusion about which plastic products are recyclable. When many plastics recycling programs were first being implemented in communities across the United States, only plastics with RICs "1" and "2" (polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene, respectively) were accepted to be recycled. The list of acceptable plastic items has grown since then,^[1] and in some areas municipal recycling programs can collect and successfully recycle most plastic products regardless of their RIC. This has led some communities to instruct residents to refer to the form of packaging (i.e. "bottles", "tubs", "lids", etc.) when determining what to include in a curbside recycling bin, rather than instructing them to rely on the RIC.^[11] To further alleviate consumer confusion, the American Chemistry Council launched the "Recycling Terms & Tools" program to promote standardized language that can be used to educate consumers about how to recycle plastic products.

However, even when it is technically possible to recycle a particular plastic, it is often economically unfeasible to recycle it, and this can mislead consumers into thinking that more plastic is recycled than really is.^[12] In the U.S. in 2018, only 8.5% of plastic waste was recycled.^[13]

Possible new codes

Modifications to the RIC are currently being discussed and developed by ASTM's D20.95 subcommittee on recycled plastics.^[14]

In the U.S. the Sustainable Packaging Coalition has also created a "How2Recycle" label^[15] in an effort to replace the RIC with a label that aligns more closely with how the public currently uses the RIC. Rather than indicating what type of plastic resin a product is made out of, the four "How2Recycle" labels indicate whether a plastic product is

• Widely Recycled (meaning greater than 60 percent of the U.S. can recycle the item through a curbside recycling program or municipal drop-off location).
• Limited (meaning only 20–60 percent of the U.S. can recycle the item through a curbside recycling program or municipal drop-off location).
• Not Yet Recycled (meaning less than 20 percent of the U.S. can recycle the item through a curbside recycling program or municipal drop-off location).
• Store Drop-Off (meaning the item can be recycled if brought to participating store drop-off locations, typically at grocery stores).

The "How2Recycle" labels also encourage consumers to check with local facilities to see what plastics each municipal recycling facility can accept.

Unicode characters

See also: Miscellaneous Symbols

The different resin identification codes can be represented by Unicode icons ♳ (U+2673), ♴ (U+2674), ♵ (U+2675), ♶ (U+2676), ♷ (U+2677), ♸ (U+2678), and ♹ (U+2679). ♺ (U+267A) is the portion of the symbol without the number or abbreviation.

See also

• List of symbols
• Recycling codes
• Plastic recycling
• Thermoplastic—softens with heat
• Thermosetting polymer—does not soften with heat

References

1. "Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification". Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification. ASTM International. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
2. Wilhelm, Richard. . Standardization News. No. September/October 2008. ASTM International. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
3. Hopewell, Jefferson; Dvorak, Robert; Kosior, Edward (2009-07-27). "Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1526): 2115–2126. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0311. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2873020. PMID 19528059.
4. Smith, Janice Gorzynski (2011). Organic Chemistry (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1169. ISBN 9780073375625.
5. "Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification". Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification. ASTM International. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
6. . Kuzeyboru Group. Archived from the original on 2022-06-22. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
7. "What Do Recycling Symbols on Plastics Mean?". Good Housekeeping. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
8. "Progress Report - VinylPlus". vinylplus.eu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
9. . ASTM International. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
10. . SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade cs/content.cfm?ItemNumber=823&navItemNumber=1125. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016.
11. "Please Recycle These Items". Rumpke Recycling. Rumpke Recycling. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
12. Laura Sullivan (September 11, 2020). "How Big Oil Misled The Public Into Believing Plastic Would Be Recycled". NPR. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
13. ""Plastics: Material-Specific Data"". EPA. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
14. "Active Standards under the Jurisdiction of D20.95". Subcommittee D20.95 on Recycled Plastics. ASTM International. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
15. "How2Recycle". Sustainable Packaging Coalition. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Resin identification codes.

• Recycling Symbols for Plastics has symbols used in plastics recycling available in various formats for use in graphics and packaging
• Resin Codes from the American Chemistry Council