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Neuroptera

May 05, 2023

"Lacewing" redirects here. For other uses, see Lacewing (disambiguation).

The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species.[1] Neuroptera is grouped together with the Megaloptera (alderflies, fishflies, and dobsonflies) and Raphidioptera (snakeflies) in the unranked taxon Neuropterida (once known as Planipennia).

Neuroptera
Temporal range: 299–0 Ma Permian to recent
Green lacewing
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
(unranked): Neuropterida
Order: Neuroptera
Linnaeus, 1758
clades

See Taxonomy

Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.

Neuropterans first appeared during the Permian period, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct family Kalligrammatidae, often called "the butterflies of the Jurassic" for their large, patterned wings.[3]

Anatomy and biology

Neuropterans are soft-bodied insects with relatively few specialized features. They have large lateral compound eyes, and may or may not also have ocelli. Their mouthparts have strong mandibles suitable for chewing, and lack the various adaptations found in most other endopterygote insect groups.

They have four wings, usually similar in size and shape, and a generalised pattern of veins.[4] Some neuropterans have specialised sense organs in their wings, or have bristles or other structures to link their wings together during flight.[5]

The larvae are specialised predators, with elongated mandibles adapted for piercing and sucking. The larval body form varies between different families, depending on the nature of their prey. In general, however, they have three pairs of thoracic legs, each ending in two claws. The abdomen often has adhesive discs on the last two segments.[5]

Life cycle and ecology

 
Lifecycle of lacewings

The larvae of most families are predators. Many chrysopids, hemerobiids and coniopterygids eat aphids and other pest insects, and some have been used for biological control (either from commercial distributors, but also abundant and widespread in nature).[6][7]

 
Larva of Osmylus fulvicephalus, Osmylidae
 
Larva of Sisyra sp., Sisyridae

Larvae in various families cover themselves in debris (sometimes including dead prey insects) as camouflage, taken to an extreme in the ant lions, which bury themselves completely out of sight and ambush prey from "pits" in the soil. Larvae of some Ithonidae are root feeders, and larvae of Sisyridae are aquatic, and feed on freshwater sponges. A few mantispids are parasites of spider egg sacs.

As in other holometabolic orders, the pupal stage is enclosed in some form of cocoon composed of silk and soil or other debris. The pupa eventually cuts its way out of the cocoon with its mandibles, and may even move about for a short while before undergoing the moult to the adult form.[5]

Adults of many groups are also predatory, but some do not feed, or consume only nectar.

Beetles, wasps, and some lake flies parasitize neuropteran larvae.

 
One of the "butterflies of the Jurassic", Sophogramma lii (Kalligrammatidae)
 
Patterned wing of Paleogene (49 mya) fossil Palaeopsychops marringerae (Ithonidae)

Evolution

Neuropterans first appeared near the end of the Permian period, as shown by fossils of the Permithonidae from the Tunguska basin in Siberia and a similar fauna from Australia.[2]

The osmylids are of Jurassic or Early Cretaceous origin and may be the most ancient of the Neuropteran groups.[8] The extinct osmylid Protosmylus is fossilized in middle Eocene Baltic amber.[9] The genus Burmaleon is described from two fossils of Cenomanian age Burmese amber, implying crown group radiation in the Early Cretaceous or earlier.[10][11] The family Kalligrammatidae lived from the Jurassic to Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) periods.[12]

Ithonidae are from the Jurassic to Recent, and the extinct lineages of the family were widespread geographically.[13]

Phylogeny

Molecular analysis in 2018 using mitochondrial rRNA and mitogenomic data places the Megaloptera as sister to Neuroptera, and Raphidioptera as sister to this combined lineage, though these results were considered tentative.[14][8] The fossil record has contributed to the understanding of the group's phylogeny.[1][15][16][17] Relationships within the Myrmeleontiformia are still in flux.[18]


Neuropterida

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)  

Megaloptera (alderflies and allies)  

Neuroptera

Osmylidae (giant lacewings)  

Hemerobiiformia

Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings)  

Ithonidae (moth lacewings)  

Mantispidae (mantidflies)  

Chrysopidae (green lacewings)  

Myrmeleontiformia

Psychopsidae (silky lacewings)  

Nymphidae (split-footed lacewings)  

Nemopteridae (spoonwings)  

Myrmeleontidae (antlions)  

Ascalaphidae (owlflies)  

Taxonomy

Review of the Neropterid group orders by Engel, Winterton, and Breitkreuz (2018) included grouping of the Neuropteran families in a nested set of clades, an abandonment of the paraphyletic suborder "Hemerobiiformia" and redefinition of Myrmeleontiformia as a clade.[19]

Neuroptera

The fossil genus †Mesohemerobius Ping, 1928 from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of China has been treated as incertae sedis within Neuroptera, while the fossil families †Permoberothidae and †Permithonidae are treated as a sister group to clade Eidoneuroptera formed by Neuroptera + Megaloptera.[19]

In human culture

The use of Neuroptera in biological control of insect pests has been investigated, showing that it is difficult to establish and maintain populations in fields of crops.[21]

Five species of Neuroptera are among 1681 insect species eaten by humans worldwide.[22]

The New Guinea Highland people claim to be able to maintain a muscular build and great stamina despite their low protein intake as a result of eating insects including Neuroptera.[23]

Notes

  1. ^ "Neurorthidae" is a lapsus.

References

  1. ^ a b David Grimaldi & Michael S. Engel (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5.
  2. ^ a b A. G. Ponomarenko & D. E. Shcherbakov (2004). "New lacewings (Neuroptera) from the terminal Permian and basal Triassic of Siberia" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 38 (S2): S197–S203.
  3. ^ Michael S. Engel (2005). "A remarkable kalligrammatid lacewing from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan (Neuroptera: Kalligrammatidae)". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 108 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1660/0022-8443(2005)108[0059:ARKLFT]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86240200.
  4. ^ Breitkreuz, L. C. V.; Winterton, S. L.; Engel, M. S. (2017). "Wing tracheation in Chrysopidae and other Neuropterida (Insecta): a resolution of the confusion about vein fusion". American Museum Novitates (3890): 1–44. doi:10.1206/3890.1. S2CID 55878344.
  5. ^ a b c Hoell, H. V., Doyen, J. T. & Purcell, A. H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Senior, L. J.; McEwen, P. K. (June 2001). The use of lacewings in biological control. Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–302. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511666117.014. ISBN 978-0511666117.
  7. ^ Monserrat, Víctor J. (2015-12-30). "Los hemeróbidos de la Península Ibérica y Baleares (Insecta, Neuropterida, Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)". Graellsia (in Spanish). 71 (2): 026. doi:10.3989/graellsia.2015.v71.129. ISSN 1989-953X.
  8. ^ a b Yan, Y.; Wang Y, Liu, X.; Winterton, S. L.; Yang, D. (2014). "The First Mitochondrial Genomes of Antlion (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and Split-footed Lacewing (Neuroptera: Nymphidae), with Phylogenetic Implications of Myrmeleontiformia". Int J Biol Sci. 10 (8): 895–908. doi:10.7150/ijbs.9454. PMC 4147223. PMID 25170303.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A. (2007). "The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3587): 1–58.
  10. ^ Myskowiak, J.; Huang, D.; Azar, D.; Cai, C.; Garrouste, R.; Nel, A. (2016). "New lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Osmylidae, Nymphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber and Crato Formation in Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 59: 214–227. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.029.
  11. ^ Yang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Labandeira, C.C.; Shih, C.; Ren, D. (2014). "Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 126. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-126. PMC 4113026. PMID 24912379.
  12. ^ Bechly, G.; Makarkin, V. N. (2016). "A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas". Cretaceous Research. 58: 135–140. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.014.
  13. ^ Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin V.N. (2006). "Tertiary giant lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystechotidae): Revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 4 (2): 119–155. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001817. S2CID 55970660. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  14. ^ Yue, Bi-Song; Song, Nan; Lin, Aili; Zhao, Xincheng (2018). "Insight into higher-level phylogeny of Neuropterida: Evidence from secondary structures of mitochondrial rRNA genes and mitogenomic data". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0191826. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1391826S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191826. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5790268. PMID 29381758.
  15. ^ Grimaldi, D. A. & Engel, M. S., 2005: Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pages xv-755
  16. ^ Engel, M. S. & Grimaldi, D. A., 2007: The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida: Megaloptera, Neuroptera). American Museum Novitates: #3587, pages 1-58
  17. ^ Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2. McGrew-Hill Book Company
  18. ^ Jones, J.R. (2019) Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification. Zoologica Scripta: 06 October 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12382
  19. ^ a b Engel, M. S.; Winterton, S. L.; Breitkreuz, L. C. (2018). "Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida: where have wings of lace taken us?". Annual Review of Entomology. 63: 531–551. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043127. PMID 29324039.
  20. ^ Engel, M. S.; Grimaldi, D. A. (2008). "Diverse Neuropterida in Cretaceous amber, with particular reference to the paleofauna of Myanmar (Insecta)". Nova Supplementa Entomologica. 20: 1–86.
  21. ^ Xu, X. X. (2014). "Electrophysiological and Behavior Responses of Chrysopa phyllochroma (Neuroptera Chrysopidae) to Plant Volatiles". Environmental Entomology. 44 (5): 1425–1433. doi:10.1093/ee/nvv106. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 26314008. S2CID 46558266.
  22. ^ Ramos-Elorduy, J. (2005). Maurizio G. Paoletti (ed.). Insects: a hopeful resource. Ecological Implications of Minilivestock. Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers. pp. 263–291. ISBN 978-1578083398.
  23. ^ MacClancy, Jeremy (2007). Consuming the Inedible: Neglected Dimensions of Food Choice. Berghahn.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neuroptera.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Neuroptera.
 
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Neuroptera

May 05, 2023
neuroptera, lacewing, redirects, here, other, uses, lacewing, disambiguation, insect, order, winged, insects, includes, lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, their, relatives, order, consists, some, species, grouped, together, with, megaloptera, alderflies, fishfl. Lacewing redirects here For other uses see Lacewing disambiguation The insect order Neuroptera or net winged insects includes the lacewings mantidflies antlions and their relatives The order consists of some 6 000 species 1 Neuroptera is grouped together with the Megaloptera alderflies fishflies and dobsonflies and Raphidioptera snakeflies in the unranked taxon Neuropterida once known as Planipennia NeuropteraTemporal range 299 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Permian to recentGreen lacewingScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass Insecta unranked NeuropteridaOrder NeuropteraLinnaeus 1758cladesSee TaxonomyAdult Neuropterans have four membranous wings all about the same size with many veins They have chewing mouthparts and undergo complete metamorphosis Neuropterans first appeared during the Permian period and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic era 2 During this time several unusually large forms evolved especially in the extinct family Kalligrammatidae often called the butterflies of the Jurassic for their large patterned wings 3 Contents 1 Anatomy and biology 2 Life cycle and ecology 3 Evolution 4 Phylogeny 4 1 Taxonomy 5 In human culture 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksAnatomy and biology EditNeuropterans are soft bodied insects with relatively few specialized features They have large lateral compound eyes and may or may not also have ocelli Their mouthparts have strong mandibles suitable for chewing and lack the various adaptations found in most other endopterygote insect groups They have four wings usually similar in size and shape and a generalised pattern of veins 4 Some neuropterans have specialised sense organs in their wings or have bristles or other structures to link their wings together during flight 5 The larvae are specialised predators with elongated mandibles adapted for piercing and sucking The larval body form varies between different families depending on the nature of their prey In general however they have three pairs of thoracic legs each ending in two claws The abdomen often has adhesive discs on the last two segments 5 Life cycle and ecology Edit Lifecycle of lacewings The larvae of most families are predators Many chrysopids hemerobiids and coniopterygids eat aphids and other pest insects and some have been used for biological control either from commercial distributors but also abundant and widespread in nature 6 7 Larva of Osmylus fulvicephalus Osmylidae Larva of Sisyra sp SisyridaeLarvae in various families cover themselves in debris sometimes including dead prey insects as camouflage taken to an extreme in the ant lions which bury themselves completely out of sight and ambush prey from pits in the soil Larvae of some Ithonidae are root feeders and larvae of Sisyridae are aquatic and feed on freshwater sponges A few mantispids are parasites of spider egg sacs As in other holometabolic orders the pupal stage is enclosed in some form of cocoon composed of silk and soil or other debris The pupa eventually cuts its way out of the cocoon with its mandibles and may even move about for a short while before undergoing the moult to the adult form 5 Adults of many groups are also predatory but some do not feed or consume only nectar Beetles wasps and some lake flies parasitize neuropteran larvae One of the butterflies of the Jurassic Sophogramma lii Kalligrammatidae Patterned wing of Paleogene 49 mya fossil Palaeopsychops marringerae Ithonidae Evolution EditNeuropterans first appeared near the end of the Permian period as shown by fossils of the Permithonidae from the Tunguska basin in Siberia and a similar fauna from Australia 2 The osmylids are of Jurassic or Early Cretaceous origin and may be the most ancient of the Neuropteran groups 8 The extinct osmylid Protosmylus is fossilized in middle Eocene Baltic amber 9 The genus Burmaleon is described from two fossils of Cenomanian age Burmese amber implying crown group radiation in the Early Cretaceous or earlier 10 11 The family Kalligrammatidae lived from the Jurassic to Aptian Lower Cretaceous periods 12 Ithonidae are from the Jurassic to Recent and the extinct lineages of the family were widespread geographically 13 Phylogeny EditMolecular analysis in 2018 using mitochondrial rRNA and mitogenomic data places the Megaloptera as sister to Neuroptera and Raphidioptera as sister to this combined lineage though these results were considered tentative 14 8 The fossil record has contributed to the understanding of the group s phylogeny 1 15 16 17 Relationships within the Myrmeleontiformia are still in flux 18 Neuropterida Raphidioptera snakeflies Megaloptera alderflies and allies Neuroptera Osmylidae giant lacewings Hemerobiiformia Hemerobiidae brown lacewings Ithonidae moth lacewings Mantispidae mantidflies Chrysopidae green lacewings Myrmeleontiformia Psychopsidae silky lacewings Nymphidae split footed lacewings Nemopteridae spoonwings Myrmeleontidae antlions Ascalaphidae owlflies Taxonomy Edit Review of the Neropterid group orders by Engel Winterton and Breitkreuz 2018 included grouping of the Neuropteran families in a nested set of clades an abandonment of the paraphyletic suborder Hemerobiiformia and redefinition of Myrmeleontiformia as a clade 19 Neuroptera Superfamily Coniopterygoidea family Coniopterygidae dustywings Late Jurassic Present Clade Euneuroptera Superfamily Osmyloidea Family Osmylidae osmylids Early Jurassic Present Family Sisyridae spongillaflies Late Cretaceous Present Family Nevrorthidae Note 1 Late Cretaceous Present Family Archeosmylidae Permian Triassic Family Saucrosmylidae Middle Jurassic Superfamily Dilaroidea Family Dilaridae pleasing lacewings Late Cretaceous Present Superfamily Mantispoidea Family Berothidae beaded lacewings Late Jurassic Present Family Mantispidae mantidflies including Dipteromantispidae Jurassic Present Family Mesoberothidae including Mesithonidae Triassic Family Rhachiberothidae thorny lacewings Early Cretaceous Recent Clade Neoneuroptera Superfamily Hemerobioidea inc Chrysopoidea Family Ascalochrysidae Family Chrysopidae green lacewings including Mesochrysopidae Family Hemerobiidae brown lacewings Family Osmylitidae Family Solenoptilidae Clade Geoneuroptera Superfamily Ithonioidea Family Ithonidae moth lacewings includes Rapismatidae and Polystoechotidae Clade Myrmeleontiformia Superfamily Myrmeleontoidea syn Nemopteroidea 20 Family Ascalaphidae owlflies possibly in Myrmeleontoidea Family Babinskaiidae Family Myrmeleontidae antlions includes Palaeoleontidae Family Nemopteridae spoonwings etc Family Nymphidae split footed lacewings includes Myiodactylidae Family Rafaelianidae Superfamily Psychopsoidea Family Aetheogrammatidae Family Kalligrammatidae Family Osmylopsychopidae syn Brongniartiellidae Family Panfiloviidae syn Grammosmylidae Family Prohemerobiidae Family Psychopsidae silky lacewingsThe fossil genus Mesohemerobius Ping 1928 from the Late Jurassic Early Cretaceous of China has been treated as incertae sedis within Neuroptera while the fossil families Permoberothidae and Permithonidae are treated as a sister group to clade Eidoneuroptera formed by Neuroptera Megaloptera 19 In human culture EditThe use of Neuroptera in biological control of insect pests has been investigated showing that it is difficult to establish and maintain populations in fields of crops 21 Five species of Neuroptera are among 1681 insect species eaten by humans worldwide 22 The New Guinea Highland people claim to be able to maintain a muscular build and great stamina despite their low protein intake as a result of eating insects including Neuroptera 23 Notes Edit Neurorthidae is a lapsus References Edit a b David Grimaldi amp Michael S Engel 2005 Evolution of the Insects Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 82149 5 a b A G Ponomarenko amp D E Shcherbakov 2004 New lacewings Neuroptera from the terminal Permian and basal Triassic of Siberia PDF Paleontological Journal 38 S2 S197 S203 Michael S Engel 2005 A remarkable kalligrammatid lacewing from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan Neuroptera Kalligrammatidae Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 108 1 59 62 doi 10 1660 0022 8443 2005 108 0059 ARKLFT 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 86240200 Breitkreuz L C V Winterton S L Engel M S 2017 Wing tracheation in Chrysopidae and other Neuropterida Insecta a resolution of the confusion about vein fusion American Museum Novitates 3890 1 44 doi 10 1206 3890 1 S2CID 55878344 a b c Hoell H V Doyen J T amp Purcell A H 1998 Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity 2nd ed Oxford University Press pp 447 450 ISBN 0 19 510033 6 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Senior L J McEwen P K June 2001 The use of lacewings in biological control Lacewings in the Crop Environment Cambridge University Press pp 296 302 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511666117 014 ISBN 978 0511666117 Monserrat Victor J 2015 12 30 Los hemerobidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares Insecta Neuropterida Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Graellsia in Spanish 71 2 026 doi 10 3989 graellsia 2015 v71 129 ISSN 1989 953X a b Yan Y Wang Y Liu X Winterton S L Yang D 2014 The First Mitochondrial Genomes of Antlion Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae and Split footed Lacewing Neuroptera Nymphidae with Phylogenetic Implications of Myrmeleontiformia Int J Biol Sci 10 8 895 908 doi 10 7150 ijbs 9454 PMC 4147223 PMID 25170303 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Engel Michael S Grimaldi David A 2007 The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber Neuropterida Megaloptera Neuroptera PDF American Museum Novitates 3587 1 58 Myskowiak J Huang D Azar D Cai C Garrouste R Nel A 2016 New lacewings Insecta Neuroptera Osmylidae Nymphidae from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber and Crato Formation in Brazil Cretaceous Research 59 214 227 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2015 10 029 Yang Q Wang Y Labandeira C C Shih C Ren D 2014 Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae Neuroptera BMC Evolutionary Biology 14 126 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 14 126 PMC 4113026 PMID 24912379 Bechly G Makarkin V N 2016 A new gigantic lacewing species Insecta Neuroptera from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas Cretaceous Research 58 135 140 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2015 10 014 Archibald S B Makarkin V N 2006 Tertiary giant lacewings Neuroptera Polystechotidae Revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 2 119 155 doi 10 1017 S1477201906001817 S2CID 55970660 Retrieved January 27 2010 Yue Bi Song Song Nan Lin Aili Zhao Xincheng 2018 Insight into higher level phylogeny of Neuropterida Evidence from secondary structures of mitochondrial rRNA genes and mitogenomic data PLOS ONE 13 1 e0191826 Bibcode 2018PLoSO 1391826S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0191826 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5790268 PMID 29381758 Grimaldi D A amp Engel M S 2005 Evolution of the Insects Cambridge University Press 2005 pages xv 755 Engel M S amp Grimaldi D A 2007 The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber Neuropterida Megaloptera Neuroptera American Museum Novitates 3587 pages 1 58 Parker S P ed 1982 Synopsis and classification of living organisms Vols 1 amp 2 McGrew Hill Book Company Jones J R 2019 Total evidence phylogeny of the owlflies Neuroptera Ascalaphidae supports a new higher level classification Zoologica Scripta 06 October 2019 https doi org 10 1111 zsc 12382 a b Engel M S Winterton S L Breitkreuz L C 2018 Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida where have wings of lace taken us Annual Review of Entomology 63 531 551 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 020117 043127 PMID 29324039 Engel M S Grimaldi D A 2008 Diverse Neuropterida in Cretaceous amber with particular reference to the paleofauna of Myanmar Insecta Nova Supplementa Entomologica 20 1 86 Xu X X 2014 Electrophysiological and Behavior Responses of Chrysopa phyllochroma Neuroptera Chrysopidae to Plant Volatiles Environmental Entomology 44 5 1425 1433 doi 10 1093 ee nvv106 ISSN 0046 225X PMID 26314008 S2CID 46558266 Ramos Elorduy J 2005 Maurizio G Paoletti ed Insects a hopeful resource Ecological Implications of Minilivestock Enfield New Hampshire Science Publishers pp 263 291 ISBN 978 1578083398 MacClancy Jeremy 2007 Consuming the Inedible Neglected Dimensions of Food Choice Berghahn External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neuroptera Wikispecies has information related to Neuroptera The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of Neuroptera Illustrated database of Neuroptera insects A database of Neuroptera related scientific literature Brown lacewings of Florida on the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures Information on Neuroptera subscription required at Web of Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neuroptera amp oldid 1142315882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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