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Serbian language

March 25, 2023

Not to be confused with the Sorbian languages.

Serbian (српски / srpski, pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː]) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.[8][9][10][11][12] It is the official and national language of Serbia, one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co-official in Montenegro and Kosovo.[a] It is a recognized minority language in Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic.

Serbian
српски језик / srpski jezik
Pronunciation[sr̩̂pskiː]
Native toSerbia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Montenegro
Kosovo
RegionSoutheastern Europe
EthnicitySerbs
Native speakers
c. 12 million (2009)[1]
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byBoard for Standardization of the Serbian Language
Language codes
ISO 639-1sr
ISO 639-2srp
ISO 639-3srp
Glottologserb1264
Linguaspherepart of 53-AAA-g
  Countries/regions where Serbian is an official language.
  Countries/regions where it is recognized as a minority language.
Serbian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (more specifically on the dialects of Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina[13]), which is also the basis of standard Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin varieties[14] and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017.[15][16] The other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian.

Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic,[17] using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created it based on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian (latinica) was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system.[18]

Classification

See also: History of Serbo-Croatian

Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian,[19][20] a Slavic language (Indo-European), of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian, Croatian, and Montenegrin. "An examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system."[21] It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian, than with Slovene (Slovene is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it is closer to the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian[22]).

Geographic distribution

Figures of speakers according to countries:

Status in Montenegro

Serbian was the official language of Montenegro until October 2007 when the new Constitution of Montenegro replaced the Constitution of 1992. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties,[31] Montenegrin was made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along with Bosnian, Albanian, and Croatian.[32]

In the 2011 Montenegrin census, 42.88% declared Serbian to be their native language, while Montenegrin was declared by 36.97% of the population.[33]

Differences between standard Serbian and standard Croatian and Bosnian

Main article: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
See also: Serbo-Croatian phonology and Serbo-Croatian grammar

Writing system

Main articles: Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, Gaj's Latin alphabet, and Yugoslav Braille

Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic (ћирилица, ćirilica) and Latin script (latinica, латиница). Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia, a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or the other. In general, the alphabets are used interchangeably; except in the legal sphere, where Cyrillic is required, there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates.

Although Serbian language authorities have recognized the official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made the official script of Serbia's administration by the 2006 Constitution.[34]

The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts, although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment. The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic is the "identity script" of the Serbian nation.[35]

However, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means, leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life (publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc.), except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials, which have to be in Cyrillic.[34]

Usage

To most Serbians, the Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude, while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility.[36]

In media, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia, predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink, predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers can be found in both scripts.

In the public sphere, with logos, outdoor signage and retail packaging, the Latin script predominates, although both scripts are commonly seen. The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts.[36] Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets; if the sign has English on it, then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text.

A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one.[37]

Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers.[38]

Alphabetic order

The sort order of the ćirilica (ћирилица) alphabet:

  • Cyrillic order called Azbuka (азбука): А Б В Г Д Ђ Е Ж З И Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О П Р С Т Ћ У Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш

The sort order of the latinica (латиница) alphabet:

  • Latin order called Abeceda (абецеда): A B C Č Ć D Dž Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S Š T U V Z Ž

Grammar

Main article: Serbo-Croatian grammar

Serbian is a highly inflected language, with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs.[39]

Nouns

Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types, denoted largely by their nominative case endings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent the noun's grammatical case, of which Serbian has seven:

Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun's number, singular or plural.

Pronouns

Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a pro-drop language, meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example:

Serbian English equivalent
Kako si? How are you?
A kako si ti? And how are you?

Adjectives

Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after the noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun.

Verbs

Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms—perfect, aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect—of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), one future tense (also known as the first future tense, as opposed to the second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists), and one present tense. These are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the imperative mood. The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and the second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice.

As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive, two adjectival participles (the active and the passive), and two adverbial participles (the present and the past).

Vocabulary

See also: Loanwords in Serbian

Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to the Proto-Slavic language. There are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, English, Russian, German, Czech and French.

Serbian literature

Main article: Serbian literature
 
Miroslavljevo jevanđelje (The Gospel of Miroslav), a manuscript, c. 1186

Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages, and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje (Miroslav's Gospel) in 1186 and Dušanov zakonik (Dušan's Code) in 1349. Little secular medieval literature has been preserved, but what there is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, the Serbian Alexandride, a book about Alexander the Great, and a translation of Tristan and Iseult into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on the matrix of Serbian Church Slavonic.

By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo-Croatian language, which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws, becomes the dominant language of the Republic of Ragusa.[40] However, despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo-Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles, they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian.[40] Since the beginning of the 13th century, the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian.[41]

In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature, the most notable form being epic poetry. The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other "epic folks". Goethe and Jacob Grimm learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from the spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called Slavonic-Serbian. This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović, who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like Milorad Pavić. In the early 19th century, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić promoted the spoken language of the people as a literary norm.

Dialects

See also: Dialects of Serbo-Croatian

The dialects of Serbo-Croatian, regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include:

  • Šumadija–Vojvodina (Ekavian, Neo-Shtokavian): central and northern Serbia
  • Eastern Herzegovinian (Ijekavian, Neo-Shtokavian): southwestern Serbia, western half of Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
  • Kosovo–Resava (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): eastern central Serbia, central Kosovo
  • Smederevo–Vršac (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): east-central Serbia
  • Prizren–Timok (transitional Torlakian): southeastern Serbia, southern Kosovo
  • Zeta–Raška (Ijekavian, Old-Shtokavian): eastern half of Montenegro, southwestern Serbia

Dictionaries

Vuk Karadžić's Srpski rječnik, first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. The Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (I–XXIII), published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1880 to 1976, is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor was Đuro Daničić, followed by Pero Budmani and the famous Vukovian Tomislav Maretić. The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainly Štokavian. There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the 1791 German–Serbian dictionary or 15th century Arabic-Persian-Greek-Serbian Conversation Textbook.

Standard dictionaries

  • Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language (Rečnik srpskohrvatskog književnog i narodnog jezika) is the biggest dictionary of Serbian (and Serbo-Croatian as a whole) and still unfinished. Starting in 1959, 21 volumes were published as of 2020 and about 40 are expected by the time it is finished.
  • Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary Language (Rečnik srpskohrvatskoga književnog jezika) in six volumes in 1967-1976, started as a common project of Matica srpska (published in Cyrillic) and Matica hrvatska (published in Latin). Only the first three volumes were published by Matica hrvatska due to negative feedback from Croatian linguists.
  • Dictionary of the Serbian language (Rečnik srpskoga jezika; ISBN 978-86-7946-004-2) in one volume, published in 2007 by Matica srpska, which on more than 1500 pages in A4 format explains more than 85,000 entries.

Etymological dictionaries

The standard and the only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the "Skok", written by the Croatian linguist Petar Skok: Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian"). I-IV. Zagreb 1971–1974.

There is also a new monumental Etimološki rečnik srpskog jezika (Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd).

There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapter word origin).

Dialectal dictionaries

  • Kosovsko-resavski dialect dictionaries:
    • Gliša Elezović, Rečnik kosovsko-metohiskog dijalekta I-II. 1932/1935.
  • Prizren-Timok (Torlakian) dialect dictionaries:
    • Brana Mitrović, Rečnik leskovačkog govora. Leskovac 1984.
    • Nikola Živković, Rečnik pirotskog govora. Pirot, 1987.
    • Miodrag Marković, Rečnik crnorečkog govora I-II. 1986/1993.
    • Jakša Dinić, Rečnik timočkog govora I-III.1988–1992.
    • Jakša Dinić, Timocki dijalekatski recnik, (Institut za srpski jezik, Monografije 4; ISBN 978-86-82873-17-4) Beograd 2008,
    • Momčilo Zlatanović, Rečnik govora južne Srbije. Vranje, 1998, 1–491.
  • East-Herzegovinian dialect dictionaries:
    • Milija Stanić, Uskočki rečnik I–II. Beograd 1990/1991.
    • Miloš Vujičić, Rečnik govora Prošćenja kod Mojkovca. Podgorica, 1995.
    • Srđan Musić, Romanizmi u severozapadnoj Boki Kotorskoj. 1972.
    • Svetozar Gagović, Iz leksike Pive. Beograd 2004.
  • Zeta-Pešter dialect:
    • Rada Stijović, Iz leksike Vasojevića. 1990.
    • Drago Ćupić – Željko Ćupić, Rečnik govora Zagarača. 1997.
    • Vesna Lipovac-Radulović, Romanizmi u Crnoj Gori – jugoistočni dio Boke Kotorske. Cetinje – Titograd, 1981.
    • Vesna Lipovac-Radulović, Romanizmi u Budvi i Paštrovićima. Novi Sad 1997.
  • Others:
    • Rečnik srpskih govora Vojvodine. Novi Sad.
    • Mile Tomić, Rečnik radimskog govora – dijaspora, Rumunija. 1989.

Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Cyrillic script:[42]

Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Latin alphabet:[43]

Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i svešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:[44]

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ a b c The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 (52.3%) UN member states (with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition), while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory.

References

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  2. ^ . Constitution of Montenegro. WIPO. 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
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  9. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), p. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."
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  12. ^ Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary]. Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache [The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language] (PDF) (Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197. doi:10.5167/uzh-215815. Retrieved 8 June 2022. Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.
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  18. ^ Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (1 September 2003). The Slavonic Languages. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-21320-9. Retrieved 23 December 2013. Following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latinica as applied to the Serbian and Croatian parallel system.
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  20. ^ Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 143. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. CROSBI 475567. COBISS-Sr 521757076. (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
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  22. ^ Greenberg, Marc L., A Short Reference Grammar of Slovene, (LINCOM Studies in Slavic Linguistics 30). Munich: LINCOM, 2008. ISBN 3-89586-965-1
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  44. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations.

Further reading

Books

  • Belić, Aleksandar (2000). O dijalektima. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. ISBN 9788617076311.
  • Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191514555.
  • Grickat, Irena (1975). Studije iz istorije srpskohrvatskog jezika. Narodna Biblioteka SR Srbije.
  • Ivić, Pavle (1995). "Standard language as an instrument of culture and the product of national history". The history of Serbian Culture. Rastko.
  • Ivić, P. (1971). Srpski narod i njegov jezik. Beograd: Serbian Literary Guild.
  • Ivić, P. (1986). Srpski narod i njegov jezik (2nd ed.). Beograd: Serbian Literary Guild.
  • Kovačević, M. (2003). Srpski jezik i srpski jezici. Serbian Literary Guild.
  • Marojević, R. (2008). "Српски jезик данас". Бард-фин. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Milćanović, A. (2006). "Kratka istorija srpskog književnog jezika". Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Milošević, M. (2001). Gramatika srpskoga jezika: priručnik za poznavanje srpskog književnog jezika. Draganić.
  • Okuka, Miloš (2008). Srpski dijalekti. Zagreb: Prosvjeta. ISBN 9789537611064.
  • Petrović, Dragoljub; Gudurić, Snežana (2010). Фонологија српскога језика. Beograd: Institut za srpski jezik SANU, Beogradska knjiga, Matica srpska.
  • Popović, I. (1955). Историја српскохрватског језика. Novi Sad: Матица српска.
  • Popović, L. (2004). From standard Serbian through standard Serbo-Croatian to standard Serbian.
  • Radovanović, Milorad (1996). Српски језик на крају века. Институт за српски језик САНУ. ISBN 9788682873013.
  • Simić, Ž. (1922). Srpska gramatika. G. Kon.
  • Vujanić, M.; Nikolić, M., eds. (2007). Речник српскога језика. Матица српска.

Journals

  • Belić, Aleksandar, ed. (1911). "Српски дијалектолошки зборник". Srpski dijalektološki zbornik [Recueil de dialectologie serbe]. 2.
  • Greenberg, Robert D. (2000). "Language Politics in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: The Crisis over the Future of Serbian". Slavic Review. 59 (3): 625–640. doi:10.2307/2697348. JSTOR 2697348. S2CID 155546040.
  • Gröschel, Bernhard (2003). "Postjugoslavische Amtssprachenregelungen – Soziolinguistische Argumente gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Serbokroatischen?" [Post-Yugoslav Official Languages Regulations – Sociolinguistic Arguments Against Consistency of Serbo-Croatian?]. Srpski Jezik (in German). 8 (1–2): 135–196. ISSN 0354-9259. COBISS 121971724. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  • Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.
  • Kovačević, M. (2007). "Srpski jezik i njegove varijante". Srpsko Pitanje I Srbistika: 255–262.
  • Marinković, M. (2010). "Srpski jezik u Osmanskom carstvu: primer četvorojezičnog udžbenika za učenje stranih jezika iz biblioteke sultana Mahmuda I". Slavistika. XIV.
  • Marojević, R. (1996). "Srpski jezik u porodici slovenskih jezika" [The Serbian language in the family of Slavic languages]. Srpski jezik [The Serbian language]: 1–2.
  • Mišić Ilić, B. (2015). "Srpski jezik u dijaspori: pogled iz lingvističkog ugla" [Serbian language in the diaspora]. Srpski Jezik. 20: 289–307.
  • Okuka, M. (2009). "Srpski jezik danas: sociolingvistički status". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Petrović, T. (2001). "Speaking a different Serbian language: Refugees in Serbia between conflict and integration". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Radić, Jovanka; Miloradović, Sofija (2009). Piper, P. (ed.). "Српски језик у контексту националних идентитета: поводом српске мањине у Мађарској". ЈУЖНОСЛОВЕНСКИ филолог. LXV: 153–179. GGKEY:00RD5D429DG.
  • Radovanović, Milorad (1996). "Srpski jezik" [The Serbian language]. Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski–Instytut Filologii Polskiej. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Radovanović, Milorad (2000). "From Serbo-Croatian to Serbian". Multilingua. 19 (1–2): 21–35. doi:10.1515/mult.2000.19.1-2.21. S2CID 143260283.
  • Savić, Viktor (2016). "The Serbian Redaction of the Church Slavonic Language: From St. Clement, the Bishop of the Slavs, to St. Sava, the Serbian Archbishop". Slověne=Словѣне. International Journal of Slavic Studies. 5 (2): 231–339.
  • Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie (2010). "Serbian Language Acquisition in Communist Romania" (PDF). Balcanica (41): 7–31. doi:10.2298/BALC1041007S.
  • Vučković, M. (2009). "Савремена дијалектолошка истраживања у српској лингвистици и проблематика језика у контакту". Јужнословенски филолог. 65: 405–423.

External links

 
Serbian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Serbian language
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Category:Works originally in Serbian
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbian language.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Serbian phrasebook.

March 25, 2023
serbian, language, confused, with, sorbian, languages, serbian, српски, srpski, pronounced, pskiː, standardized, variety, serbo, croatian, language, mainly, used, serbs, official, national, language, serbia, three, official, languages, bosnia, herzegovina, off. Not to be confused with the Sorbian languages Serbian srpski srpski pronounced sr pskiː is the standardized variety of the Serbo Croatian language mainly used by Serbs 8 9 10 11 12 It is the official and national language of Serbia one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co official in Montenegro and Kosovo a It is a recognized minority language in Croatia North Macedonia Romania Hungary Slovakia and the Czech Republic Serbiansrpski јezik srpski jezikPronunciation sr pskiː Native toSerbiaBosnia and HerzegovinaMontenegroKosovoRegionSoutheastern EuropeEthnicitySerbsNative speakersc 12 million 2009 1 Language familyIndo European Balto SlavicSlavicSouth SlavicSerbo CroatianSerbianWriting systemSerbian CyrillicSerbian LatinYugoslav BrailleOfficial statusOfficial language in Serbia Kosovo co official a Bosnia and Herzegovina co official Montenegro co official 2 Recognised minoritylanguage in Croatia Hungary 3 Slovakia 4 Czech Republic 5 6 North Macedonia 7 RomaniaRegulated byBoard for Standardization of the Serbian LanguageLanguage codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks sr span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks srp span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code srp class extiw title iso639 3 srp srp a Glottologserb1264Linguaspherepart of a href 53 AAA g html class mw redirect title 53 AAA g 53 AAA g a Countries regions where Serbian is an official language Countries regions where it is recognized as a minority language Serbian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in DangerThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo Croatian Shtokavian more specifically on the dialects of Sumadija Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina 13 which is also the basis of standard Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin varieties 14 and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats Bosniaks Serbs and Montenegrins was issued in 2017 15 16 The other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic 17 using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadzic who created it based on phonemic principles The Latin alphabet used for Serbian latinica was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one to one grapheme phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies resulting in a parallel system 18 Contents 1 Classification 2 Geographic distribution 2 1 Status in Montenegro 3 Differences between standard Serbian and standard Croatian and Bosnian 4 Writing system 4 1 Usage 4 2 Alphabetic order 5 Grammar 5 1 Nouns 5 2 Pronouns 5 3 Adjectives 5 4 Verbs 6 Vocabulary 7 Serbian literature 8 Dialects 9 Dictionaries 9 1 Standard dictionaries 9 2 Etymological dictionaries 9 3 Dialectal dictionaries 10 Sample text 11 See also 12 Explanatory notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14 1 Books 14 2 Journals 15 External linksClassificationSee also History of Serbo Croatian Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo Croatian 19 20 a Slavic language Indo European of the South Slavic subgroup Other standardized forms of Serbo Croatian are Bosnian Croatian and Montenegrin An examination of all the major levels of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system 21 It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian than with Slovene Slovene is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup but there are still significant differences in vocabulary grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo Croatian although it is closer to the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects of Serbo Croatian 22 Geographic distributionFigures of speakers according to countries Serbia 6 540 699 official language Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 086 027 23 co official language Germany 568 240 citation needed Austria 350 000 citation needed Montenegro 265 890 language in official use Switzerland 186 000 United States 172 874 Sweden 120 000 Italy 106 498 24 Kosovo a est 70 000 100 000 25 26 co official language Canada 72 690 27 Australia 55 114 28 29 Croatia 52 879 30 recognized minority language Slovenia 38 964 North Macedonia 24 773 recognized minority language Romania 22 518 recognized minority language Status in Montenegro Serbian was the official language of Montenegro until October 2007 when the new Constitution of Montenegro replaced the Constitution of 1992 Amid opposition from pro Serbian parties 31 Montenegrin was made the sole official language of the country and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along with Bosnian Albanian and Croatian 32 In the 2011 Montenegrin census 42 88 declared Serbian to be their native language while Montenegrin was declared by 36 97 of the population 33 Differences between standard Serbian and standard Croatian and BosnianMain article Comparison of standard Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin and Serbian See also Serbo Croatian phonology and Serbo Croatian grammar This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it November 2012 Writing systemMain articles Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Gaj s Latin alphabet and Yugoslav Braille Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic ћirilica cirilica and Latin script latinica latinica Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or the other In general the alphabets are used interchangeably except in the legal sphere where Cyrillic is required there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates Although Serbian language authorities have recognized the official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now due to historical reasons the Cyrillic script was made the official script of Serbia s administration by the 2006 Constitution 34 The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic is the identity script of the Serbian nation 35 However the law does not regulate scripts in standard language or standard language itself by any means leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life publishing media trade and commerce etc except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials which have to be in Cyrillic 34 Usage To most Serbians the Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility 36 In media the public broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters like RTV Pink predominantly use the Latin script Newspapers can be found in both scripts In the public sphere with logos outdoor signage and retail packaging the Latin script predominates although both scripts are commonly seen The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts 36 Larger signs especially those put up by the government will often feature both alphabets if the sign has English on it then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text A survey from 2014 showed that 47 of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36 favors the Cyrillic one 37 Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia as it is easier to input on phones and computers 38 Alphabetic order The sort order of the cirilica ћirilica alphabet Cyrillic order called Azbuka azbuka A B V G D Ђ E Zh Z I Ј K L Љ M N Њ O P R S T Ћ U F H C Ch Џ ShThe sort order of the latinica latinica alphabet Latin order called Abeceda abeceda A B C C C D Dz Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S S T U V Z ZGrammarMain article Serbo Croatian grammar Serbian is a highly inflected language with grammatical morphology for nouns pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs 39 Nouns Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types denoted largely by their nominative case endings as a type i and e type Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders masculine feminine or neuter Each noun may be inflected to represent the noun s grammatical case of which Serbian has seven Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Instrumental LocativeNouns are further inflected to represent the noun s number singular or plural Pronouns Pronouns when used are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns Serbian is a pro drop language meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text In cases where pronouns may be dropped they may also be used to add emphasis For example Serbian English equivalentKako si How are you A kako si ti And how are you Adjectives Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after the noun they modify but must agree in number gender and case with the modified noun Verbs Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms perfect aorist imperfect and pluperfect of which the last two have a very limited use imperfect is still used in some dialects but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic one future tense also known as the first future tense as opposed to the second future tense or the future exact which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists and one present tense These are the tenses of the indicative mood Apart from the indicative mood there is also the imperative mood The conditional mood has two more tenses the first conditional commonly used in conditional clauses both for possible and impossible conditional clauses and the second conditional without use in the spoken language it should be used for impossible conditional clauses Serbian has active and passive voice As for the non finite verb forms Serbian has one infinitive two adjectival participles the active and the passive and two adverbial participles the present and the past VocabularySee also Loanwords in Serbian Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock tracing back to the Proto Slavic language There are many loanwords from different languages reflecting cultural interaction throughout history Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek Latin Italian Turkish Hungarian English Russian German Czech and French Serbian literatureMain article Serbian literature Miroslavljevo jevanđelje The Gospel of Miroslav a manuscript c 1186 Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje Miroslav s Gospel in 1186 and Dusanov zakonik Dusan s Code in 1349 Little secular medieval literature has been preserved but what there is shows that it was in accord with its time for example the Serbian Alexandride a book about Alexander the Great and a translation of Tristan and Iseult into Serbian Although not belonging to the literature proper the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on the matrix of Serbian Church Slavonic By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo Croatian language which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws becomes the dominant language of the Republic of Ragusa 40 However despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian 40 Since the beginning of the 13th century the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian 41 In the mid 15th century Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature However some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time in the form of oral literature the most notable form being epic poetry The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other epic folks Goethe and Jacob Grimm learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original By the end of the 18th century the written literature had become estranged from the spoken language In the second half of the 18th century the new language appeared called Slavonic Serbian This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanovic Venclovic who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like Milorad Pavic In the early 19th century Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic promoted the spoken language of the people as a literary norm DialectsSee also Dialects of Serbo Croatian The dialects of Serbo Croatian regarded Serbian traditionally spoken in Serbia include Sumadija Vojvodina Ekavian Neo Shtokavian central and northern Serbia Eastern Herzegovinian Ijekavian Neo Shtokavian southwestern Serbia western half of Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Kosovo Resava Ekavian Old Shtokavian eastern central Serbia central Kosovo Smederevo Vrsac Ekavian Old Shtokavian east central Serbia Prizren Timok transitional Torlakian southeastern Serbia southern Kosovo Zeta Raska Ijekavian Old Shtokavian eastern half of Montenegro southwestern SerbiaDictionariesThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2008 Vuk Karadzic s Srpski rjecnik first published in 1818 is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian The Rjecnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika I XXIII published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1880 to 1976 is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo Croatian Its first editor was Đuro Danicic followed by Pero Budmani and the famous Vukovian Tomislav Maretic The sources of this dictionary are especially in the first volumes mainly Stokavian There are older pre standard dictionaries such as the 1791 German Serbian dictionary or 15th century Arabic Persian Greek Serbian Conversation Textbook Standard dictionaries Dictionary of Serbo Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language Recnik srpskohrvatskog knjizevnog i narodnog jezika is the biggest dictionary of Serbian and Serbo Croatian as a whole and still unfinished Starting in 1959 21 volumes were published as of 2020 and about 40 are expected by the time it is finished Dictionary of Serbo Croatian Literary Language Recnik srpskohrvatskoga knjizevnog jezika in six volumes in 1967 1976 started as a common project of Matica srpska published in Cyrillic and Matica hrvatska published in Latin Only the first three volumes were published by Matica hrvatska due to negative feedback from Croatian linguists Dictionary of the Serbian language Recnik srpskoga jezika ISBN 978 86 7946 004 2 in one volume published in 2007 by Matica srpska which on more than 1500 pages in A4 format explains more than 85 000 entries Etymological dictionaries The standard and the only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the Skok written by the Croatian linguist Petar Skok Etimologijski rjecnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian I IV Zagreb 1971 1974 There is also a new monumental Etimoloski recnik srpskog jezika Etymological Dictionary of Serbian So far two volumes have been published I with words on A and II Ba Bd There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German Italian Croatian Turkish Greek Hungarian Russian English and other loanwords cf chapter word origin Dialectal dictionaries Kosovsko resavski dialect dictionaries Glisa Elezovic Recnik kosovsko metohiskog dijalekta I II 1932 1935 Prizren Timok Torlakian dialect dictionaries Brana Mitrovic Recnik leskovackog govora Leskovac 1984 Nikola Zivkovic Recnik pirotskog govora Pirot 1987 Miodrag Markovic Recnik crnoreckog govora I II 1986 1993 Jaksa Dinic Recnik timockog govora I III 1988 1992 Jaksa Dinic Timocki dijalekatski recnik Institut za srpski jezik Monografije 4 ISBN 978 86 82873 17 4 Beograd 2008 Momcilo Zlatanovic Recnik govora juzne Srbije Vranje 1998 1 491 East Herzegovinian dialect dictionaries Milija Stanic Uskocki recnik I II Beograd 1990 1991 Milos Vujicic Recnik govora Proscenja kod Mojkovca Podgorica 1995 Srđan Music Romanizmi u severozapadnoj Boki Kotorskoj 1972 Svetozar Gagovic Iz leksike Pive Beograd 2004 Zeta Pester dialect Rada Stijovic Iz leksike Vasojevica 1990 Drago Cupic Zeljko Cupic Recnik govora Zagaraca 1997 Vesna Lipovac Radulovic Romanizmi u Crnoj Gori jugoistocni dio Boke Kotorske Cetinje Titograd 1981 Vesna Lipovac Radulovic Romanizmi u Budvi i Pastrovicima Novi Sad 1997 Others Recnik srpskih govora Vojvodine Novi Sad Mile Tomic Recnik radimskog govora dijaspora Rumunija 1989 Sample textArticle 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian written in the Cyrillic script 42 Sva љudska biћa raђaјu se slobodna i јednaka u dostoјanstvu i pravima Ona su obdarena razumom i sveshћu i treba јedni prema drugima da postupaјu u duhu bratstva Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian written in the Latin alphabet 43 Sva ljudska bica rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima Ona su obdarena razumom i svescu i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English 44 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood See alsoDeclaration on the Common Language 2017 Dialects of Serbo Croatian Mutual intelligibility Pluricentric Serbo Croatian language Romano Serbian language mix with Romany Satrovacki slang form Serbian language in Croatia Serbian proverbs Language secessionism in Serbo CroatianExplanatory notes a b c The political status of Kosovo is disputed Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008 Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 52 3 UN member states with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory References Srpski јezik govori 12 miliona љudi RTS 2009 02 20 Language and alphabet Article 13 Constitution of Montenegro WIPO 19 October 2007 Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 Serbian Bosnian Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use Ec Europa eu PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2007 11 30 B92 net Archived from the original on 2013 11 10 Minority Rights Group International Czech Republic Czech Republic Overview Minorityrights org Archived from the original on 2012 10 26 Retrieved 2012 10 24 Narodnostni mensiny v Ceske republice a jejich jazyky National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language PDF in Czech Government of Czech Republic p 2 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 03 15 Podle cl 3 odst 2 Statutu Rady je jejich pocet 12 a jsou uzivateli techto mensinovych jazyku srbstina a ukrajinstina Minority Rights Group International Macedonia Macedonia Overview Minorityrights org Archived from the original on 2012 10 26 Retrieved 2012 10 24 David Dalby Linguasphere 1999 2000 Linguasphere Observatory pg 445 53 AAA g Srpski Hrvatski Serbo Croatian Benjamin W Fortson IV Indo European Language and Culture An Introduction 2nd ed 2010 Blackwell p 431 Because of their mutual intelligibility Serbian Croatian and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo Croatian Vaclav Blazek On the Internal Classification of Indo European Languages Survey retrieved 20 Oct 2010 Archived 2012 02 04 at the Wayback Machine pp 15 16 Calic Jelena 2021 Pluricentricity in the classroom the Serbo Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide Sociolinguistica European Journal of Sociolinguistics De Gruyter 35 1 113 140 doi 10 1515 soci 2021 0007 ISSN 0933 1883 S2CID 244134335 The debate about the status of the Serbo Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted again towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity Mader Skender Mia 2022 Schlussbemerkung Summary Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language PDF Dissertation UZH Dissertations in German Zurich University of Zurich Faculty of Arts Institute of Slavonic Studies pp 196 197 doi 10 5167 uzh 215815 Retrieved 8 June 2022 Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene verandert hat sind diese Anderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt ware Ausserdem konnen sich Serben Kroaten Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verstandigen Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietaten handelt Ljiljana Subotic Dejan Sredojevic Isidora Bjelakovic 2012 Fonetika i fonologija Ortoepska i ortografska norma standardnog srpskog jezika in Serbo Croatian FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET NOVI SAD archived from the original on 2014 01 03 Serbian Croatian Bosnian Or Montenegrin Or Just Our Language Archived 2010 11 05 at the Wayback Machine Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty February 21 2009 Nosovitz Dan 11 February 2019 What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans Anyway Atlas Obscura Archived from the original on 11 February 2019 Retrieved 6 May 2019 Zanelli Aldo 2018 Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997 Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic JournalLanguagefrom 1991 to 1997 Studien zur Slavistik 41 in German Hamburg Kovac pp 21 83 ISBN 978 3 8300 9773 0 OCLC 1023608613 NSK FFZG Magner Thomas F 10 January 2001 Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001 150 doi 10 1515 ijsl 2001 028 Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 27 April 2018 Comrie Bernard Corbett Greville G 1 September 2003 The Slavonic Languages Taylor amp Francis p 45 ISBN 978 0 203 21320 9 Retrieved 23 December 2013 Following Vuk s reform of Cyrillic see above in the early nineteenth century Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica using the Czech system and producing a one to one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latinica as applied to the Serbian and Croatian parallel system Sipka Danko 2019 Lexical layers of identity words meaning and culture in the Slavic languages New York Cambridge University Press p 206 doi 10 1017 9781108685795 ISBN 978 953 313 086 6 LCCN 2018048005 OCLC 1061308790 S2CID 150383965 Serbo Croatian which features four ethnic variants Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin Kordic Snjezana 2010 Jezik i nacionalizam Language and Nationalism PDF Rotulus Universitas in Serbo Croatian Zagreb Durieux p 143 doi 10 2139 ssrn 3467646 ISBN 978 953 188 311 5 LCCN 2011520778 OCLC 729837512 OL 15270636W CROSBI 475567 COBISS Sr 521757076 Archived PDF from the original on 1 June 2012 Retrieved 21 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Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census PDF Department of Immigration and Border Protection 2014 p 59 ISBN 978 1 920996 23 9 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 2017 04 26 Ancestry Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection PDF Immi gov au 2013 04 21 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 2015 12 02 Croatian Census 2011 2011 Archived from the original on July 12 2016 Retrieved July 8 2013 Pro Serbian parties oppose Montenegro constitution setimes com Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 27 April 2018 SNP CG snp co me Archived from the original on 2018 01 20 Retrieved 27 April 2018 Montenegro Census 2011 data Montstat Popis stanovnistva domacinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011 godine PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2011 07 27 Retrieved 2011 07 12 a b The Constitution The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia Archived from the original on 2011 07 23 Retrieved 2010 12 06 Serbian ministry wants only Cyrillic script in official use 13 September 2019 Archived from the original on 20 September 2019 Retrieved 11 September 2020 a b Should you Localize to Serbian Latin or to Serbian Cyrillic 17 November 2016 Ivan Klajn Cirilica ce postati arhaicno pismo b92 net Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 27 April 2018 Crosby Alan Martinovic Iva August 28 2018 In The Age Of The Internet Serbia Aims To Keep Its Cyrillic Alive RFE RL Retrieved 5 September 2018 Hawkworth Celia Calic Jelena 2006 Colloquial Serbian The Complete Course for Beginners Routledge ISBN 9781138949799 a b Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot During the Insurrection by Sir Arthur Evans page 416 LANGUAGE AND LETTER IN MEDIEVAL BOSNIAN STATE CHARTERS AND LETTERS at plemenito com Universal Declaration of Human Rights Serbian Cyrillic unicode org Universal Declaration of Human Rights Serbian Latin unicode org Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations Further readingBooks Belic Aleksandar 2000 O dijalektima Zavod za udzbenike i nastavna sredstva ISBN 9788617076311 Greenberg Robert D 2004 Language and Identity in the Balkans Serbo Croatian and its Disintegration New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780191514555 Grickat Irena 1975 Studije iz istorije srpskohrvatskog jezika Narodna Biblioteka SR Srbije Ivic Pavle 1995 Standard language as an instrument of culture and the product of national history The history of Serbian Culture Rastko Ivic P 1971 Srpski narod i njegov jezik Beograd Serbian Literary Guild Ivic P 1986 Srpski narod i njegov jezik 2nd ed Beograd Serbian Literary Guild Kovacevic M 2003 Srpski jezik i srpski jezici Serbian Literary Guild Marojevic R 2008 Srpski jezik danas Bard fin a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Milcanovic A 2006 Kratka istorija srpskog knjizevnog jezika Beograd Zavod za udzbenike a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Milosevic M 2001 Gramatika srpskoga jezika prirucnik za poznavanje srpskog knjizevnog jezika Draganic Okuka Milos 2008 Srpski dijalekti Zagreb Prosvjeta ISBN 9789537611064 Petrovic Dragoljub Guduric Snezana 2010 Fonologiјa srpskoga јezika Beograd Institut za srpski jezik SANU Beogradska knjiga Matica srpska Popovic I 1955 Istoriјa srpskohrvatskog јezika Novi Sad Matica srpska Popovic L 2004 From standard Serbian through standard Serbo Croatian to standard Serbian Radovanovic Milorad 1996 Srpski јezik na kraјu veka Institut za srpski јezik SANU ISBN 9788682873013 Simic Z 1922 Srpska gramatika G Kon Vujanic M Nikolic M eds 2007 Rechnik srpskoga јezika Matica srpska Journals Belic Aleksandar ed 1911 Srpski diјalektoloshki zbornik Srpski dijalektoloski zbornik Recueil de dialectologie serbe 2 Greenberg Robert D 2000 Language Politics in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The Crisis over the Future of Serbian Slavic Review 59 3 625 640 doi 10 2307 2697348 JSTOR 2697348 S2CID 155546040 Groschel Bernhard 2003 Postjugoslavische Amtssprachenregelungen Soziolinguistische Argumente gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Serbokroatischen Post Yugoslav Official Languages Regulations Sociolinguistic Arguments Against Consistency of Serbo Croatian Srpski Jezik in German 8 1 2 135 196 ISSN 0354 9259 COBISS 121971724 Retrieved 4 April 2015 Isailovic Neven G Krstic Aleksandar R 2015 Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania Cluj Napoca George Bariţiu Institute of History pp 185 195 Kovacevic M 2007 Srpski jezik i njegove varijante Srpsko Pitanje I Srbistika 255 262 Marinkovic M 2010 Srpski jezik u Osmanskom carstvu primer cetvorojezicnog udzbenika za ucenje stranih jezika iz biblioteke sultana Mahmuda I Slavistika XIV Marojevic R 1996 Srpski jezik u porodici slovenskih jezika The Serbian language in the family of Slavic languages Srpski jezik The Serbian language 1 2 Misic Ilic B 2015 Srpski jezik u dijaspori pogled iz lingvistickog ugla Serbian language in the diaspora Srpski Jezik 20 289 307 Okuka M 2009 Srpski jezik danas sociolingvisticki status a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Petrovic T 2001 Speaking a different Serbian language Refugees in Serbia between conflict and integration a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Radic Jovanka Miloradovic Sofija 2009 Piper P ed Srpski јezik u kontekstu nacionalnih identiteta povodom srpske maњine u Maђarskoј ЈUZhNOSLOVENSKI filolog LXV 153 179 GGKEY 00RD5D429DG Radovanovic Milorad 1996 Srpski jezik The Serbian language Opole Uniwersytet Opolski Instytut Filologii Polskiej a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Radovanovic Milorad 2000 From Serbo Croatian to Serbian Multilingua 19 1 2 21 35 doi 10 1515 mult 2000 19 1 2 21 S2CID 143260283 Savic Viktor 2016 The Serbian Redaction of the Church Slavonic Language From St Clement the Bishop of the Slavs to St Sava the Serbian Archbishop Slovene Slovѣne International Journal of Slavic Studies 5 2 231 339 Sorescu Marinkovic Annemarie 2010 Serbian Language Acquisition in Communist Romania PDF Balcanica 41 7 31 doi 10 2298 BALC1041007S Vuckovic M 2009 Savremena diјalektoloshka istrazhivaњa u srpskoј lingvistici i problematika јezika u kontaktu Јuzhnoslovenski filolog 65 405 423 External links Serbian edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikibooks has more on the topic of Serbian language Wikisource has original text related to this article Category Works originally in Serbian Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbian language Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Serbian phrasebook Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words from Wiktionary s Appendix Swadesh lists Standard language as an instrument of culture and the product of national history an article by linguist Pavle Ivic at Project Rastko A Basic Serbian Phrasebook Archived 2008 12 29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Serbian language amp oldid 1140912081, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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