"Water fleas" redirects here. For the genus of freshwater copepods, see Cyclops (copepod).
The Diplostraca or Cladocera, commonly known as water fleas, are a superorder of small crustaceans that feed on microscopic chunks of organic matter (excluding some predatory forms).[1]
Eucladocera (no evidence for grouping together all other cladocerans as the sister taxon to the monotypic Haplopoda (Leptodora))
Over 1000 species have been recognised so far, with many more undescribed.[1][2][3][4][5] The oldest fossils of diplostracans date to the Jurassic, though their modern morphology suggests that they originated substantially earlier, during the Paleozoic. Some have also adapted to a life in the ocean, the only members of Branchiopoda to do so, even if several anostracans live in hypersaline lakes.[6] Most are 0.2–6.0 mm (0.01–0.24 in) long, with a down-turned head with a single median compound eye, and a carapace covering the apparently unsegmented thorax and abdomen. Most species show cyclical parthenogenesis, where asexual reproduction is occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction, which produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats.
Leptodora kindtii is an unusually large diplostracan, at up to 18 mm long.
They are mostly 0.2–6.0 mm (0.01–0.24 in) long, with the exception of Leptodora, which can be up to 18 mm (0.71 in) long.[7] The body is not obviously segmented and bears a folded carapace which covers the thorax and abdomen.[8]
The head is angled downwards, and may be separated from the rest of the body by a "cervical sinus" or notch.[8] It bears a single black compound eye, located on the animal's midline, in all but two genera, and often, a single ocellus is present.[9] The head also bears two pairs of antennae – the first antennae are small, unsegmented appendages, while the second antennae are large, segmented, and branched, with powerful muscles.[8] The first antennae bear olfactory setae, while the second are used for swimming by most species.[9] The pattern of setae on the second antennae is useful for identification.[8] The part of the head which projects in front of the first antennae is known as the rostrum or "beak".[8]
The mouthparts are small, and consist of an unpaired labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an unpaired labium.[8] They are used to eat "organic detritus of all kinds" and bacteria.[8]
The thorax bears five or six pairs of lobed, leaf-like appendages, each with numerous hairs or setae.[8]Carbon dioxide is lost, and oxygen taken up, through the body surface.[8]
Lifecycle
A cladocera giving birth (100x magnification)
With the exception of a few purely asexual species, the lifecycle of diplostracans is dominated by asexual reproduction, with occasional periods of sexual reproduction; this is known as cyclical parthenogenesis.[10] When conditions are favourable, reproduction occurs by parthenogenesis for several generations, producing only female clones. As the conditions deteriorate, males are produced, and sexual reproduction occurs. This results in the production of long-lasting dormant eggs. These ephippial eggs can be transported over land by wind, and hatch when they reach favourable conditions, allowing many species to have very wide – even cosmopolitan – distributions.[8] Except for the genus Leptodora, which has a metanauplius stage, a nauplius larval stage is absent in Diplostraca.[11]
Evolutionary history
Diplostraca are nested within the clam shrimp, being most closely related to the order Cyclestherida, the only living genus of which is Cyclestheria. Though several fossils from the Paleozoic have been claimed to represent fossils of diplostracans, none of these records can be confirmed. The oldest confirmed records of diplostracans are from the Early Jurassic of Asia. Fossils from the Jurassic are assignable to modern as well as extinct groups, indicating that the initial radiation of the group occurred prior to the beginning of the Jurassic, likely during the late Paleozoic.[12]
Ecology
Evadne spinifera, one of very few marine diplostracan species
Most diplostracan species live in fresh water and other inland water bodies, with only eight species being truly oceanic.[9] The marine species are all in the family Podonidae, except for the genus Penilia.[9] Some diplostracans inhabit leaf litter.[13]
According to the World Registry of Marine Species, Cladocera is a synonym of the superorder Diplostraca, which is included in the class Branchiopoda. Both names are currently in use. The superorder forms a monophyletic group of 7 orders, about 24 families, and more than 11,000 species. Many more species remain undescribed.[1][7] The genus Daphnia alone contains around 150 species.[10]
^Kotov, Alexey (2007). "Jurassic Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) with a description of an extinct Mesozoic order". Journal of Natural History. 41 (1–4): 13–37. doi:10.1080/00222930601164445. S2CID 83483722.
^Kotov, Alexey (2009). "New finding of Mesozoic ephippia of the Anomopoda (Crustacea: Cladocera)". Journal of Natural History. 43 (9–10): 523–528. doi:10.1080/00222930802003020. S2CID 84144888.
^Kotov, Alexey; Korovchinsky, Nikolai (2006). "First record of fossil Mesozoic Ctenopoda (Crustacea, Cladocera)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (2): 269–274. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00204.x.
^Kotov, Alexey; Taylor, Derek (2011). "Mesozoic fossils (>145 Mya) suggest the antiquity of the subgenera of Daphnia and their coevolution with chaoborid predators". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 129. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-129. PMC3123605. PMID 21595889.
^Vernberg, F. John (2014). Environmental Adaptations. Elsevier Science. pp. 338–. ISBN978-0-323-16282-1.
^ abL. Forró; N. M. Korovchinsky; A. A. Kotov; A. Petrusek (2008). "Global diversity of cladocerans (Cladocera; Crustacea) in freshwater" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 595 (1): 177–184. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9013-5. S2CID 45363782. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_19
^ abcdefghijDouglas Grant Smith; Kirstern Work (2001). "Cladoceran Branchiopoda (water fleas)". In Douglas Grant Smith (ed.). Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 453–488. ISBN978-0-471-35837-4.
^ abcdDenton Belk (2007). "Branchiopoda". In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton (eds.). The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. pp. 414–417. ISBN978-0-520-23939-5.
^ abEllen Decaestecker; Luc De Meester; Joachim Mergaey (2009). "Cyclical parthenogeness in Daphnia: sexual versus asexual reproduction". In Isa Schön; Koen Martens; Peter van Dijk (eds.). Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis. Springer. pp. 295–316. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_15. ISBN978-90-481-2769-6. S2CID 82949264.
^Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Keys to Nearctic Fauna
^Van Damme, Kay; Kotov, Alexey A. (December 2016). "The fossil record of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): Evidence and hypotheses". Earth-Science Reviews. 163: 162–189. Bibcode:2016ESRv..163..162V. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.009.
^Rubbo, Michael J.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. (2004). "Leaf litter composition and community structure: translating regional species changes into local dynamics". Ecology. 85 (9): 2519–2525. doi:10.1890/03-0653.
^Norambuena, Juan-Alejandro; Farías, Jorge; De los Ríos, Patricio (2019-12-05). "The water flea Daphnia pulex (Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems". Crustaceana. 92 (11–12): 1415–1426. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003948. ISSN 0011-216X. S2CID 213266769.
^K. Van Damme; R. J. Shiel; H. J. Dumont (2007). "Notothrix halsei gen. n., sp. n., representative of a new family of freshwater cladocerans (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) from SW Australia, with a discussion of ancestral traits and a preliminary molecular phylogeny of the order". Zoologica Scripta. 36 (5): 465–487. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00292.x. S2CID 83893469.
^K. Van Damme; R. J. Shiel; H. J. Dumont (2007). "Gondwanotrichidae nom. nov. pro Nototrichidae Van Damme, Shiel & Dumont, 2007". Zoologica Scripta. 36 (5): 623. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00304.x. S2CID 222187102.
Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (1990). Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA (USA). ISBN 0-87893-098-1. 922 pp
Martin, J.W., & Davis, G.E. (2001). An updated classification of the recent Crustacea. Science Series, 39. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles, CA (USA). 124 pp.
Norambuena, J., J. Farías & P. De los Ríos. (2019). he water flea Daphnia pulex (Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems. Crustaceana, (11-12): 1415-1426.
External links
– Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of South Eastern Australia
Media related to Diplostraca at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Diplostraca at Wikispecies
January 30, 2023
diplostraca, water, fleas, redirects, here, genus, freshwater, copepods, cyclops, copepod, cladocera, commonly, known, water, fleas, superorder, small, crustaceans, that, feed, microscopic, chunks, organic, matter, excluding, some, predatory, forms, temporal, . Water fleas redirects here For the genus of freshwater copepods see Cyclops copepod The Diplostraca or Cladocera commonly known as water fleas are a superorder of small crustaceans that feed on microscopic chunks of organic matter excluding some predatory forms 1 DiplostracaTemporal range Jurassic Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaSubphylum CrustaceaClass BranchiopodaSubclass PhyllopodaSuperorder DiplostracaLatreille 1829Orders 1 Anomopoda G O Sars 1865 Ctenopoda G O Sars 1865 Cyclestherida Sars G O 1899 Haplopoda G O Sars 1865 Laevicaudata Linder 1945 Onychopoda G O Sars 1865 Spinicaudata Linder 1945 Cladocera incertae sedis temporary name Synonyms 1 Cladocera Latreille 1829 Eucladocera no evidence for grouping together all other cladocerans as the sister taxon to the monotypic Haplopoda Leptodora Over 1000 species have been recognised so far with many more undescribed 1 2 3 4 5 The oldest fossils of diplostracans date to the Jurassic though their modern morphology suggests that they originated substantially earlier during the Paleozoic Some have also adapted to a life in the ocean the only members of Branchiopoda to do so even if several anostracans live in hypersaline lakes 6 Most are 0 2 6 0 mm 0 01 0 24 in long with a down turned head with a single median compound eye and a carapace covering the apparently unsegmented thorax and abdomen Most species show cyclical parthenogenesis where asexual reproduction is occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction which produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats Contents 1 Description 2 Lifecycle 3 Evolutionary history 4 Ecology 5 Taxonomy 5 1 Etymology 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDescription Edit Leptodora kindtii is an unusually large diplostracan at up to 18 mm long They are mostly 0 2 6 0 mm 0 01 0 24 in long with the exception of Leptodora which can be up to 18 mm 0 71 in long 7 The body is not obviously segmented and bears a folded carapace which covers the thorax and abdomen 8 The head is angled downwards and may be separated from the rest of the body by a cervical sinus or notch 8 It bears a single black compound eye located on the animal s midline in all but two genera and often a single ocellus is present 9 The head also bears two pairs of antennae the first antennae are small unsegmented appendages while the second antennae are large segmented and branched with powerful muscles 8 The first antennae bear olfactory setae while the second are used for swimming by most species 9 The pattern of setae on the second antennae is useful for identification 8 The part of the head which projects in front of the first antennae is known as the rostrum or beak 8 The mouthparts are small and consist of an unpaired labrum a pair of mandibles a pair of maxillae and an unpaired labium 8 They are used to eat organic detritus of all kinds and bacteria 8 The thorax bears five or six pairs of lobed leaf like appendages each with numerous hairs or setae 8 Carbon dioxide is lost and oxygen taken up through the body surface 8 Lifecycle Edit A cladocera giving birth 100x magnification With the exception of a few purely asexual species the lifecycle of diplostracans is dominated by asexual reproduction with occasional periods of sexual reproduction this is known as cyclical parthenogenesis 10 When conditions are favourable reproduction occurs by parthenogenesis for several generations producing only female clones As the conditions deteriorate males are produced and sexual reproduction occurs This results in the production of long lasting dormant eggs These ephippial eggs can be transported over land by wind and hatch when they reach favourable conditions allowing many species to have very wide even cosmopolitan distributions 8 Except for the genus Leptodora which has a metanauplius stage a nauplius larval stage is absent in Diplostraca 11 Evolutionary history EditDiplostraca are nested within the clam shrimp being most closely related to the order Cyclestherida the only living genus of which is Cyclestheria Though several fossils from the Paleozoic have been claimed to represent fossils of diplostracans none of these records can be confirmed The oldest confirmed records of diplostracans are from the Early Jurassic of Asia Fossils from the Jurassic are assignable to modern as well as extinct groups indicating that the initial radiation of the group occurred prior to the beginning of the Jurassic likely during the late Paleozoic 12 Ecology Edit Evadne spinifera one of very few marine diplostracan species Most diplostracan species live in fresh water and other inland water bodies with only eight species being truly oceanic 9 The marine species are all in the family Podonidae except for the genus Penilia 9 Some diplostracans inhabit leaf litter 13 Taxonomy Edit Daphnia magna According to the World Registry of Marine Species Cladocera is a synonym of the superorder Diplostraca which is included in the class Branchiopoda Both names are currently in use The superorder forms a monophyletic group of 7 orders about 24 families and more than 11 000 species Many more species remain undescribed 1 7 The genus Daphnia alone contains around 150 species 10 The following families are recognised 1 Superorder Diplostraca Gerstaecker 1866 Cladocera Order Anomopoda G O Sars 1865Family Acantholeberidae Smirnov 1976 Family Bosminidae Baird 1845 Family Chydoridae Dybowski amp Grochowski 1894 Family Daphniidae Straus 1820 14 Family Dumontiidae Santos Flores amp Dodson 2003 Family Eurycercidae Kurz 1875 Family Gondwanothrichidae Van Damme Shiel amp Dumont 2007 15 16 Family Ilyocryptidae Smirnov 1976 Family Macrothricidae Norman amp Brady 1867 Family Moinidae Goulden 1968 Family Ophryoxidae Smirnov 1976 dd Order Ctenopoda G O Sars 1865Family Holopediidae G O Sars 1865 Family Pseudopenilidae Korovchinsky amp Sergeeva 2008 Family Sididae Baird 1850 dd Order Cyclestherida Sars G O 1899Family Cyclestheriidae Sars G O 1899 dd Order Haplopoda G O Sars 1865Family Leptodoridae Lilljeborg 1861 dd Order Laevicaudata Linder 1945Family Lynceidae Stebbing 1902 dd Order Onychopoda G O Sars 1865Family Cercopagididae Mordukhai Boltovskoi 1968 Family Podonidae Mordukhai Boltovskoi 1968 Family Polyphemidae Baird 1845 dd Order Spinicaudata Linder 1945Family Cyzicidae Stebbing 1910 Family Eocyzicidae Schwentner et al 2020 Family Leptestheriidae Daday 1913 44 Family Limnadiidae Burmeister 1843 dd Etymology Edit The word Cladocera derives via New Latin from the Ancient Greek klados klados branch and keras keras horn 17 See also Edit Crustaceans portal Arthropods portalBythotrephes longimanus invasive species formerly known as Bythotrephes cederstroemi 18 Spiny Water Flea 19 Cercopagis pengoi invasive species Daphnia lumholtzi invasive species Moina smallest ZooplanktonReferences Edit a b c d e f WoRMS 2021 Diplostraca Accessed at http www marinespecies org aphia php p taxdetails amp id 155670 on 2021 11 23 Kotov Alexey 2007 Jurassic Cladocera Crustacea Branchiopoda with a description of an extinct Mesozoic order Journal of Natural History 41 1 4 13 37 doi 10 1080 00222930601164445 S2CID 83483722 Kotov Alexey 2009 New finding of Mesozoic ephippia of the Anomopoda Crustacea Cladocera Journal of Natural History 43 9 10 523 528 doi 10 1080 00222930802003020 S2CID 84144888 Kotov Alexey Korovchinsky Nikolai 2006 First record of fossil Mesozoic Ctenopoda Crustacea Cladocera Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146 2 269 274 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2006 00204 x Kotov Alexey Taylor Derek 2011 Mesozoic fossils gt 145 Mya suggest the antiquity of the subgenera of Daphnia and their coevolution with chaoborid predators BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 129 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 11 129 PMC 3123605 PMID 21595889 Vernberg F John 2014 Environmental Adaptations Elsevier Science pp 338 ISBN 978 0 323 16282 1 a b L Forro N M Korovchinsky A A Kotov A Petrusek 2008 Global diversity of cladocerans Cladocera Crustacea in freshwater PDF Hydrobiologia 595 1 177 184 doi 10 1007 s10750 007 9013 5 S2CID 45363782 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 8259 7 19 a b c d e f g h i j Douglas Grant Smith Kirstern Work 2001 Cladoceran Branchiopoda water fleas In Douglas Grant Smith ed Pennak s Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States Porifera to Crustacea 4th ed John Wiley and Sons pp 453 488 ISBN 978 0 471 35837 4 a b c d Denton Belk 2007 Branchiopoda In Sol Felty Light James T Carlton eds The Light and Smith Manual Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon 4th ed University of California Press pp 414 417 ISBN 978 0 520 23939 5 a b Ellen Decaestecker Luc De Meester Joachim Mergaey 2009 Cyclical parthenogeness in Daphnia sexual versus asexual reproduction In Isa Schon Koen Martens Peter van Dijk eds Lost Sex The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis Springer pp 295 316 doi 10 1007 978 90 481 2770 2 15 ISBN 978 90 481 2769 6 S2CID 82949264 Thorp and Covich s Freshwater Invertebrates Keys to Nearctic Fauna Van Damme Kay Kotov Alexey A December 2016 The fossil record of the Cladocera Crustacea Branchiopoda Evidence and hypotheses Earth Science Reviews 163 162 189 Bibcode 2016ESRv 163 162V doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2016 10 009 Rubbo Michael J Kiesecker Joseph M 2004 Leaf litter composition and community structure translating regional species changes into local dynamics Ecology 85 9 2519 2525 doi 10 1890 03 0653 Norambuena Juan Alejandro Farias Jorge De los Rios Patricio 2019 12 05 The water flea Daphnia pulex Cladocera Daphniidae a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems Crustaceana 92 11 12 1415 1426 doi 10 1163 15685403 00003948 ISSN 0011 216X S2CID 213266769 K Van Damme R J Shiel H J Dumont 2007 Notothrix halsei gen n sp n representative of a new family of freshwater cladocerans Branchiopoda Anomopoda from SW Australia with a discussion of ancestral traits and a preliminary molecular phylogeny of the order Zoologica Scripta 36 5 465 487 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6409 2007 00292 x S2CID 83893469 K Van Damme R J Shiel H J Dumont 2007 Gondwanotrichidae nom nov pro Nototrichidae Van Damme Shiel amp Dumont 2007 Zoologica Scripta 36 5 623 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6409 2007 00304 x S2CID 222187102 Cladoceran Webster s II New College Dictionary 3rd ed Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005 p 211 ISBN 978 0 618 39601 6 USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Bythotrephes longimanus April 16 2013 NorthAmericanFishing Silent Invaders Spiny Water Flea PT 1 2013 Brusca R C Brusca G J 1990 Invertebrates Sinauer Associates Sunderland MA USA ISBN 0 87893 098 1 922 pp Martin J W amp Davis G E 2001 An updated classification of the recent Crustacea Science Series 39 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles CA USA 124 pp Norambuena J J Farias amp P De los Rios 2019 he water flea Daphnia pulex Cladocera Daphniidae a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems Crustaceana 11 12 1415 1426 External links EditCladocera Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of South Eastern Australia Media related to Diplostraca at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Diplostraca at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diplostraca amp oldid 1134885653, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
