The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns (whose larvae are often referred to as roundheaded borers), are a large family of beetles, with over 35,000 species described.[2] Most species are characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than the beetle's body. In various members of the family, however, the antennae are quite short (e.g., Neandra brunnea) and such species can be difficult to distinguish from related beetle families such as the Chrysomelidae. The scientific name of this beetle family goes back to a figure from Greek mythology: after an argument with nymphs, the shepherd Cerambus was transformed into a large beetle with horns.
Other than the typical long antennal length, the most consistently distinctive feature of adults of this family is that the antennal sockets are located on low tubercles on the face; other beetles with long antennae lack these tubercles, and cerambycids with short antennae still possess them. They otherwise vary greatly in size, shape, sculpture, and coloration. A number of species mimic ants, bees, and wasps, though a majority of species are cryptically colored. The titan beetle (Titanus giganteus) from northeastern South America is often considered the largest insect (though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs), with a maximum known body length of just over 16.7 cm (6.6 in).[3]
Larvae are 0.5-22 cm long, elongate in shape and lightly sclerotised. The prothorax is often enlarged and the sides of the body have lateral swellings (ampullae). The head is usually retracted into the prothorax and bears well-sclerotised mouthparts. The legs range from moderately developed to absent. The spiracles are always annular.[4]
All known longhorn beetle larvae feed on plant tissue such as stems, trunks, or roots of both herbaceous and woody plants, often in injured or weak trees.[5] A few species are serious pests. The larvae, called roundheaded borers, bore into wood, where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber (or, occasionally, to wood in buildings; the old-house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus, is a particular problem indoors).
It is known that many longhorns locate and recognize potential hosts by detecting chemical attractants, including monoterpenes (compounds released en masse by woody plants when stressed), ethanol (another compound emitted by damaged plant material), and even bark beetle pheromones. Many scolytinids share the cerambycid's niche of weakened or recently deceased trees; thus, by locating scolytinids, a suitable host can likely be located as well. The arrival of cerambycid larvae is often detrimental to a population of scolytinids, as the cerambycid larvae will typically either outcompete them with their greater size and mobility, or act as direct predators of them (this latter practice is less common, but has been observed in several species, notably Monochamus carolinensis). Cerambycids, in turn, have been found to play a role in attracting other wood-borers to a host.[6] Borgemeister, et al. 1998, recorded that cerambycid activity in girdled twigs released volatiles attractive to some bostrichids, especially Prostephanus truncatus.[7] A few cerambycids, such as Arhopalus sp., are adapted to take advantage of trees recently killed or injured by forest fires by detecting and pursuing smoke volatiles.
As with many large families, different authorities have tended to recognize many different subfamilies, or sometimes split subfamilies off as separate families entirely (e.g., Disteniidae, Oxypeltidae, and Vesperidae);[9] there is thus some instability and controversy regarding the constituency of the Cerambycidae.[10] There are few truly defining features for the group as a whole, at least as adults, as there are occasional species or species groups which may lack any given feature; the family and its closest relatives, therefore, constitute a taxonomically difficult group, and relationships of the various lineages are still poorly understood.[11] The oldest unambiguous fossils of the family are Cretoprionus and Sinopraecipuus from Yixian Formation of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, China, dating to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous, approximately 122 million years ago. The former genus was assigned to the subfamily Prioninae in its original description, while the latter could not be placed in any extant subfamily.[12][13]Qitianniu from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar, dating to approximately 100 million years ago, also could not be placed in any extant subfamily.[14]
^Kariyanna, B; Mohan, M & Gupta, Rajeev (2017). "Biology, ecology and significance of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)". Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 5: 1207–1212. ISSN 2320-7078.
^Allison, Jeremy D.; Borden, John H.; Seybold, Steven J. (2004). "A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae". Chemoecology. 14: 123–150. doi:10.1007/s00049-004-0277-1. S2CID 1995065 – via ResearchGate.
^Borgemeister, Christian; Goergen, George; Tchabi, Atti; Awande, Symphorien; Markham, Richard H.; Scholz, Dagmar (1998). "Exploitation of a woody host plant and cerambycid-associated volatiles as host-finding clues by the larger grain borer". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 91 (5): 741–747. doi:10.1093/aesa/91.5.741 – via ResearchGate.
^Vanin, Sergio Antonio & Ide, Sergio (2002). "Classificação comentada de Coleoptera" [An annotated classification of the Coleoptera]. In C. Costa; S. A. Vanin; J. M. Lobo & A. Melic (eds.). Proyecto de Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografía y Entomología Sistemática PrIBES 2002(PDF). Monografias Tercer Milenio (M3M) (in Portuguese). Vol. 3. pp. 193–206. ISBN84-922495-8-7.
^Monné, Miguel A. (2006). "Catalogue of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the Neotropical Region. Part III. Subfamilies Parandrinae, Prioninae, Anoplodermatinae, Aseminae, Spondylidinae, Lepturinae, Oxypeltinae, and addenda to the Cerambycinae and Lamiinae" (PDF excerpt). Zootaxa. 1212: 1–244. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1212.1.1. ISBN1-877407-96-8.
^Arnett, et al. (2002). American Beetles, Vol. 2. CRC Press, 861 pp.
^Wang, Bo; Ma, Junye; McKenna, Duane D.; Yan, Evgeny V.; Zhang, Haichun; Jarzembowski, Edmund A. (2013-08-09). "The earliest known longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae: Prioninae) and implications for the early evolution of Chrysomeloidea". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (5): 565–574. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.806602. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 86312026.
^Yu, Yali; Ślipiński, Adam; Reid, Chris; Shih, ChungKun; Pang, Hong; Ren, Dong (January 2015). "A new longhorn beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Western Liaoning in China". Cretaceous Research. 52: 453–460. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.02.019.
^Lin, Mei-Ying; Bai, Ming (July 2017). "Qitianniu zhihaoi gen. et sp. nov.: The first cerambycid beetle found in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea)". Cretaceous Research. 75: 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.030.
^Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; Lawrence, John F.; Lyal, Chris H. C.; Newton, Alfred F.; Reid, Chris A. M.; Schmitt, Michael; Ślipiński, S. Adam; Smith, Andrew B. T. (2010). . ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. PMC3088472. PMID 21594053. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
^Švácha, P.; Lawrence, J. (2014). "2.4. Cerambycidae Latreille, 1802" (PDF). In Leschen, R.A.B.; Beutel, R.G. (eds.). Handbook of Zoology, Arthropoda: Insecta; Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 77–177. doi:10.1515/9783110274462.77. ISBN978-3-11-027446-2.
Further reading
Monné, Miguel A. & Hovore, Frank T. (2005) Electronic Checklist of the Cerambycidae of the Western Hemisphere. Cerambycids.com
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerambycidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Cerambycidae.
Photo gallery "Longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) of the West Palaearctic Region"
longhorn, beetle, longhorn, beetles, cerambycidae, also, known, long, horned, longicorns, whose, larvae, often, referred, roundheaded, borers, large, family, beetles, with, over, species, described, most, species, characterized, extremely, long, antennae, whic. The longhorn beetles Cerambycidae also known as long horned or longicorns whose larvae are often referred to as roundheaded borers are a large family of beetles with over 35 000 species described 2 Most species are characterized by extremely long antennae which are often as long as or longer than the beetle s body In various members of the family however the antennae are quite short e g Neandra brunnea and such species can be difficult to distinguish from related beetle families such as the Chrysomelidae The scientific name of this beetle family goes back to a figure from Greek mythology after an argument with nymphs the shepherd Cerambus was transformed into a large beetle with horns CerambycidaeTemporal range Aptian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NBatus barbicornisScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder ColeopteraSuperfamily ChrysomeloideaFamily CerambycidaeLatreille 1802 1 SubfamiliesEight see text Contents 1 Description 2 Biology 2 1 Predators 2 1 1 Parasitoids 3 Classification 3 1 Subfamilies 4 Notable genera and species 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDescription EditOther than the typical long antennal length the most consistently distinctive feature of adults of this family is that the antennal sockets are located on low tubercles on the face other beetles with long antennae lack these tubercles and cerambycids with short antennae still possess them They otherwise vary greatly in size shape sculpture and coloration A number of species mimic ants bees and wasps though a majority of species are cryptically colored The titan beetle Titanus giganteus from northeastern South America is often considered the largest insect though not the heaviest and not the longest including legs with a maximum known body length of just over 16 7 cm 6 6 in 3 Larvae are 0 5 22 cm long elongate in shape and lightly sclerotised The prothorax is often enlarged and the sides of the body have lateral swellings ampullae The head is usually retracted into the prothorax and bears well sclerotised mouthparts The legs range from moderately developed to absent The spiracles are always annular 4 Biology Edit Eburia quadrigeminata the Ivory Marked Borer All known longhorn beetle larvae feed on plant tissue such as stems trunks or roots of both herbaceous and woody plants often in injured or weak trees 5 A few species are serious pests The larvae called roundheaded borers bore into wood where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber or occasionally to wood in buildings the old house borer Hylotrupes bajulus is a particular problem indoors It is known that many longhorns locate and recognize potential hosts by detecting chemical attractants including monoterpenes compounds released en masse by woody plants when stressed ethanol another compound emitted by damaged plant material and even bark beetle pheromones Many scolytinids share the cerambycid s niche of weakened or recently deceased trees thus by locating scolytinids a suitable host can likely be located as well The arrival of cerambycid larvae is often detrimental to a population of scolytinids as the cerambycid larvae will typically either outcompete them with their greater size and mobility or act as direct predators of them this latter practice is less common but has been observed in several species notably Monochamus carolinensis Cerambycids in turn have been found to play a role in attracting other wood borers to a host 6 Borgemeister et al 1998 recorded that cerambycid activity in girdled twigs released volatiles attractive to some bostrichids especially Prostephanus truncatus 7 A few cerambycids such as Arhopalus sp are adapted to take advantage of trees recently killed or injured by forest fires by detecting and pursuing smoke volatiles Predators Edit Parasitoids Edit In North America native Cerambycids are widely the victims of Ontsira mellipes O mellipes may be useful in controlling a forestry pest in this same family Anoplophora glabripennis that is invasive in North America Ontsira is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the Doryctinae 8 Classification Edit Decora longicorn Amphirhoe decora As with many large families different authorities have tended to recognize many different subfamilies or sometimes split subfamilies off as separate families entirely e g Disteniidae Oxypeltidae and Vesperidae 9 there is thus some instability and controversy regarding the constituency of the Cerambycidae 10 There are few truly defining features for the group as a whole at least as adults as there are occasional species or species groups which may lack any given feature the family and its closest relatives therefore constitute a taxonomically difficult group and relationships of the various lineages are still poorly understood 11 The oldest unambiguous fossils of the family are Cretoprionus and Sinopraecipuus from Yixian Formation of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning China dating to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous approximately 122 million years ago The former genus was assigned to the subfamily Prioninae in its original description while the latter could not be placed in any extant subfamily 12 13 Qitianniu from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar dating to approximately 100 million years ago also could not be placed in any extant subfamily 14 Gerania bosci Anoplophora chinensis Subfamilies Edit The eight subfamilies are 15 16 Cerambycinae Latreille 1802 Dorcasominae Lacordaire 1869 including former Apatophyseinae Lacordaire 1869 Lamiinae Latreille 1825 Lepturinae Latreille 1802 Necydalinae Latreille 1825 Parandrinae Blanchard 1845 Prioninae Latreille 1802 Spondylidinae Audinet Serville 1832 including former Aseminae Thomson 1860 Notable genera and species Edit Common tuft bearing longhorn beetle Aristobia approximator Acrocinus longimanus harlequin beetle a large species where the male has very long front legs Anoplophora chinensis citrus long horned beetle a major pest Anoplophora glabripennis Asian long horned beetle an invasive pest species Aridaeus thoracicus tiger longicorn Australia Cacosceles newmannii Southern African longhorn beetle that is a surgacane pest Desmocerus californicus dimorphus valley elderberry longhorn beetle a threatened subspecies from California Moneilema cactus longhorn beetles which are flightless Onychocerus albitarsis the only known beetle with a venomous sting Petrognatha gigas giant African longhorn beetle Prionoplus reticularis huhu beetle the heaviest beetle in New Zealand Rosalia alpina Rosalia longhorn beetle a threatened European species Tetraopes tetrophthalmus red milkweed beetle a toxic species with aposematic colors Tetropium fuscum brown spruce longhorn beetle an invasive pest species Titanus giganteus titan beetle one of the largest beetles in the worldSee also EditList of longhorn beetle Cerambycidae species recorded in BritainReferences Edit Cerambycidae Latreille 1802 Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved June 6 2011 The first long horned beetle giving birth to live young discovered in Borneo Science Daily 11 May 2016 Retrieved 14 June 2021 Barclay Max 2010 Titanus giganteus Linnaeus 1771 Natural History Museum Retrieved June 6 2011 Wood Boring Beetle Families Cerambycidae idtools org Retrieved 2023 02 06 Kariyanna B Mohan M amp Gupta Rajeev 2017 Biology ecology and significance of longhorn beetles Coleoptera Cerambycidae Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 5 1207 1212 ISSN 2320 7078 Allison Jeremy D Borden John H Seybold Steven J 2004 A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae Chemoecology 14 123 150 doi 10 1007 s00049 004 0277 1 S2CID 1995065 via ResearchGate Borgemeister Christian Goergen George Tchabi Atti Awande Symphorien Markham Richard H Scholz Dagmar 1998 Exploitation of a woody host plant and cerambycid associated volatiles as host finding clues by the larger grain borer Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91 5 741 747 doi 10 1093 aesa 91 5 741 via ResearchGate PPQ Scientists Evaluate Wasp s Ability to Detect and Attack the Asian Longhorned Beetle PPQ Plant Protection and Quarantine USDA APHIS Retrieved 2021 09 07 Vanin Sergio Antonio amp Ide Sergio 2002 Classificacao comentada de Coleoptera An annotated classification of the Coleoptera In C Costa S A Vanin J M Lobo amp A Melic eds Proyecto de Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografia y Entomologia Sistematica PrIBES 2002 PDF Monografias Tercer Milenio M3M in Portuguese Vol 3 pp 193 206 ISBN 84 922495 8 7 Monne Miguel A 2006 Catalogue of the Cerambycidae Coleoptera of the Neotropical Region Part III Subfamilies Parandrinae Prioninae Anoplodermatinae Aseminae Spondylidinae Lepturinae Oxypeltinae and addenda to the Cerambycinae and Lamiinae PDF excerpt Zootaxa 1212 1 244 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 1212 1 1 ISBN 1 877407 96 8 Arnett et al 2002 American Beetles Vol 2 CRC Press 861 pp Wang Bo Ma Junye McKenna Duane D Yan Evgeny V Zhang Haichun Jarzembowski Edmund A 2013 08 09 The earliest known longhorn beetle Cerambycidae Prioninae and implications for the early evolution of Chrysomeloidea Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 5 565 574 doi 10 1080 14772019 2013 806602 ISSN 1477 2019 S2CID 86312026 Yu Yali Slipinski Adam Reid Chris Shih ChungKun Pang Hong Ren Dong January 2015 A new longhorn beetle Coleoptera Cerambycidae from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Western Liaoning in China Cretaceous Research 52 453 460 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2014 02 019 Lin Mei Ying Bai Ming July 2017 Qitianniu zhihaoi gen et sp nov The first cerambycid beetle found in Cretaceous Burmese amber Coleoptera Chrysomeloidea Cretaceous Research 75 173 178 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2017 03 030 Bouchard Patrice Bousquet Yves Davies Anthony E Alonso Zarazaga Miguel A Lawrence John F Lyal Chris H C Newton Alfred F Reid Chris A M Schmitt Michael Slipinski S Adam Smith Andrew B T 2010 Family group names in Coleoptera Insecta ZooKeys 88 1 972 doi 10 3897 zookeys 88 807 PMC 3088472 PMID 21594053 Archived from the original on 2011 07 21 Svacha P Lawrence J 2014 2 4 Cerambycidae Latreille 1802 PDF In Leschen R A B Beutel R G eds Handbook of Zoology Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Beetles Volume 3 Morphology and Systematics Phytophaga Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 77 177 doi 10 1515 9783110274462 77 ISBN 978 3 11 027446 2 Further reading EditMonne Miguel A amp Hovore Frank T 2005 Electronic Checklist of the Cerambycidae of the Western Hemisphere PDF Cerambycids comExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerambycidae Wikispecies has information related to Cerambycidae Photo gallery Longhorn beetles Cerambycidae of the West Palaearctic Region 1 and 2 Catalogs of New World and Old World Cerambycidae respectively Cerambycidae of French Guiana National Museu Rio Brazil Holotype images Iberodorcadion Coleoptera Cerambycidae Dorcadion RedIRIS VIDEOS Longicornes Dorcadion Cerambycidae Coleoptera Cerambycidae of Borneo pdf BugGuide net Longhorned Beetles Cerambycidae Anoplophora chinensis citrus longhorned beetle on the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website Coleoptera Cerambycidae University of Florida Dept of Entomology and Nematology Wood boring beetles of the World 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Longhorn beetle amp oldid 1151505166, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
