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Pipefish

January 09, 2024

Pipefishes or pipe-fishes (Syngnathinae) are a subfamily of small fishes, which, together with the seahorses and seadragons (Phycodurus and Phyllopteryx), form the family Syngnathidae.

Pipefish
Alligator pipefish (Syngnathoides biaculeatus)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Syngnathiformes
Family: Syngnathidae
Subfamily: Syngnathinae
Bonaparte, 1831[1]
Genera

See text.

Description edit

Pipefish look like straight-bodied seahorses with tiny mouths. The name is derived from the peculiar form of the snout, which is like a long tube, ending in a narrow and small mouth which opens upwards and is toothless. The body and tail are long, thin, and snake-like. They each have a highly modified skeleton formed into armored plating. This dermal skeleton has several longitudinal ridges, so a vertical section through the body looks angular, not round or oval as in the majority of other fishes.[2]

A dorsal fin is always present, and is the principal (in some species, the only) organ of locomotion. The ventral fins are consistently absent, and the other fins may or may not be developed. The gill openings are extremely small and placed near the upper posterior angle of the gill cover.[2]

Many are very weak swimmers in open water, moving slowly by means of rapid movements of the dorsal fin. Some species of pipefish have prehensile tails, as in seahorses. The majority of pipefishes have some form of a caudal fin (unlike seahorses), which can be used for locomotion.[2] See fish anatomy for fin descriptions. Some species of pipefish have more developed caudal fins, such as the group collectively known as flagtail pipefish, which are quite strong swimmers.[citation needed]

Habitat and distribution edit

 
Some derived traits in pipefishes and their relatives
Syngnathid fishes such as the gulf pipefish have increased numbers of vertebrae and an elongated head, are missing pelvic fins and ribs, and have an evolutionarily novel structure, the male brood pouch. Shown for comparison is the axial skeleton of a perch-like fish with more typical morphology, a threespine stickleback.[3]

Most pipefishes are marine dwellers; only a few are freshwater species. They are abundant on coasts of the tropical and temperate zones. Most species of pipefish are usually 35–40 cm (14–15.5 in) in length and generally inhabit sheltered areas in coral reefs or seagrass beds.

Habitat loss and threats edit

Due to their lack of strong swimming ability pipefish are often found in shallow waters that are easily disturbed by industrial runoffs and human recreation. Shorelines are also affected by boats and drag lines that move shoreline sediment. These disturbances cause a decrease in seagrasses and eelgrasses that are vital in pipefish habitats. The pipefish's narrow range distribution indictes that they are less able to adapt to new habitats or habitat change.

Another factor that affects pipefish populations is their use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remedies, despite the lack of evidence of efficacy beyond placebo. Syngnathidae in general are in high demand for pseudo-scientific medicinal cures but pipefish are even more exploited because of a belief in their higher level of potency (because they are longer than the more common variety of seahorses).

The aquarium trade of pipefish has also increased in recent years.

Reproduction and parental care edit

 
Subcaudal pouch of Syngnathus acus, with the young ready to leave the pouch: One side of the membrane of the pouch is pushed aside to allow a view of its interior.

Pipefishes, like their seahorse relatives, leave most of the parenting duties to the male, which provides all of the postzygotic care for its offspring, supplying them with nutrients and oxygen through a placenta-like connection.[4] It broods the offspring either on distinct region of its body or in a brood pouch. Brood pouches vary significantly among different species of pipefish, but all contain a small opening through which female eggs can be deposited. The location of the brood pouch can be along the entire underside of the pipefish or just at the base of the tail, as with seahorses.[5] Pipefish in the genus Syngnathus have a brood pouch with a ventral seam that can completely cover all of their eggs when sealed. In males without these pouches, eggs adhere to a strip of soft skin on the ventral surface of their bodies that does not contain any exterior covering.[6] The evolution of male brooding in pipefish is thought to be a result of the reproductive advantage granted to pipefish ancestors that learned to deposit their eggs onto the males, who could escape predation and protect them.[7] Furthermore, the ability to transfer immune information from both the mother (in the egg) and the father (in the pouch), unlike other chordates in which only the mother can transfer immune information, is believed to have an additive beneficial effect on offspring immunity.[7]

Courtship between male and female pipefish involves lengthy and complicated shows of display. For example, in Syngnathus typhle, copulation is always preceded by a ritualized dance by both sexes. The dance involves very conspicuous wriggling and shaking motions, especially in comparison to the species' otherwise extremely secretive lifestyle. Under the threat or presence of a predator, pipefish are more reluctant to perform their dances. In addition, when risk of predation is high, they copulate less frequently, dance less per copulation, and females transfer more eggs per copulation. Although S. thyphle males normally prefer to mate with larger females, they mate randomly when potentially threatened by predators.[8] Furthermore, in Corythoichthys haematopterus, similar ritualized mating dances were hypothesized to aid in reproductive synchronization, by allowing the female to assess male willingness to spawn so her eggs are not wasted.[9]

During pipefish copulation, which signifies the termination of the courtship dance, the female transfers her eggs through a small ovipositor into the male brood pouch or onto the special patch of skin on the male's ventral body surface. While the eggs are being transferred, the mating pair rises through the water until implantation is complete. At this point, the male assumes an S-shaped posture and fertilizes the eggs, all the while descending back down the water column.[10] Males possessing brood pouches release their sperm directly into them; the pouches are then vigorously shaken. The ventral seams are not opened until weeks later when the male pipefish give birth.[6]

 
The subcaudal pouch of the male of the black-striped pipefish (Syngnathus abaster)

A physical limit exists for the number of eggs a male pipefish can carry, so males are considered to be the limiting sex. Females can often produce more eggs than males can accommodate inside their brood pouches, resulting in more eggs than can be cared for. Other factors may restrict female reproductive success, including male pregnancy length and energy investment in progeny.[11]

Because the pipefish embryos develop within the male, feeding on nutrients supplied by him, male pipefish invest more energy than females in each zygote. Additionally, they invest more energy per unit time than females throughout each breeding season.[12] As a result, some males may consume their embryos rather than continuing to rear them under situations to regain energy in which their bodies are exhausted of resources. Pregnant male pipefish can absorb nutrients from their broods, in a manner very similar to filial cannibalism found in many other families of fish. The smallest eggs in a brood of various egg sizes usually have lower survival rates than larger ones due to the larger eggs having a longer-lasting food source (absent contributions from the father), hence they more likely to develop into mature adults. In other instances, some pipefishes may consume the embryos of mates that seem less fit or desirable, as each male generally copulates with more than one female.[10]

Young are born free-swimming with relatively little or no yolk sac, and begin feeding immediately. From the time they hatch, they are independent of their parents, which at that time may view them as food. Some fry have short larval stages and live as plankton for a short while. Others are fully developed but miniature versions of their parents, assuming the same behaviors as their parents immediately.

Pair bonding varies wildly between different species of pipefish. While some are monogamous or seasonally monogamous, others are not.

Many species exhibit polyandry, a breeding system in which one female mates with two or more males. This tends to occur with greater frequency in internal-brooding species of pipefishes than with external-brooding ones due to limitation in male brood capacity.[13] Polyandrous species are also more likely to have females with complex sexual signals such as ornaments.[14] For example, the polyandrous Gulf pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli) displays considerable sexual dimorphic characteristics such as larger ornament area and number, and body size.[15]

Genera edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Bailly N, ed. (2015). "Syngnathinae Bonaparte, 1831". FishBase. World Register of Marine Species.
  2. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 634.
  3. ^ Small, C.M.; Bassham, S.; Catchen, J.; Amores, A.; Fuiten, A.M.; et al. (2016). "The genome of the Gulf pipefish enables understanding of evolutionary innovations". Genome Biology. 17 (1): 258. doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1126-6. PMC 5168715. PMID 27993155.
  4. ^ Jones AG, Rosenqvist G, Berglund A, Avise JC (1999). "The genetic mating system of a sex-role-reversed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle): A molecular inquiry". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 46 (5): 357–365. doi:10.1007/s002650050630. S2CID 812962.
  5. ^ Wilson AB, Ahnesjö I, Vincent AC, Meyer A (June 2003). "The dynamics of male brooding, mating patterns, and sex roles in pipefishes and seahorses (family Syngnathidae)". Evolution. 57 (6): 1374–86. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00345.x. PMID 12894945. S2CID 16855358.
  6. ^ a b A. G. Jones; J. C. Avise (2001). "Mating systems and sexual selection in male-pregnant pipefishes and seahorses: Insights from microsatellite-based studies of maternity" (PDF). The Journal of Heredity. Retrieved 2013-09-15.[dead link]
  7. ^ a b Roth, Olivia; Klein, Verena; Beemelmanns, Anne; Scharsack, Jörn P.; Reusch, Thorsten B.H. (2012-12-01). "Male pregnancy and biparental immune priming". The American Naturalist. 180 (6): 802–814. doi:10.1086/668081. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 23149404. S2CID 30248226.
  8. ^ Berglund, Anders (July 1993). "Risky sex: Male pipefishes mate at random in the presence of a predator". Animal Behaviour. 46 (1): 169–175. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1172. S2CID 53159104.
  9. ^ Sogabe, A.; Yanagisawa, Y. (2007-08-01). "The function of daily greetings in a monogamous pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus". Journal of Fish Biology. 71 (2): 585–595. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01523.x. ISSN 1095-8649.
  10. ^ a b Sagebakken (2012). Parental Care and Brood Reduction in a Pipefish. Goteborg. ISBN 978-91-628-8532-8.
  11. ^ Berglund, Anders; Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Svensson, Ingrid (1989). "Reproductive success of females limited by males in two pipefish species". The American Naturalist. 133 (4): 506–516. doi:10.1086/284932. JSTOR 2462085. S2CID 85253639.
  12. ^ Berglund, Anders; Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Svensson, Ingrid (1986-03-26). "Reversed sex roles and parental energy investment in zygotes of two pipefish (Syngnathidae) species" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  13. ^ Avise, John C.; Liu, Jin-Xian (2010-11-02). "Multiple mating and its relationship to alternative modes of gestation in male-pregnant versus female-pregnant fish species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (44): 18915–18920. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10718915A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013786107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2973910. PMID 20956296.
  14. ^ Rosenqvist G, Berglund A (2011). "Sexual signals and mating patterns in Syngnathidae". J Fish Biol. 78 (6): 1647–61. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02972.x. PMID 21651521.
  15. ^ Paczolt, Kimberly A.; Jones, Adam G. (2010-03-18). "Post-copulatory sexual selection and sexual conflict in the evolution of male pregnancy". Nature. 464 (7287): 401–404. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..401P. doi:10.1038/nature08861. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20237568. S2CID 1009344.

Sources edit

  • Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2004). "Syngnathidae" in FishBase. November 2004 version.
Attribution

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Syngnathinae.
  • "Pipefish" at the Encyclopedia of Life
  • Reefkeeping.com: PPPPipefish
  • Flagtail Pipefish In The Home Aquarium
  • Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 44: Review of the Indo-Pacific pipefish genus Doryrhamphus Kaup (Pisces: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies

January 09, 2024
pipefish, pipe, fishes, syngnathinae, subfamily, small, fishes, which, together, with, seahorses, seadragons, phycodurus, phyllopteryx, form, family, syngnathidae, alligator, pipefish, syngnathoides, biaculeatus, scientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotaking. Pipefishes or pipe fishes Syngnathinae are a subfamily of small fishes which together with the seahorses and seadragons Phycodurus and Phyllopteryx form the family Syngnathidae PipefishAlligator pipefish Syngnathoides biaculeatus Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder SyngnathiformesFamily SyngnathidaeSubfamily SyngnathinaeBonaparte 1831 1 GeneraSee text Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat and distribution 3 Habitat loss and threats 4 Reproduction and parental care 5 Genera 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksDescription editPipefish look like straight bodied seahorses with tiny mouths The name is derived from the peculiar form of the snout which is like a long tube ending in a narrow and small mouth which opens upwards and is toothless The body and tail are long thin and snake like They each have a highly modified skeleton formed into armored plating This dermal skeleton has several longitudinal ridges so a vertical section through the body looks angular not round or oval as in the majority of other fishes 2 A dorsal fin is always present and is the principal in some species the only organ of locomotion The ventral fins are consistently absent and the other fins may or may not be developed The gill openings are extremely small and placed near the upper posterior angle of the gill cover 2 Many are very weak swimmers in open water moving slowly by means of rapid movements of the dorsal fin Some species of pipefish have prehensile tails as in seahorses The majority of pipefishes have some form of a caudal fin unlike seahorses which can be used for locomotion 2 See fish anatomy for fin descriptions Some species of pipefish have more developed caudal fins such as the group collectively known as flagtail pipefish which are quite strong swimmers citation needed Habitat and distribution edit nbsp Some derived traits in pipefishes and their relatives Syngnathid fishes such as the gulf pipefish have increased numbers of vertebrae and an elongated head are missing pelvic fins and ribs and have an evolutionarily novel structure the male brood pouch Shown for comparison is the axial skeleton of a perch like fish with more typical morphology a threespine stickleback 3 Most pipefishes are marine dwellers only a few are freshwater species They are abundant on coasts of the tropical and temperate zones Most species of pipefish are usually 35 40 cm 14 15 5 in in length and generally inhabit sheltered areas in coral reefs or seagrass beds Habitat loss and threats editDue to their lack of strong swimming ability pipefish are often found in shallow waters that are easily disturbed by industrial runoffs and human recreation Shorelines are also affected by boats and drag lines that move shoreline sediment These disturbances cause a decrease in seagrasses and eelgrasses that are vital in pipefish habitats The pipefish s narrow range distribution indictes that they are less able to adapt to new habitats or habitat change Another factor that affects pipefish populations is their use in traditional Chinese medicine TCM remedies despite the lack of evidence of efficacy beyond placebo Syngnathidae in general are in high demand for pseudo scientific medicinal cures but pipefish are even more exploited because of a belief in their higher level of potency because they are longer than the more common variety of seahorses The aquarium trade of pipefish has also increased in recent years Reproduction and parental care edit nbsp Subcaudal pouch of Syngnathus acus with the young ready to leave the pouch One side of the membrane of the pouch is pushed aside to allow a view of its interior Pipefishes like their seahorse relatives leave most of the parenting duties to the male which provides all of the postzygotic care for its offspring supplying them with nutrients and oxygen through a placenta like connection 4 It broods the offspring either on distinct region of its body or in a brood pouch Brood pouches vary significantly among different species of pipefish but all contain a small opening through which female eggs can be deposited The location of the brood pouch can be along the entire underside of the pipefish or just at the base of the tail as with seahorses 5 Pipefish in the genus Syngnathus have a brood pouch with a ventral seam that can completely cover all of their eggs when sealed In males without these pouches eggs adhere to a strip of soft skin on the ventral surface of their bodies that does not contain any exterior covering 6 The evolution of male brooding in pipefish is thought to be a result of the reproductive advantage granted to pipefish ancestors that learned to deposit their eggs onto the males who could escape predation and protect them 7 Furthermore the ability to transfer immune information from both the mother in the egg and the father in the pouch unlike other chordates in which only the mother can transfer immune information is believed to have an additive beneficial effect on offspring immunity 7 Courtship between male and female pipefish involves lengthy and complicated shows of display For example in Syngnathus typhle copulation is always preceded by a ritualized dance by both sexes The dance involves very conspicuous wriggling and shaking motions especially in comparison to the species otherwise extremely secretive lifestyle Under the threat or presence of a predator pipefish are more reluctant to perform their dances In addition when risk of predation is high they copulate less frequently dance less per copulation and females transfer more eggs per copulation Although S thyphle males normally prefer to mate with larger females they mate randomly when potentially threatened by predators 8 Furthermore in Corythoichthys haematopterus similar ritualized mating dances were hypothesized to aid in reproductive synchronization by allowing the female to assess male willingness to spawn so her eggs are not wasted 9 During pipefish copulation which signifies the termination of the courtship dance the female transfers her eggs through a small ovipositor into the male brood pouch or onto the special patch of skin on the male s ventral body surface While the eggs are being transferred the mating pair rises through the water until implantation is complete At this point the male assumes an S shaped posture and fertilizes the eggs all the while descending back down the water column 10 Males possessing brood pouches release their sperm directly into them the pouches are then vigorously shaken The ventral seams are not opened until weeks later when the male pipefish give birth 6 nbsp The subcaudal pouch of the male of the black striped pipefish Syngnathus abaster A physical limit exists for the number of eggs a male pipefish can carry so males are considered to be the limiting sex Females can often produce more eggs than males can accommodate inside their brood pouches resulting in more eggs than can be cared for Other factors may restrict female reproductive success including male pregnancy length and energy investment in progeny 11 Because the pipefish embryos develop within the male feeding on nutrients supplied by him male pipefish invest more energy than females in each zygote Additionally they invest more energy per unit time than females throughout each breeding season 12 As a result some males may consume their embryos rather than continuing to rear them under situations to regain energy in which their bodies are exhausted of resources Pregnant male pipefish can absorb nutrients from their broods in a manner very similar to filial cannibalism found in many other families of fish The smallest eggs in a brood of various egg sizes usually have lower survival rates than larger ones due to the larger eggs having a longer lasting food source absent contributions from the father hence they more likely to develop into mature adults In other instances some pipefishes may consume the embryos of mates that seem less fit or desirable as each male generally copulates with more than one female 10 Young are born free swimming with relatively little or no yolk sac and begin feeding immediately From the time they hatch they are independent of their parents which at that time may view them as food Some fry have short larval stages and live as plankton for a short while Others are fully developed but miniature versions of their parents assuming the same behaviors as their parents immediately Pair bonding varies wildly between different species of pipefish While some are monogamous or seasonally monogamous others are not Many species exhibit polyandry a breeding system in which one female mates with two or more males This tends to occur with greater frequency in internal brooding species of pipefishes than with external brooding ones due to limitation in male brood capacity 13 Polyandrous species are also more likely to have females with complex sexual signals such as ornaments 14 For example the polyandrous Gulf pipefish Syngnathus scovelli displays considerable sexual dimorphic characteristics such as larger ornament area and number and body size 15 Genera editSubfamily Syngnathinae pipefishes and seadragons 1 Genus Acentronura Kaup 1853 Genus Amphelikturus Parr 1930 Genus Anarchopterus Hubbs 1935 Genus Apterygocampus Weber 1913 Genus Bhanotia Hora 1926 Genus Bryx Herald 1940 Genus Bulbonaricus Herald 1953 Genus Campichthys Whitley 1931 Genus Choeroichthys Kaup 1856 Genus Corythoichthys Kaup 1853 Genus Cosmocampus Dawson 1979 Genus Doryichthys Kaup 1853 Genus Doryrhamphus Kaup 1856 Genus Dunckerocampus Whitley 1933 Genus Enneacampus Dawson 1981 Genus Entelurus Dumeril 1870 Genus Festucalex Whitley 1931 Genus Filicampus Whitley 1948 Genus Halicampus Kaup 1856 Genus Haliichthys Gray 1859 Genus Heraldia Paxton 1975 Genus Hippichthys Bleeker 1849 river pipefishes Genus Histiogamphelus McCulloch 1914 Genus Hypselognathus Whitley 1948 Genus Ichthyocampus Kaup 1853 Genus Idiotropiscis Whitely 1947 Genus Kaupus Whitley 1951 Genus Kimblaeus Dawson 1980 Genus Kyonemichthys Gomon 2007 Genus Leptoichthys Kaup 1853 Genus Leptonotus Kaup 1853 Genus Lissocampus Waite and Hale 1921 Genus Maroubra Whitley 1948 Genus Micrognathus Duncker 1912 Genus Microphis Kaup 1853 freshwater pipefishes Genus Minyichthys Herald and Randall 1972 Genus Mitotichthys Whitley 1948 Genus Nannocampus Gunther 1870 Genus Nerophis Rafinesque 1810 Genus Notiocampus Dawson 1979 Genus Penetopteryx Lunel 1881 Genus Phoxocampus Dawson 1977 Genus Phycodurus Gill 1896 leafy seadragon Genus Phyllopteryx Swainson 1839 seadragons Genus Pseudophallus Herald 1940 fluvial pipefishes Genus Pugnaso Whitley 1948 Genus Siokunichthys Herald 1953 Genus Solegnathus Swainson 1839 Genus Stigmatopora Kaup 1853 Genus Stipecampus Whitley 1948 Genus Syngnathoides Bleeker 1851 Genus Syngnathus Linnaeus 1758 Genus Trachyrhamphus Kaup 1853 Genus Urocampus Gunther 1870 Genus Vanacampus Whitley 1951References edit a b Bailly N ed 2015 Syngnathinae Bonaparte 1831 FishBase World Register of Marine Species a b c Chisholm 1911 p 634 Small C M Bassham S Catchen J Amores A Fuiten A M et al 2016 The genome of the Gulf pipefish enables understanding of evolutionary innovations Genome Biology 17 1 258 doi 10 1186 s13059 016 1126 6 PMC 5168715 PMID 27993155 Jones AG Rosenqvist G Berglund A Avise JC 1999 The genetic mating system of a sex role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle A molecular inquiry Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46 5 357 365 doi 10 1007 s002650050630 S2CID 812962 Wilson AB Ahnesjo I Vincent AC Meyer A June 2003 The dynamics of male brooding mating patterns and sex roles in pipefishes and seahorses family Syngnathidae Evolution 57 6 1374 86 doi 10 1111 j 0014 3820 2003 tb00345 x PMID 12894945 S2CID 16855358 a b A G Jones J C Avise 2001 Mating systems and sexual selection in male pregnant pipefishes and seahorses Insights from microsatellite based studies of maternity PDF The Journal of Heredity Retrieved 2013 09 15 dead link a b Roth Olivia Klein Verena Beemelmanns Anne Scharsack Jorn P Reusch Thorsten B H 2012 12 01 Male pregnancy and biparental immune priming The American Naturalist 180 6 802 814 doi 10 1086 668081 ISSN 0003 0147 PMID 23149404 S2CID 30248226 Berglund Anders July 1993 Risky sex Male pipefishes mate at random in the presence of a predator Animal Behaviour 46 1 169 175 doi 10 1006 anbe 1993 1172 S2CID 53159104 Sogabe A Yanagisawa Y 2007 08 01 The function of daily greetings in a monogamous pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus Journal of Fish Biology 71 2 585 595 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8649 2007 01523 x ISSN 1095 8649 a b Sagebakken 2012 Parental Care and Brood Reduction in a Pipefish Goteborg ISBN 978 91 628 8532 8 Berglund Anders Rosenqvist Gunilla Svensson Ingrid 1989 Reproductive success of females limited by males in two pipefish species The American Naturalist 133 4 506 516 doi 10 1086 284932 JSTOR 2462085 S2CID 85253639 Berglund Anders Rosenqvist Gunilla Svensson Ingrid 1986 03 26 Reversed sex roles and parental energy investment in zygotes of two pipefish Syngnathidae species PDF Marine Ecology Progress Series Retrieved 2013 09 15 Avise John C Liu Jin Xian 2010 11 02 Multiple mating and its relationship to alternative modes of gestation in male pregnant versus female pregnant fish species Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 44 18915 18920 Bibcode 2010PNAS 10718915A doi 10 1073 pnas 1013786107 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 2973910 PMID 20956296 Rosenqvist G Berglund A 2011 Sexual signals and mating patterns in Syngnathidae J Fish Biol 78 6 1647 61 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8649 2011 02972 x PMID 21651521 Paczolt Kimberly A Jones Adam G 2010 03 18 Post copulatory sexual selection and sexual conflict in the evolution of male pregnancy Nature 464 7287 401 404 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 401P doi 10 1038 nature08861 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 20237568 S2CID 1009344 Sources editFroese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2004 Syngnathidae in FishBase November 2004 version Attribution nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Pipe fishes Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 634 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Syngnathinae Pipefish at the Encyclopedia of Life Reefkeeping com PPPPipefish Flagtail Pipefish In The Home Aquarium Ichthyological Bulletin No 44 Review of the Indo Pacific pipefish genus Doryrhamphus Kaup Pisces Syngnathidae with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pipefish amp oldid 1192024368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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