Apocynum androsaemifolium, the fly-trap dogbane or spreading dogbane, is a flowering plant in the Gentianales order. It is common across Canada and much of the United States excepting the deep southeast.
Spreading dogbane
A. androsaemifolium var. androsaemifolium in the Spring Mountains, southern Nevada, about 2,400 m (7,900 ft) above sea level
Apocynum androsaemifolium is a perennial herb with branching stems, hairs on the underside of the leaves, and no hair on the stems.[3][4][5] It grows to 20–30 centimetres (8–12 inches), exceptionally 50 cm (20 in). Milky sap[6] appears on broken stems.
Its leaves appear as pointed ovals, with entire leaf margins and alternate venation. Pairs of pink flowers bloom at the end of stalks between June and September.[6] Two seed pods 12.5–17.5 cm (5–7 in) in length contain silky-haired seeds.[6]
Apocynum androsaemifolium subsp. androsaemifolium – E Canada, W United States
Apocynum androsaemifolium var. griseum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky – Ontario, British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, Indiana, Michigan
Apocynum androsaemifolium var. incanum A.DC. – widespread in Canada, United States, NE Mexico
Apocynum androsaemifolium var. intermedium Woodson – Colorado
Apocynum androsaemifolium subsp. pumilum (A.Gray) B.Boivin – British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, California, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada
Apocynum androsaemifolium var. tomentellum (Greene) B.Boivin – British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, California, Nevada
Apocynum androsaemifolium var. woodsonii B.Boivin – Alberta, British Columbia, Washington State, Wyoming, Nevada, Idaho
Etymologyedit
Apocynum androsaemifolium Linnaeus. From the Greek 'apo': far from and 'kyôn': dog, because of its toxic effects on dogs; Androsema-leaved androsaemifolium (Hypericum androsaemum).
Distribution and habitatedit
The plant is widespread across most of Canada, the United States (including Alaska but excluding Florida), and northeast Mexico.[6][2][7] Its native habitats include forests, woodlands, forest edges, prairies, meadows, and fields.[8] It prefers dry soils at low to medium elevations.[6]
The plant is poisonous[9] due to the cardiac glycosides and resins it contains.[10] Escalating doses usually cause vomiting and diarrhea. Other symptoms include dizziness, colour hallucinations, cold sweats, and excessive urination. In extreme cases, the heart rate may slow before fatal convulsions. Young milkweed shoots must be distinguished from those of the androsemus leaf beetle because they appear at the same time.[citation needed]
Usesedit
Native Americans used spreading dogbane in numerous ways. The plant was used as a medicine to treat ailments including headaches, convulsions, ear ache, heart palpitations, colds, insanity, dizziness, rheumatism, scrofula, and syphilis. The plant can also be used as a contraceptive.[11] Among the Ojibwe, the root was used as a gynecological, oral, and throat aid, as well as an analgesic for headaches and a diuretic during pregnancy. The Ojibwe also consumed the root of the plant during the medicine lodge ceremony.[12] The Forest Potawatomi made medicinal use of the roots as well, and the Prairie Potawatomi used the plant's fruits to treat heart and kidney problems.[11] The stem fibers of the plant are very strong,[12] and Native Americans used them as a thread for sewing.[13] Outside of the Americas, spreading dogbane was also used to treat heart disease in Europe during the first half of the 20th century.[14]
Referencesedit
^NatureServe (1 September 2023). "Apocynum androsaemifolium". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
^ abcdefSpellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 343–344. ISBN978-0-375-40233-3.
^"Apocynum androsaemifolium". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
^"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
^Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. pp. 589–90. ISBN0-394-73127-1.
^Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 267. ISBN978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
^ ab"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database". Native American Ethnobotany DB. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 21. ISBN978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.
^Xie, Wenyan; Zhang, Xiaoying; Wang, Tian; Hu, Jianjun (7 May 2012). "Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Apocynum venetum L. (Luobuma): A review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 141 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.003. PMID 22421379. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apocynum androsaemifolium.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Apocynum androsaemifolium". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
CalFlora Database, University of California: Apocynum androsaemifolium
Connecticut Plants, Connecticut Botanical Society
Minnesota Wildflowers
Montana Plant Life
Jepson Manual Treatment
January 01, 1970
apocynum, androsaemifolium, trap, dogbane, spreading, dogbane, flowering, plant, gentianales, order, common, across, canada, much, united, states, excepting, deep, southeast, spreading, dogbane, androsaemifolium, androsaemifolium, spring, mountains, southern, . Apocynum androsaemifolium the fly trap dogbane or spreading dogbane is a flowering plant in the Gentianales order It is common across Canada and much of the United States excepting the deep southeast Spreading dogbane A androsaemifolium var androsaemifolium in the Spring Mountains southern Nevada about 2 400 m 7 900 ft above sea level Conservation status Secure NatureServe 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Gentianales Family Apocynaceae Genus Apocynum Species A androsaemifolium Binomial name Apocynum androsaemifoliumL Synonyms 2 Cynopaema androsaemifolium L Lunell Apocynum ambigens Greene Apocynum macranthum Rydb Apocynum griseum Greene Apocynum muscipulum Moench Apocynum clandestinum Raf Apocynum rhomboideum Greene Apocynum scopulorum Greene ex Rydb Apocynum silvaticum Greene Apocynum tomentellum Greene Apocynum arcuatum Greene Apocynum cinereum A Heller Apocynum diversifolium Greene Apocynum polycardium Greene Apocynum pulchellum Greene Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Subspecies and varieties 2 2 Etymology 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Toxicity 6 Uses 7 References 8 External linksDescription editApocynum androsaemifolium is a perennial herb with branching stems hairs on the underside of the leaves and no hair on the stems 3 4 5 It grows to 20 30 centimetres 8 12 inches exceptionally 50 cm 20 in Milky sap 6 appears on broken stems Its leaves appear as pointed ovals with entire leaf margins and alternate venation Pairs of pink flowers bloom at the end of stalks between June and September 6 Two seed pods 12 5 17 5 cm 5 7 in in length contain silky haired seeds 6 Taxonomy editSubspecies and varieties edit Subspecies and varieties include 2 Apocynum androsaemifolium subsp androsaemifolium E Canada W United States Apocynum androsaemifolium var griseum Greene Beg amp Belosersky Ontario British Columbia Washington State Oregon Idaho Indiana Michigan Apocynum androsaemifolium var incanum A DC widespread in Canada United States NE Mexico Apocynum androsaemifolium var intermedium Woodson Colorado Apocynum androsaemifolium subsp pumilum A Gray B Boivin British Columbia Washington State Oregon Idaho California Utah Montana Wyoming Nevada Apocynum androsaemifolium var tomentellum Greene B Boivin British Columbia Washington State Oregon Idaho California Nevada Apocynum androsaemifolium var woodsonii B Boivin Alberta British Columbia Washington State Wyoming Nevada Idaho Etymology edit Apocynum androsaemifolium Linnaeus From the Greek apo far from and kyon dog because of its toxic effects on dogs Androsema leaved androsaemifolium Hypericum androsaemum Distribution and habitat editThe plant is widespread across most of Canada the United States including Alaska but excluding Florida and northeast Mexico 6 2 7 Its native habitats include forests woodlands forest edges prairies meadows and fields 8 It prefers dry soils at low to medium elevations 6 Ecology editAnimals naturally avoid the plant 6 Toxicity editThe plant is poisonous 9 due to the cardiac glycosides and resins it contains 10 Escalating doses usually cause vomiting and diarrhea Other symptoms include dizziness colour hallucinations cold sweats and excessive urination In extreme cases the heart rate may slow before fatal convulsions Young milkweed shoots must be distinguished from those of the androsemus leaf beetle because they appear at the same time citation needed Uses editNative Americans used spreading dogbane in numerous ways The plant was used as a medicine to treat ailments including headaches convulsions ear ache heart palpitations colds insanity dizziness rheumatism scrofula and syphilis The plant can also be used as a contraceptive 11 Among the Ojibwe the root was used as a gynecological oral and throat aid as well as an analgesic for headaches and a diuretic during pregnancy The Ojibwe also consumed the root of the plant during the medicine lodge ceremony 12 The Forest Potawatomi made medicinal use of the roots as well and the Prairie Potawatomi used the plant s fruits to treat heart and kidney problems 11 The stem fibers of the plant are very strong 12 and Native Americans used them as a thread for sewing 13 Outside of the Americas spreading dogbane was also used to treat heart disease in Europe during the first half of the 20th century 14 References edit NatureServe 1 September 2023 Apocynum androsaemifolium NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer Arlington Virginia NatureServe Retrieved 21 September 2023 a b c Apocynum androsaemifolium World Checklist of Selected Plant Families WCSP Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Alan Hall The Wild Food Guide Holt Rinehard and Winston 1976 pp 171 217 Blanchan Neltje 2002 Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Blanchan Neltje 2005 Wild Flowers Worth Knowing Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation a b c d e f Spellenberg Richard 2001 1979 National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Western Region rev ed Knopf pp 343 344 ISBN 978 0 375 40233 3 Apocynum androsaemifolium County level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas NAPA Biota of North America Program BONAP 2014 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center The University of Texas at Austin www wildflower org Retrieved 2021 11 23 Whitney Stephen 1985 Western Forests The Audubon Society Nature Guides New York Knopf pp 589 90 ISBN 0 394 73127 1 Elias Thomas S Dykeman Peter A 2009 1982 Edible Wild Plants A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods New York Sterling p 267 ISBN 978 1 4027 6715 9 OCLC 244766414 a b Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane flora neocities org Retrieved 28 March 2021 a b BRIT Native American Ethnobotany Database Native American Ethnobotany DB Retrieved 28 March 2021 Fagan Damian 2019 Wildflowers of Oregon A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers Trees and Shrubs of the Coast Cascades and High Desert Guilford CT FalconGuides p 21 ISBN 978 1 4930 3633 2 OCLC 1073035766 Xie Wenyan Zhang Xiaoying Wang Tian Hu Jianjun 7 May 2012 Botany traditional uses phytochemistry and pharmacology of Apocynum venetum L Luobuma A review Journal of Ethnopharmacology 141 1 1 8 doi 10 1016 j jep 2012 02 003 PMID 22421379 Retrieved 28 March 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apocynum androsaemifolium USDA NRCS n d Apocynum androsaemifolium The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Apocynum androsaemifolium Plants for a Future CalFlora Database University of California Apocynum androsaemifolium Connecticut Plants Connecticut Botanical Society Minnesota Wildflowers Montana Plant Life Plants of Wisconsin Jepson Manual Treatment Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Apocynum androsaemifolium amp oldid 1177626548, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
