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Threadfin

January 11, 2024

Threadfins are silvery grey perciform fish of the family Polynemidae. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains eight genera and about 40 species.[2] An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, Alectis indicus, is properly the Indian threadfish (family Carangidae).

Threadfin
Atlantic threadfin, Polydactylus octonemus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Polynemidae
Rafinesque, 1815[1]
Genera

See text

Ranging in length from 11 cm (4.5 in) in the dwarf threadfin (Parapolynemus verekeri) to 2 m (6.6 ft) in fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) and giant African threadfin (Polydactylus quadrifilis), threadfins are both important to commercial fisheries as a food fish, and popular among anglers. Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch.

Description edit

Their bodies are elongated and fusiform, with spinous and soft dorsal fins widely separated. Their tail fins are large and deeply forked, indicating speed and agility. The mouth is large and inferior; a blunt snout projects far ahead. The jaws and palate possess bands of villiform (fibrous) teeth. Their most distinguishing feature is their pectoral fins: they are composed of two distinct sections, the lower of which consists of three to seven long, thread-like independent rays. Polynemus species may have up to 15 of these modified rays.

 
Polydactylus sexfilis or moi (sixfinger threadfins),[3] were reserved for Hawaiian royalty or the aliʻi.[4]

In some species, such as the royal threadfin (Pentanemus quinquarius), the thread-like rays may extend well past the tail fin. This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae, from the Greek poly meaning "many" and nema meaning "filament." Similar species, such as the mullets (family Mugilidae) and milkfish (family Chanidae), can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays.

Distribution and habitat edit

Threadfins frequent open, shallow water in areas with muddy, sandy, or silty bottoms; they are rarely seen at reefs. Their pectoral rays are thought to serve as tactile structures, helping to find prey within the sediments. Noted for being euryhaline, threadfins can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels. This attribute allows threadfins to enter estuaries and even rivers. They feed primarily on crustaceans and smaller fish.

Reproduction edit

Presumed to be pelagic spawners, threadfins probably release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water column, which then become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching.

Cuisine edit

Threadfin has been used to create crab stick.

Mariculture edit

In Hawaii, sixfinger threadfins are the subject of commercial open-ocean cage mariculture.[5][6]

Genera and species edit

 
Fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum)
 
Sevenfinger threadfin (Filimanus heptadactyla)
 
Elegant paradise fish (Polynemus multifilis)

The species in eight genera are:

Timeline of genera edit

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocenePolydactylusPentanemusQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocene

References edit

  1. ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ "Inserts for pages 437-441" (PDF). John Wiley & Sons Limited. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Polydactylus sexfilis" in FishBase. August 2019 version.
  4. ^ Suryanata, Krisnawati; Umemoto, Karen N. (2005). "Tension at the nexus of the global and local: culture, property, and marine aquaculture in Hawai'i". Environment and Planning A. 35 (2): 199, 206. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.680. doi:10.1068/a35116. S2CID 143928957.
  5. ^ Lin, DT; Bailey-Brock, JH (2008). "Partial recovery of infaunal communities during a fallow period at an open-ocean aquaculture". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 371: 65–72. Bibcode:2008MEPS..371...65L. doi:10.3354/meps07675.
  6. ^ Lee, HW; Bailey-Brock, JH; McGurr, MM (2006). "Temporal changes in the polychaete infaunal community surrounding a Hawaiian mariculture operation". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 307: 175–185. Bibcode:2006MEPS..307..175L. doi:10.3354/meps307175.
  7. ^ Girard, Matthew G.; Davis, Matthew P.; Baldwin, Carole C.; Dettaï, Agnès; Martin, Rene P.; Smith, W. Leo (2022). "Molecular phylogeny of the threadfin fishes (Polynemidae) using ultraconserved elements". Journal of Fish Biology. 100 (3): 793–810. doi:10.1111/jfb.14997. ISSN 1095-8649. PMID 35137410. S2CID 246678758.
  • Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Polynemidae" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
  • Sepkoski, Jack (2002). . Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2011-05-19.

External links edit

  • Fisheries Western Australia - Threadfins Fact Sheet

January 11, 2024
threadfin, silvery, grey, perciform, fish, family, polynemidae, found, tropical, subtropical, waters, throughout, world, threadfin, family, contains, eight, genera, about, species, unrelated, species, sometimes, known, name, threadfin, alectis, indicus, proper. Threadfins are silvery grey perciform fish of the family Polynemidae Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world the threadfin family contains eight genera and about 40 species 2 An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin Alectis indicus is properly the Indian threadfish family Carangidae ThreadfinAtlantic threadfin Polydactylus octonemusScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder PerciformesFamily PolynemidaeRafinesque 1815 1 GeneraSee textRanging in length from 11 cm 4 5 in in the dwarf threadfin Parapolynemus verekeri to 2 m 6 6 ft in fourfinger threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum and giant African threadfin Polydactylus quadrifilis threadfins are both important to commercial fisheries as a food fish and popular among anglers Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Reproduction 4 Cuisine 5 Mariculture 6 Genera and species 7 Timeline of genera 8 References 9 External linksDescription editTheir bodies are elongated and fusiform with spinous and soft dorsal fins widely separated Their tail fins are large and deeply forked indicating speed and agility The mouth is large and inferior a blunt snout projects far ahead The jaws and palate possess bands of villiform fibrous teeth Their most distinguishing feature is their pectoral fins they are composed of two distinct sections the lower of which consists of three to seven long thread like independent rays Polynemus species may have up to 15 of these modified rays nbsp Polydactylus sexfilis or moi sixfinger threadfins 3 were reserved for Hawaiian royalty or the aliʻi 4 In some species such as the royal threadfin Pentanemus quinquarius the thread like rays may extend well past the tail fin This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae from the Greek poly meaning many and nema meaning filament Similar species such as the mullets family Mugilidae and milkfish family Chanidae can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays Distribution and habitat editThreadfins frequent open shallow water in areas with muddy sandy or silty bottoms they are rarely seen at reefs Their pectoral rays are thought to serve as tactile structures helping to find prey within the sediments Noted for being euryhaline threadfins can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels This attribute allows threadfins to enter estuaries and even rivers They feed primarily on crustaceans and smaller fish Reproduction editPresumed to be pelagic spawners threadfins probably release many tiny buoyant eggs into the water column which then become part of the plankton The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching Cuisine editThreadfin has been used to create crab stick Mariculture editIn Hawaii sixfinger threadfins are the subject of commercial open ocean cage mariculture 5 6 Genera and species edit nbsp Fourfinger threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum nbsp Sevenfinger threadfin Filimanus heptadactyla nbsp Elegant paradise fish Polynemus multifilis The species in eight genera are Genus Eleutheronema Eleutheronema rhadinum Jordan amp Evermann 1902 East Asian fourfinger threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum Shaw 1804 Fourfinger threadfin Eleutheronema tridactylum Bleeker 1849 Threefinger threadfin Genus Filimanus Filimanus heptadactyla Cuvier 1829 Sevenfinger threadfin Filimanus hexanema Cuvier 1829 Javanese threadfin Filimanus perplexa Feltes 1991 Splendid threadfin Filimanus sealei Jordan amp Richardson 1910 Eightfinger threadfin Filimanus similis Feltes 1991 Indian sevenfinger threadfin Filimanus xanthonema Valenciennes 1831 Yellowthread threadfin Genus Galeoides Galeoides decadactylus Bloch 1795 Lesser African threadfin Genus Leptomelanosoma Leptomelanosoma indicum Shaw 1804 Indian threadfin Genus Parapolynemus Parapolynemus verekeri Saville Kent 1889 Dwarf paradise fish Genus Pentanemus Pentanemus quinquarius Linnaeus 1758 Royal threadfin Genus Polydactylus likely not monophyletic 7 Polydactylus approximans Lay amp Bennett 1839 Blue bobo Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura Kimura amp Iwatsuki 2001 Slender fivefinger threadfin Polydactylus longipes Motomura Okamoto amp Iwatsuki 2001 Long limb threadfin Polydactylus luparensis Lim Motomura amp Gambang 2010 Sarawak giant threadfin Polydactylus macrochir Gunther 1867 King threadfin Polydactylus macrophthalmus Bleeker 1858 River threadfin Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura amp Iwatsuki 2001 African blackspot threadfin Polydactylus microstomus Bleeker 1851 Smallmouth threadfin Polydactylus mullani Hora 1926 Arabian blackspot threadfin Polydactylus multiradiatus Gunther 1860 Australian threadfin Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro 1964 Blackfin threadfin Polydactylus octonemus Girard 1858 Atlantic threadfin Polydactylus oligodon Gunther 1860 Littlescale threadfin Polydactylus opercularis Seale amp Bean 1907 Yellow bobo Polydactylus persicus Motomura amp Iwatsuki 2001 Persian blackspot threadfin Polydactylus plebeius Broussonet 1782 Striped threadfin Polydactylus quadrifilis Cuvier 1829 Giant African threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis Valenciennes 1831 Sixfinger threadfin Polydactylus sextarius Bloch amp Schneider 1801 Blackspot threadfin Polydactylus siamensis Motomura Iwatsuki amp Yoshino 2001 Largemouth striped threadfin Polydactylus virginicus Linnaeus 1758 Barbu Genus Polynemus Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura 2003 Northern paradise fish Polynemus bidentatus Motomura amp Tsukawaki 2006 Polynemus dubius Bleeker 1854 Eastern paradise fish Polynemus hornadayi Myers 1936 Hornaday s paradise fish Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura amp van Oijen 2003 Kapuas elegant paradise fish Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes 1831 Blackhand paradise fish Polynemus multifilis Temminck amp Schlegel 1843 Elegant paradise fish Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758 Paradise threadfin Timeline of genera editReferences edit Richard van der Laan William N Eschmeyer amp Ronald Fricke 2014 Family group names of Recent fishes Zootaxa 3882 2 001 230 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3882 1 1 PMID 25543675 Inserts for pages 437 441 PDF John Wiley amp Sons Limited Retrieved 13 April 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2019 Polydactylus sexfilis in FishBase August 2019 version Suryanata Krisnawati Umemoto Karen N 2005 Tension at the nexus of the global and local culture property and marine aquaculture in Hawai i Environment and Planning A 35 2 199 206 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 456 680 doi 10 1068 a35116 S2CID 143928957 Lin DT Bailey Brock JH 2008 Partial recovery of infaunal communities during a fallow period at an open ocean aquaculture Marine Ecology Progress Series 371 65 72 Bibcode 2008MEPS 371 65L doi 10 3354 meps07675 Lee HW Bailey Brock JH McGurr MM 2006 Temporal changes in the polychaete infaunal community surrounding a Hawaiian mariculture operation Marine Ecology Progress Series 307 175 185 Bibcode 2006MEPS 307 175L doi 10 3354 meps307175 Girard Matthew G Davis Matthew P Baldwin Carole C Dettai Agnes Martin Rene P Smith W Leo 2022 Molecular phylogeny of the threadfin fishes Polynemidae using ultraconserved elements Journal of Fish Biology 100 3 793 810 doi 10 1111 jfb 14997 ISSN 1095 8649 PMID 35137410 S2CID 246678758 This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations November 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message Froese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2006 Polynemidae in FishBase January 2006 version Sepkoski Jack 2002 A compendium of fossil marine animal genera Bulletins of American Paleontology 364 560 Archived from the original on 2009 02 20 Retrieved 2011 05 19 External links editFisheries Western Australia Threadfins Fact Sheet The Paradise threadfin Polynemus paradiseus Offshore aquaculture project yields a traditional Hawaiian delicacy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Threadfin amp oldid 1136099707, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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