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10th edition of Systema Naturae

July 11, 2023

Main article: Systema Naturae

The 10th edition of Systema Naturae is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In it, Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of Species Plantarum.

Title page of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

Starting point

Before 1758, most biological catalogues had used polynomial names for the taxa included, including earlier editions of Systema Naturae. The first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature across the animal kingdom was the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature therefore chose 1 January 1758 as the "starting point" for zoological nomenclature, and asserted that the 10th edition of Systema Naturae was to be treated as if published on that date.[1] Names published before that date are unavailable, even if they would otherwise satisfy the rules. The only work which takes priority over the 10th edition is Carl Alexander Clerck's Svenska Spindlar or Aranei Suecici, which was published in 1757, but is also to be treated as if published on January 1, 1758.[1]

Revisions

 
Carl Linnaeus, oil painting by Alexander Roslin in 1775.
Main article: Linnaean taxonomy

During Linnaeus' lifetime, Systema Naturae was under continuous revision. Progress was incorporated into new and ever-expanding editions; for example, in his 1st edition (1735), whales and manatees were originally classified as species of fish (as was thought to be the case then). In the 10th edition, they were both moved into the mammal class.[2]

Animals

The animal kingdom (as described by Linnaeus): "Animals enjoy sensation by means of a living organization, animated by a medullary substance; perception by nerves; and motion by the exertion of the will. They have members for the different purposes of life; organs for their different senses; and faculties (or powers) for the application of their different perceptions. They all originate from an egg. Their external and internal structure; their comparative anatomy, habits, instincts, and various relations to each other, are detailed in authors who professedly treat on their subjects."[3]

The list has been broken down into the original six classes Linnaeus described for animals; Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, and Vermes. These classes were ultimately created by studying the internal anatomy, as seen in his key:[3]

  • Heart with two auricles, two ventricles. Warm, red blood
  • Heart with one auricle, one ventricle. Cold, red blood
  • Heart with one auricle, no ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood

By current standards Pisces and Vermes are informal groupings, Insecta also contained arachnids and crustaceans, and one order of Amphibia comprised sharks, lampreys, and sturgeons.

Mammalia

Main article: Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
 
The Barbary macaque was included in the 10th edition as Simia sylvanus.

Linnaeus described mammals as: "Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean."[3]

Linnaeus divided the mammals based upon the number, situation, and structure of their teeth, into the following orders and genera:

Aves

Main article: Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
 
The snowy owl was included in the 10th edition as Strix scandiaca.

Linnaeus described birds as: "A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are areal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm."[3]

Linnaeus divided the birds based upon the characters of the bill and feet, into the following 6 orders and 63 genera:

Amphibia

Main article: Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
 
The common frog was included in the 10th edition as Rana temporaria.

Linnaeus described his "Amphibia" (comprising reptiles and amphibians) as: "Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenacious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter."[3]

Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed, into the following orders and genera:[4]

Pisces

Main article: Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
 
The butterfly blenny was included in the 10th edition as Blennius ocellatus.

Linnaeus described fish as: "Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides they parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure."[3]

Linnaeus divided the fishes based upon the position of the ventral and pectoral fins, into the following orders and genera:[3]

Insecta

Main article: Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
 
Crustaceans such as the water flea Monoculus pulex (now Daphnia pulex) were included in Linnaeus' Insecta.
 
Linnaeus gave the name Cicada septendecim to an insect whose adult appears once in 17 years.

Linnaeus described his "Insecta" (comprising all arthropods, including insects, crustaceans, arachnids and others) as: "A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae (or horns), which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation."[5]

Linnaeus divided the insects based upon the form of the wings, into the following orders and genera:[6]

Vermes

Main article: Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
 
The common cuttlefish was named Sepia officinalis in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

Linnaeus described his "Vermes" as: "Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenacious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles (or feelers). By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects."[7]

Linnaeus divided the "Vermes" based upon the structure of the body, into the following orders and genera:[7]

Plants

The second volume, published in 1759, detailed the kingdom Plantae, in which Linnaeus included true plants, as well as fungi, algae and lichens. In addition to repeating the species he had previously listed in his Species Plantarum (1753), and those published in the intervening period, Linnaeus described several hundred new plant species. The species from Species Plantarum were numbered sequentially, while the new species were labelled with letters.[8] Many were sent to Linnaeus by his correspondents overseas, including Johannes Burman and David de Gorter in South Africa, Patrick Browne, Philip Miller and John Ellis in America, Jean-François Séguier, Carlo Allioni and Casimir Christoph Schmidel in the Alps, Gorter and Johann Ernst Hebenstreit in the Orient, and François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, Gerard and Barnadet Gabriel across Europe.[9]

New plant species described in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae include:

 
Allionia incarnata was one of the two new species in the new genus Allionia introduced in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

References

  1. ^ a b "Article 3". International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th ed.). 1999. ISBN 0-85301-006-4.
  2. ^ "Systema Naturae - an epoch-making book". Linné on line. Uppsala Universitet. 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Carl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 1. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
  4. ^ Kenneth Kitchell, Jr. & Harold A. Dundee (1994). "A trilogy on the herpetology of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae X" (PDF). Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service. 100: 1–61.
  5. ^ Carl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 2: Insects. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
  6. ^ Mary P. Winsor (1976). "The development of Linnaean insect classification". Taxon. 25 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/1220406. JSTOR 1220406.
  7. ^ a b Carl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 4: Worms. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
  8. ^ Bernard R. Baum (1968). "The problem of typifying certain names in Linnaeus's Systema Naturae ed. 10". Taxon. 17 (5): 507–513. doi:10.2307/1216048. JSTOR 1216048.
  9. ^ Carl Linnaeus (1759). "Volume 2. Regnum Vegetabile". Systema Naturae (10th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius.

External links

July 11, 2023
10th, edition, systema, naturae, main, article, systema, naturae, book, written, swedish, naturalist, carl, linnaeus, published, volumes, 1758, 1759, which, marks, starting, point, zoological, nomenclature, linnaeus, introduced, binomial, nomenclature, animals. Main article Systema Naturae The 10th edition of Systema Naturae is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759 which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature In it Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of Species Plantarum Title page of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae Contents 1 Starting point 2 Revisions 3 Animals 3 1 Mammalia 3 2 Aves 3 3 Amphibia 3 4 Pisces 3 5 Insecta 3 6 Vermes 4 Plants 5 References 6 External linksStarting point EditBefore 1758 most biological catalogues had used polynomial names for the taxa included including earlier editions of Systema Naturae The first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature across the animal kingdom was the 10th edition of Systema Naturae The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature therefore chose 1 January 1758 as the starting point for zoological nomenclature and asserted that the 10th edition of Systema Naturae was to be treated as if published on that date 1 Names published before that date are unavailable even if they would otherwise satisfy the rules The only work which takes priority over the 10th edition is Carl Alexander Clerck s Svenska Spindlar or Aranei Suecici which was published in 1757 but is also to be treated as if published on January 1 1758 1 Revisions Edit Carl Linnaeus oil painting by Alexander Roslin in 1775 Main article Linnaean taxonomy During Linnaeus lifetime Systema Naturae was under continuous revision Progress was incorporated into new and ever expanding editions for example in his 1st edition 1735 whales and manatees were originally classified as species of fish as was thought to be the case then In the 10th edition they were both moved into the mammal class 2 Animals EditThe animal kingdom as described by Linnaeus Animals enjoy sensation by means of a living organization animated by a medullary substance perception by nerves and motion by the exertion of the will They have members for the different purposes of life organs for their different senses and faculties or powers for the application of their different perceptions They all originate from an egg Their external and internal structure their comparative anatomy habits instincts and various relations to each other are detailed in authors who professedly treat on their subjects 3 The list has been broken down into the original six classes Linnaeus described for animals Mammalia Aves Amphibia Pisces Insecta and Vermes These classes were ultimately created by studying the internal anatomy as seen in his key 3 Heart with two auricles two ventricles Warm red blood Viviparous Mammalia Oviparous Aves Heart with one auricle one ventricle Cold red blood Lungs voluntary Amphibia External gills Pisces Heart with one auricle no ventricles Cold pus like blood Have antennae Insecta Have tentacles VermesBy current standards Pisces and Vermes are informal groupings Insecta also contained arachnids and crustaceans and one order of Amphibia comprised sharks lampreys and sturgeons Mammalia Edit Main article Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae The Barbary macaque was included in the 10th edition as Simia sylvanus Linnaeus described mammals as Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats In external and internal structure they resemble man most of them are quadrupeds and with man their natural enemy inhabit the surface of the Earth The largest though fewest in number inhabit the ocean 3 Linnaeus divided the mammals based upon the number situation and structure of their teeth into the following orders and genera Primates Homo humans Simia monkeys amp apes Lemur lemurs amp colugos amp Vespertilio bats Bruta Elephas elephants Trichechus manatees Bradypus sloths Myrmecophaga anteaters amp Manis pangolins Ferae Phoca seals Canis dogs amp hyenas Felis cats Viverra mongooses amp civets Mustela weasels amp kin amp Ursus bears Bestiae Sus pigs Dasypus armadillos Erinaceus hedgehogs Talpa moles Sorex shrews amp Didelphis opossums Glires Rhinoceros rhinoceroses Hystrix porcupines Lepus rabbits amp hares Castor beavers Mus mice amp kin amp Sciurus squirrels Pecora Camelus camels Moschus musk deer Cervus deer amp giraffes Capra goats amp antelope Ovis sheep amp Bos cattle Belluae Equus horses amp Hippopotamus hippopotamuses Cete Monodon narwhals Balaena rorquals Physeter sperm whales amp Delphinus dolphins amp porpoises Aves Edit Main article Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae The snowy owl was included in the 10th edition as Strix scandiaca Linnaeus described birds as A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down protracted and naked jaws the beak two wings formed for flight and two feet They are areal vocal swift and light and destitute of external ears lips teeth scrotum womb bladder epiglottis corpus callosum and its arch and diaphragm 3 Linnaeus divided the birds based upon the characters of the bill and feet into the following 6 orders and 63 genera Accipitres Vultur vultures amp condors Falco falcons eagles amp kin Strix owls amp Lanius shrikes Picae Psittacus parrots Ramphastos toucans Buceros hornbills Crotophaga anis Corvus crows amp ravens Coracias rollers amp orioles Gracula mynas Paradisea birds of paradise Cuculus cuckoos Jynx wrynecks Picus woodpeckers Sitta nuthatches Alcedo kingfishers Merops bee eaters Upupa hoopoes Certhia treecreepers amp Trochilus hummingbirds Anseres Anas ducks geese amp swans Mergus mergansers Alca auks amp puffins Procellaria petrels Diomedea albatrosses amp penguins Pelecanus pelicans amp kin Phaethon tropicbirds Colymbus grebes amp loons Larus gulls Sterna terns amp Rhyncops skimmers Grallae Phoenicopterus flamingoes Platalea spoonbills Mycteria amp Tantulus storks Ardea herons cranes amp kin Scolopax godwits ibises amp kin Tringa phalaropes and sandpipers Charadrius plovers Recurvirostra avocets Haematopus oystercatchers Fulica coots amp kin Rallus rails Psophia trumpeters Otis bustards amp Struthio ostriches Gallinae Pavo peafowl Meleagris turkeys Crax curassows Phasianus pheasants amp chickens amp Tetrao grouse amp kin Passeres Columba pigeons amp doves Alauda larks amp pipits Sturnus starlings Turdus thrushes Loxia cardinals bullfinches amp kin Emberiza buntings Fringilla finches Motacilla wagtails Parus tits amp chickadees Hirundo swallows amp swifts amp Caprimulgus nightjars Amphibia Edit Main article Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae The common frog was included in the 10th edition as Rana temporaria Linnaeus described his Amphibia comprising reptiles and amphibians as Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked stern and expressive countenance harsh voice mostly lurid color filthy odor a few are furnished with a horrid poison all have cartilaginous bones slow circulation exquisite sight and hearing large pulmonary vessels lobate liver oblong thick stomach and cystic hepatic and pancreatic ducts they are deficient in diaphragm do not transpire sweat can live a long time without food are tenacious of life and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost some undergo a metamorphosis some cast shed their skin some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water and some are torpid during the winter 3 Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed into the following orders and genera 4 Reptiles Testudo turtles amp tortoises Draco gliding lizards Lacerta terrestrial lizards salamanders amp crocodilians amp Rana frogs amp toads Serpentes Crotalus rattlesnakes Boa boas Coluber racers cobras amp typical snakes Anguis slowworms amp worm snakes Amphisbaena worm lizards amp Coecilia caecilians Nantes Petromyzon lampreys Raja rays Squalus sharks Chimaera ratfishes Lophius anglerfishes amp Acipenser sturgeons Pisces Edit Main article Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae The butterfly blenny was included in the 10th edition as Blennius ocellatus Linnaeus described fish as Always inhabiting the waters are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites They breathe by means of gills which are generally united by a bony arch swim by means of radiate fins and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales Besides they parts they have in common with other animals they are furnished with a nictitant membrane and most of them with a swim bladder by the contraction or dilatation of which they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure 3 Linnaeus divided the fishes based upon the position of the ventral and pectoral fins into the following orders and genera 3 Apodes Muraena eels Gymnotus electric knifefishes Trichiurus cutlassfishes Anarhichas wolffishes Ammodytes sand eels Stromateus butterfishes amp Xiphias swordfishes Jugulares Callionymus dragonets Uranoscopus stargazers Trachinus weevers Gadus cod amp kin amp Ophidion cusk wels Thoracici Cyclopterus lumpfishes Echeneis remoras Coryphaena dolphinfishes Gobius gobies Cottus sculpins Scorpaena scorpionfishes Zeus john dories Pleuronectes flatfishes Chaetodon butterflyfishes Sparus breams amp porgies Labrus wrasses Sciaena snappers Perca perch Gasterosteus sticklebacks Scomber mackerel amp tuna Mullus goatfishes amp Trigla sea robins Abdominales Cobitis loaches Silurus catfishes Loricaria suckermouth catfishes Salmo salmon amp trout Fistularia cornetfishes Esox pike Argentina herring smelts Atherina silversides Mugil mullet Exocoetus flying fishes Polynemus threadfins Clupea herring amp Cyprinus carp Branchiostegi Mormyrus elephantfishes Balistes triggerfishes Ostracion boxfishes Tetrodon pufferfishes Diodon porcupinefishes Centriscus snipefishes Syngnathus pipefishes amp seahorses amp Pegasus seamoths Insecta Edit Main article Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae Crustaceans such as the water flea Monoculus pulex now Daphnia pulex were included in Linnaeus Insecta Linnaeus gave the name Cicada septendecim to an insect whose adult appears once in 17 years Linnaeus described his Insecta comprising all arthropods including insects crustaceans arachnids and others as A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals breathing through lateral spiracles armed on all sides with a bony skin or covered with hair furnished with many feet and moveable antennae or horns which project from the head and are the probable instruments of sensation 5 Linnaeus divided the insects based upon the form of the wings into the following orders and genera 6 Coleoptera Scarabaeus scarab beetles Dermestes larder beetles Hister clown beetles Attelabus leaf rolling weevils Curculio true weevils Silpha carrion beetles Coccinella ladybirds or ladybugs Cassida tortoise beetles Chrysomela leaf beetles Meloe blister beetles Tenebrio darkling beetles Mordella tumbling flower beetles Staphylinus rove beetles Cerambyx longhorn beetles Cantharis soldier beetles Elater click beetles Cicindela ground beetles Buprestis jewel beetles Dytiscus Dytiscidae Carabus Carabus species Necydalis necydaline beetles Forficula earwigs Blatta cockroaches amp Gryllus other orthopteroid insects Hemiptera Cicada cicadas Notonecta backswimmers Nepa water scorpions Cimex bedbugs Aphis aphids Chermes woolly aphids Coccus scale insects amp Thrips thrips Lepidoptera Papilio butterflies Sphinx hawk moths Phalaena moths Neuroptera Libellula dragonflies amp damselflies Ephemera mayflies Phryganea caddisflies Hemerobius lacewings Panorpa scorpionflies amp Raphidia snakeflies Hymenoptera Cynips Gall wasps Tenthredo sawflies Ichneumon ichneumon wasps Sphex digger wasps Vespa hornets Apis bees Formica ants amp Mutilla velvet ants Diptera Oestrus botflies Tipula crane flies Musca house flies Tabanus horse flies Culex mosquitoes Empis dance flies Conops thick headed flies Asilus robber flies Bombylius bee flies amp Hippobosca louse flies Aptera Lepisma silverfish Podura springtails Termes termites Pediculus lice Pulex fleas Acarus mites amp ticks Phalangium harvestmen Aranea spiders Scorpio scorpions Cancer crabs lobsters and kin Monoculus water fleas amp kin Oniscus woodlice Scolopendra centipedes amp Julus millipedes Vermes Edit Main article Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae The common cuttlefish was named Sepia officinalis in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae Linnaeus described his Vermes as Animals of slow motion soft substance able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed extremely tenacious of life and the inhabitants of moist places Many of them are without a distinct head and most of them without feet They are principally distinguished by their tentacles or feelers By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals as being destitute of ears nose head eyes and legs and are therefore totally distinct from Insects 7 Linnaeus divided the Vermes based upon the structure of the body into the following orders and genera 7 Intestina Gordius horsehair worms Furia Lumbricus earthworms Ascaris giant intestinal roundworms Fasciola liver flukes Hirudo leeches Myxine hagfishes Teredo shipworms Mollusca Limax terrestrial slugs Doris dorid nudibranchs Tethys tethydid sea slugs Nereis polychaete worms Aphrodita sea mice Lernaea anchor worms Priapus priapulid worms amp sea anemones Scyllaea scyllaeid sea slugs Holothuria salps amp Portuguese Man o War Triton triton shells Sepia octopuses squids amp cuttlefishes Medusa jellyfishes Asterias starfishes Echinus sea urchins Testacea Chiton chitons Lepas barnacles Pholas piddocks amp angelwings Myes soft shell clams Solen saltwater clams Tellina tellinid shellfishes Cardium cockles Donax wedge shells Venus Venus clams Spondylus thorny oysters Chama jewel box shells Arca ark clams Ostrea true oysters Anomia saddle oysters Mytilus saltwater mussels Pinna pen shells Argonauta paper nautiluses Nautilus nautiluses Conus cone snails Cypraea cowries Bulla bubble shells Voluta volutes Buccinum true whelks Strombus true conches Murex murex snails Trochus top snails Turbo turban snails Helix terrestrial snails Neritha nerites Haliotis abalones Patella true limpets and brachiopods Dentalium tusk shells Serpula serpulid worms Lithophyta Tubipora organ pipe corals Millepora fire corals Madrepora stone corals Zoophyta Isis soft corals Gorgonia sea fans Alcyonium tunicates Tubularia Tubularia Eschara Bryozoa Corallina coralline algae Sertularia Bryozoa Hydra Pennatula sea pens Taenia tapeworms VolvoxPlants EditThe second volume published in 1759 detailed the kingdom Plantae in which Linnaeus included true plants as well as fungi algae and lichens In addition to repeating the species he had previously listed in his Species Plantarum 1753 and those published in the intervening period Linnaeus described several hundred new plant species The species from Species Plantarum were numbered sequentially while the new species were labelled with letters 8 Many were sent to Linnaeus by his correspondents overseas including Johannes Burman and David de Gorter in South Africa Patrick Browne Philip Miller and John Ellis in America Jean Francois Seguier Carlo Allioni and Casimir Christoph Schmidel in the Alps Gorter and Johann Ernst Hebenstreit in the Orient and Francois Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix Gerard and Barnadet Gabriel across Europe 9 New plant species described in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae include Allionia incarnata was one of the two new species in the new genus Allionia introduced in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae Adiantum aethiopicum Allionia incarnata Alyssum alyssoides Amaranthus albus Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus gangeticus Amyris elemifera Anacamptis papilionacea Anacamptis sancta Apocynum androsaemifolium Arbutus andrachne Batis maritima Brassia caudata Bucida buceras Calycanthus floridus Campanula barbata Carex capitata Carex distans Carpobrotus edulis Catharanthus roseus Cecropia peltata Cedrela odorata Chromolaena odorata Chrysophyllum oliviforme Cissus sicyoides Coccoloba pubescens Coccoloba uvifera Cochlearia anglica Cordyline fruticosa Croton glandulosus Cunila mariana Cunonia capensis Desmostachya bipinnata Dorstenia drakena Echinochloa colona Epidendrum ciliare Equisetum giganteum Excoecaria agallocha Genipa americana Geranium pusillum Hydrastis canadensis Grias cauliflora Halesia carolina Heliotropium arborescens Heliotropium arborescens Hibiscus cannabinus Holcus mollis Illicium anisatum Inula spiraeifolia Ipomoea hederifolia Juglans cinerea Krameria ixine Lactuca canadensis Lagerstroemia indica Lamium orvala Lecythis ollaria Magnolia acuminata Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia tripetala Mucuna pruriens Oenothera perennis Paeonia tenuifolia Paspalum distichum Passiflora quadrangularis Pectis ciliaris Pectis linifolia Pedalium murex Persicaria perfoliata Phytolacca icosandra Poa palustris Polemonium reptans Polycarpon tetraphyllum Portlandia grandiflora Ranunculus parviflorus Reseda odorata Rheum palmatum Rosa pimpinellifolia Sagittaria lancifolia Salix retusa Saxifraga cuneifolia Scabiosa prolifera Sesuvium portulacastrum Silphium perfoliatum Talinum fruticosum Triplaris americana Tripsacum dactyloides Turbina corymbosa Ursinia anthemoides Veronica austriaca Zinnia peruvianaReferences Edit a b Article 3 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4th ed 1999 ISBN 0 85301 006 4 Systema Naturae an epoch making book Linne on line Uppsala Universitet 2008 Retrieved August 30 2010 a b c d e f g Carl von Linne translated by William Turton 1806 Volume 1 A general system of nature through the three grand kingdoms of animals vegetables and minerals systematically divided into their several classes orders genera species and varieties London Lackington Allen and Co Kenneth Kitchell Jr amp Harold A Dundee 1994 A trilogy on the herpetology of Linnaeus s Systema Naturae X PDF Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 100 1 61 Carl von Linne translated by William Turton 1806 Volume 2 Insects A general system of nature through the three grand kingdoms of animals vegetables and minerals systematically divided into their several classes orders genera species and varieties London Lackington Allen and Co Mary P Winsor 1976 The development of Linnaean insect classification Taxon 25 1 57 67 doi 10 2307 1220406 JSTOR 1220406 a b Carl von Linne translated by William Turton 1806 Volume 4 Worms A general system of nature through the three grand kingdoms of animals vegetables and minerals systematically divided into their several classes orders genera species and varieties London Lackington Allen and Co Bernard R Baum 1968 The problem of typifying certain names in Linnaeus s Systema Naturae ed 10 Taxon 17 5 507 513 doi 10 2307 1216048 JSTOR 1216048 Carl Linnaeus 1759 Volume 2 Regnum Vegetabile Systema Naturae 10th ed Stockholm Laurentius Salvius External links EditThe original 1758 Systema Naturae at the Biodiversity Heritage Library BHL Linnaeus 1758 Classification of Animals on the Taxonomicon Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 10th edition of Systema Naturae amp oldid 1164645505, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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