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Harmon Craig

May 08, 2023

Harmon Craig (March 15, 1926 – March 14, 2003) was an American geochemist who worked briefly for the University of Chicago (1951-1955) before spending the majority of his career at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (1955-2003).[1]

Harmon Craig
Born(1926-03-15)March 15, 1926
New York City, New York
DiedMarch 14, 2003(2003-03-14) (aged 76)
La Jolla, California
NationalityAmerican
Known forGeochemistry
SpouseValerie Craig (m. 1947)
AwardsV. M. Goldschmidt Award (1979)
Vetlesen Prize (1987)
Balzan Prize (1988)
Scientific career
InstitutionsScripps Institution of Oceanography
Doctoral advisorHarold C. Urey

Craig was involved in numerous research expeditions, which visited the Great Rift Valley of East Africa,[2] the crater of Loihi (now known as Kamaʻehuakanaloa), the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, Greenland's ice cores, and Yellowstone's geysers, among many others.[3] This led to him being described as "the Indiana Jones of the earth sciences",[4] someone "whose overriding impulse was to get out and see the world they were studying".[3]

Craig made many significant discoveries in geochemistry. He is credited with establishing the field of carbon isotope geochemistry by characterizing carbon's stable isotopic signatures in various natural materials.[5] This had immediate applications in radiocarbon dating.[1]: 4–5  By studying stable and radioactive carbon isotopes in the biosphere and air-sea system, he derived the atmospheric residence time of carbon dioxide with respect to oceanic uptake. His work laid the foundation for isotopic studies of the carbon cycle, and was fundamental to understanding carbon sequestering in the oceanic and the terrestrial biosphere and the modulation of global warming.[5][6][7] In addition, from 1969 to 1989, Harmon Craig served as an editor for Earth and Planetary Science Letters.[8]

Family and early life

Harmon Craig was born (1926-03-15)March 15, 1926 in Manhattan, in New York City,[1] to John Richard Craig, Jr. (1896-1945) and his wife Virginia (Stanley) Craig.[9][10] He was named after his uncle, Harmon Bushnell Craig (1895-1917), but does not use his middle name.[1]: 5 

Harmon Craig's grandparents on his father's side were actors, directors and producers. During World War I, John Craig (1868-1931) and his wife, actress Mary Young, led the first professional American stock theater company to travel to France and entertain troops at the front. While they entertained the troops, their sons Harmon Bushnell Craig (1895-1917) and John Richard Craig, Jr. (1896-1945) served in the war effort.[11] John Craig, Jr. received a French Croix de Guerre[1]: 10  for his efforts as a second lieutenant of artillery, working with French 75s.[11] Harmon Bushnell Craig died serving with an ambulatory corps run by the American Field Service, and was posthumously awarded the French Croix de Guerre.[12]

In November 1924,[13] John Craig, Jr. married Virginia Stanley of Wichita, Kansas. They had three children: Harmon (named after his uncle), John Richard III (named after his father and grandfather), and Stanley Craig.[9]

Harmon Craig's mother, Virginia Stanley, was descended from Quakers who helped found schools for freed slaves. His mother's involvement with the Quakers was a strong influence on Harmon Craig.[1]: 5 

University of Chicago

Harmon Craig studied geology and chemistry at the University of Chicago. In 1944, he joined the U.S. Navy, serving as a communications and radar officer during World War II. After the war, he continued his education at University of Chicago, working with Nobel Laureate Harold Urey.[4] Craig credits Urey with giving him valuable advice on how to choose scientific problems: "If you go into a project, it's got to be a scientific problem that has rooms that continue into other rooms."[14]

Craig earned his Ph.D. in 1951,[4][2] with The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes, a thesis on carbon isotope geochemistry.[15][16][17] Craig created his thesis to find the measurement of ancient sea temperature. Craig used the carbon dioxide released from calcium carbonate fossils as a basis for future researches involving the carbon system. The masses of carbon dioxide that are produced by 18O and 16O were used to calculate respective masses. Craig's study of the carbon isotope produced corrections that deal with mass fractionation and radiocarbon ages. Craig's thesis work is considered a foundational accomplishment for its studies of 13 C and 12 C in a wide range of natural materials, including everything from ocean water to the atmosphere; volcanic gases; plants, coal, diamonds, and petroleum; sediments, igneous rocks and meteorites.[5] His theory has been applied to applications as varied as determining food chains and the identifying the sources of stone for ancient statues.[1] Karl Turekian has stated that "Craig's 35-year-old dissertation is still the measure of all subsequent work in the field."[3]

Craig joined the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago as a research associate in 1951.[2] In 1953, Urey and Craig published results showing that chondrites, meteors from the Solar System, did not have a single fixed composition, as had been assumed. After carrying out analyses of the chemical composition of hundreds of different meteorites, they reported that chondrites fell into two distinguishable groups, high iron (H) and low iron (L) chondrites. Their work "underscored the value of reliable chemical data" and led to significant improvements in data analysis in the field.[18] It led to a better understanding of the materials and processes involved in forming planets.[19][20]

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

In 1955 Harmon Craig was recruited to Scripps Institution of Oceanography by Roger Revelle.[1]: 5  His laboratory at Scripps eventually contained five mass spectrometers, one of them a portable unit.[21] As a professor of geochemistry and oceanography at Scripps, Craig developed new methods in radiocarbon dating and applied radioisotope and isotope distribution to various topics in marine-, geo-, and cosmochemistry. Craig produced fundamental findings about how the deep earth, oceans and atmosphere work.[5]

During the 1950s Craig measured variations in the concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in natural waters. In 1961, Craig identified the global meteoric water line, a linear relationship describing the occurrence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in terrestrial waters.[15]: 344 [2][22] Craig also established the oxygen isotope shift in geothermal and volcanic fluids, demonstrating that the water is meteoric. His discovery outlined the relation between rocks and water in geothermal systems.[23][24][22]

In 1963, Craig received a Guggenheim Fellowship, using it to spend a year at the Istituto de Geologia Nucleare, Pisa, Italy. He described a framework for studying the isotopic composition of the hydrosphere, discussing kinetics, equilibrium, and the use of isotopes for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.[1]: 6 [24][25][26] The work he presented with Louis I. Gordon on isotopic fractionation of the phase changes in water is known as the Craig-Gordon Model.[27] The model is applied to problems in watershed and ecosystem studies such as the calculation of evaporation.[15]: 355–358 [25][28] It has been called "a corner stone of isotope geochemistry."[27]

During the Nova Expedition of 1967, Craig and colleagues W. Brian Clarke (1937–2002)[29]: 449–450 [30] and M.A. Beg from McMaster University in Canada observed the Kermadec Trench in the Pacific Ocean. They found unexpectedly high proportions of the helium-3 isotope in the ocean waters. Craig concluded that the isotope was present within the earth's mantle and theorized that it was leaking into sea water through cracks in the sea floor.[31][21][32]

Craig and coworkers studied the isotopic composition of atmospheric and dissolved oxygen in the composition of dissolved gases, where he discovered the biochemical oxygen demand and the intake in the ocean mixed layer. Craig determined by measuring that the element, 210Pb is rapidly scavenged by sinking particulate matter.[2][33][34]

In 1970, Craig teamed up with colleagues at Scripps, Columbia University's Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to direct the GEOSECS Programme (geochemical ocean sections study) to investigate the chemical and isotopic properties of the world's oceans.[21] GEOSECS produced the most complete set of ocean chemistry data ever collected.[2] In 1971, as part of the Antipode Expedition, Craig and his colleagues gathered hydrographic casts and other data, and discovered a benthic front separating the South Pacific deep and bottom water.[21]: 338 [1][35]

During the 1970s Craig examined the relationship of gases such as radon and helium to earthquake prediction, developing a monitoring network at thermal springs and wells near major fault lines in southernmost California.[36][37] In 1979, he detected an increase in radon and helium as a precursor to an earthquake near Big Bear Lake, California.[3][38][37]

In a long-term project, Harmon Craig and Valerie Craig (his wife) used carbon and oxygen isotopes to identify the sources of the marble used in ancient Greek sculptures and temples.[39][40][41]

Craig discovered submarine Hydrothermal vents by measuring helium 3 and radon emitted from seafloor spreading centers. He made 17 dives to the bottom of the ocean in the ALVIN submersible, including the first descent into the Mariana Trough. There he discovered hydrothermal vents nearly 3700m deep.[14][42] Craig proved that there was excess 3He instead of 4He, affecting the understanding for ocean circulation and seafloor spreading.[43][44]

Craig led 28 oceanographic expeditions and traveled to the East African Rift Valley, The Dead Sea, Tibet, Yunnan (China) and many other places to sample volcanic rocks and gases.[45][14] He visited all the major volcanic island chains of the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean to collect lava samples. He identified 16 mantle hotspots where volcanic plumes rise from the Earth's outer core through the deep mantle by measuring their helium 3 to helium 4 ratio, identifying the higher helium 3 content present in the hotspots as primordial helium, trapped in the earth's core when it was first formed.[42]

Craig was one of the earliest people to analyze the gases trapped in the glacier ice.[46][1][47][48] Craig reported that the methane in the atmosphere had increased twice due to human day-to-day activities in the last 300 years.[49][1][50][47]

Awards and honors

Craig was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979.[51] Craig won the VM Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemical Society in 1979, the National Science Foundation's Special Creativity Award in Oceanography in 1982 and the Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship of the National Academy of Sciences in 1987. He shared the Vetlesen Prize with Wallace S. Broecker in 1987.[49][52]

In 1998 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Geochemistry, from the International Balzan Foundation of Milan, Italy.[45][46][53] The Foundation commended him as "a pioneer in earth sciences who uses the varied tools of isotope geochemistry to solve problems of fundamental scientific importance and immediate relevance in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and solid earth."[2] It was the first time that the prize had gone to a geochemist. Craig was quoted as saying "The Prize's most significant effect was to establish that Geochemistry, especially Isotope Geochemistry, which began in 1947, had come of age and is a mature science. This was much more important than the specific person chosen for the award."[42]

He received an honorary degree from the University of Paris.[1]: 10 

Death

Craig died at Thornton Hospital in La Jolla, California on 14 March 2003[2] from a massive heart attack[5] a day before his seventy-seventh birthday.[54]

Harmon's curiosity and sense of adventure knew no bounds... His drive for scientific achievement was unparalleled in my experience. The ocean and earth science world has lost a truly spirited adventurer and one of the greatest geochemists of the 20th century. – Charles Kennel, director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 2003[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Turekian, Karl K. (2006). "Harmon Craig, 1926-2003, a biographical memoir" (PDF). Biography of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Aguilera, Mario (March 18, 2003). "Obituary Notice Pioneer of Geochemistry: Harmon Craig". Scripps News.
  3. ^ a b c d Lawren, Bill (April 17, 1989). "Harmon Craig: Stalking Excellence, Leaving Controversy In His Wake". The Scientist. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Gates, Alexander E. (2009). A to Z of Earth Scientists. Infobase Publishing. pp. 60–62. ISBN 9781438109190. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e Weiss, Ray (2003). "Harmon Craig (1926–2003)". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 84 (22): 207–208. Bibcode:2003EOSTr..84..207W. doi:10.1029/2003EO220005.
  6. ^ Craig, Harmon (January 1957). "Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 12 (1–2): 133–149. Bibcode:1957GeCoA..12..133C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(57)90024-8.
  7. ^ Craig, Harmon (February 1957). "The Natural Distribution of Radiocarbon and the Exchange Time of Carbon Dioxide Between Atmosphere and Sea". Tellus. 9 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:1957TellA...9....1C. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01848.x.
  8. ^ "Accession No.: 2003-41 PROCESSING RECORD: Harmon Bushnell Craig Papers, 1948-2003" (PDF). SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY ARCHIVES. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  9. ^ a b "John Richard Craig, Jr". Find A Grave. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  10. ^ "JOHN CRAIG JR., 47, A STAGE PRODUCER; Former Theatre Man Here and in Boston Dead on Coast-- Once in Insurance Field". The New York Times. December 6, 1945.
  11. ^ a b Evans, James W.; Harding, Gardner L. (1921). Entertaining the American Army: The American Stage and Lyceum in the World War. New York: Association Press. pp. 66–73. ISBN 978-0353151208. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  12. ^ Goldsmith, Louie. ""Serve my country to the last stitch": Honoring alumni lost in World War I". The Sagamore.
  13. ^ "Wedding John Craig Jr and Virginia Stanley". Daily News. 7 Nov 1924. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  14. ^ a b c Sturchio, Neil (1999). "A conversation with Harmon Craig" (PDF). The Geochemical News. No. January. pp. 12–20. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  15. ^ a b c Michener, Robert; Lajtha, Kate, eds. (2007). Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science (2nd ed.). Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. xx, 6–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.469.3198. ISBN 978-1-4051-2680-9.
  16. ^ Craig, Harmon (1953). The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago (Ph.D. Thesis).
  17. ^ Craig, Harmon (February 1953). "The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 3 (2–3): 53–92. Bibcode:1953GeCoA...3...53C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(53)90001-5.
  18. ^ Jarosewich, Eugene (December 1990). "Chemical analyses of meteorites: A compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses". Meteoritics. 25 (4): 323–337. Bibcode:1990Metic..25..323J. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1990.tb00717.x.
  19. ^ Wiik, H.B. (June 1956). "The chemical composition of some stony meteorites". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 9 (5–6): 279–289. Bibcode:1956GeCoA...9..279W. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90028-X.
  20. ^ Urey, Harold C.; Craig, Harmon (August 1953). "The composition of the stone meteorites and the origin of the meteorites". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 4 (1–2): 36–82. Bibcode:1953GeCoA...4...36U. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(53)90064-7.
  21. ^ a b c d Shor, Elizabeth Noble (1978). (PDF). San Diego, California: Tofua Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  22. ^ a b Harmon Craig (26 May 1961). "Isotopic variations in meteoric waters". Science. 133 (3465): 1702–1703. Bibcode:1961Sci...133.1702C. doi:10.1126/science.133.3465.1702. PMID 17814749.
  23. ^ Giggenbach, W.F. (November 1992). "Isotopic shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 113 (4): 495–510. Bibcode:1992E&PSL.113..495G. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90127-H.
  24. ^ a b Craig, H. (1963). "The isotopic geochemistry of water and carbon in geothermal areas". In Tongiorgi, E. (ed.). Nuclear Geology on Geothermal Areas. Proceedings of the First Spoleto Conference, Spoleto, ltaly. Pisa: V. Lischi & Figli. pp. 17–53.
  25. ^ a b Craig, H.; Gordon, L.I. (1965). "Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere". In Tongiorgi, E. (ed.). Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Proceedings of the Third Spoleto Conference, Spoleto, ltaly. Pisa: V. Lischi & Figli. pp. 9–130.
  26. ^ Craig, H. (1965). "The measurement of oxygen isotope paleotemperatures". In Tongiorgi, E. (ed.). Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Proceedings of the Third Spoleto Conference, Spoleto, ltaly. Pisa: V. Lischi & Figli. pp. 161–182.
  27. ^ a b Strauch, Gerhard; Gonfiantini, Roberto (March 2008). "Another special issue: 40 years Craig–Gordon model of isotope fractionation of water". Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. 44 (1): 1. doi:10.1080/10256010801887000. PMID 18320422.
  28. ^ Craig, H.; Gordon, L. I.; Horibe, Y. (1 September 1963). "Isotopic exchange effects in the evaporation of water: 1. Low-temperature experimental results". Journal of Geophysical Research. 68 (17): 5079–5087. Bibcode:1963JGR....68.5079C. doi:10.1029/JZ068i017p05079.
  29. ^ Jenkins, William J.; Doney, Scott C.; Fendrock, Michaela; Fine, Rana; Gamo, Toshitaka; Jean-Baptiste, Philippe; Key, Robert; Klein, Birgit; Lupton, John E.; Newton, Robert; Rhein, Monika; Roether, Wolfgang; Sano, Yuji; Schlitzer, Reiner; Schlosser, Peter; Swift, Jim (5 April 2019). "A comprehensive global oceanic dataset of helium isotope and tritium measurements". Earth System Science Data. 11 (2): 441–454. Bibcode:2019ESSD...11..441J. doi:10.5194/essd-11-441-2019.
  30. ^ Jenkins, W. J. (October 8, 2002). "W. Brian Clarke Professor Emeritus Physics & Astronomy 1937-2002". McMaster University. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  31. ^ Emiliani, Cesare (June 28, 2005). Oceanic lithosphere. Harvard University Press. pp. 392=394. ISBN 9780674017368.
  32. ^ Clarke, W.B.; Beg, M.A.; Craig, Harmon (June 1969). "Excess 3He in the sea: Evidence for terrestrial primodal helium". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 6 (3): 213–220. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(69)90093-4.
  33. ^ Nozaki, Yoshiyuki; Zhang, Jing; Takeda, Akihisa (January 1997). "2I0Pb and210Po in the equatorial Pacific and the Bering Sea: the effects of biological productivity and boundary scavenging". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 44 (9–10): 2203–2220. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00024-6. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  34. ^ Craig, H.; Krishnaswami, S.; Somayajulu, B.L.K. (January 1973). "210Pb226Ra: Radioactive disequilibrium in the deep sea". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 17 (2): 295–305. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(73)90194-5.
  35. ^ Craig, H.; Chung, Y.; Fiadeiro, M. (September 1972). "A benthic front in the South Pacific". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 16 (1): 50–65. Bibcode:1972E&PSL..16...50C. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(72)90236-1.
  36. ^ King, Chi-Yu (10 November 1986). "Gas geochemistry applied to earthquake prediction: An overview". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 91 (B12): 12269–12281. Bibcode:1986JGR....9112269K. doi:10.1029/JB091iB12p12269.
  37. ^ a b Craig, H; Lupton, J E; Chung, Y; Horowitz, R M (1977). Technical Report No.7, Investigation of radon and helium as possible fluid-phase precursors to earthquakes. Technical Report No. 2, Additional task: Radon, helium and geochemical monitoring on the Palmdale uplift. La Jolla, California: Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  38. ^ Shapiro, M. H.; Melvin, J. D.; Tombrello, T. A.; Mendenhall, M. H.; Larson, P. B.; Whitcomb, J. H. (1981). (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (B3): 1725. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.1725S. doi:10.1029/JB086iB03p01725. S2CID 40963868. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  39. ^ Tambakopoulos, Dimitris; Stefanidou-Tiveriou, Theodosia; Papagianni, Eleni; Maniatis, Yannis (23 October 2017). "Provenance investigation of Roman marble sarcophagi from Nicopolis, Epirus, Greece: revealing a strong artistic and trade connection with Athens". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 11 (2): 597–608. doi:10.1007/s12520-017-0556-8.
  40. ^ Herz, N. (April 17, 2013). "The oxygen and carbon isotopic data base for classical marble". In Herz, N.; Waelkens, Marc (eds.). Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 305–314. ISBN 9789401577953. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  41. ^ Craig, H.; Craig, V. (28 April 1972). "Greek Marbles: Determination of Provenance by Isotopic Analysis". Science. 176 (4033): 401–403. Bibcode:1972Sci...176..401C. doi:10.1126/science.176.4033.401. JSTOR 1734394. PMID 17777722.
  42. ^ a b c Page, Douglas (1999). "Harmon Craig: The Gumshoe of Geochemistry". Scribd.
  43. ^ Lupton, John E.; Craig, Harmon (October 2, 1981). "A Major Helium-3 Source at 15° S on the East Pacific Rise". Science. New Series. 214 (4516): 13–18. doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.13. JSTOR 1687232. PMID 17802550.
  44. ^ Broecker, W.S. (September 29, 1980). "Chapter 15: Geochemical Tracers and Ocean Circulation" (PDF). In Warren, Bruce A.; Wunsch, Carl (eds.). Evolution of Physical Oceanography. The MIT Press. pp. 434–461. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  45. ^ a b "Harmon Craig Wins Balzan Prize" (PDF). The Geochemical News. No. January. 1999. p. 8. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  46. ^ a b "Harmon Craig USA 1998 Balzan Prize for Geochemistry (Acceptance Speech – Rome)". International Balzan Prize Foundation. November 23, 1998. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  47. ^ a b Craig, H.; Chou, C. C. (November 1982). "Methane: The record in polar ice cores". Geophysical Research Letters. 9 (11): 1221–1224. Bibcode:1982GeoRL...9.1221C. doi:10.1029/GL009i011p01221.
  48. ^ Craig, H.; Horibe, Y.; Sowers, T. (23 December 1988). "Gravitational Separation of Gases and Isotopes in Polar Ice Caps". Science. 242 (4886): 1675–1678. Bibcode:1988Sci...242.1675C. doi:10.1126/science.242.4886.1675. PMID 17730578.
  49. ^ a b "Two Geochemists Win Prizes in Earth Science". The New York Times. November 19, 1987. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  50. ^ Marti, Kurt; Weiss, Ray F.; Winterer, Edward L. "In Memoriam: Harmon Craig Professor of Oceanography". UC San Diego. UC San Diego Senate. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  51. ^ "Harmon Craig". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  52. ^ "Harmon Craig Biography". Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory.
  53. ^ "Harmon Craig wins Balzan Prize". The Society for Archaeological Sciences Bulletin. Society for Archaeological Sciences. 1998. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  54. ^ Turekian, Karl K. (June 2003). "Harmon Craig (1926–2003)". Nature. 423 (6941): 701. doi:10.1038/423701a. PMID 12802321.

External links

  • Oral history interview transcript with Harmon Craig on 29 April 1996, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
  • "Accession No.: 2003-41 PROCESSING RECORD: Harmon Bushnell Craig Papers, 1948-2003" (PDF). SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY ARCHIVES. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

May 08, 2023
harmon, craig, march, 1926, march, 2003, american, geochemist, worked, briefly, university, chicago, 1951, 1955, before, spending, majority, career, scripps, institution, oceanography, 1955, 2003, born, 1926, march, 1926new, york, city, yorkdiedmarch, 2003, 20. Harmon Craig March 15 1926 March 14 2003 was an American geochemist who worked briefly for the University of Chicago 1951 1955 before spending the majority of his career at Scripps Institution of Oceanography 1955 2003 1 Harmon CraigBorn 1926 03 15 March 15 1926New York City New YorkDiedMarch 14 2003 2003 03 14 aged 76 La Jolla CaliforniaNationalityAmericanKnown forGeochemistrySpouseValerie Craig m 1947 AwardsV M Goldschmidt Award 1979 Vetlesen Prize 1987 Balzan Prize 1988 Scientific careerInstitutionsScripps Institution of OceanographyDoctoral advisorHarold C UreyCraig was involved in numerous research expeditions which visited the Great Rift Valley of East Africa 2 the crater of Loihi now known as Kamaʻehuakanaloa the Afar Depression of Ethiopia Greenland s ice cores and Yellowstone s geysers among many others 3 This led to him being described as the Indiana Jones of the earth sciences 4 someone whose overriding impulse was to get out and see the world they were studying 3 Craig made many significant discoveries in geochemistry He is credited with establishing the field of carbon isotope geochemistry by characterizing carbon s stable isotopic signatures in various natural materials 5 This had immediate applications in radiocarbon dating 1 4 5 By studying stable and radioactive carbon isotopes in the biosphere and air sea system he derived the atmospheric residence time of carbon dioxide with respect to oceanic uptake His work laid the foundation for isotopic studies of the carbon cycle and was fundamental to understanding carbon sequestering in the oceanic and the terrestrial biosphere and the modulation of global warming 5 6 7 In addition from 1969 to 1989 Harmon Craig served as an editor for Earth and Planetary Science Letters 8 Contents 1 Family and early life 2 University of Chicago 3 Scripps Institution of Oceanography 4 Awards and honors 5 Death 6 References 7 External linksFamily and early life EditHarmon Craig was born 1926 03 15 March 15 1926 in Manhattan in New York City 1 to John Richard Craig Jr 1896 1945 and his wife Virginia Stanley Craig 9 10 He was named after his uncle Harmon Bushnell Craig 1895 1917 but does not use his middle name 1 5 Harmon Craig s grandparents on his father s side were actors directors and producers During World War I John Craig 1868 1931 and his wife actress Mary Young led the first professional American stock theater company to travel to France and entertain troops at the front While they entertained the troops their sons Harmon Bushnell Craig 1895 1917 and John Richard Craig Jr 1896 1945 served in the war effort 11 John Craig Jr received a French Croix de Guerre 1 10 for his efforts as a second lieutenant of artillery working with French 75s 11 Harmon Bushnell Craig died serving with an ambulatory corps run by the American Field Service and was posthumously awarded the French Croix de Guerre 12 In November 1924 13 John Craig Jr married Virginia Stanley of Wichita Kansas They had three children Harmon named after his uncle John Richard III named after his father and grandfather and Stanley Craig 9 Harmon Craig s mother Virginia Stanley was descended from Quakers who helped found schools for freed slaves His mother s involvement with the Quakers was a strong influence on Harmon Craig 1 5 University of Chicago EditHarmon Craig studied geology and chemistry at the University of Chicago In 1944 he joined the U S Navy serving as a communications and radar officer during World War II After the war he continued his education at University of Chicago working with Nobel Laureate Harold Urey 4 Craig credits Urey with giving him valuable advice on how to choose scientific problems If you go into a project it s got to be a scientific problem that has rooms that continue into other rooms 14 Craig earned his Ph D in 1951 4 2 with The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes a thesis on carbon isotope geochemistry 15 16 17 Craig created his thesis to find the measurement of ancient sea temperature Craig used the carbon dioxide released from calcium carbonate fossils as a basis for future researches involving the carbon system The masses of carbon dioxide that are produced by 18O and 16O were used to calculate respective masses Craig s study of the carbon isotope produced corrections that deal with mass fractionation and radiocarbon ages Craig s thesis work is considered a foundational accomplishment for its studies of 13 C and 12 C in a wide range of natural materials including everything from ocean water to the atmosphere volcanic gases plants coal diamonds and petroleum sediments igneous rocks and meteorites 5 His theory has been applied to applications as varied as determining food chains and the identifying the sources of stone for ancient statues 1 Karl Turekian has stated that Craig s 35 year old dissertation is still the measure of all subsequent work in the field 3 Craig joined the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago as a research associate in 1951 2 In 1953 Urey and Craig published results showing that chondrites meteors from the Solar System did not have a single fixed composition as had been assumed After carrying out analyses of the chemical composition of hundreds of different meteorites they reported that chondrites fell into two distinguishable groups high iron H and low iron L chondrites Their work underscored the value of reliable chemical data and led to significant improvements in data analysis in the field 18 It led to a better understanding of the materials and processes involved in forming planets 19 20 Scripps Institution of Oceanography EditIn 1955 Harmon Craig was recruited to Scripps Institution of Oceanography by Roger Revelle 1 5 His laboratory at Scripps eventually contained five mass spectrometers one of them a portable unit 21 As a professor of geochemistry and oceanography at Scripps Craig developed new methods in radiocarbon dating and applied radioisotope and isotope distribution to various topics in marine geo and cosmochemistry Craig produced fundamental findings about how the deep earth oceans and atmosphere work 5 During the 1950s Craig measured variations in the concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in natural waters In 1961 Craig identified the global meteoric water line a linear relationship describing the occurrence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in terrestrial waters 15 344 2 22 Craig also established the oxygen isotope shift in geothermal and volcanic fluids demonstrating that the water is meteoric His discovery outlined the relation between rocks and water in geothermal systems 23 24 22 In 1963 Craig received a Guggenheim Fellowship using it to spend a year at the Istituto de Geologia Nucleare Pisa Italy He described a framework for studying the isotopic composition of the hydrosphere discussing kinetics equilibrium and the use of isotopes for paleoenvironmental reconstructions 1 6 24 25 26 The work he presented with Louis I Gordon on isotopic fractionation of the phase changes in water is known as the Craig Gordon Model 27 The model is applied to problems in watershed and ecosystem studies such as the calculation of evaporation 15 355 358 25 28 It has been called a corner stone of isotope geochemistry 27 During the Nova Expedition of 1967 Craig and colleagues W Brian Clarke 1937 2002 29 449 450 30 and M A Beg from McMaster University in Canada observed the Kermadec Trench in the Pacific Ocean They found unexpectedly high proportions of the helium 3 isotope in the ocean waters Craig concluded that the isotope was present within the earth s mantle and theorized that it was leaking into sea water through cracks in the sea floor 31 21 32 Craig and coworkers studied the isotopic composition of atmospheric and dissolved oxygen in the composition of dissolved gases where he discovered the biochemical oxygen demand and the intake in the ocean mixed layer Craig determined by measuring that the element 210Pb is rapidly scavenged by sinking particulate matter 2 33 34 In 1970 Craig teamed up with colleagues at Scripps Columbia University s Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to direct the GEOSECS Programme geochemical ocean sections study to investigate the chemical and isotopic properties of the world s oceans 21 GEOSECS produced the most complete set of ocean chemistry data ever collected 2 In 1971 as part of the Antipode Expedition Craig and his colleagues gathered hydrographic casts and other data and discovered a benthic front separating the South Pacific deep and bottom water 21 338 1 35 During the 1970s Craig examined the relationship of gases such as radon and helium to earthquake prediction developing a monitoring network at thermal springs and wells near major fault lines in southernmost California 36 37 In 1979 he detected an increase in radon and helium as a precursor to an earthquake near Big Bear Lake California 3 38 37 In a long term project Harmon Craig and Valerie Craig his wife used carbon and oxygen isotopes to identify the sources of the marble used in ancient Greek sculptures and temples 39 40 41 Craig discovered submarine Hydrothermal vents by measuring helium 3 and radon emitted from seafloor spreading centers He made 17 dives to the bottom of the ocean in the ALVIN submersible including the first descent into the Mariana Trough There he discovered hydrothermal vents nearly 3700m deep 14 42 Craig proved that there was excess 3He instead of 4He affecting the understanding for ocean circulation and seafloor spreading 43 44 Craig led 28 oceanographic expeditions and traveled to the East African Rift Valley The Dead Sea Tibet Yunnan China and many other places to sample volcanic rocks and gases 45 14 He visited all the major volcanic island chains of the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean to collect lava samples He identified 16 mantle hotspots where volcanic plumes rise from the Earth s outer core through the deep mantle by measuring their helium 3 to helium 4 ratio identifying the higher helium 3 content present in the hotspots as primordial helium trapped in the earth s core when it was first formed 42 Craig was one of the earliest people to analyze the gases trapped in the glacier ice 46 1 47 48 Craig reported that the methane in the atmosphere had increased twice due to human day to day activities in the last 300 years 49 1 50 47 Awards and honors EditCraig was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979 51 Craig won the VM Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemical Society in 1979 the National Science Foundation s Special Creativity Award in Oceanography in 1982 and the Arthur L Day Prize and Lectureship of the National Academy of Sciences in 1987 He shared the Vetlesen Prize with Wallace S Broecker in 1987 49 52 In 1998 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Geochemistry from the International Balzan Foundation of Milan Italy 45 46 53 The Foundation commended him as a pioneer in earth sciences who uses the varied tools of isotope geochemistry to solve problems of fundamental scientific importance and immediate relevance in the atmosphere hydrosphere and solid earth 2 It was the first time that the prize had gone to a geochemist Craig was quoted as saying The Prize s most significant effect was to establish that Geochemistry especially Isotope Geochemistry which began in 1947 had come of age and is a mature science This was much more important than the specific person chosen for the award 42 He received an honorary degree from the University of Paris 1 10 Death EditCraig died at Thornton Hospital in La Jolla California on 14 March 2003 2 from a massive heart attack 5 a day before his seventy seventh birthday 54 Harmon s curiosity and sense of adventure knew no bounds His drive for scientific achievement was unparalleled in my experience The ocean and earth science world has lost a truly spirited adventurer and one of the greatest geochemists of the 20th century Charles Kennel director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography 2003 2 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m Turekian Karl K 2006 Harmon Craig 1926 2003 a biographical memoir PDF Biography of the National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences a b c d e f g h i Aguilera Mario March 18 2003 Obituary Notice Pioneer of Geochemistry Harmon Craig Scripps News a b c d Lawren Bill April 17 1989 Harmon Craig Stalking Excellence Leaving Controversy In His Wake The Scientist Retrieved 18 April 2019 a b c Gates Alexander E 2009 A to Z of Earth Scientists Infobase Publishing pp 60 62 ISBN 9781438109190 Retrieved 18 April 2019 a b c d e Weiss Ray 2003 Harmon Craig 1926 2003 Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 84 22 207 208 Bibcode 2003EOSTr 84 207W doi 10 1029 2003EO220005 Craig Harmon January 1957 Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12 1 2 133 149 Bibcode 1957GeCoA 12 133C doi 10 1016 0016 7037 57 90024 8 Craig Harmon February 1957 The Natural Distribution of Radiocarbon and the Exchange Time of Carbon Dioxide Between Atmosphere and Sea Tellus 9 1 1 17 Bibcode 1957TellA 9 1C doi 10 1111 j 2153 3490 1957 tb01848 x Accession No 2003 41 PROCESSING RECORD Harmon Bushnell Craig Papers 1948 2003 PDF SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY ARCHIVES Retrieved 19 April 2019 a b John Richard Craig Jr Find A Grave Retrieved 18 April 2019 JOHN CRAIG JR 47 A STAGE PRODUCER Former Theatre Man Here and in Boston Dead on Coast Once in Insurance Field The New York Times December 6 1945 a b Evans James W Harding Gardner L 1921 Entertaining the American Army The American Stage and Lyceum in the World War New York Association Press pp 66 73 ISBN 978 0353151208 Retrieved 18 April 2019 Goldsmith Louie Serve my country to the last stitch Honoring alumni lost in World War I The Sagamore Wedding John Craig Jr and Virginia Stanley Daily News 7 Nov 1924 Retrieved 18 April 2019 a b c Sturchio Neil 1999 A conversation with Harmon Craig PDF The Geochemical News No January pp 12 20 Retrieved 18 April 2019 a b c Michener Robert Lajtha Kate eds 2007 Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science 2nd ed Malden MA Oxford UK Blackwell Publishing pp xx 6 8 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 469 3198 ISBN 978 1 4051 2680 9 Craig Harmon 1953 The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes Chicago Illinois University of Chicago Ph D Thesis Craig Harmon February 1953 The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 3 2 3 53 92 Bibcode 1953GeCoA 3 53C doi 10 1016 0016 7037 53 90001 5 Jarosewich Eugene December 1990 Chemical analyses of meteorites A compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses Meteoritics 25 4 323 337 Bibcode 1990Metic 25 323J doi 10 1111 j 1945 5100 1990 tb00717 x Wiik H B June 1956 The chemical composition of some stony meteorites Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 9 5 6 279 289 Bibcode 1956GeCoA 9 279W doi 10 1016 0016 7037 56 90028 X Urey Harold C Craig Harmon August 1953 The composition of the stone meteorites and the origin of the meteorites Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 4 1 2 36 82 Bibcode 1953GeCoA 4 36U doi 10 1016 0016 7037 53 90064 7 a b c d Shor Elizabeth Noble 1978 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Probing the Oceans 1936 to 1976 PDF San Diego California Tofua Press Archived from the original PDF on 25 April 2019 Retrieved 19 April 2019 a b Harmon Craig 26 May 1961 Isotopic variations in meteoric waters Science 133 3465 1702 1703 Bibcode 1961Sci 133 1702C doi 10 1126 science 133 3465 1702 PMID 17814749 Giggenbach W F November 1992 Isotopic shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin Earth and Planetary Science Letters 113 4 495 510 Bibcode 1992E amp PSL 113 495G doi 10 1016 0012 821X 92 90127 H a b Craig H 1963 The isotopic geochemistry of water and carbon in geothermal areas In Tongiorgi E ed Nuclear Geology on Geothermal Areas Proceedings of the First Spoleto Conference Spoleto ltaly Pisa V Lischi amp Figli pp 17 53 a b Craig H Gordon L I 1965 Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere In Tongiorgi E ed Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures Proceedings of the Third Spoleto Conference Spoleto ltaly Pisa V Lischi amp Figli pp 9 130 Craig H 1965 The measurement of oxygen isotope paleotemperatures In Tongiorgi E ed Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures Proceedings of the Third Spoleto Conference Spoleto ltaly Pisa V Lischi amp Figli pp 161 182 a b Strauch Gerhard Gonfiantini Roberto March 2008 Another special issue 40 years Craig Gordon model of isotope fractionation of water Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 44 1 1 doi 10 1080 10256010801887000 PMID 18320422 Craig H Gordon L I Horibe Y 1 September 1963 Isotopic exchange effects in the evaporation of water 1 Low temperature experimental results Journal of Geophysical Research 68 17 5079 5087 Bibcode 1963JGR 68 5079C doi 10 1029 JZ068i017p05079 Jenkins William J Doney Scott C Fendrock Michaela Fine Rana Gamo Toshitaka Jean Baptiste Philippe Key Robert Klein Birgit Lupton John E Newton Robert Rhein Monika Roether Wolfgang Sano Yuji Schlitzer Reiner Schlosser Peter Swift Jim 5 April 2019 A comprehensive global oceanic dataset of helium isotope and tritium measurements Earth System Science Data 11 2 441 454 Bibcode 2019ESSD 11 441J doi 10 5194 essd 11 441 2019 Jenkins W J October 8 2002 W Brian Clarke Professor Emeritus Physics amp Astronomy 1937 2002 McMaster University Retrieved 24 April 2019 Emiliani Cesare June 28 2005 Oceanic lithosphere Harvard University Press pp 392 394 ISBN 9780674017368 Clarke W B Beg M A Craig Harmon June 1969 Excess 3He in the sea Evidence for terrestrial primodal helium Earth and Planetary Science Letters 6 3 213 220 doi 10 1016 0012 821X 69 90093 4 Nozaki Yoshiyuki Zhang Jing Takeda Akihisa January 1997 2I0Pb and210Po in the equatorial Pacific and the Bering Sea the effects of biological productivity and boundary scavenging Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 44 9 10 2203 2220 doi 10 1016 S0967 0645 97 00024 6 Retrieved 24 April 2019 Craig H Krishnaswami S Somayajulu B L K January 1973 210Pb226Ra Radioactive disequilibrium in the deep sea Earth and Planetary Science Letters 17 2 295 305 doi 10 1016 0012 821X 73 90194 5 Craig H Chung Y Fiadeiro M September 1972 A benthic front in the South Pacific Earth and Planetary Science Letters 16 1 50 65 Bibcode 1972E amp PSL 16 50C doi 10 1016 0012 821X 72 90236 1 King Chi Yu 10 November 1986 Gas geochemistry applied to earthquake prediction An overview Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 91 B12 12269 12281 Bibcode 1986JGR 9112269K doi 10 1029 JB091iB12p12269 a b Craig H Lupton J E Chung Y Horowitz R M 1977 Technical Report No 7 Investigation of radon and helium as possible fluid phase precursors to earthquakes Technical Report No 2 Additional task Radon helium and geochemical monitoring on the Palmdale uplift La Jolla California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Retrieved 19 April 2019 Shapiro M H Melvin J D Tombrello T A Mendenhall M H Larson P B Whitcomb J H 1981 Relationship of the 1979 Southern California Radon Anomaly to a possible regional strain event PDF Journal of Geophysical Research 86 B3 1725 Bibcode 1981JGR 86 1725S doi 10 1029 JB086iB03p01725 S2CID 40963868 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 04 25 Retrieved 25 April 2019 Tambakopoulos Dimitris Stefanidou Tiveriou Theodosia Papagianni Eleni Maniatis Yannis 23 October 2017 Provenance investigation of Roman marble sarcophagi from Nicopolis Epirus Greece revealing a strong artistic and trade connection with Athens Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11 2 597 608 doi 10 1007 s12520 017 0556 8 Herz N April 17 2013 The oxygen and carbon isotopic data base for classical marble In Herz N Waelkens Marc eds Classical Marble Geochemistry Technology Trade Springer Science amp Business Media pp 305 314 ISBN 9789401577953 Retrieved 25 April 2019 Craig H Craig V 28 April 1972 Greek Marbles Determination of Provenance by Isotopic Analysis Science 176 4033 401 403 Bibcode 1972Sci 176 401C doi 10 1126 science 176 4033 401 JSTOR 1734394 PMID 17777722 a b c Page Douglas 1999 Harmon Craig The Gumshoe of Geochemistry Scribd Lupton John E Craig Harmon October 2 1981 A Major Helium 3 Source at 15 S on the East Pacific Rise Science New Series 214 4516 13 18 doi 10 1126 science 214 4516 13 JSTOR 1687232 PMID 17802550 Broecker W S September 29 1980 Chapter 15 Geochemical Tracers and Ocean Circulation PDF In Warren Bruce A Wunsch Carl eds Evolution of Physical Oceanography The MIT Press pp 434 461 Retrieved 25 April 2019 a b Harmon Craig Wins Balzan Prize PDF The Geochemical News No January 1999 p 8 Retrieved 18 April 2019 a b Harmon Craig USA 1998 Balzan Prize for Geochemistry Acceptance Speech Rome International Balzan Prize Foundation November 23 1998 Retrieved 18 April 2019 a b Craig H Chou C C November 1982 Methane The record in polar ice cores Geophysical Research Letters 9 11 1221 1224 Bibcode 1982GeoRL 9 1221C doi 10 1029 GL009i011p01221 Craig H Horibe Y Sowers T 23 December 1988 Gravitational Separation of Gases and Isotopes in Polar Ice Caps Science 242 4886 1675 1678 Bibcode 1988Sci 242 1675C doi 10 1126 science 242 4886 1675 PMID 17730578 a b Two Geochemists Win Prizes in Earth Science The New York Times November 19 1987 Retrieved 25 April 2019 Marti Kurt Weiss Ray F Winterer Edward L In Memoriam Harmon Craig Professor of Oceanography UC San Diego UC San Diego Senate Retrieved 25 April 2019 Harmon Craig National Academy of Sciences Retrieved 18 April 2019 Harmon Craig Biography Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Harmon Craig wins Balzan Prize The Society for Archaeological Sciences Bulletin Society for Archaeological Sciences 1998 Retrieved 18 April 2019 Turekian Karl K June 2003 Harmon Craig 1926 2003 Nature 423 6941 701 doi 10 1038 423701a PMID 12802321 External links EditOral history interview transcript with Harmon Craig on 29 April 1996 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives Accession No 2003 41 PROCESSING RECORD Harmon Bushnell Craig Papers 1948 2003 PDF SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY ARCHIVES Retrieved 19 April 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Harmon Craig amp oldid 1129947999, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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