The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change in recent years. Several subfamilies have been elevated to family rank (e.g., Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Hybosoridae, Ochodaeidae, and Pleocomidae), and some reduced to lower ranks. The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Catalog of Life (2023).[3]
Scarab beetle
Central European scarab beetles with some anatomical details. Edmund Reitter's Fauna Germanica, 1908
Sacred scarab in a cartouche of Thutmosis III from Karnak temple of Amun-Ra, Egypt
Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles, many with bright metallic colours, measuring between 1.5 and 160 millimetres (0.059 and 6.3 in). They have distinctive, clubbed antennae composed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fanned out like leaves to sense odours. Many species are fossorial, with legs adapted for digging. In some groups males (and sometimes females) have prominent horns on the head and/or pronotum to fight over mates or resources.[4] The largest fossil scarabaeid was Oryctoantiquus borealis with a length of 50 millimetres (2.0 in).[5]
A scarab beetle grub from Australia.
The C-shaped larvae, called grubs, are pale yellow or white. Most adult beetles are nocturnal, although the flower chafers (Cetoniinae) and many leaf chafers (Rutelinae) are active during the day. The grubs mostly live underground or under debris, so are not exposed to sunlight. Many scarabs are scavengers that recycle dung, carrion, or decaying plant material.[6] Others, such as the Japanese beetle, are plant-eaters.
In Ancient Egypt, the dung beetle now known as Scarabaeus sacer (formerly Ateuchus sacer) was revered as sacred. Egyptian amulets representing the sacred scarab beetles were traded throughout the Mediterranean world.[4]
See alsoedit
Dung beetle – Scarabaeidae dung beetles play an important role in temperate and tropical environments
^ Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; et al. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC3088472. PMID 21594053.
^ Dietz, Lars; Seidel, Matthias; Eberle, Jonas; Misof, Bernhard; et al. (2023). "A transcriptome-based phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea confirms the sister group relationship of dung beetles and phytophagous pleurostict scarabs (Coleoptera)". Systematic Entomology. 48 (4). doi:10.1111/syen.12602.
^ ab "Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
^ abbugguide.net Family Scarabaeidae - Scarab Beetles
^Brett Ratcliffe, Dena M. Smith, Diane Marie Erwin. "Oryctoantiquus borealis, New Genus and Species from the Eocene of Oregon, U.S.A., the World's Oldest Fossil Dynastine and Largest Fossil Scarabaeid (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)". 2009. The Coleopterists Bulletin 59(Mar 2005):127-135 DOI:10.1649/0010-065X(2005)059[0127:OBNGAS]2.0.CO;2
^Marcos Paulo Gomes Gonçalves (2017). "Relação Entre Tempo e Besouros em Mata de Cocal" [Relationship Between Meteorological Conditions and Beetles in Mata de Cocal]. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia (in Portuguese). 32 (4): 543–554. doi:10.1590/0102-7786324003.
^A. A. Michelson (1911). "On metallic colourings in birds and insects". Philosophical Magazine. 21 (124): 554–567. doi:10.1080/14786440408637061.
Further readingedit
RU Ehlers. Current and Future Use of Nematodes in Biocontrol: Practice and Commercial Aspects with Regard to Regulatory Policy Issues. Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume 6, Issue 3, 1996.
External linksedit
Flickr Images on Flickr
Scarabaeidae breeding site Photos of various Cetonidae, Dynastidae, Euchiridae, Lucanidae and Trichinae]
Family SCARABAEIDAE
June Beetles, Family: Scarabaeidae - Diagnostic photographs
Bibliography of literature published on scarab beetles since 1 January 2001 (worldwide coverage; through 2005)
Data related to Scarabaeidae at Wikispecies
Media related to Scarabaeidae at Wikimedia Commons
November 28, 2023
scarabaeidae, family, currently, defined, consists, over, species, beetles, worldwide, they, often, called, scarabs, scarab, beetles, classification, this, family, undergone, significant, change, recent, years, several, subfamilies, have, been, elevated, famil. The family Scarabaeidae as currently defined consists of over 35 000 species of beetles worldwide they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles The classification of this family has undergone significant change in recent years Several subfamilies have been elevated to family rank e g Bolboceratidae Geotrupidae Glaresidae Glaphyridae Hybosoridae Ochodaeidae and Pleocomidae and some reduced to lower ranks The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Catalog of Life 2023 3 Scarab beetleCentral European scarab beetleswith some anatomical details Edmund Reitter s Fauna Germanica 1908Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder ColeopteraSuborder PolyphagaInfraorder ScarabaeiformiaSuperfamily ScarabaeoideaFamily ScarabaeidaeLatreille 1802Subfamilies 1 2 3 Aclopinae Blanchard 1850 Aegialiinae Laporte 1840 Allidiostomatinae Arrow 1940 Aphodiinae Leach 1815 Aulonocneminae Janssens 1946 Cetoniinae Leach 1815 Chironinae Blanchard 1845 Dynamopodinae Arrow 1911 Dynastinae MacLeay 1819 Eremazinae Stebnicka 1977 Hopliinae Latreille 1829 Lichniinae Burmeister 1844 Melolonthinae MacLeay 1819 Oncerinae LeConte 1861 Orphninae Erichson 1847 Pachydeminae Reitter 1902 Phaenomeridinae Erichson 1847 Podolasiinae Howden 1997 Rutelinae MacLeay 1819 Scarabaeinae Latreille 1802 Sericinae Kirby 1837 Sericoidinae Erichson 1847 Termitotroginae Wasmann 1918 Trichiinae Kolbe 1897 Valginae Schenkling 1922 Cretoscarabaeinae Nikolajev 1995 Electrorubesopsinae Bai amp Wang 2018 Lithoscarabaeinae Nikolajev 1992 Prototroginae Nikolajev 2000On this high quality closeup head anatomic details are well visible Contents 1 Description 2 Ancient Egypt 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksDescription edit nbsp Sacred scarab in a cartouche of Thutmosis III from Karnak temple of Amun Ra EgyptScarabs are stout bodied beetles many with bright metallic colours measuring between 1 5 and 160 millimetres 0 059 and 6 3 in They have distinctive clubbed antennae composed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fanned out like leaves to sense odours Many species are fossorial with legs adapted for digging In some groups males and sometimes females have prominent horns on the head and or pronotum to fight over mates or resources 4 The largest fossil scarabaeid was Oryctoantiquus borealis with a length of 50 millimetres 2 0 in 5 nbsp A scarab beetle grub from Australia The C shaped larvae called grubs are pale yellow or white Most adult beetles are nocturnal although the flower chafers Cetoniinae and many leaf chafers Rutelinae are active during the day The grubs mostly live underground or under debris so are not exposed to sunlight Many scarabs are scavengers that recycle dung carrion or decaying plant material 6 Others such as the Japanese beetle are plant eaters Some of the well known beetles from the Scarabaeidae are Japanese beetles dung beetles June beetles rose chafers Australian European and North American rhinoceros beetles Hercules beetles and Goliath beetles Several members of this family have structurally coloured shells which act as left handed circular polarisers this was the first discovered example of circular polarization in nature 7 Ancient Egypt editIn Ancient Egypt the dung beetle now known as Scarabaeus sacer formerly Ateuchus sacer was revered as sacred Egyptian amulets representing the sacred scarab beetles were traded throughout the Mediterranean world 4 See also editDung beetle Scarabaeidae dung beetles play an important role in temperate and tropical environments List of Scarabaeidae subfamilies and tribes Scarab artifactReferences edit Bouchard Patrice Bousquet Yves Davies Anthony E Alonso Zarazaga Miguel A et al 2011 Family group names in Coleoptera Insecta ZooKeys 88 1 972 doi 10 3897 zookeys 88 807 ISSN 1313 2989 PMC 3088472 PMID 21594053 Dietz Lars Seidel Matthias Eberle Jonas Misof Bernhard et al 2023 A transcriptome based phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea confirms the sister group relationship of dung beetles and phytophagous pleurostict scarabs Coleoptera Systematic Entomology 48 4 doi 10 1111 syen 12602 a b Scarabaeidae Latreille 1802 Catalogue of Life Retrieved 2023 09 22 a b bugguide net Family Scarabaeidae Scarab Beetles Brett Ratcliffe Dena M Smith Diane Marie Erwin Oryctoantiquus borealis New Genus and Species from the Eocene of Oregon U S A the World s Oldest Fossil Dynastine and Largest Fossil Scarabaeid Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Dynastinae 2009 The Coleopterists Bulletin 59 Mar 2005 127 135 DOI 10 1649 0010 065X 2005 059 0127 OBNGAS 2 0 CO 2 Marcos Paulo Gomes Goncalves 2017 Relacao Entre Tempo e Besouros em Mata de Cocal Relationship Between Meteorological Conditions and Beetles in Mata de Cocal Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia in Portuguese 32 4 543 554 doi 10 1590 0102 7786324003 A A Michelson 1911 On metallic colourings in birds and insects Philosophical Magazine 21 124 554 567 doi 10 1080 14786440408637061 Further reading editRU Ehlers Current and Future Use of Nematodes in Biocontrol Practice and Commercial Aspects with Regard to Regulatory Policy Issues Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume 6 Issue 3 1996 External links editFlickr Images on Flickr Scarabaeidae breeding site Photos of various Cetonidae Dynastidae Euchiridae Lucanidae and Trichinae Family SCARABAEIDAE June Beetles Family Scarabaeidae Diagnostic photographs Bibliography of literature published on scarab beetles since 1 January 2001 worldwide coverage through 2005 nbsp Data related to Scarabaeidae at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Scarabaeidae at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scarabaeidae amp oldid 1176659065, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
