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Monkey

March 20, 2023

For other uses, see Monkey (disambiguation).
For the monophyletic clade, see Simian.

Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, which constitutes an incomplete paraphyletic grouping; however, in the broader sense based on cladistics, apes (Hominoidea) are also included, making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regards to their scope.[citation needed][3]

Monkeys
Temporal range: Late Eocene–Present[1]
Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
[a]
Groups included
Platyrrhini
Cercopithecidae
†Parapithecidae
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Hominoidea

In 1812, Geoffroy grouped the apes and the Cercopithecidae group of monkeys together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", ("singes de l'Ancien Monde" in French).[3][4][5] The extant sister of the Catarrhini in the monkey ("singes") group is the Platyrrhini (New World monkeys).[3] Some nine million years before the divergence between the Cercopithecidae and the apes,[6] the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World),[citation needed][7][8] likely by ocean.[9][10][better source needed] Apes are thus deep in the tree of extant and extinct monkeys, and any of the apes is distinctly closer related to the Cercopithecidae than the Platyrrhini are.

Many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are mainly active during the day (diurnal). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, especially the Old World monkeys.

Within suborder Haplorhini, the simians are a sister group to the tarsiers – the two members diverged some 70 million years ago.[11] New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians roughly 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys about 25 million years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus (35–32 million years ago) are also considered monkeys by primatologists.[12][9][13][14][15][16]

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys, but strepsirrhine primates (suborder Strepsirrhini). The simians' sister group, the tarsiers, are also haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys.

Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. However, there has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean either the Cercopithecoidea (not including apes) or the Catarrhini (including apes).[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century.[26] Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with the tarsiers, in a single genus "Simia" (sans Homo), an ensemble now recognised as the Haplorhini.[27]

Monkeys, including apes, can be distinguished from other primates by having only two pectoral nipples, a pendulous penis, and a lack of sensory whiskers.[28][better source needed]

Historical and modern terminology

 
The Barbary macaque is also known as the Barbary ape.

According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape.[29] In English, no clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate.[30] Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably.[31] Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the Barbary ape.

Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans.[32] Monkeys thus constituted a "grade" on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes".

Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination was not, since it excluded hominoids (apes and humans). Thus, the term "monkey" no longer referred to a recognized scientific taxon. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes, or simians. However this also contains the hominoids, so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids.[33] In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics.[21][34][35][36][37]

A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as a tribe or a troop.[38]

Two separate groups of primates are referred to as "monkeys": New World monkeys (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys (catarrhines in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos, and humans—are also catarrhines but were classically distinguished from monkeys.[39][9][40][41] Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus the tailless Barbary macaque is historically called the "Barbary ape".

Description

As apes have emerged in the monkey group as sister of the old world monkeys, characteristics that describe monkeys are generally shared by apes as well. Williams et al. outlined evolutionary features, including in stem groupings, contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes.[42]

Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset, which can be as small as 117 mm (4+5⁄8 in) with a 172 mm (6+3⁄4 in) tail and just over 100 g (3+1⁄2 oz) in weight,[43] to the male mandrill, almost 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and weighing up to 36 kg (79 lb).[44] Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders).[45]

Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have long tails, with those in the Atelidae family being prehensile, while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic, or—as in the owl monkeys and greater galagos—monochromatic. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps.[45]

Classification

The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates.

Cladogram with extinct families

Below is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families.[46][47][48] Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well as simians or anthropoids,[39][9][40] which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys as a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[49][50][51][52] It is thought the New World monkeys started as a drifted "Old World monkey" group from the Old World (probably Africa) to the New World (South America).[9]

Haplorhini (64)

Tarsiiformes

Simian

Eosimiidae s.s. (†37)

Phileosimias (†46)

Amphipithecidae (†35)

(45)

Parapithecoidea (†30)

Proteopithecidae (†34)

Crown
Platyrrhini (30)
Catarrhini (35)

Oligopithecidae (†34)

(35)

Propliopithecoidea (†30)

(34)

Pliopithecoidea (†6)

(32)

Micropithecus (†15)

Crown
Hominoidea (30)
(29)

Saadanioidea (†28)

Cercopithecoidea (24)

Victoriapithecinae(†19)

Crown Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys)

Catharrhini (31)
Simians (40)
(Monkeys, Anthropoids, 47)

Relationship with humans

 
Macaque on a "Please do not feed monkeys" sign in Ko Chang, Thailand.
 
Sign at a store in Swyambhunath, Bagmati, Nepal, which reads "Monkey's Food is Available here". Some places use their monkey population as a tourist attraction.

The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets, others used as model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for the disabled.

In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests, and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops.[53][54] This can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage.[55] Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also be considered pests, attacking tourists.[56]

As service animals for disabled people

See also: Service animal § Helper monkey

Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with disabled people. Around the house, the monkeys assist with daily tasks such as feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care.[57]

Helper monkeys are usually trained in schools by private organizations, taking seven years to train, and are able to serve 25–30 years (two to three times longer than a guide dog).[58]

In 2010, the U.S. federal government revised its definition of service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Non-human primates are no longer recognized as service animals under the ADA.[59] The American Veterinary Medical Association does not support the use of non-human primates as assistance animals because of animal welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans.[60]

In experiments

Main article: Animal testing on non-human primates

The most common monkey species found in animal research are the grivet, the rhesus macaque, and the crab-eating macaque, which are either wild-caught or purpose-bred.[61][62] They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes) and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. Worldwide, it is thought that between 100,000 and 200,000 non-human primates are used in research each year,[62] 64.7% of which are Old World monkeys, and 5.5% New World monkeys.[63] This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in research.[62] Between 1994 and 2004 the United States has used an average of 54,000 non-human primates, while around 10,000 non-human primates were used in the European Union in 2002.[63]

In space

 
Sam, a rhesus macaque, was flown to a height of 88,500 m (290,400 ft) by NASA in 1959
Main article: Monkeys and apes in space

A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first monkey in space was Albert II, who flew in the US-launched V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949.[64]

As food

Main article: Monkey meat

Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of South Asia, Africa and China.[65] Monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa, where they can be sold as "bushmeat". In traditional Islamic dietary laws, the eating of monkeys is forbidden.[66]

Literature

 
Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur)

Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples.

Informally, "monkey" may refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author Terry Pratchett alludes to this difference in usage in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry.

The winged monkeys are prominent characters in L. Frank Baum's Wizard of Oz books and in the 1939 film based on Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Religion and worship

 
Abhinandananatha with his symbol of monkey below his idol

Monkey is the symbol of fourth Tirthankara in Jainism, Abhinandananatha.[67][68]

Hanuman, a prominent deity in Hinduism, is a human-like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or Rama.

In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "mind monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness.

The Sanzaru, or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[69]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature.[70] They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art.[71]

The Tzeltal people of Mexico worshipped monkeys as incarnations of their dead ancestors.

Zodiac

 
Monkeys as Judges of Art, an ironical 1889 painting by Gabriel von Max.

The Monkey (猴) is the ninth in the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2028.[72]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ When Carl Linnaeus defined the genus Simia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, it included all non-human monkeys and apes (simians).[2] Although "monkey" was never a taxonomic name, and is instead a vernacular name for a paraphyletic group, its members fall under the infraorder Simiiformes.

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  68. ^ Reddy (2006-12-01). Indian Hist (Opt). ISBN 9780070635777.
  69. ^ Cooper, J. C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 161–63. ISBN 978-1-85538-118-6.
  70. ^ Benson, E. (1972). The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York: Praeger Press. ISBN 978-0-500-72001-1.
  71. ^ Berrin, K. & Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.
  72. ^ Lau, T. (2005). The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes (5th ed.). New York: Souvenir Press. pp. 238–244. ISBN 978-0060777777.

Literature cited

Further reading

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to monkeys.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monkey.
  • "How to Avoid Monkey Bites and Attacks in Southeast Asia" by Gregory Rodgers, Trip Savvy, 21 Dec 2018
  • "Monkeys and Monkey Gods in Mythology, Folklore, and Religion" by Anniina Jokinen, Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature
  • "The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
  • The Problem with Pet Monkeys: Reasons Monkeys Do Not Make Good Pets, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com
  • , a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments

March 20, 2023
monkey, other, uses, disambiguation, monophyletic, clade, simian, common, name, that, refer, most, mammals, infraorder, simiiformes, also, known, simians, traditionally, animals, group, known, simians, counted, monkeys, except, apes, which, constitutes, incomp. For other uses see Monkey disambiguation For the monophyletic clade see Simian Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes also known as the simians Traditionally all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes which constitutes an incomplete paraphyletic grouping however in the broader sense based on cladistics apes Hominoidea are also included making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regards to their scope citation needed 3 MonkeysTemporal range Late Eocene Present 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NBonnet macaque Macaca radiata Mangaon Maharashtra IndiaScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesSuborder HaplorhiniInfraorder Simiiformes a Groups includedPlatyrrhini Cercopithecidae ParapithecidaeCladistically included but traditionally excluded taxaHominoideaIn 1812 Geoffroy grouped the apes and the Cercopithecidae group of monkeys together and established the name Catarrhini Old World monkeys singes de l Ancien Monde in French 3 4 5 The extant sister of the Catarrhini in the monkey singes group is the Platyrrhini New World monkeys 3 Some nine million years before the divergence between the Cercopithecidae and the apes 6 the Platyrrhini emerged within monkeys by migration to South America from Afro Arabia the Old World citation needed 7 8 likely by ocean 9 10 better source needed Apes are thus deep in the tree of extant and extinct monkeys and any of the apes is distinctly closer related to the Cercopithecidae than the Platyrrhini are Many monkey species are tree dwelling arboreal although there are species that live primarily on the ground such as baboons Most species are mainly active during the day diurnal Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent especially the Old World monkeys Within suborder Haplorhini the simians are a sister group to the tarsiers the two members diverged some 70 million years ago 11 New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians roughly 35 million years ago Old World monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys about 25 million years ago Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus 35 32 million years ago are also considered monkeys by primatologists 12 9 13 14 15 16 Lemurs lorises and galagos are not monkeys but strepsirrhine primates suborder Strepsirrhini The simians sister group the tarsiers are also haplorhine primates however they are also not monkeys Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini so cladistically they are monkeys as well However there has been resistance to directly designate apes and thus humans as monkeys so Old World monkey may be taken to mean either the Cercopithecoidea not including apes or the Catarrhini including apes 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon in the 18th century 26 Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with the tarsiers in a single genus Simia sans Homo an ensemble now recognised as the Haplorhini 27 Monkeys including apes can be distinguished from other primates by having only two pectoral nipples a pendulous penis and a lack of sensory whiskers 28 better source needed Contents 1 Historical and modern terminology 2 Description 3 Classification 3 1 Cladogram with extinct families 4 Relationship with humans 4 1 As service animals for disabled people 4 2 In experiments 4 2 1 In space 4 3 As food 4 4 Literature 4 5 Religion and worship 4 6 Zodiac 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Literature cited 9 Further readingHistorical and modern terminology The Barbary macaque is also known as the Barbary ape According to the Online Etymology Dictionary the word monkey may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable published circa 1580 In this version of the fable a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape 29 In English no clear distinction was originally made between ape and monkey thus the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica entry for ape notes that it is either a synonym for monkey or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate 30 Colloquially the terms monkey and ape are widely used interchangeably 31 Also a few monkey species have the word ape in their common name such as the Barbary ape Later in the first half of the 20th century the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series leading through monkeys and apes to humans 32 Monkeys thus constituted a grade on the path to humans and were distinguished from apes Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups but their combination was not since it excluded hominoids apes and humans Thus the term monkey no longer referred to a recognized scientific taxon The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes or simians However this also contains the hominoids so that monkeys are in terms of currently recognized taxa non hominoid simians Colloquially and pop culturally the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non human hominoids 33 In addition frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word monkey from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics 21 34 35 36 37 A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as a tribe or a troop 38 Two separate groups of primates are referred to as monkeys New World monkeys platyrrhines from South and Central America and Old World monkeys catarrhines in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea from Africa and Asia Apes hominoids consisting of gibbons orangutans gorillas chimpanzees and bonobos and humans are also catarrhines but were classically distinguished from monkeys 39 9 40 41 Tailless monkeys may be called apes incorrectly according to modern usage thus the tailless Barbary macaque is historically called the Barbary ape DescriptionAs apes have emerged in the monkey group as sister of the old world monkeys characteristics that describe monkeys are generally shared by apes as well Williams et al outlined evolutionary features including in stem groupings contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes 42 Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset which can be as small as 117 mm 4 5 8 in with a 172 mm 6 3 4 in tail and just over 100 g 3 1 2 oz in weight 43 to the male mandrill almost 1 m 3 ft 3 in long and weighing up to 36 kg 79 lb 44 Some are arboreal living in trees while others live on the savanna diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following fruit leaves seeds nuts flowers eggs and small animals including insects and spiders 45 Some characteristics are shared among the groups most New World monkeys have long tails with those in the Atelidae family being prehensile while Old World monkeys have non prehensile tails or no visible tail at all Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans while New World monkeys may be trichromatic dichromatic or as in the owl monkeys and greater galagos monochromatic Although both the New and Old World monkeys like the apes have forward facing eyes the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different though again each group shares some features such as the types of noses cheeks and rumps 45 ClassificationThe following list shows where the various monkey families bolded are placed in the classification of living extant primates Order Primates Suborder Strepsirrhini lemurs lorises and galagos Suborder Haplorhini tarsiers monkeys and apes Infraorder Tarsiiformes Family Tarsiidae tarsiers Infraorder Simiiformes simians Parvorder Platyrrhini New World monkeys Family Callitrichidae marmosets and tamarins 42 species Family Cebidae capuchins and squirrel monkeys 14 species Family Aotidae night monkeys 11 species Family Pitheciidae titis sakis and uakaris 41 species Family Atelidae howler spider and woolly monkeys 24 species Parvorder Catarrhini Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Family Cercopithecidae Old World monkeys 135 species Superfamily Hominoidea apes Family Hylobatidae gibbons lesser apes 20 species Family Hominidae great apes including humans gorillas chimpanzees and orangutans 8 species Cladogram with extinct families Below is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families 46 47 48 Generally extinct non hominoid simians including early catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well as simians or anthropoids 39 9 40 which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well restoring monkeys as a single grouping It is indicated approximately how many million years ago Mya the clades diverged into newer clades 49 50 51 52 It is thought the New World monkeys started as a drifted Old World monkey group from the Old World probably Africa to the New World South America 9 Haplorhini 64 TarsiiformesSimian Eosimiidae s s 37 Phileosimias 46 Amphipithecidae 35 45 Parapithecoidea 30 Proteopithecidae 34 Crown Platyrrhini 30 29 Chilecebus 20 26 Tremacebus 20 24 Homunculus 16 Dolichocebus 20 Crown Platyrrhini New World Monkeys Catarrhini 35 Oligopithecidae 34 35 Propliopithecoidea 30 34 Pliopithecoidea 6 32 Micropithecus 15 Crown Hominoidea 30 Proconsulidae 18 29 Equatorius 16 29 Afropithecidae 28 Morotopithecus 20 28 Afropithecus 16 Nyanzapithecinae 7 Crown Hominoidea 22 HominidaeHylobatidae 29 Saadanioidea 28 Cercopithecoidea 24 Victoriapithecinae 19 Crown Cercopithecoidea Old World Monkeys Catharrhini 31 Simians 40 Monkeys Anthropoids 47 Relationship with humans Macaque on a Please do not feed monkeys sign in Ko Chang Thailand Sign at a store in Swyambhunath Bagmati Nepal which reads Monkey s Food is Available here Some places use their monkey population as a tourist attraction The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans Some are kept as pets others used as model organisms in laboratories or in space missions They may be killed in monkey drives when they threaten agriculture or used as service animals for the disabled In some areas some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops 53 54 This can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species which may be subject to persecution In some instances farmers perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage 55 Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also be considered pests attacking tourists 56 As service animals for disabled people See also Service animal Helper monkey Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments After being socialized in a human home as infants the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with disabled people Around the house the monkeys assist with daily tasks such as feeding fetching manipulating objects and personal care 57 Helper monkeys are usually trained in schools by private organizations taking seven years to train and are able to serve 25 30 years two to three times longer than a guide dog 58 In 2010 the U S federal government revised its definition of service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Act ADA Non human primates are no longer recognized as service animals under the ADA 59 The American Veterinary Medical Association does not support the use of non human primates as assistance animals because of animal welfare concerns the potential for serious injury to people and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans 60 In experiments Main article Animal testing on non human primates The most common monkey species found in animal research are the grivet the rhesus macaque and the crab eating macaque which are either wild caught or purpose bred 61 62 They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling their fast reproductive cycle compared to apes and their psychological and physical similarity to humans Worldwide it is thought that between 100 000 and 200 000 non human primates are used in research each year 62 64 7 of which are Old World monkeys and 5 5 New World monkeys 63 This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in research 62 Between 1994 and 2004 the United States has used an average of 54 000 non human primates while around 10 000 non human primates were used in the European Union in 2002 63 In space Sam a rhesus macaque was flown to a height of 88 500 m 290 400 ft by NASA in 1959 Main article Monkeys and apes in space A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes including the United States and France The first monkey in space was Albert II who flew in the US launched V 2 rocket on June 14 1949 64 As food Main article Monkey meat Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of South Asia Africa and China 65 Monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa where they can be sold as bushmeat In traditional Islamic dietary laws the eating of monkeys is forbidden 66 Literature Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama Memoirs of Babur Sun Wukong the Monkey King a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books television programs and movies The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples Informally monkey may refer to apes particularly chimpanzees gibbons and gorillas Author Terry Pratchett alludes to this difference in usage in his Discworld novels in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry The winged monkeys are prominent characters in L Frank Baum s Wizard of Oz books and in the 1939 film based on Baum s 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Religion and worship Abhinandananatha with his symbol of monkey below his idol Monkey is the symbol of fourth Tirthankara in Jainism Abhinandananatha 67 68 Hanuman a prominent deity in Hinduism is a human like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or Rama In Buddhism the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness The Chinese Buddhist mind monkey metaphor refers to the unsettled restless state of human mind Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures symbolizing greed with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness The Sanzaru or three wise monkeys are revered in Japanese folklore together they embody the proverbial principle to see no evil hear no evil speak no evil 69 The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature 70 They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art 71 The Tzeltal people of Mexico worshipped monkeys as incarnations of their dead ancestors Zodiac Monkeys as Judges of Art an ironical 1889 painting by Gabriel von Max The Monkey 猴 is the ninth in the twelve year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2028 72 See also Mammals portalList of New World monkey species List of Old World monkey species List of individual monkeys List of fictional primates List of primates List of primates by population International Primate Day Monkey Day Signifying monkeyNotes When Carl Linnaeus defined the genus Simia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae it included all non human monkeys and apes simians 2 Although monkey was never a taxonomic name and is instead a 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PDF on 2013 03 23 Retrieved 2013 04 10 a href Template Cite report html title Template Cite report cite report a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bushnell D 1958 The beginnings of research in space biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center 1946 1952 History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics NASA Archived from the original on 2013 05 30 Retrieved 2013 04 10 Bonne J 2005 10 28 Some bravery as a side dish Today com Retrieved 2009 08 15 Institut De Recherche Pour Le Developpement 2002 Primate Bushmeat Populations Exposed To Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses ScienceDaily Retrieved 2009 08 15 Experts Disha 2017 12 25 THE MEGA YEARBOOK 2018 Current Affairs amp General Knowledge for Competitive Exams with 52 Monthly ebook Updates amp eTests 3rd Edition ISBN 9789387421226 Reddy 2006 12 01 Indian Hist Opt ISBN 9780070635777 Cooper J C 1992 Symbolic and Mythological Animals London Aquarian Press pp 161 63 ISBN 978 1 85538 118 6 Benson E 1972 The Mochica A Culture of Peru New York Praeger Press ISBN 978 0 500 72001 1 Berrin K amp Museo Arqueologico Rafael Larco Herrera 1997 The Spirit of Ancient Peru Treasures from the Museo Arqueologico Rafael Larco Herrera New York Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 01802 6 Lau T 2005 The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes 5th ed New York Souvenir Press pp 238 244 ISBN 978 0060777777 Literature citedGroves C 2008 Extended Family Long Lost Cousins Conservation International ISBN 978 1 934151 25 9 OCLC 300051037 Further reading Wikiquote has quotations related to monkeys Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monkey How to Avoid Monkey Bites and Attacks in Southeast Asia by Gregory Rodgers Trip Savvy 21 Dec 2018 Monkeys and Monkey Gods in Mythology Folklore and Religion by Anniina Jokinen Luminarium Anthology of English Literature The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories by Viktor Reinhardt International Primate Protection League August 2001 The Problem with Pet Monkeys Reasons Monkeys Do Not Make Good Pets an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About com Helping Hands Monkey helpers for the disabled a U S national non profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Monkey amp oldid 1128279403, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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