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Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

October 20, 2023

Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. (born January 17, 1954), also known by his initials as RFK Jr. and by the nickname Bobby, is an American environmental lawyer and writer who promotes anti-vaccine misinformation[1][2][3][4] and public health-related conspiracy theories.[3][5] He is an independent candidate in the 2024 presidential election (before October 9, 2023, he was a Democratic Party candidate). He is chairman of Children's Health Defense, an anti-vaccine advocacy group.[6][7]

Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Kennedy in 2017
Born
Robert Francis Kennedy Jr.

(1954-01-17) January 17, 1954 (age 69)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
EducationHarvard University (BA)
London School of Economics
University of Virginia (JD)
Pace University (LLM)
Occupations
  • Environmental lawyer
  • writer
  • anti-vaccine activist
Notable work
Political partyIndependent (since 2023)
Other political
affiliations		Democratic (until 2023)
Spouses
Emily Black
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​
(m. 1982; div. 1994)​
​
​
(m. 1994; died 2012)​
​
(m. 2014)​
Children6
Parent(s)Robert F. Kennedy
Ethel Kennedy
FamilyKennedy family
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s voice
Kennedy speaks about the foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration
Recorded June 29, 2023
Websitekennedy24.com

Kennedy is a son of U.S. attorney general and senator Robert F. Kennedy and nephew of U.S. president John F. Kennedy. After growing up in the Washington, D.C. area and Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard University and obtained his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law.

Through litigation, lobbying, teaching, public campaigns and activism, Kennedy has advocated for the protection of waterways, indigenous rights, and renewable energy.[8] He began his career as an assistant district attorney in New York City. In 1984 and 1986, he joined two non-profits focused on environmental protection: Riverkeeper and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), respectively.[9] His work at Riverkeeper set long-term environmental legal standards. At both organizations, he won historic legal battles against large corporate polluters. He became an adjunct professor of environmental law at Pace University School of Law in 1986.[10] In 1987, he founded Pace's Environmental Litigation Clinic, where he held the post of supervising attorney and co-director until 2017.[11] He founded the non-profit environmental group Waterkeeper Alliance in 1999, serving as the president of its board.

Since 2005, Kennedy has promoted the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism.[1] Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in the United States.[12][6] Much of his public health criticisms and writings have targeted prominent figures such as Anthony Fauci, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden. He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci in 2021 and A Letter to Liberals in 2022.

Early life and education

 
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. with his uncle John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office in 1961

Kennedy was born at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C., on January 17, 1954. He is the third of eleven children of senator and attorney general Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy, née Skakel. He is a nephew of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Ted Kennedy.[13]

Kennedy grew up at his family's homes in McLean, Virginia, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts.[14][15][16] He was nine years old when his uncle, President John F. Kennedy, was assassinated in 1963, and 14 years old when his father was assassinated while running for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968.[17]

Kennedy learned of his father's shooting when he was at Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit boarding school in North Bethesda, Maryland.[18] A few hours later, he flew to Los Angeles on Vice President Hubert Humphrey's plane, along with his elder sister Kathleen and elder brother Joseph, and was with his father when he died. Kennedy was a pallbearer in his father's funeral, where he spoke and read excerpts from his father's speeches at the Mass commemorating his death at Arlington National Cemetery.[19][20]

After his father's death, Kennedy lived with a surrogate family in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[21] Kennedy was expelled from two boarding schools—Millbrook in upstate New York and Pomfret in Connecticut—for using drugs.[22] In August 1970, Kennedy and his cousin Bobby Shriver were arrested in Barnstable, Massachusetts, for marijuana possession and were placed on 13 months' probation.[23][24] He graduated from the Palfrey Street School, a day school in Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1972.[25]

Kennedy continued his education at Harvard University, graduating in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts in American history and literature. He then studied at the London School of Economics before earning a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1983, and a Master of Laws from Pace University in 1987.[26]

Career

In 1982, Kennedy was sworn in as an assistant district attorney for Manhattan.[7] After failing his bar exam, he resigned in July 1983.[27] That September, he was charged with heroin possession,[27] and pleaded guilty in February 1984, whereupon he was sentenced to two years' probation and community service.[28][29] Following his arrest he entered a drug treatment center and during his probation volunteered for the Natural Resources Defense Council. His probation ended a year early.[30] In 1984, Kennedy joined Riverkeeper as an investigator, and when he was admitted to the New York bar in 1985, he was promoted to senior attorney.[31][30]

Riverkeeper

Kennedy litigated and supervised environmental enforcement lawsuits on the east coast estuaries on behalf of Hudson Riverkeeper and the Long Island Soundkeeper,[32] where he was also a board member. Long Island Soundkeeper brought lawsuits against cities and industries along the Connecticut and New York coastlines.[33] In 1986, Kennedy was on a team of three law firms that won a case against Remington Arms Trap and Skeet Gun Club in Stratford, Connecticut, that ended the practice of shooting lead shot into Long Island Sound.[34] On the Hudson, Kennedy brought a series of lawsuits against municipalities and against industries, including Consolidated Edison and General Electric to stop discharging pollution and to clean up legacy contamination.[35] Kennedy’s work at Riverkeeper set long-term environmental legal standards.[36]

In 1995, Kennedy advocated for repeal of legislation during the 104th Congress which he considered unfriendly to the environment.[37] In 1997, Kennedy worked with John Cronin to write The Riverkeepers, a history of the early Riverkeepers and a primer for the Waterkeeper movement.[31]

Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic

In 1987, Kennedy founded the Environmental Litigation Clinic at Pace University School of Law, where for three decades he was the clinic's supervising attorney and co-director and Clinical Professor of Law.[38] Kennedy obtained a special order from the New York State Court of Appeals that permitted his 10 clinic students–second- and third-year law students–to practice law and to try cases against Hudson River polluters in state and federal court, under the supervision of Kennedy and his co-director, Professor Karl Coplan. The clinic's full-time clients are Riverkeeper and Long Island Soundkeeper.[39]

The clinic has sued governments and companies for polluting Long Island Sound and the Hudson River and its tributaries.[40] The clinic argued cases to expand citizen access to the shoreline and won hundreds of settlements for the Hudson Riverkeeper.[41] Kennedy and his students also sued dozens of municipal waste-water treatment plants to force compliance with the Clean Water Act.[39] In 2010, a Pace lawsuit forced ExxonMobil to clean up tens of millions of gallons of oil from legacy refinery spills in Newtown Creek in Brooklyn, New York.[42]

On April 11, 2001, Men's Journal recognized Kennedy with its "Heroes" Award for his creation of the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic.[43] Kennedy and his Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic received other awards for successful legal work cleaning up the environment.[44] The Pace Clinic became a model for similar environmental law clinics throughout the country including Rutgers,[45] Golden Gate, UCLA,[46] Widener,[47] and Boalt Hall at Berkeley.[48]

Waterkeeper Alliance

In June 1999, as Riverkeeper's success on the Hudson began inspiring the creation of Waterkeepers across North America, Kennedy and a few dozen Riverkeepers gathered in Southampton, Long Island, to found the Waterkeeper Alliance, which is now the umbrella group for the 344 licensed Waterkeeper programs[49] located in 44 countries.[50] As President of the Alliance, Kennedy oversees its legal, membership, policy and fundraising programs. The Alliance states that it is dedicated to promoting "swimmable, fishable, drinkable waterways, worldwide",[51] and is also a clearinghouse, approving new Keeper programs and licensing use of the trademarked "Waterkeeper", "Riverkeeper", "Soundkeeper", "Lakekeeper", "Baykeeper", "Bayoukeeper", "Canalkeeper", "Coastkeeper", etc. names.[52]

Kennedy and his environmental work have been the focus of several films including The Waterkeepers (2000),[53] directed by Les Guthman. In 2008, he appeared in the IMAX documentary film Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk, riding the Grand Canyon in a wooden dory with his daughter Kick and anthropologist Wade Davis.[54]

Kennedy resigned from Waterkeeper Alliance presidency in November 2020.[55]

New York City Watershed Agreement

Beginning in 1991, Kennedy represented environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers in a series of lawsuits against New York City and upstate watershed polluters. Kennedy authored a series of articles and reports[56][57][58][59] alleging that New York State was abdicating its responsibility to protect the water repository and supply. In 1996, he helped orchestrate the $1.2 billion New York City Watershed Agreement, which New York magazine recognized in its cover story, "The Kennedy Who Matters".[60] This agreement, which Kennedy negotiated on behalf of environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers, is regarded as an international model in stakeholder consensus negotiations and sustainable development.[61]

Kennedy & Madonna LLP

 
Kennedy in 2000

In 2000, Kennedy and environmental lawyer Kevin Madonna founded the environmental law firm Kennedy & Madonna, LLP, to represent private plaintiffs against polluters.[62] The firm litigates environmental contamination cases on behalf of individuals, non-profit organizations, school districts, public water suppliers, Indian tribes, municipalities and states. In 2001, Kennedy & Madonna organized a team of prestigious plaintiff law firms to challenge pollution from industrial pork and poultry production.[63] In 2004, the firm was part of a legal team that secured a $70 million settlement for property owners in Pensacola, Florida whose properties were contaminated by chemicals from an adjacent Superfund site.[64]

Kennedy & Madonna was profiled in the 2010 HBO documentary Mann v. Ford[65] that chronicles four years of litigation brought by the firm on behalf of the Ramapough Mountain Indian Tribe against the Ford Motor Company over the dumping of toxic waste on tribal lands in northern New Jersey.[66] In addition to a monetary settlement for the tribe, the lawsuit contributed to the community's land being re-listed on the federal Superfund list, the first time in the nation's history that a de-listed site was re-listed.[67] In 2007 Kennedy was one of three finalists nominated as "Trial Lawyer of the Year" by Public Justice for his role in the $396 million jury verdict against DuPont for contamination from its Spelter, West Virginia zinc plant.[68] In 2017, the firm was part of the trial team that secured a $670 million settlement on behalf of over 3,000 residents from Ohio and West Virginia whose drinking water was contaminated with the toxic chemical, C8, which was released into the environment by DuPont in Parkersburg, West Virginia.[69]

Morgan & Morgan

In 2016, Kennedy became counsel to the Morgan & Morgan law firm.[70] The partnership arose from the two firms' successful collaboration on the case against SoCalGas Company following the Aliso Canyon gas leak in California.[71] In 2017, Kennedy and his partners sued Monsanto in federal court in San Francisco, on behalf of plaintiffs seeking to recover damages for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, that, the plaintiffs allege, were a result of exposure to Monsanto's glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup. Kennedy and his team also filed a class action lawsuit against Monsanto for failing to warn consumers about the dangers allegedly posed by exposure to Roundup.[72] In September 2018, Kennedy and his partners filed a class-action lawsuit against Columbia Gas of Massachusetts alleging negligence following gas explosions in three towns north of Boston. Of Columbia Gas, Kennedy said "as they build new miles of pipe, the same company is ignoring its existing infrastructure, which we now know is eroding and is dilapidated".[73]

Renewable energy

In 1998, Kennedy, Chris Bartle and John Hoving created a bottled-water company, Keeper Springs, which donated all of its profits to Waterkeeper Alliance.[74] In 2013, Kennedy and his partner sold the brand to Nestlé in exchange for a donation to local Waterkeepers.[75]

Kennedy was a venture partner and senior advisor at VantagePoint Capital Partners, one of the world's largest cleantech venture capital firms. Among other activities, VantagePoint was the original and largest pre-IPO institutional investor in Tesla. VantagePoint also backed BrightSource Energy and Solazyme, amongst others. Kennedy is a board member and counselor to several of Vantage Point's portfolio companies in the water and energy space, including Ostara, a Vancouver-based company that markets the technology to remove phosphorus and other excessive nutrients from wastewater, transforming otherwise pollution directly into high-grade fertilizer.[76] He is also a senior advisor to Starwood Energy Group and has played a key role in a number of the firm's investments.[77]

He is on the board of Vionx, a Massachusetts-based utility scale vanadium flow battery systems manufacturer. On October 5, 2017, Vionx, National Grid and the U.S. Department of Energy completed the installation of advanced flow batteries at Holy Name High School in the city of Worcester, Massachusetts. The collaboration also includes Siemens and the United Technologies Research Center and constitutes one of the largest energy storage facilities in Massachusetts.[78]

Kennedy is a Partner in ColorZen, which offers a turnkey cotton fiber pre-treatment solution that reduces water usage and toxic discharges in the cotton dyeing process.[79]

Kennedy was a co-owner and Director of the smart grid company Utility Integration Solutions (UISol),[80] which was acquired by Alstom. He is presently a co-owner and Director of GridBright, the market-leading grid management specialist.[81]

In October 2011, Kennedy co-founded EcoWatch, an environmental news site. He resigned from its board of directors in January 2018.[82]

Minority and poor communities

In his first case as an environmental attorney, Kennedy represented the NAACP in a lawsuit against a proposal to build a garbage transfer station in a minority neighborhood in Ossining, New York.[83]

In 1987, he successfully sued Westchester County, New York, to reopen the Croton Point Park, which was heavily used primarily by poor and minority communities from the Bronx.[84] He then forced the reopening of the Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, which New York City had closed to the public and converted to a police firing range.[31]

Kennedy has argued that poor communities shoulder the disproportionate burden of environmental pollution.[85] Speaking at the 2016 SXSW Eco environment conference in Austin, Texas, he said, "Polluters always choose the soft target of poverty", noting that Chicago's south side has the highest concentration of toxic waste dumps in America.[86] Furthermore, he added that 80 percent of "uncontrolled toxic waste dumps" can be found in black neighborhoods, with the largest site in the United States being in Emelle, Alabama, which is 90 percent black.[87]

International and indigenous rights

Starting in 1985, Kennedy helped develop the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)'s international program for environmental, energy, and human rights, traveling to Canada and Latin America to assist indigenous tribes in protecting their homelands and opposing large-scale energy and extractive projects in remote wilderness areas.[88]

In 1990, Kennedy assisted indigenous Pehuenches in Chile in a partially successful campaign to stop the construction of a series of dams on Chile's iconic Biobío River. That campaign derailed all but one of the proposed dams.[89] Beginning in 1992, he assisted the Cree Indians of northern Quebec in their campaign against Hydro-Québec to halt construction of some 600 proposed dams on eleven rivers in James Bay.[90]

In 1993, Kennedy and NRDC, working with the indigenous rights organization Cultural Survival, clashed with other American environmental groups in a dispute about the rights of Indians to govern their own lands in the Oriente region of Ecuador.[91] Kennedy represented the CONFENIAE, a confederation of Indian peoples, in negotiation with the American oil company Conoco to limit oil development in Ecuadorian Amazon and, at the same time, obtain benefits from resource extraction for Amazonian tribes.[91] Kennedy was a vocal critic of Texaco for its previous record for polluting the Ecuadoran Amazon.[92]

From 1993 to 1999, Kennedy worked with five Vancouver Island Indian tribes in their campaign to end industrial logging by MacMillan Bloedel in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia.[93]

In 1996, Kennedy met with Cuban President Fidel Castro to persuade the leader to halt his plans to construct a nuclear power plant at Juraguá.[94] During a lengthy latenight encounter, Castro reminisced about Kennedy's father and uncle, speculating that U.S. relations with Cuba would have been far better had President Kennedy not been assassinated.[95]

Between 1996 and 2000, Kennedy and NRDC helped Mexican commercial fishermen to halt Mitsubishi's proposal to build a salt facility in the Laguna San Ignacio, a known area in Baja where gray whales bred, and nursed their calves.[96] Kennedy wrote against the project, and took the campaign to Japan, meeting with the Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi.[97]

In 2000, he assisted local environmental activists to stop proposals by Chaffin Light, a real estate developer, and U.S. engineering giant Bechtel from building a large hotel and resort development that, Kennedy argued, threatened coral reefs and public beaches used by local Bahamians, at Clifton Bay, New Providence Island.[98]

Kennedy was one of the early editors of Indian Country Today, North America's largest Native American newspaper.[99] He helped lead the opposition to the damming of the Futaleufú River in the Patagonia region of Chile.[100] In 2016, citing the pressure precipitated by the Futaleufú Riverkeeper's campaign against the dams, the Spanish power company, Endesa, which owned the right to dam the river, reversed its decision and relinquished all claims to the Futaleufú.[101]

Military and Vieques

Kennedy has been a critic of environmental damage by the U.S. military.[102][103]

In a 2001 article, Kennedy described how he sued the U.S. Navy on behalf of fishermen and residents of Vieques, an island off Puerto Rico, to stop weapons testing, bombing, and other military exercises. Kennedy argued that the activities were unnecessary, and that the Navy had illegally destroyed several endangered species, polluted the island's waters, harmed the residents' health, and damaged its economy.[104] He was arrested for trespassing at Camp Garcia Vieques, the U.S. Navy training facility, where he and others were protesting the use of a section of the island for training. Kennedy served 30 days in a maximum security prison in Puerto Rico.[105] The trespassing incident forced the suspension of live-fire exercises for almost three hours.[106] The lawsuits and protests by Kennedy, and hundreds of Puerto Ricans who were also imprisoned, eventually forced the termination of naval bombing in Vieques by president George Bush.[107]

In a 2003 article for the Chicago Tribune, Kennedy said the U.S. federal government was "America's biggest polluter" and the U.S. Department of Defense as the worst offender. Citing the EPA, he said, "unexploded ordnance waste can be found on 16,000 military ranges...and more than half may contain biological or chemical weapons".[108]

Factory farms

For almost twenty years, Kennedy and his Waterkeepers waged a legal and public relations battle against pollution by factory farms. In the 1990s, he rallied opposition to factory farms among small independent farmers, convened a series of "National Summits" on factory meat products, and conducted press conference whistle stop tours across North Carolina, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio and in Washington DC. Beginning in 2000, Kennedy sued factory farms in North Carolina, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Iowa.[109] He wrote numerous articles on the subject, arguing that factory farms produce lower-quality, less healthy food, and are harmful to independent family farmers by poisoning their air and water, reducing their property values, and using extensive state and federal subsidies to impose unfair competition against smaller farmers.[110]

In 1995, Premier Ralph Klein of Alberta declared Kennedy persona non grata in the province due to Kennedy's activism against Alberta's large-scale hog production facilities.[111] In 2002, Smithfield Foods filed a lawsuit against Kennedy in Poland, under a Polish law that makes criticizing a corporation illegal, after Kennedy denounced the company in a debate with Smithfield's Polish director before the Polish parliament.[109]

Oil, gas, and pipelines

Kennedy has been an advocate for a global transition away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy.[112][113] He has been particularly critical of the oil industry. In one of his first environmental cases, Kennedy filed a lawsuit against Mobil Oil for polluting the Hudson.[31]

Kennedy helped lead the battle against fracking in New York State.[114] He had been an early supporter of natural gas as viable bridge fuel to renewables, and a cleaner alternative to coal.[115] However, he said he turned against this controversial extraction method after investigating its cost to public health, climate and road infrastructure.[116] As a member of Governor Andrew Cuomo's fracking commission, Kennedy helped engineer the Governor's 2013 ban on fracking in New York State.[117]

Kennedy mounted a national effort against the construction of liquefied natural gas facilities.[118] Waterkeepers maintains a national watch that documents numerous crude oil spills annually.

In 2013, Kennedy assisted the Chipewyan First Nation and the Beaver Lake Cree fighting to protect their land from tar sands production.[119] In February 2013, while protesting the Keystone XL Pipeline Kennedy, along with his son, Conor, was arrested for blocking a thoroughfare in front of the White House during a protest.[120] In August 2016, Kennedy and Waterkeeper participated in protests to block the extension of the Dakota Access pipeline across the Sioux Indian Standing Rock Reservation's water supply.[121]

Kennedy claims that the only reason the oil industry is able to remain competitive against renewables and electric cars is through massive direct and indirect subsidies and political interventions on behalf of the oil industry. In a June 2017 interview on EnviroNews, Kennedy said about the oil industry, "That's what their strategy is: build as many miles of pipeline as possible. And what the industry is trying to do is to increase that level of infrastructure investment so our country won't be able to walk away from it.[122]

Coal

Under Kennedy's leadership, Waterkeeper launched its "Clean Coal is a Deadly Lie"[123] campaign in 2001, bringing dozens of lawsuits targeting mining practices, which include mountaintop removal,[124] slurry pond construction, and targeting mercury emissions and coal ash piles by coal-burning utilities.[125] Kennedy's Waterkeeper alliance has also been leading the fight against coal export, including from terminals in the Pacific Northwest.[126]

Kennedy has promoted replacing coal energy with renewable energy, which, he argues, would thereby reduce costs and greenhouse gases while improving air and water quality, the health of the citizens, and the number and quality of jobs.[127] In June 2011, film producer Bill Haney televised his award-winning film The Last Mountain, co-written by Haney and Peter Rhodes, depicting Kennedy's fight to stop Appalachian mountaintop removal mining.[128]

Nuclear power

Kennedy has been an opponent of conventional nuclear power, arguing that it is unsafe and not economically competitive.[129][130] On June 15, 1981, he made international news when he spoke at an anti-nuclear rally at the Hollywood Bowl, with Stephen Stills, Bonnie Raitt and Jackson Browne.[131]

His thirty-four-year battle to close Indian Point nuclear power plant in New York ended when Entergy, the plant's operator, closed the plant in 2021.[132] Kennedy was featured in a 2004 documentary, Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable, directed by his sister, documentary filmmaker Rory Kennedy.[133]

Hydro

In 1991, Kennedy helped lead a campaign to block Hydro-Québec from building the James Bay Hydro-project, a massive dam project in northern Quebec.[134]

His campaigns helped block dams on Chile's Biobío River in 1990[135] and its Futaleufú River in 2016. In 2002, he mounted what was ultimately an unsuccessful battle against building a dam on Belize's Macal River. Kennedy termed the Chalillo Dam "a boondoggle", and brought a high-profile legal challenge against Fortis Inc., a Canadian power company and the monopoly owner of Belize's electric utility.[136] In a 3–2 ruling in 2003, the Privy Council of the United Kingdom upheld the Belizean government's decision to permit dam construction.[136][137][138]

In 2004, Kennedy met with Provincial officials and brought foreign media and political visitors to Canada to protest the building of hydroelectric dams on Quebec's Magpie River.[139] Hydro-Québec dropped plans for the dam in 2017.[140]

In November 2017, the Spanish hydroelectric syndicate Endesa decided to abandon HydroAysen, a massive project to construct dams on dozens of Patagonia's rivers accompanied by thousands of miles of roads, power lines and other infrastructure. Endesa returned its water rights to the Chilean government. The Chilean press credits advocacy by Kennedy and Riverkeeper as critical factors in the company's decision.[141]

Cape Wind

Main article: Cape Wind

In 2005, Kennedy clashed with national environmental groups over his opposition to the Cape Wind Project, a proposed offshore wind farm off of the coast of Cape Cod in Nantucket Sound. Taking the side of Cape Cod's commercial fishing industry, Kennedy argued that the project was a costly boondoggle. This position angered some environmentalists, and brought Kennedy criticism by commentators such as Rush Limbaugh and John Stossel, the latter of which described him as a hypocrite.[142][better source needed] Kennedy argued in an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, "Vermont wants to take its nuclear plant off line and replace it with clean, green power from Hydro-Québec – power available to Massachusetts utilities – at a cost of six cents per kilowatt hour (kwh). Cape Wind electricity, by a conservative estimate and based on figures they filed with the state, comes in at 25 cents per kwh."[143]

Political views

Kennedy's rhetoric often utilizes conspiracy theories.[144][145][146]

He expressed skepticism about the COVID-19 pandemic, contending that it served to benefit billionaires; according to Kennedy, the pandemic resulted in a "$4.4 trillion shift in wealth from the American middle class to this new oligarchy that we created – 500 new billionaires with the lockdowns, and the billionaires that we already had increased their wealth by 30%". Kennedy has also stated that the American government is dominated by corporate power; he said the Environmental Protection Agency was run by the "oil industry, the coal industry and the pesticide industry", and described the Food and Drug Administration as overly dominated by "Big Pharma".[147]

Additionally, he has stated his belief that "systematic" erosion of the middle class is taking place, remarking in a 2023 interview with UnHerd that American politicians have "been systematically hollowing out the American middle class, and printing money to make billionaires richer". He stated that the financial industry and the military–industrial complex are funded at the expense of the American middle class.[147] Kennedy sees a "vibrant middle class" as the backbone of the economy and stated that the economy has deteriorated because the middle class has become poorer.[148] In an interview with Andrew Serwer, Kennedy remarked that the gap between rich and poor in the United States had become too great and said, "the very wealthy people should pay more taxes and corporations". He also expressed his support for the wealth tax plan of Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren, which would impose an annual tax of 2% on every dollar of a household's net worth over $50 million and a tax of 6% on every dollar of net worth over $1 billion.[149]

An outspoken opponent of the military industry and foreign intervention, Kennedy was highly critical of the Iraq War as well as American support for Ukraine against Russia's invasion of the country. He called the Russian invasion "a US war against Russia" and claimed that the goal of the war was to "sacrifice the flower of Ukrainian youth in an abattoir of death and destruction for the geopolitical ambition of the neocons".[147] He called for a peace agreement in Ukraine based on the Minsk Accords – in his view, the Donbas region should remain in Ukraine but also be given territorial autonomy and placed under the jurisdiction of United Nations peacekeeping forces, while Aegis missile systems should be removed from Eastern Europe.[150] Kennedy also said Ukraine should be forbidden from joining NATO, and announced that as president he would consider admitting Russia to NATO and de-escalating tensions with the People's Republic of China.[147][150] Further, he claimed that the 2014 Ukrainian revolution was an attempted coup sponsored by the U.S. against the Ukrainian government. Kennedy also said the Ukrainian government committed atrocities against the Russian population in Donbas, wrongly claiming that all casualties of the Donbas War between 2014 and 2022 (about 14,000) were Russian civilians; he also stated that Russians living there "were being systematically killed by the Ukrainian government".[151] Kennedy attacked the operations of former CIA director Allen Dulles, condemning US-backed coups and interventions such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état as "bloodthirsty", and blamed US interventions in countries such as Syria and Iran for the rise of terrorist organizations such as ISIS and creating anti-American sentiment in the region.[152] Kennedy stated that the CIA has no accountability and declared his intention to restructure the agency.[147]

Describing himself as "arguably the leading environmentalist in the country",[153] Kennedy promotes populist and anti-establishment environmental policies, claiming that the climate crisis was hijacked by "Bill Gates and the World Economic Forum and the billionaire boys' club in Davos". In an interview in 2015, referring to politicians who were skeptical of global warming Kennedy said he "wished there were a law you could punish them under".[154][155] Kennedy expressed his support for regenerative farming and stated that the priority of environmentalists should be to tackle the "carbon industry". He described the current society and economy as unsustainable and based on a "longtime deadly addiction to coal and oil" and contended that the current economic system rewards pollution; in 2020, Kennedy stated: "Right now, we have a market that is governed by rules that were written by the carbon incumbents to reward the dirtiest, filthiest, most poisonous, most toxic, most war-mongering fields from hell, rather than the cheap, clean, green, wholesome and patriotic fields from heaven."[156][157][158] He also stated his support for the Green New Deal resolution of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, and announced his plans to implement it.[159] Kennedy spoke out against geoengineering, claiming that geoengineering solutions are an attempt by big business to profit from climate change. Despite his reputation as environmentalist, he voiced his support for agrarian movements, saying in 2023: "If we want to have democracy, we need a broad ownership of our land by a wide variety of yeoman farmers, each with a stake in our system."[160] He is also against nuclear energy, considering it too expensive and too unsafe. Kennedy believes that nuclear energy is a profit-making venture and claims that this solution is promoted by corporate lobbyists rather than environmental activists, stating in a 2023 interview, "it's not hippies in tie-dyed T-shirts who are saying it's dangerous; it's guys on Wall Street with suits and ties".[147]

 
Kennedy in 2017

Views on economic and financial policies

Throughout the presidency of George W. Bush, Kennedy was critical of Bush's environmental and energy policies, saying Bush was defunding and corrupting federal science projects.[161]

Kennedy was also critical of Bush's 2003 hydrogen car initiative,[162] arguing that it was a gift to the fossil fuel industry disguised as a green automobile.[163]

In 2003, Kennedy wrote an article in Rolling Stone about Bush's environmental record,[164] which he subsequently expanded into a New York Times bestselling book.[165] His opposition to the environmental policies of the Bush administration earned him recognition as one of Rolling Stone's "100 Agents of Change" on April 2, 2009.[166][167]

During an October 2012 interview with Politico, Kennedy called on environmentalists to direct their dissatisfaction towards the U.S. Congress rather than President Barack Obama, reasoning that Obama "didn't deliver" due to having a partisan U.S. Congress "like we haven't seen before in American history".[168] He said politicians who did not act on climate change policy served special interests and sold out public trust. He said Charles and David Koch – the owners of Koch Industries, Inc., the nation's largest privately owned oil company – subverted democracy and "[made] themselves billionaires by impoverishing the rest of us".[169] Kennedy has spoken of the Koch Brothers as leading "the apocalyptical forces of Ignorance and Greed".[170]

During the 2014 People's Climate March, Kennedy said, "American politics is driven by two forces: One is intensity, and the other is money. The Koch brothers have all the money. They're putting $300 million this year into their efforts to stop the climate bill. And the only thing we have in our power is people power, and that's why we need to put this demonstration on the street".[171]

Additional statements on foreign affairs

Kennedy has written on foreign policy, beginning with a 1974 Atlantic Monthly article titled, "Poor Chile", discussing the overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende.[172] Kennedy also wrote editorials against the execution of Pakistan President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[173][174] In 1975, he published an article in The Wall Street Journal, criticizing the use of assassination as a foreign policy tool.[175] In 2005, he wrote an article for the Los Angeles Times decrying President Bush's use of torture as anti-American.[176] Senator Edward Kennedy entered the article into the Congressional Record.[177]

In an article titled "Why the Arabs Don't Want Us in Syria", published in Politico in February 2016, Kennedy referred to the "bloody history that modern interventionists like George W. Bush, Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio miss when they recite their narcissistic trope that Mideast nationalists 'hate us for our freedoms.' For the most part they don't; instead they hate us for the way we betrayed those freedoms – our own ideals – within their borders".[178] Kennedy blames the Syrian war on a pipeline dispute. He cites apparent WikiLeaks disclosures alleging that the CIA led military and intelligence planners to foment a Sunni uprising against Syria's president, Bashar al-Assad, following his rejection of a proposed Qatar-Turkey pipeline through Syria in 2009, well before the Arab Spring.[179]

In June 2023, Kennedy stated in an interview that on broad terms he believes that U.S. foreign relations should involve significantly reducing the military presence in other nations. He specifically said the country must "start unraveling the Empire" through closing U.S. bases in different locations worldwide.[180]

Kennedy believes that the administration of President Joe Biden in large part caused the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia due to reckless and militant action; he has specifically cited the issue of NATO expansion into Eastern Europe. At the same time, he has clarified that he refuses to connect this criticism with anything considered support of the government of Russia under Putin, particularly given Kennedy's ethical opposition to the regime's beliefs and politics. He has remarked that "Putin is a monster" and also labeled the leader "a thug" as well as "a gangster".[180]

Gun control

Kennedy has stated that he supports "common sense" gun control, but has also said that he would not "take away anybody’s guns." He has explained his position saying "I’m a constitutional absolutist. We can argue about whether the Second Amendment was intended to protect guns. That argument has now been settled by the Supreme Court."[181][182] Kennedy also expressed support for a bipartisan assault weapons ban.[183]

Abortion

In 2023, Kennedy said on camera to NBC reporter Ali Vitali that, if elected, he would sign a federal ban on abortions performed after 15 weeks or 21 weeks of pregnancy. He went on to say, “I think the states have a right to protect a child once the child becomes viable, and that right, it increases.” His campaign quickly released a statement saying, “Today, Mr. Kennedy misunderstood a question posed to him by a NBC reporter in a crowded, noisy exhibit hall at the Iowa State Fair....Mr. Kennedy’s position on abortion is that it is always the woman’s right to choose. He does not support legislation banning abortion.”[184]

Questioning the validity of elections

Kennedy has been critical of the integrity of the voting process. In June 2006, he published an article in Rolling Stone purporting to show that GOP operatives stole the 2004 presidential election for President George W. Bush. Journalist Farhad Manjoo countered Kennedy's conclusions.[185]

Kennedy has written about the ease of election hacking and the dangers of voter purges and voter ID laws. He wrote the introduction and a chapter in Billionaires and Ballot Bandits, a 2012 book on election hacking by the investigative journalist Greg Palast.[186]

Political endorsements

Kennedy was on the National Staff and a State Coordinator for Edward M. Kennedy for President from 1979 to 1980. Prior to that he had been on Senator Kennedy's 1970 and 1976 Massachusetts senatorial campaigns. He was a co-founder and a former board member of the New York League of Conservation Voters.[187][188]

Kennedy endorsed and campaigned for Vice President Al Gore during his 2000 presidential campaign, and openly opposed his friend Ralph Nader's Green Party presidential campaign. In the 2004 presidential election, Kennedy endorsed John Kerry, noting his strong environmental record.[189]

 
Kennedy at a taping of ETown during the 2008 Democratic National Convention

In late 2007, Kennedy and his sisters Kerry and Kathleen endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[190] After the Democratic Convention, Kennedy campaigned for Obama across the country.[191] After the election, the Obama administration was reportedly considering RFK Jr. as a candidate for administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, but his controversial statements and an arrest for heroin possession in the 1980s made him unlikely to receive Senate confirmation.[192][193]

Political aspirations

Kennedy first considered running for political office in 2000, when New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan did not seek re-election to the U.S. Senate seat formerly held by Kennedy's father.[194]

In 2005, Kennedy considered running for New York Attorney General, which would have meant a possible run against his then brother-in-law Andrew Cuomo, but in the end he decided against entering the race, even though he had been considered the frontrunner.[195]

On December 2, 2008, Kennedy stated that he did not wish to be appointed to the U.S. Senate by New York Governor David Paterson. He felt that it would take too much time away from his family.[196]

2024 presidential campaign

Main article: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign

On March 3, 2023, in a speech in New Hampshire, Kennedy stated that he was considering a run for president in 2024, saying, "I am thinking about it. I've passed the biggest hurdle which is that my wife has greenlighted it."[197]

On April 5, 2023, Kennedy filed his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2024 presidential election.[198] On October 9, 2023, he announced he was running as an independent.[199][200] This makes him the fifth member of his family to seek the presidency of the United States.[a]

Anti-vaccine advocacy and conspiracy theories on public health

Overview

Kennedy is a prominent voice in the anti-vaccine movement, spreading anti-vaccine misinformation, disinformation and propaganda.[1][7][2][6][204]

Infectious disease specialist Michael Osterholm says Kennedy's "anti-vaccine disinformation" is effective "because it's portrayed to the public with graphs and figures and what appears to be scientific data. He has perfected the art of illusion of fact." Osterholm also adds "this is about people's lives. And the consequences of promoting this kind of disinformation, as credible as it may seem, is simply dangerous."[204]

Kennedy has claimed that he is not against vaccines but wishes that they be more thoroughly tested and investigated.[205][206] In Thimerosal: Let the Science Speak, Kennedy states he does not see himself as anti-vaccine, saying "People who advocate for safer vaccines should not be marginalized or denounced as anti-vaccine. I am pro-vaccine. I had all six of my children vaccinated. I believe that vaccines have saved the lives of hundreds of millions of humans over the past century and that broad vaccine coverage is critical to public health. But I want our vaccines to be as safe as possible."[207]

Vaccines and autism claims

See also: Vaccines and autism

Kennedy is the chairman of Children's Health Defense (formerly known as the World Mercury Project), an anti-vaccine advocacy group he joined in 2015.[7][6] The group alleges a large proportion of American children are suffering from conditions as diverse as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, food allergies, cancer, and autoimmune diseases due to exposure to certain chemicals and radiation. Children's Health Defense has blamed and campaigned against vaccines, fluoridation of drinking water, paracetamol (acetaminophen), aluminum, wireless communications, among others. Kennedy's group has been identified as one of two major buyers of anti-vaccine Facebook advertising in late 2018 and early 2019.[7][208][209]

Kennedy and Children's Health Defense have falsely claimed that vaccines cause autism.[210][211] Kennedy focused on the subset of vaccines that contained thimerosal, a mercury-based anti-microbial which has been falsely claimed to cause autism.[212] Thimerosal has never been used in MMR, chickenpox, pneumococcal conjugate and inactivated polio vaccines[213] and in 2001 was removed from all other childhood (under 6 years old) vaccines except for a few versions of the flu and hepatitis vaccines.[214] Now, no childhood vaccine contains more than traces (1 microgram or less) of thimerosal, except for flu which is also available without thimerasol in the US.[215] For those 6 years and older, including pregnant women, all vaccines are now available in versions with only trace amounts of thimerosal.[216]

In its early years, the group focused on mercury in industry and medicine, especially the ethylmercury used in thimerosal in vaccines.[210][217] Other members of his family have criticized Kennedy and his organization, saying he spreads "dangerous misinformation" and said his work has "heartbreaking" consequences.[218]

According to the Center for Countering Digital Hate, Kennedy uses his status as an environmental activist to bolster actors of the anti-vaccination movement, regularly appearing in online conversations with the likes of Andrew Wakefield, Del Bigtree and Rashid Buttar.[219] Kennedy has stated the media and governments are engaged in a conspiracy to deny that vaccines cause autism.[220][221][222][223] The Center for Countering Digital Hate in 2021 identified Kennedy as one of 12 people responsible for up to 65% of anti-vaccine content on social media platforms Facebook and Twitter.[224] On February 11, 2021, his Instagram account was permanently deleted "for repeatedly sharing debunked claims" about COVID-19 vaccines.[4][225]

Kennedy is listed as executive producer of Vaxxed II: The People's Truth, the 2019 sequel to Wakefield's and Bigtree's anti-vaccination documentary Vaxxed.[226]

Writings and speeches promoting anti-vaccine theories

In June 2005, Kennedy wrote an article which appeared in both Rolling Stone and Salon called "Deadly Immunity", alleging a government conspiracy to conceal a connection between thimerosal and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism.[227] The article contained factual errors, leading Salon to issue five corrections.[228] Joan Walsh, the editor and chief of Salon at the time, and the sole Salon editor of the piece, recounted that she had mistakenly relied on Rolling Stone's fact-checking, a process that she later learned was "less than arduous". As soon as the piece was up, she said, "we were besieged by scientists and advocates showing how Kennedy had misunderstood, incorrectly cited, and perhaps even falsified data.... It was the worst mistake of my career. I probably should have been fired."[229] Six years later Salon retracted the article in its entirety.[228] According to Salon, the retraction was motivated by accumulating evidence of alleged errors and scientific fraud underlying the vaccine-autism claim.[230] A corrected version of the original article was published on the Rolling Stone website.[227] Kennedy would go on to claim on the Joe Rogan Experience, and be paraphrased in the New York Times saying, that "Salon caved to pressure from government regulators and the pharmaceutical industry."[229] To which Walsh responds "That's just another lie. We caved to pressure from the incontrovertible truth and our journalistic consciences."[229]

In May 2013, Kennedy delivered the keynote address at the anti-vaccination[231] AutismOne / Generation Rescue conference.[232][233]

In 2014, Kennedy's book, Thimerosal: Let the Science Speak: The Evidence Supporting the Immediate Removal of Mercury – a Known Neurotoxin – from Vaccines, was published. While methylmercury is a potent neurotoxin, ethylmercury, as used in vaccine preservatives, is safe.[213][215] The preface to the book is written by Mark Hyman, a proponent of the alternative medical treatment called functional medicine.[234] Kennedy has published many articles on the inclusion of the mercury-based preservative thimerosal in vaccines.[235][236][237][238]

Describing vaccinations as a "holocaust"

In April 2015, Kennedy participated in a Speakers' Forum to promote the film Trace Amounts, which promotes the discredited claim of a link between autism and mercury in vaccinations. At a film screening, Kennedy described the autism epidemic as a "holocaust".[239]

Statements about Paul Offit

On the Joe Rogan Experience, Kennedy claimed that pediatric immunologist Paul Offit had made a 186 million dollar deal with Merck, to which Offit responded:

RFK Jr.’s statement about my $186 million dollar deal with Merck was a complete and utter lie. And it’s resulted in hate mail, physical altercations with anti-vaccine activists, and three death threats. One caller threatened my children. By falsely labelling me as someone willing to line my pockets at the expense of children’s health, RFK Jr. put both me and my family at risk.[240]

Meeting with Donald Trump

On January 10, 2017, incoming White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer confirmed that Kennedy and President-elect Donald Trump met to discuss a position in the Trump administration. Kennedy accepted an offer made by Trump to become the chairman of the Vaccine Safety Task Force. A spokeswoman for Trump's transition said that no final decision had been made.[241] In an August 2017 interview with STAT News reporter Helen Branswell, Kennedy said that he had been meeting with the federal public health regulators to discuss defects in vaccine safety science, at the White House's request.[242]

Controversy with Robert De Niro

On February 15, 2017, Kennedy and actor Robert De Niro gave a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., in which they said the press were working for the vaccination industry and did not allow debates on vaccination science. They offered a $100,000 reward to any journalist or other citizen who could point to a study showing that it is safe to inject mercury into babies and pregnant women at levels currently contained in flu vaccines. Craig Foster, a psychology professor who studies pseudoscience, deemed the challenge "not science", observing that it was a "carefully constructed 'contest' that allows its creators to generate the misleading outcome they presumably want to see". He also stated, "Proving that something is safe is importantly different than proving that something is harmful".[243]

Controversy with Taylor Winterstein

On June 4, 2019, during a visit to Samoa coinciding with that nation's 57th annual independence celebration, Kennedy appeared in an Instagram photo with Australian-Samoan anti-vaccine activist Taylor Winterstein. Kennedy's charity and Winterstein have both perpetuated the allegation that the MMR vaccine played a role in the 2018 deaths of two Samoan infants, despite the subsequent revelation that the infants had received a muscle relaxant along with the vaccine by mistake. Kennedy has drawn criticism for fueling vaccine hesitancy amid a social climate which gave rise to the 2019 Samoa measles outbreak, which killed over 70 people, and the 2019 Tonga measles outbreak.[244][245]

COVID-19

See also: COVID-19 misinformation
 
 
Many of Kennedy's conspiracy theories and writings regarding the COVID-19 pandemic have targeted prominent figures such as Anthony Fauci (left) and Bill Gates (right).

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Kennedy promoted multiple conspiracy theories related to COVID including false claims that both Anthony Fauci and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation were trying to profit off a vaccine,[246][247][248] and suggesting that Bill Gates would cut off access to money of people who do not get vaccinated, allowing them to starve.[249] In August 2020, Kennedy appeared in an hour-long interview with Alec Baldwin on Instagram, where he touted a number of incorrect and misleading claims about vaccines and public health measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Baldwin was criticized by public health officials and scientists for allowing Kennedy's proclamations to go unchallenged.[250] Kennedy has promoted misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccine, falsely suggesting that it contributed to the death of 86-year-old Hank Aaron and others.[251][252][7] In February 2021 his Instagram account was blocked for "repeatedly sharing debunked claims about the coronavirus or vaccines".[253][254] The Center for Countering Digital Hate identified Kennedy as one of the main propagators of conspiracy theories about Bill Gates and 5G phone technology. His conspiracy theory activities increased his social media impact considerably; between the Spring and the Fall of 2020, his Instagram account grew from 121,000 followers to 454,000.[219][255]

In November 2021, Kennedy's book The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health was published wherein Kennedy alleged that Fauci sabotaged treatments for AIDS, violated federal laws, and conspired with Bill Gates and social media companies such as Facebook to suppress any information about COVID-19 cures, to leave vaccines as the only options to fight the pandemic.[256][257] In the book, Kennedy calls Fauci "a powerful technocrat who helped orchestrate and execute 2020s historic coup d'etat against Western democracy.” He claimed with no proof that Fauci and Bill Gates had schemed to prolong the pandemic and exaggerate its effects, promoting expensive vaccinations for the benefit of "a powerful vaccine cartel".[258] The book repeats several discredited myths about the COVID-19 pandemic, notably about the effectiveness of ivermectin.[6] The Neue Zürcher Zeitung has said of the book "... polemics alternate with chapters that pedantically seek to substantiate Kennedy's accusations with numerous quotations and studies."[258] He also released a video depicting Fauci with a Hitler moustache.[259] In response to the book, Fauci called Kennedy "a very disturbed individual".[260]

Kennedy wrote the foreword for Plague of Corruption, a 2020 book by former research scientist and anti-vaccine conspiracy theorist Judy Mikovits.[7]

Kennedy appeared as a speaker at the partially violent demonstration in Berlin on August 29, 2020, where populist groups called for an end to restrictions caused by COVID-19.[261][262] His YouTube account was removed in late September 2021 for breaking the company's new policies on vaccine misinformation.[263]

During a January 23, 2022, speech at an anti-vaccination rally in Washington D.C., Kennedy said: "Even in Hitler's Germany, you could cross the Alps into Switzerland, you can hide in the attic like Anne Frank did…Today the mechanisms are being put in place that will make it so none of us can run, none of us can hide."[264] The Auschwitz Memorial stated on Twitter: "Exploiting of the tragedy of people who suffered, were humiliated, tortured & murdered by the totalitarian regime of Nazi Germany – including children like Anne Frank – in a debate about vaccines & limitations during global pandemic is a sad symptom of moral & intellectual decay."[265] Two days later, Kennedy apologized for his comment,[259] In June 2023, Instagram reinstated his account after previously suspending it over anti-vaccine and COVID-19 comments.[266]

At a dinner event in July 2023, Kennedy said "there is an argument that (COVID-19) is ethnically targeted", adding "COVID-19 is targeted to attack Caucasians and Black people. The people who are most immune are Ashkenazi Jews and Chinese ... we don't know whether it’s deliberately targeted or not." His remarks were condemned by the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League, with the latter stating that Kennedy's statement "feeds into sinophobic and antisemitic conspiracy theories".[267][268] Kennedy responded by stating that he "never, ever suggested that the COVID-19 virus was targeted to spare Jews", and that he does not "believe and never implied that the ethnic effect was deliberately engineered". Kennedy explained his remarks by citing a 2021 study that he said showed that "COVID-19 appears to disproportionately affect certain races" due to racial differences in the effectiveness of COVID-19's furin cleave docking site, thus COVID-19 "serves as a kind of proof of concept for ethnically targeted bioweapons".[269] However, these further claims were roundly criticized by experts who pointed out that the study said nothing about Chinese people or bioweapons and that both Chinese people and Ashkenazy Jews suffered COVID at rates similar to other ethnic groups and nationalities. “ Virologist Angela Rasmussen responded to his false claims, saying, "Jewish or Chinese protease consensus sequences are not a thing in biochemistry, but they are in racism and antisemitism”.[268]

Medical racism conspiracy theory

See also: Racial disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and Medical racism in the United States

Kennedy targets Black Americans with anti-vaccine propaganda and conspiracy theories, linking vaccination with instances of medical racism such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.[270][2] Echoing others in the anti-vaccination movement, Kennedy's organization Children's Health Defense claimed that the United States government seeks to harm ethnic minorities by prioritizing them for COVID vaccines. In early March 2021, Kennedy's anti-vaccine organization, Children's Health Defense released an anti-vaccine propaganda video, "Medical Racism: The New Apartheid" that promotes COVID-19 conspiracy theories and claims that COVID-19 vaccination efforts are medical experiments on the Black community. Kennedy himself appears in the video, inviting the viewers to disregard information dispensed by health authorities and doctors. Brandi Collin-Dexter, a Fellow at the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy states "the notorious figures and false narratives in the documentary were recognizable" and "the film's incompatible narratives sought to take advantage of the pain felt by Black communities".[2][271][272] At the urging of disinformation experts, the film was removed from Facebook, but Kennedy was permitted to keep his account.[273]

HIV/AIDS denialism

In his book The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the War on Democracy and Public Health, Kennedy says he takes "no position on the relationship between HIV and AIDS",[256]: 347  but he spends over a hundred pages quoting HIV denialists such as Peter Duesberg who question the isolation of HIV and the etiology of AIDS.[274] Kennedy himself refers to the "orthodoxy that HIV alone causes AIDS",[256]: 348  and the "theology that HIV is the sole cause of AIDS",[256]: 351  as well as repeating the HIV/AIDS denialist false claim that no one has isolated the HIV particle and "No one has been able to point to a study that demonstrates their hypothesis using accepted scientific proofs".: 348  Additionally, he repeats the false claim that the early AIDS drug AZT is "absolutely fatal"[256]: 332  due to its "horrendous toxicity".[256]: 298  Molecular biologist Dan Wilson points out that Kennedy falsely claims that Luc Montagnier, the discoverer of HIV, was a "convert" to Duesberg's fringe hypothesis. Wilson concludes that Kennedy is a "full blown" HIV/AIDS denialist.[274][256]

Push-back from the Kennedy family

Several members from Kennedy's close family have distanced themselves from his anti-vaccination activities and conspiracy theories on public health, and condemned his comments equating public health measures with Nazi atrocities.[275] On May 8, 2019, Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Joseph P. Kennedy, and Maeve Kennedy McKean wrote an open letter stating that while their relative has championed many admirable causes, he "has helped to spread dangerous misinformation over social media and is complicit in sowing distrust of the science behind vaccines".[276] On December 30, 2020, Kennedy's niece Kerry Kennedy Meltzer, a physician, wrote a similar open letter. She argued her uncle published misinformation about the side effects of the new COVID-19 vaccines.[277]

Other opinions

Food allergies

Kennedy was a founding board member of the Food Allergy Initiative. His son suffers from anaphylactic peanut allergies. Kennedy wrote the foreword to The Peanut Allergy Epidemic, in which he and the authors falsely link increasing food allergies in children to certain vaccines that were approved beginning in 1989.[278][7]

Murder of Martha Moxley

In January 2003, Kennedy wrote a controversial article in The Atlantic Monthly about the 1975 murder of Martha Moxley in Greenwich, Connecticut, in which he insists that his cousin Michael Skakel's indictment "was triggered by an inflamed media, and that an innocent man is now in prison". The article argues that there is more evidence suggesting that Kenneth Littleton, the Skakel family's live-in tutor, killed Moxley. He also calls Dominick Dunne the "driving force" behind Skakel's prosecution.[279] In July 2016, Kennedy released a book titled Framed: Why Michael Skakel Spent over a Decade in Prison for a Murder He Didn't Commit.[280] In 2017, the rights to Kennedy's book were optioned by FX Productions to develop a multi-part television series.[281]

In 2018, Skakel's conviction was vacated,[282] and in 2020, prosecutors decided not to seek a new trial.[283]

Assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy

On the evening of January 11, 2013, Charlie Rose interviewed Kennedy and his sister Rory at the Winspear Opera House in Dallas as a part of then Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings' hand-chosen committee's yearlong program of celebrating the life and presidency of John F. Kennedy.[284] On the assassination of John F. Kennedy, he said his father was "fairly convinced" Lee Harvey Oswald had not acted alone and privately believed the Warren Commission report was a "shoddy piece of craftsmanship". According to Robert F. Kennedy Jr. in January 2013, "The evidence at this point I think is very, very convincing that it was not a lone gunman".[285] The 2013 edition of JFK and the Unspeakable was endorsed by Kennedy, who said it had moved him to visit Dealey Plaza, the site of his uncle's assassination, for the first time.[286]

Kennedy does not believe that Sirhan Sirhan fired the shot that killed his father, Robert F. Kennedy. Based on the testimony of eyewitnesses, especially Paul Schrade who had been standing next to Kennedy and who was shot himself, as well as the autopsy findings he believes that there was a second gunman.[287] He visited the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility, San Diego, in December 2017 to meet Sirhan. After meeting Sirhan, he gave his support for a reinvestigation of the assassination.[287]

Gender dysphoria

Further information: LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory

In a June 2023 podcast interview with Jordan Peterson, Kennedy Jr. posited that several issues in children, including gender dysphoria, might be linked to atrazine contamination in the water supply. He cited a study by Hayes from 2010,[288] which claimed that acute atrazine exposure caused chemical castration and feminization in frogs, leading some to become hermaphrodites. Kennedy Jr. went on to suggest that there was other evidence indicating potential effects on humans.[289] YouTube removed the interview under its vaccine misinformation policy, a decision criticized by Peterson and Kennedy as censorship.[290][289]

Various publications denounced the theory, such as NBC News,[291] Philadelphia Gay News,[292] The Independent,[289] and Vice.[293]

Following media criticism, a spokesperson for Kennedy Jr.'s 2024 presidential campaign told CNN that he was being mischaracterized, and that he not was claiming that endocrine disruptors were the sole cause of gender dysphoria but rather proposing further research.[294] Andrea Gore, a professor of neuroendocrinology at the University of Texas at Austin, said "I don't think people should be making statements about the relationship between environmental chemicals and changes in sexuality when there's zero evidence".[294]

Personal life

General interests

Kennedy is a licensed master falconer and has trained hawks since he was 11. He breeds hawks and falcons and is also licensed as a raptor propagator and a wildlife rehabilitator.[295] He holds permits for Federal Game Keeper, Bird Bander, and Scientific Collector. He was President of the New York State Falconry Association from 1988 to 1991. In 1987, while on Governor Mario Cuomo's New York State Falconry Advising Committee, Kennedy authored the examination to qualify apprentice falconers given by New York State. Later that year, he wrote the New York State Apprentice Falconer's Manual, which was published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and continues in use today.[296]

Kennedy is also a whitewater kayaker. His father introduced him and his siblings to whitewater kayaking during early trips down the Green and Yampa Rivers in Utah and Colorado, the Columbia River, the Middle Fork Salmon in Idaho, and the Upper Hudson Gorge. Between 1976-81, Kennedy was a partner and guide at a whitewater company, "Utopian", based in West Forks, Maine. He organized and led several "first-descent" whitewater expeditions to Latin America including three hitherto unexplored rivers: the Apurimac, Peru, in 1975; the Atrato, Colombia, in 1979; and the Caroni, Venezuela, in 1982.[297] He made an early descent of Great Whale River in northern Quebec, in 1993.[298]

In 2015, he took two of his sons to the Yukon to visit Mount Kennedy and run the Alsek River, a whitewater river fed by the Alsek Glacier. Mount Kennedy had been Canada's highest unclimbed peak, when the Canadian Government named it for the assassinated American president, in 1964.[299] In 1965, his father was the first person to climb Mount Kennedy.[300]

Marriages and children

On April 3, 1982, Kennedy married Emily Ruth Black (born 1957), whom he had met at the University of Virginia School of Law.[301] They had two children: Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy III (born 1984; married to writer, peace activist, and former CIA officer Amaryllis Fox) and Kathleen Alexandra ('Kick') Kennedy (born 1988).[302] The latter shares the nickname of her great-aunt, the late Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington.[303] Kennedy and Black separated in 1992 and divorced in 1994.[304]

On April 15, 1994, Kennedy married Mary Kathleen Richardson (1959–2012) aboard a research vessel on the Hudson River.[305] They had four children: Conor Richardson Kennedy (born 1994), Kyra LeMoyne Kennedy (born 1995), William Finbar "Finn" Kennedy (born 1997), and Aidan Caohman Vieques Kennedy (born 2001). On May 12, 2010, Kennedy filed for divorce from Mary; three days later she was charged with drunk driving. On May 16, 2012, Mary was found dead in a building on the grounds of her home in Bedford, New York. The Westchester County Medical Examiner ruled the death to be a suicide due to asphyxiation from hanging.[306] Later it was reported that Mary had seen RFK Jr.'s personal journal from 2001, in which he recorded his sexual encounters with 37 different women.[307]

Kennedy married his third wife, actress-director Cheryl Hines, on August 2, 2014, at the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod. They were introduced by Hines' co-star Larry David, from the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm, and began dating in 2012.[308][309] Kennedy and Hines currently reside in Los Angeles, California[310] and Cape Cod, Massachusetts.[311]

Health

In his 40s Kennedy developed spasmodic dysphonia, a disorder which causes his voice to quaver and makes speech difficult. It is a form of an involuntary movement disorder called dystonia that affects only the larynx.[7][29][312]

Religion

Kennedy is a Roman Catholic.[313] In 2005, Michael Paulson called Kennedy "a deeply devout Catholic who attends daily Mass".[314] Kennedy considers Saint Francis of Assisi his patron saint and a role model.[313] During a 2005 interview with The Boston Globe, Kennedy stated that he was deeply inspired by Saint Francis' devotion to social justice, helping the poor, animal welfare and to environmentalism as well, as Francis is a patron saint of ecology.[314] In 2004, Kennedy published a biography of Saint Francis, Saint Francis of Assisi: A Life of Joy.[314] He also stated Catholicism was a vehicle of his environmentalism, stating, "environmental work is spiritual work".[314] Despite identifying as pro-life,[314] Kennedy also identifies with liberal Catholicism.[147] He criticized the argument voiced within the church that John Kerry should have been denied communion because of his support for abortion rights.[314] In a 2018 interview with Vatican News, Kennedy expressed his admiration for Pope John XXIII and stated his belief that "the Church should be an instrument of justice and kindness around the world."[315]

Selected works

Kennedy has authored books on subjects such as the environment, his anti-vaccination stance, biography, and American heroes.

  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (1978). Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr.: A biography. Putnam. ISBN 978-0-399-12123-4.
  • Cronin, John; Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (1997). The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0684839080.
  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (2005). Crimes Against Nature: How George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Highjacking Our Democracy. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-074687-2.
  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F., ed. (2014). Thimerosal: Let the Science Speak: The Evidence Supporting the Immediate Removal of Mercury – a Known Neurotoxin – from Vaccines. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1632206015.
  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (2016). Framed: Why Michael Skakel Spent Over a Decade in Prison For a Murder He Didn't Commit. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1510701779.
  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (2018). American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family. Harper. ISBN 978-0060848347.
  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F.; Russell, Dick (2020). Climate in Crisis: Who's Causing It, Who's Fighting It, and How We Can Reverse It Before It's Too Late. Hot Books. ISBN 978-1510760561.
  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (2021). The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1510766808.
  • Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (2022). A Letter to Liberals. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1510775596.
  • Leake, John; McCullough, Peter A.; Kennedy, Robert F. Jr. (2022). The Courage to Face COVID-19: Preventing Hospitalization and Death While Battling the Bio–Pharmaceutical Complex. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1510776807.

Children's books

Select awards and recognition

Kennedy has received awards in his name or groups he has been part of have received awards.

  • 2018, The National Trial Lawyers, Mass Tort Trial Team of the Year – for "groundbreaking case of Dewayne "Lee" Johnson v. Monsanto Company"[316][317] Kennedy was co-counsel at one of the two law firms involved in the case.
  • 2017, Earth Justice Mountain Heroes[318]
  • 2017, Foro La Region Award for "La Proteccion de los Recursos Naturales"[319]
  • 2014, Stroud Award of Freshwater Excellence[320]
  • 2009, Rolling Stone "100 Agents of Change"[167]
  • 2008, USC Dornsife Sustainability Champion Award[321]
  • 2008, Theodre Gordon Flyfishers Conservation Award[322]
  • 2007, Vanity Fair "The Green Team"[323]
  • 2005, William O. Douglas Award, on behalf of the Waterkeeper Alliance[324]
  • 2003, Professional Resource Award, NY State Council of Trout Unlimited[322]
  • 2001, Distinguished Service Award presented at Pace Law School's 25th Anniversary[325]
  • 2001, Men's Journal "Heroes" Award[326]
  • 2000, 12th Annual Manhattan Award[327]
  • 2000, Jacques Sartisky Peace Award[327]
  • 2000, New York State Champion of the Environment[328]
  • 1999, Time's "Heroes of the Planet"[167]
  • 1998, William E. Ricker Resource Conservation Award[329]
  • 1997, EPA Environmental Quality Award[327]
  • 1997, The Brave 40 Award from NYC Department of Environmental Conservation[327]
  • 1997, Thomas Berry Environmental Award, presented to Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic[330]
  • 1995, Green Star Award presented by the Environmental Action Coalition[330]
  • 1991, Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Award[331]

Note

  1. ^ John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960 in a successful presidential campaign. Robert F. Kennedy ran for the Democratic nomination for president in 1968,[201] but he was assassinated in June of that year. Kennedy's uncle-by-marriage Sargent Shriver ran for the nomination in 1976,[202] but later withdrew from the race. Ted Kennedy ran for the Democratic nomination in 1980,[203] but he was defeated in the primaries by incumbent Democratic president Jimmy Carter.

References

Citations

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  2. ^ a b c d Zadrozny, Brandy; Adams, Char (March 11, 2021). "Covid's devastation of Black community used as 'marketing' in new anti-vaccine film". NBC News. from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021. The video – the newest in a series of anti-vaccine propaganda films produced or promoted by Kennedy – was distributed through Kennedy's organization, Children's Health Defense,
  3. ^ a b The Anti-Vaxx Playbook (PDF) (Report). Center for Countering Digital Hate. 2020. (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Instagram bans Robert F Kennedy Jr over Covid vaccine posts". BBC News. February 11, 2021. from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  5. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Oshin, Olafimihan (January 23, 2022). . The Hill. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022. During a speech at the rally, Kennedy, a conspiracy theorist and prominent anti-vaxxer, warned of a massive surveillance network being created with satellites in space and 5G mobile networks collecting data.
    • . The Wrap. January 25, 2022. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022. Cheryl Hines has publicly condemned a statement made by her husband Robert F. Kennedy Jr. at a rally on Sunday, in which the environmental lawyer and conspiracy theorist likened COVID regulations to the Holocaust.
    • . The Guardian. December 18, 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2022. The younger Kennedy has campaigned on environmental issues but is also a leading vaccines conspiracy theorist and activist against shots including those approved to combat Covid-19, which has killed more than 805,000 in the US and more than 5.3 million worldwide.
    • Dorn, Sara. "RFK Jr. Makes Unfounded Claims About Mass Shootings, Covid-19: Here Are All The Conspiracies He Promotes". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
    • "Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Conspiracy Theories Go Beyond Vaccines". The New York Times. July 6, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023. Robert F. Kennedy Jr., an environmental lawyer, is a leading vaccine skeptic and purveyor of conspiracy theories who has leaned heavily on misinformation as he mounts his long-shot 2024 campaign for the Democratic nomination.
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  153. ^ Sayers, Freddie (May 3, 2023). "Robert Kennedy Jr: America needs a revolution". unherd.com. The Post. from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023. I always have been. I spent 35 years as – I don't want to toot my own horn, but – arguably the leading environmentalist in the country.
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October 20, 2023
robert, kennedy, robert, francis, kennedy, born, january, 1954, also, known, initials, nickname, bobby, american, environmental, lawyer, writer, promotes, anti, vaccine, misinformation, public, health, related, conspiracy, theories, independent, candidate, 202. Robert Francis Kennedy Jr born January 17 1954 also known by his initials as RFK Jr and by the nickname Bobby is an American environmental lawyer and writer who promotes anti vaccine misinformation 1 2 3 4 and public health related conspiracy theories 3 5 He is an independent candidate in the 2024 presidential election before October 9 2023 he was a Democratic Party candidate He is chairman of Children s Health Defense an anti vaccine advocacy group 6 7 Robert F Kennedy Jr Kennedy in 2017BornRobert Francis Kennedy Jr 1954 01 17 January 17 1954 age 69 Washington D C U S EducationHarvard University BA London School of EconomicsUniversity of Virginia JD Pace University LLM OccupationsEnvironmental lawyerwriteranti vaccine activistNotable workThe Riverkeepers 1997 book Crimes Against Nature 2004 book The Real Anthony Fauci 2021 book A Letter to Liberals 2022 book Political partyIndependent since 2023 Other politicalaffiliationsDemocratic until 2023 SpousesEmily Black m 1982 div 1994 wbr Mary Richardson m 1994 died 2012 wbr Cheryl Hines m 2014 wbr Children6Parent s Robert F KennedyEthel KennedyFamilyKennedy familyRobert F Kennedy Jr s voice source source Kennedy speaks about the foreign policy of the Dwight D Eisenhower administrationRecorded June 29 2023Websitekennedy24 wbr comKennedy is a son of U S attorney general and senator Robert F Kennedy and nephew of U S president John F Kennedy After growing up in the Washington D C area and Massachusetts he graduated from Harvard University and obtained his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law Through litigation lobbying teaching public campaigns and activism Kennedy has advocated for the protection of waterways indigenous rights and renewable energy 8 He began his career as an assistant district attorney in New York City In 1984 and 1986 he joined two non profits focused on environmental protection Riverkeeper and the Natural Resources Defense Council NRDC respectively 9 His work at Riverkeeper set long term environmental legal standards At both organizations he won historic legal battles against large corporate polluters He became an adjunct professor of environmental law at Pace University School of Law in 1986 10 In 1987 he founded Pace s Environmental Litigation Clinic where he held the post of supervising attorney and co director until 2017 11 He founded the non profit environmental group Waterkeeper Alliance in 1999 serving as the president of its board Since 2005 Kennedy has promoted the scientifically disproven claim of a causal link between vaccines and autism 1 Since the onset of the COVID 19 pandemic he has emerged as a leading proponent of COVID 19 vaccine misinformation in the United States 12 6 Much of his public health criticisms and writings have targeted prominent figures such as Anthony Fauci Bill Gates and Joe Biden He has written books including The Real Anthony Fauci in 2021 and A Letter to Liberals in 2022 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Riverkeeper 2 2 Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic 2 3 Waterkeeper Alliance 2 4 New York City Watershed Agreement 2 5 Kennedy amp Madonna LLP 2 6 Morgan amp Morgan 2 7 Renewable energy 2 8 Minority and poor communities 2 9 International and indigenous rights 2 10 Military and Vieques 2 11 Factory farms 2 12 Oil gas and pipelines 2 13 Coal 2 14 Nuclear power 2 15 Hydro 2 16 Cape Wind 3 Political views 3 1 Views on economic and financial policies 3 2 Additional statements on foreign affairs 3 3 Gun control 3 4 Abortion 3 5 Questioning the validity of elections 3 6 Political endorsements 4 Political aspirations 4 1 2024 presidential campaign 5 Anti vaccine advocacy and conspiracy theories on public health 5 1 Overview 5 2 Vaccines and autism claims 5 2 1 Writings and speeches promoting anti vaccine theories 5 2 2 Describing vaccinations as a holocaust 5 2 3 Statements about Paul Offit 5 2 4 Meeting with Donald Trump 5 2 5 Controversy with Robert De Niro 5 2 6 Controversy with Taylor Winterstein 5 3 COVID 19 5 4 Medical racism conspiracy theory 5 5 HIV AIDS denialism 5 6 Push back from the Kennedy family 6 Other opinions 6 1 Food allergies 6 2 Murder of Martha Moxley 6 3 Assassinations of John F Kennedy and Robert F Kennedy 6 4 Gender dysphoria 7 Personal life 7 1 General interests 7 2 Marriages and children 7 3 Health 7 4 Religion 8 Selected works 8 1 Children s books 9 Select awards and recognition 10 Note 11 References 11 1 Citations 12 External linksEarly life and education nbsp Robert F Kennedy Jr with his uncle John F Kennedy in the Oval Office in 1961Kennedy was born at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington D C on January 17 1954 He is the third of eleven children of senator and attorney general Robert F Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy nee Skakel He is a nephew of President John F Kennedy and Senator Ted Kennedy 13 Kennedy grew up at his family s homes in McLean Virginia and Cape Cod Massachusetts 14 15 16 He was nine years old when his uncle President John F Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 and 14 years old when his father was assassinated while running for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968 17 Kennedy learned of his father s shooting when he was at Georgetown Preparatory School a Jesuit boarding school in North Bethesda Maryland 18 A few hours later he flew to Los Angeles on Vice President Hubert Humphrey s plane along with his elder sister Kathleen and elder brother Joseph and was with his father when he died Kennedy was a pallbearer in his father s funeral where he spoke and read excerpts from his father s speeches at the Mass commemorating his death at Arlington National Cemetery 19 20 After his father s death Kennedy lived with a surrogate family in Cambridge Massachusetts 21 Kennedy was expelled from two boarding schools Millbrook in upstate New York and Pomfret in Connecticut for using drugs 22 In August 1970 Kennedy and his cousin Bobby Shriver were arrested in Barnstable Massachusetts for marijuana possession and were placed on 13 months probation 23 24 He graduated from the Palfrey Street School a day school in Watertown Massachusetts in 1972 25 Kennedy continued his education at Harvard University graduating in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts in American history and literature He then studied at the London School of Economics before earning a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1983 and a Master of Laws from Pace University in 1987 26 CareerIn 1982 Kennedy was sworn in as an assistant district attorney for Manhattan 7 After failing his bar exam he resigned in July 1983 27 That September he was charged with heroin possession 27 and pleaded guilty in February 1984 whereupon he was sentenced to two years probation and community service 28 29 Following his arrest he entered a drug treatment center and during his probation volunteered for the Natural Resources Defense Council His probation ended a year early 30 In 1984 Kennedy joined Riverkeeper as an investigator and when he was admitted to the New York bar in 1985 he was promoted to senior attorney 31 30 Riverkeeper Kennedy litigated and supervised environmental enforcement lawsuits on the east coast estuaries on behalf of Hudson Riverkeeper and the Long Island Soundkeeper 32 where he was also a board member Long Island Soundkeeper brought lawsuits against cities and industries along the Connecticut and New York coastlines 33 In 1986 Kennedy was on a team of three law firms that won a case against Remington Arms Trap and Skeet Gun Club in Stratford Connecticut that ended the practice of shooting lead shot into Long Island Sound 34 On the Hudson Kennedy brought a series of lawsuits against municipalities and against industries including Consolidated Edison and General Electric to stop discharging pollution and to clean up legacy contamination 35 Kennedy s work at Riverkeeper set long term environmental legal standards 36 In 1995 Kennedy advocated for repeal of legislation during the 104th Congress which he considered unfriendly to the environment 37 In 1997 Kennedy worked with John Cronin to write The Riverkeepers a history of the early Riverkeepers and a primer for the Waterkeeper movement 31 Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic In 1987 Kennedy founded the Environmental Litigation Clinic at Pace University School of Law where for three decades he was the clinic s supervising attorney and co director and Clinical Professor of Law 38 Kennedy obtained a special order from the New York State Court of Appeals that permitted his 10 clinic students second and third year law students to practice law and to try cases against Hudson River polluters in state and federal court under the supervision of Kennedy and his co director Professor Karl Coplan The clinic s full time clients are Riverkeeper and Long Island Soundkeeper 39 The clinic has sued governments and companies for polluting Long Island Sound and the Hudson River and its tributaries 40 The clinic argued cases to expand citizen access to the shoreline and won hundreds of settlements for the Hudson Riverkeeper 41 Kennedy and his students also sued dozens of municipal waste water treatment plants to force compliance with the Clean Water Act 39 In 2010 a Pace lawsuit forced ExxonMobil to clean up tens of millions of gallons of oil from legacy refinery spills in Newtown Creek in Brooklyn New York 42 On April 11 2001 Men s Journal recognized Kennedy with its Heroes Award for his creation of the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic 43 Kennedy and his Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic received other awards for successful legal work cleaning up the environment 44 The Pace Clinic became a model for similar environmental law clinics throughout the country including Rutgers 45 Golden Gate UCLA 46 Widener 47 and Boalt Hall at Berkeley 48 Waterkeeper Alliance In June 1999 as Riverkeeper s success on the Hudson began inspiring the creation of Waterkeepers across North America Kennedy and a few dozen Riverkeepers gathered in Southampton Long Island to found the Waterkeeper Alliance which is now the umbrella group for the 344 licensed Waterkeeper programs 49 located in 44 countries 50 As President of the Alliance Kennedy oversees its legal membership policy and fundraising programs The Alliance states that it is dedicated to promoting swimmable fishable drinkable waterways worldwide 51 and is also a clearinghouse approving new Keeper programs and licensing use of the trademarked Waterkeeper Riverkeeper Soundkeeper Lakekeeper Baykeeper Bayoukeeper Canalkeeper Coastkeeper etc names 52 Kennedy and his environmental work have been the focus of several films including The Waterkeepers 2000 53 directed by Les Guthman In 2008 he appeared in the IMAX documentary film Grand Canyon Adventure River at Risk riding the Grand Canyon in a wooden dory with his daughter Kick and anthropologist Wade Davis 54 Kennedy resigned from Waterkeeper Alliance presidency in November 2020 55 New York City Watershed Agreement Beginning in 1991 Kennedy represented environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers in a series of lawsuits against New York City and upstate watershed polluters Kennedy authored a series of articles and reports 56 57 58 59 alleging that New York State was abdicating its responsibility to protect the water repository and supply In 1996 he helped orchestrate the 1 2 billion New York City Watershed Agreement which New York magazine recognized in its cover story The Kennedy Who Matters 60 This agreement which Kennedy negotiated on behalf of environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers is regarded as an international model in stakeholder consensus negotiations and sustainable development 61 Kennedy amp Madonna LLP nbsp Kennedy in 2000In 2000 Kennedy and environmental lawyer Kevin Madonna founded the environmental law firm Kennedy amp Madonna LLP to represent private plaintiffs against polluters 62 The firm litigates environmental contamination cases on behalf of individuals non profit organizations school districts public water suppliers Indian tribes municipalities and states In 2001 Kennedy amp Madonna organized a team of prestigious plaintiff law firms to challenge pollution from industrial pork and poultry production 63 In 2004 the firm was part of a legal team that secured a 70 million settlement for property owners in Pensacola Florida whose properties were contaminated by chemicals from an adjacent Superfund site 64 Kennedy amp Madonna was profiled in the 2010 HBO documentary Mann v Ford 65 that chronicles four years of litigation brought by the firm on behalf of the Ramapough Mountain Indian Tribe against the Ford Motor Company over the dumping of toxic waste on tribal lands in northern New Jersey 66 In addition to a monetary settlement for the tribe the lawsuit contributed to the community s land being re listed on the federal Superfund list the first time in the nation s history that a de listed site was re listed 67 In 2007 Kennedy was one of three finalists nominated as Trial Lawyer of the Year by Public Justice for his role in the 396 million jury verdict against DuPont for contamination from its Spelter West Virginia zinc plant 68 In 2017 the firm was part of the trial team that secured a 670 million settlement on behalf of over 3 000 residents from Ohio and West Virginia whose drinking water was contaminated with the toxic chemical C8 which was released into the environment by DuPont in Parkersburg West Virginia 69 Morgan amp Morgan In 2016 Kennedy became counsel to the Morgan amp Morgan law firm 70 The partnership arose from the two firms successful collaboration on the case against SoCalGas Company following the Aliso Canyon gas leak in California 71 In 2017 Kennedy and his partners sued Monsanto in federal court in San Francisco on behalf of plaintiffs seeking to recover damages for non Hodgkin s lymphoma that the plaintiffs allege were a result of exposure to Monsanto s glyphosate based herbicide Roundup Kennedy and his team also filed a class action lawsuit against Monsanto for failing to warn consumers about the dangers allegedly posed by exposure to Roundup 72 In September 2018 Kennedy and his partners filed a class action lawsuit against Columbia Gas of Massachusetts alleging negligence following gas explosions in three towns north of Boston Of Columbia Gas Kennedy said as they build new miles of pipe the same company is ignoring its existing infrastructure which we now know is eroding and is dilapidated 73 Renewable energy In 1998 Kennedy Chris Bartle and John Hoving created a bottled water company Keeper Springs which donated all of its profits to Waterkeeper Alliance 74 In 2013 Kennedy and his partner sold the brand to Nestle in exchange for a donation to local Waterkeepers 75 Kennedy was a venture partner and senior advisor at VantagePoint Capital Partners one of the world s largest cleantech venture capital firms Among other activities VantagePoint was the original and largest pre IPO institutional investor in Tesla VantagePoint also backed BrightSource Energy and Solazyme amongst others Kennedy is a board member and counselor to several of Vantage Point s portfolio companies in the water and energy space including Ostara a Vancouver based company that markets the technology to remove phosphorus and other excessive nutrients from wastewater transforming otherwise pollution directly into high grade fertilizer 76 He is also a senior advisor to Starwood Energy Group and has played a key role in a number of the firm s investments 77 He is on the board of Vionx a Massachusetts based utility scale vanadium flow battery systems manufacturer On October 5 2017 Vionx National Grid and the U S Department of Energy completed the installation of advanced flow batteries at Holy Name High School in the city of Worcester Massachusetts The collaboration also includes Siemens and the United Technologies Research Center and constitutes one of the largest energy storage facilities in Massachusetts 78 Kennedy is a Partner in ColorZen which offers a turnkey cotton fiber pre treatment solution that reduces water usage and toxic discharges in the cotton dyeing process 79 Kennedy was a co owner and Director of the smart grid company Utility Integration Solutions UISol 80 which was acquired by Alstom He is presently a co owner and Director of GridBright the market leading grid management specialist 81 In October 2011 Kennedy co founded EcoWatch an environmental news site He resigned from its board of directors in January 2018 82 Minority and poor communities In his first case as an environmental attorney Kennedy represented the NAACP in a lawsuit against a proposal to build a garbage transfer station in a minority neighborhood in Ossining New York 83 In 1987 he successfully sued Westchester County New York to reopen the Croton Point Park which was heavily used primarily by poor and minority communities from the Bronx 84 He then forced the reopening of the Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx which New York City had closed to the public and converted to a police firing range 31 Kennedy has argued that poor communities shoulder the disproportionate burden of environmental pollution 85 Speaking at the 2016 SXSW Eco environment conference in Austin Texas he said Polluters always choose the soft target of poverty noting that Chicago s south side has the highest concentration of toxic waste dumps in America 86 Furthermore he added that 80 percent of uncontrolled toxic waste dumps can be found in black neighborhoods with the largest site in the United States being in Emelle Alabama which is 90 percent black 87 International and indigenous rights Starting in 1985 Kennedy helped develop the Natural Resources Defense Council NRDC s international program for environmental energy and human rights traveling to Canada and Latin America to assist indigenous tribes in protecting their homelands and opposing large scale energy and extractive projects in remote wilderness areas 88 In 1990 Kennedy assisted indigenous Pehuenches in Chile in a partially successful campaign to stop the construction of a series of dams on Chile s iconic Biobio River That campaign derailed all but one of the proposed dams 89 Beginning in 1992 he assisted the Cree Indians of northern Quebec in their campaign against Hydro Quebec to halt construction of some 600 proposed dams on eleven rivers in James Bay 90 In 1993 Kennedy and NRDC working with the indigenous rights organization Cultural Survival clashed with other American environmental groups in a dispute about the rights of Indians to govern their own lands in the Oriente region of Ecuador 91 Kennedy represented the CONFENIAE a confederation of Indian peoples in negotiation with the American oil company Conoco to limit oil development in Ecuadorian Amazon and at the same time obtain benefits from resource extraction for Amazonian tribes 91 Kennedy was a vocal critic of Texaco for its previous record for polluting the Ecuadoran Amazon 92 From 1993 to 1999 Kennedy worked with five Vancouver Island Indian tribes in their campaign to end industrial logging by MacMillan Bloedel in Clayoquot Sound British Columbia 93 In 1996 Kennedy met with Cuban President Fidel Castro to persuade the leader to halt his plans to construct a nuclear power plant at Juragua 94 During a lengthy latenight encounter Castro reminisced about Kennedy s father and uncle speculating that U S relations with Cuba would have been far better had President Kennedy not been assassinated 95 Between 1996 and 2000 Kennedy and NRDC helped Mexican commercial fishermen to halt Mitsubishi s proposal to build a salt facility in the Laguna San Ignacio a known area in Baja where gray whales bred and nursed their calves 96 Kennedy wrote against the project and took the campaign to Japan meeting with the Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi 97 In 2000 he assisted local environmental activists to stop proposals by Chaffin Light a real estate developer and U S engineering giant Bechtel from building a large hotel and resort development that Kennedy argued threatened coral reefs and public beaches used by local Bahamians at Clifton Bay New Providence Island 98 Kennedy was one of the early editors of Indian Country Today North America s largest Native American newspaper 99 He helped lead the opposition to the damming of the Futaleufu River in the Patagonia region of Chile 100 In 2016 citing the pressure precipitated by the Futaleufu Riverkeeper s campaign against the dams the Spanish power company Endesa which owned the right to dam the river reversed its decision and relinquished all claims to the Futaleufu 101 Military and Vieques Kennedy has been a critic of environmental damage by the U S military 102 103 In a 2001 article Kennedy described how he sued the U S Navy on behalf of fishermen and residents of Vieques an island off Puerto Rico to stop weapons testing bombing and other military exercises Kennedy argued that the activities were unnecessary and that the Navy had illegally destroyed several endangered species polluted the island s waters harmed the residents health and damaged its economy 104 He was arrested for trespassing at Camp Garcia Vieques the U S Navy training facility where he and others were protesting the use of a section of the island for training Kennedy served 30 days in a maximum security prison in Puerto Rico 105 The trespassing incident forced the suspension of live fire exercises for almost three hours 106 The lawsuits and protests by Kennedy and hundreds of Puerto Ricans who were also imprisoned eventually forced the termination of naval bombing in Vieques by president George Bush 107 In a 2003 article for the Chicago Tribune Kennedy said the U S federal government was America s biggest polluter and the U S Department of Defense as the worst offender Citing the EPA he said unexploded ordnance waste can be found on 16 000 military ranges and more than half may contain biological or chemical weapons 108 Factory farms For almost twenty years Kennedy and his Waterkeepers waged a legal and public relations battle against pollution by factory farms In the 1990s he rallied opposition to factory farms among small independent farmers convened a series of National Summits on factory meat products and conducted press conference whistle stop tours across North Carolina Iowa Kansas Missouri Illinois Ohio and in Washington DC Beginning in 2000 Kennedy sued factory farms in North Carolina Oklahoma Maryland and Iowa 109 He wrote numerous articles on the subject arguing that factory farms produce lower quality less healthy food and are harmful to independent family farmers by poisoning their air and water reducing their property values and using extensive state and federal subsidies to impose unfair competition against smaller farmers 110 In 1995 Premier Ralph Klein of Alberta declared Kennedy persona non grata in the province due to Kennedy s activism against Alberta s large scale hog production facilities 111 In 2002 Smithfield Foods filed a lawsuit against Kennedy in Poland under a Polish law that makes criticizing a corporation illegal after Kennedy denounced the company in a debate with Smithfield s Polish director before the Polish parliament 109 Oil gas and pipelines Kennedy has been an advocate for a global transition away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy 112 113 He has been particularly critical of the oil industry In one of his first environmental cases Kennedy filed a lawsuit against Mobil Oil for polluting the Hudson 31 Kennedy helped lead the battle against fracking in New York State 114 He had been an early supporter of natural gas as viable bridge fuel to renewables and a cleaner alternative to coal 115 However he said he turned against this controversial extraction method after investigating its cost to public health climate and road infrastructure 116 As a member of Governor Andrew Cuomo s fracking commission Kennedy helped engineer the Governor s 2013 ban on fracking in New York State 117 Kennedy mounted a national effort against the construction of liquefied natural gas facilities 118 Waterkeepers maintains a national watch that documents numerous crude oil spills annually In 2013 Kennedy assisted the Chipewyan First Nation and the Beaver Lake Cree fighting to protect their land from tar sands production 119 In February 2013 while protesting the Keystone XL Pipeline Kennedy along with his son Conor was arrested for blocking a thoroughfare in front of the White House during a protest 120 In August 2016 Kennedy and Waterkeeper participated in protests to block the extension of the Dakota Access pipeline across the Sioux Indian Standing Rock Reservation s water supply 121 Kennedy claims that the only reason the oil industry is able to remain competitive against renewables and electric cars is through massive direct and indirect subsidies and political interventions on behalf of the oil industry In a June 2017 interview on EnviroNews Kennedy said about the oil industry That s what their strategy is build as many miles of pipeline as possible And what the industry is trying to do is to increase that level of infrastructure investment so our country won t be able to walk away from it 122 Coal Under Kennedy s leadership Waterkeeper launched its Clean Coal is a Deadly Lie 123 campaign in 2001 bringing dozens of lawsuits targeting mining practices which include mountaintop removal 124 slurry pond construction and targeting mercury emissions and coal ash piles by coal burning utilities 125 Kennedy s Waterkeeper alliance has also been leading the fight against coal export including from terminals in the Pacific Northwest 126 Kennedy has promoted replacing coal energy with renewable energy which he argues would thereby reduce costs and greenhouse gases while improving air and water quality the health of the citizens and the number and quality of jobs 127 In June 2011 film producer Bill Haney televised his award winning film The Last Mountain co written by Haney and Peter Rhodes depicting Kennedy s fight to stop Appalachian mountaintop removal mining 128 Nuclear power Kennedy has been an opponent of conventional nuclear power arguing that it is unsafe and not economically competitive 129 130 On June 15 1981 he made international news when he spoke at an anti nuclear rally at the Hollywood Bowl with Stephen Stills Bonnie Raitt and Jackson Browne 131 His thirty four year battle to close Indian Point nuclear power plant in New York ended when Entergy the plant s operator closed the plant in 2021 132 Kennedy was featured in a 2004 documentary Indian Point Imagining the Unimaginable directed by his sister documentary filmmaker Rory Kennedy 133 Hydro In 1991 Kennedy helped lead a campaign to block Hydro Quebec from building the James Bay Hydro project a massive dam project in northern Quebec 134 His campaigns helped block dams on Chile s Biobio River in 1990 135 and its Futaleufu River in 2016 In 2002 he mounted what was ultimately an unsuccessful battle against building a dam on Belize s Macal River Kennedy termed the Chalillo Dam a boondoggle and brought a high profile legal challenge against Fortis Inc a Canadian power company and the monopoly owner of Belize s electric utility 136 In a 3 2 ruling in 2003 the Privy Council of the United Kingdom upheld the Belizean government s decision to permit dam construction 136 137 138 In 2004 Kennedy met with Provincial officials and brought foreign media and political visitors to Canada to protest the building of hydroelectric dams on Quebec s Magpie River 139 Hydro Quebec dropped plans for the dam in 2017 140 In November 2017 the Spanish hydroelectric syndicate Endesa decided to abandon HydroAysen a massive project to construct dams on dozens of Patagonia s rivers accompanied by thousands of miles of roads power lines and other infrastructure Endesa returned its water rights to the Chilean government The Chilean press credits advocacy by Kennedy and Riverkeeper as critical factors in the company s decision 141 Cape Wind Main article Cape Wind In 2005 Kennedy clashed with national environmental groups over his opposition to the Cape Wind Project a proposed offshore wind farm off of the coast of Cape Cod in Nantucket Sound Taking the side of Cape Cod s commercial fishing industry Kennedy argued that the project was a costly boondoggle This position angered some environmentalists and brought Kennedy criticism by commentators such as Rush Limbaugh and John Stossel the latter of which described him as a hypocrite 142 better source needed Kennedy argued in an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal Vermont wants to take its nuclear plant off line and replace it with clean green power from Hydro Quebec power available to Massachusetts utilities at a cost of six cents per kilowatt hour kwh Cape Wind electricity by a conservative estimate and based on figures they filed with the state comes in at 25 cents per kwh 143 Political viewsKennedy s rhetoric often utilizes conspiracy theories 144 145 146 He expressed skepticism about the COVID 19 pandemic contending that it served to benefit billionaires according to Kennedy the pandemic resulted in a 4 4 trillion shift in wealth from the American middle class to this new oligarchy that we created 500 new billionaires with the lockdowns and the billionaires that we already had increased their wealth by 30 Kennedy has also stated that the American government is dominated by corporate power he said the Environmental Protection Agency was run by the oil industry the coal industry and the pesticide industry and described the Food and Drug Administration as overly dominated by Big Pharma 147 Additionally he has stated his belief that systematic erosion of the middle class is taking place remarking in a 2023 interview with UnHerd that American politicians have been systematically hollowing out the American middle class and printing money to make billionaires richer He stated that the financial industry and the military industrial complex are funded at the expense of the American middle class 147 Kennedy sees a vibrant middle class as the backbone of the economy and stated that the economy has deteriorated because the middle class has become poorer 148 In an interview with Andrew Serwer Kennedy remarked that the gap between rich and poor in the United States had become too great and said the very wealthy people should pay more taxes and corporations He also expressed his support for the wealth tax plan of Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren which would impose an annual tax of 2 on every dollar of a household s net worth over 50 million and a tax of 6 on every dollar of net worth over 1 billion 149 An outspoken opponent of the military industry and foreign intervention Kennedy was highly critical of the Iraq War as well as American support for Ukraine against Russia s invasion of the country He called the Russian invasion a US war against Russia and claimed that the goal of the war was to sacrifice the flower of Ukrainian youth in an abattoir of death and destruction for the geopolitical ambition of the neocons 147 He called for a peace agreement in Ukraine based on the Minsk Accords in his view the Donbas region should remain in Ukraine but also be given territorial autonomy and placed under the jurisdiction of United Nations peacekeeping forces while Aegis missile systems should be removed from Eastern Europe 150 Kennedy also said Ukraine should be forbidden from joining NATO and announced that as president he would consider admitting Russia to NATO and de escalating tensions with the People s Republic of China 147 150 Further he claimed that the 2014 Ukrainian revolution was an attempted coup sponsored by the U S against the Ukrainian government Kennedy also said the Ukrainian government committed atrocities against the Russian population in Donbas wrongly claiming that all casualties of the Donbas War between 2014 and 2022 about 14 000 were Russian civilians he also stated that Russians living there were being systematically killed by the Ukrainian government 151 Kennedy attacked the operations of former CIA director Allen Dulles condemning US backed coups and interventions such as the 1953 Iranian coup d etat as bloodthirsty and blamed US interventions in countries such as Syria and Iran for the rise of terrorist organizations such as ISIS and creating anti American sentiment in the region 152 Kennedy stated that the CIA has no accountability and declared his intention to restructure the agency 147 Describing himself as arguably the leading environmentalist in the country 153 Kennedy promotes populist and anti establishment environmental policies claiming that the climate crisis was hijacked by Bill Gates and the World Economic Forum and the billionaire boys club in Davos In an interview in 2015 referring to politicians who were skeptical of global warming Kennedy said he wished there were a law you could punish them under 154 155 Kennedy expressed his support for regenerative farming and stated that the priority of environmentalists should be to tackle the carbon industry He described the current society and economy as unsustainable and based on a longtime deadly addiction to coal and oil and contended that the current economic system rewards pollution in 2020 Kennedy stated Right now we have a market that is governed by rules that were written by the carbon incumbents to reward the dirtiest filthiest most poisonous most toxic most war mongering fields from hell rather than the cheap clean green wholesome and patriotic fields from heaven 156 157 158 He also stated his support for the Green New Deal resolution of Alexandria Ocasio Cortez and announced his plans to implement it 159 Kennedy spoke out against geoengineering claiming that geoengineering solutions are an attempt by big business to profit from climate change Despite his reputation as environmentalist he voiced his support for agrarian movements saying in 2023 If we want to have democracy we need a broad ownership of our land by a wide variety of yeoman farmers each with a stake in our system 160 He is also against nuclear energy considering it too expensive and too unsafe Kennedy believes that nuclear energy is a profit making venture and claims that this solution is promoted by corporate lobbyists rather than environmental activists stating in a 2023 interview it s not hippies in tie dyed T shirts who are saying it s dangerous it s guys on Wall Street with suits and ties 147 nbsp Kennedy in 2017Views on economic and financial policies Throughout the presidency of George W Bush Kennedy was critical of Bush s environmental and energy policies saying Bush was defunding and corrupting federal science projects 161 Kennedy was also critical of Bush s 2003 hydrogen car initiative 162 arguing that it was a gift to the fossil fuel industry disguised as a green automobile 163 In 2003 Kennedy wrote an article in Rolling Stone about Bush s environmental record 164 which he subsequently expanded into a New York Times bestselling book 165 His opposition to the environmental policies of the Bush administration earned him recognition as one of Rolling Stone s 100 Agents of Change on April 2 2009 166 167 During an October 2012 interview with Politico Kennedy called on environmentalists to direct their dissatisfaction towards the U S Congress rather than President Barack Obama reasoning that Obama didn t deliver due to having a partisan U S Congress like we haven t seen before in American history 168 He said politicians who did not act on climate change policy served special interests and sold out public trust He said Charles and David Koch the owners of Koch Industries Inc the nation s largest privately owned oil company subverted democracy and made themselves billionaires by impoverishing the rest of us 169 Kennedy has spoken of the Koch Brothers as leading the apocalyptical forces of Ignorance and Greed 170 During the 2014 People s Climate March Kennedy said American politics is driven by two forces One is intensity and the other is money The Koch brothers have all the money They re putting 300 million this year into their efforts to stop the climate bill And the only thing we have in our power is people power and that s why we need to put this demonstration on the street 171 Additional statements on foreign affairs Kennedy has written on foreign policy beginning with a 1974 Atlantic Monthly article titled Poor Chile discussing the overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende 172 Kennedy also wrote editorials against the execution of Pakistan President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto by General Muhammad Zia ul Haq 173 174 In 1975 he published an article in The Wall Street Journal criticizing the use of assassination as a foreign policy tool 175 In 2005 he wrote an article for the Los Angeles Times decrying President Bush s use of torture as anti American 176 Senator Edward Kennedy entered the article into the Congressional Record 177 In an article titled Why the Arabs Don t Want Us in Syria published in Politico in February 2016 Kennedy referred to the bloody history that modern interventionists like George W Bush Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio miss when they recite their narcissistic trope that Mideast nationalists hate us for our freedoms For the most part they don t instead they hate us for the way we betrayed those freedoms our own ideals within their borders 178 Kennedy blames the Syrian war on a pipeline dispute He cites apparent WikiLeaks disclosures alleging that the CIA led military and intelligence planners to foment a Sunni uprising against Syria s president Bashar al Assad following his rejection of a proposed Qatar Turkey pipeline through Syria in 2009 well before the Arab Spring 179 In June 2023 Kennedy stated in an interview that on broad terms he believes that U S foreign relations should involve significantly reducing the military presence in other nations He specifically said the country must start unraveling the Empire through closing U S bases in different locations worldwide 180 Kennedy believes that the administration of President Joe Biden in large part caused the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia due to reckless and militant action he has specifically cited the issue of NATO expansion into Eastern Europe At the same time he has clarified that he refuses to connect this criticism with anything considered support of the government of Russia under Putin particularly given Kennedy s ethical opposition to the regime s beliefs and politics He has remarked that Putin is a monster and also labeled the leader a thug as well as a gangster 180 Gun control Kennedy has stated that he supports common sense gun control but has also said that he would not take away anybody s guns He has explained his position saying I m a constitutional absolutist We can argue about whether the Second Amendment was intended to protect guns That argument has now been settled by the Supreme Court 181 182 Kennedy also expressed support for a bipartisan assault weapons ban 183 Abortion In 2023 Kennedy said on camera to NBC reporter Ali Vitali that if elected he would sign a federal ban on abortions performed after 15 weeks or 21 weeks of pregnancy He went on to say I think the states have a right to protect a child once the child becomes viable and that right it increases His campaign quickly released a statement saying Today Mr Kennedy misunderstood a question posed to him by a NBC reporter in a crowded noisy exhibit hall at the Iowa State Fair Mr Kennedy s position on abortion is that it is always the woman s right to choose He does not support legislation banning abortion 184 Questioning the validity of elections Kennedy has been critical of the integrity of the voting process In June 2006 he published an article in Rolling Stone purporting to show that GOP operatives stole the 2004 presidential election for President George W Bush Journalist Farhad Manjoo countered Kennedy s conclusions 185 Kennedy has written about the ease of election hacking and the dangers of voter purges and voter ID laws He wrote the introduction and a chapter in Billionaires and Ballot Bandits a 2012 book on election hacking by the investigative journalist Greg Palast 186 Political endorsements Kennedy was on the National Staff and a State Coordinator for Edward M Kennedy for President from 1979 to 1980 Prior to that he had been on Senator Kennedy s 1970 and 1976 Massachusetts senatorial campaigns He was a co founder and a former board member of the New York League of Conservation Voters 187 188 Kennedy endorsed and campaigned for Vice President Al Gore during his 2000 presidential campaign and openly opposed his friend Ralph Nader s Green Party presidential campaign In the 2004 presidential election Kennedy endorsed John Kerry noting his strong environmental record 189 nbsp Kennedy at a taping of ETown during the 2008 Democratic National ConventionIn late 2007 Kennedy and his sisters Kerry and Kathleen endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries 190 After the Democratic Convention Kennedy campaigned for Obama across the country 191 After the election the Obama administration was reportedly considering RFK Jr as a candidate for administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency but his controversial statements and an arrest for heroin possession in the 1980s made him unlikely to receive Senate confirmation 192 193 Political aspirationsKennedy first considered running for political office in 2000 when New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan did not seek re election to the U S Senate seat formerly held by Kennedy s father 194 In 2005 Kennedy considered running for New York Attorney General which would have meant a possible run against his then brother in law Andrew Cuomo but in the end he decided against entering the race even though he had been considered the frontrunner 195 On December 2 2008 Kennedy stated that he did not wish to be appointed to the U S Senate by New York Governor David Paterson He felt that it would take too much time away from his family 196 2024 presidential campaign Main article Robert F Kennedy Jr 2024 presidential campaign On March 3 2023 in a speech in New Hampshire Kennedy stated that he was considering a run for president in 2024 saying I am thinking about it I ve passed the biggest hurdle which is that my wife has greenlighted it 197 On April 5 2023 Kennedy filed his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2024 presidential election 198 On October 9 2023 he announced he was running as an independent 199 200 This makes him the fifth member of his family to seek the presidency of the United States a Anti vaccine advocacy and conspiracy theories on public healthOverview Kennedy is a prominent voice in the anti vaccine movement spreading anti vaccine misinformation disinformation and propaganda 1 7 2 6 204 Infectious disease specialist Michael Osterholm says Kennedy s anti vaccine disinformation is effective because it s portrayed to the public with graphs and figures and what appears to be scientific data He has perfected the art of illusion of fact Osterholm also adds this is about people s lives And the consequences of promoting this kind of disinformation as credible as it may seem is simply dangerous 204 Kennedy has claimed that he is not against vaccines but wishes that they be more thoroughly tested and investigated 205 206 In Thimerosal Let the Science Speak Kennedy states he does not see himself as anti vaccine saying People who advocate for safer vaccines should not be marginalized or denounced as anti vaccine I am pro vaccine I had all six of my children vaccinated I believe that vaccines have saved the lives of hundreds of millions of humans over the past century and that broad vaccine coverage is critical to public health But I want our vaccines to be as safe as possible 207 Vaccines and autism claims See also Vaccines and autism Kennedy is the chairman of Children s Health Defense formerly known as the World Mercury Project an anti vaccine advocacy group he joined in 2015 7 6 The group alleges a large proportion of American children are suffering from conditions as diverse as autism attention deficit hyperactivity disorder food allergies cancer and autoimmune diseases due to exposure to certain chemicals and radiation Children s Health Defense has blamed and campaigned against vaccines fluoridation of drinking water paracetamol acetaminophen aluminum wireless communications among others Kennedy s group has been identified as one of two major buyers of anti vaccine Facebook advertising in late 2018 and early 2019 7 208 209 Kennedy and Children s Health Defense have falsely claimed that vaccines cause autism 210 211 Kennedy focused on the subset of vaccines that contained thimerosal a mercury based anti microbial which has been falsely claimed to cause autism 212 Thimerosal has never been used in MMR chickenpox pneumococcal conjugate and inactivated polio vaccines 213 and in 2001 was removed from all other childhood under 6 years old vaccines except for a few versions of the flu and hepatitis vaccines 214 Now no childhood vaccine contains more than traces 1 microgram or less of thimerosal except for flu which is also available without thimerasol in the US 215 For those 6 years and older including pregnant women all vaccines are now available in versions with only trace amounts of thimerosal 216 In its early years the group focused on mercury in industry and medicine especially the ethylmercury used in thimerosal in vaccines 210 217 Other members of his family have criticized Kennedy and his organization saying he spreads dangerous misinformation and said his work has heartbreaking consequences 218 According to the Center for Countering Digital Hate Kennedy uses his status as an environmental activist to bolster actors of the anti vaccination movement regularly appearing in online conversations with the likes of Andrew Wakefield Del Bigtree and Rashid Buttar 219 Kennedy has stated the media and governments are engaged in a conspiracy to deny that vaccines cause autism 220 221 222 223 The Center for Countering Digital Hate in 2021 identified Kennedy as one of 12 people responsible for up to 65 of anti vaccine content on social media platforms Facebook and Twitter 224 On February 11 2021 his Instagram account was permanently deleted for repeatedly sharing debunked claims about COVID 19 vaccines 4 225 Kennedy is listed as executive producer of Vaxxed II The People s Truth the 2019 sequel to Wakefield s and Bigtree s anti vaccination documentary Vaxxed 226 Writings and speeches promoting anti vaccine theories In June 2005 Kennedy wrote an article which appeared in both Rolling Stone and Salon called Deadly Immunity alleging a government conspiracy to conceal a connection between thimerosal and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders including autism 227 The article contained factual errors leading Salon to issue five corrections 228 Joan Walsh the editor and chief of Salon at the time and the sole Salon editor of the piece recounted that she had mistakenly relied on Rolling Stone s fact checking a process that she later learned was less than arduous As soon as the piece was up she said we were besieged by scientists and advocates showing how Kennedy had misunderstood incorrectly cited and perhaps even falsified data It was the worst mistake of my career I probably should have been fired 229 Six years later Salon retracted the article in its entirety 228 According to Salon the retraction was motivated by accumulating evidence of alleged errors and scientific fraud underlying the vaccine autism claim 230 A corrected version of the original article was published on the Rolling Stone website 227 Kennedy would go on to claim on the Joe Rogan Experience and be paraphrased in the New York Times saying that Salon caved to pressure from government regulators and the pharmaceutical industry 229 To which Walsh responds That s just another lie We caved to pressure from the incontrovertible truth and our journalistic consciences 229 In May 2013 Kennedy delivered the keynote address at the anti vaccination 231 AutismOne Generation Rescue conference 232 233 In 2014 Kennedy s book Thimerosal Let the Science Speak The Evidence Supporting the Immediate Removal of Mercury a Known Neurotoxin from Vaccines was published While methylmercury is a potent neurotoxin ethylmercury as used in vaccine preservatives is safe 213 215 The preface to the book is written by Mark Hyman a proponent of the alternative medical treatment called functional medicine 234 Kennedy has published many articles on the inclusion of the mercury based preservative thimerosal in vaccines 235 236 237 238 Describing vaccinations as a holocaust In April 2015 Kennedy participated in a Speakers Forum to promote the film Trace Amounts which promotes the discredited claim of a link between autism and mercury in vaccinations At a film screening Kennedy described the autism epidemic as a holocaust 239 Statements about Paul Offit On the Joe Rogan Experience Kennedy claimed that pediatric immunologist Paul Offit had made a 186 million dollar deal with Merck to which Offit responded RFK Jr s statement about my 186 million dollar deal with Merck was a complete and utter lie And it s resulted in hate mail physical altercations with anti vaccine activists and three death threats One caller threatened my children By falsely labelling me as someone willing to line my pockets at the expense of children s health RFK Jr put both me and my family at risk 240 Meeting with Donald Trump On January 10 2017 incoming White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer confirmed that Kennedy and President elect Donald Trump met to discuss a position in the Trump administration Kennedy accepted an offer made by Trump to become the chairman of the Vaccine Safety Task Force A spokeswoman for Trump s transition said that no final decision had been made 241 In an August 2017 interview with STAT News reporter Helen Branswell Kennedy said that he had been meeting with the federal public health regulators to discuss defects in vaccine safety science at the White House s request 242 Controversy with Robert De Niro On February 15 2017 Kennedy and actor Robert De Niro gave a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington D C in which they said the press were working for the vaccination industry and did not allow debates on vaccination science They offered a 100 000 reward to any journalist or other citizen who could point to a study showing that it is safe to inject mercury into babies and pregnant women at levels currently contained in flu vaccines Craig Foster a psychology professor who studies pseudoscience deemed the challenge not science observing that it was a carefully constructed contest that allows its creators to generate the misleading outcome they presumably want to see He also stated Proving that something is safe is importantly different than proving that something is harmful 243 Controversy with Taylor Winterstein On June 4 2019 during a visit to Samoa coinciding with that nation s 57th annual independence celebration Kennedy appeared in an Instagram photo with Australian Samoan anti vaccine activist Taylor Winterstein Kennedy s charity and Winterstein have both perpetuated the allegation that the MMR vaccine played a role in the 2018 deaths of two Samoan infants despite the subsequent revelation that the infants had received a muscle relaxant along with the vaccine by mistake Kennedy has drawn criticism for fueling vaccine hesitancy amid a social climate which gave rise to the 2019 Samoa measles outbreak which killed over 70 people and the 2019 Tonga measles outbreak 244 245 COVID 19 See also COVID 19 misinformation nbsp nbsp Many of Kennedy s conspiracy theories and writings regarding the COVID 19 pandemic have targeted prominent figures such as Anthony Fauci left and Bill Gates right During the COVID 19 pandemic Kennedy promoted multiple conspiracy theories related to COVID including false claims that both Anthony Fauci and the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation were trying to profit off a vaccine 246 247 248 and suggesting that Bill Gates would cut off access to money of people who do not get vaccinated allowing them to starve 249 In August 2020 Kennedy appeared in an hour long interview with Alec Baldwin on Instagram where he touted a number of incorrect and misleading claims about vaccines and public health measures related to the COVID 19 pandemic Baldwin was criticized by public health officials and scientists for allowing Kennedy s proclamations to go unchallenged 250 Kennedy has promoted misinformation about the COVID 19 vaccine falsely suggesting that it contributed to the death of 86 year old Hank Aaron and others 251 252 7 In February 2021 his Instagram account was blocked for repeatedly sharing debunked claims about the coronavirus or vaccines 253 254 The Center for Countering Digital Hate identified Kennedy as one of the main propagators of conspiracy theories about Bill Gates and 5G phone technology His conspiracy theory activities increased his social media impact considerably between the Spring and the Fall of 2020 his Instagram account grew from 121 000 followers to 454 000 219 255 In November 2021 Kennedy s book The Real Anthony Fauci Bill Gates Big Pharma and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health was published wherein Kennedy alleged that Fauci sabotaged treatments for AIDS violated federal laws and conspired with Bill Gates and social media companies such as Facebook to suppress any information about COVID 19 cures to leave vaccines as the only options to fight the pandemic 256 257 In the book Kennedy calls Fauci a powerful technocrat who helped orchestrate and execute 2020s historic coup d etat against Western democracy He claimed with no proof that Fauci and Bill Gates had schemed to prolong the pandemic and exaggerate its effects promoting expensive vaccinations for the benefit of a powerful vaccine cartel 258 The book repeats several discredited myths about the COVID 19 pandemic notably about the effectiveness of ivermectin 6 The Neue Zurcher Zeitung has said of the book polemics alternate with chapters that pedantically seek to substantiate Kennedy s accusations with numerous quotations and studies 258 He also released a video depicting Fauci with a Hitler moustache 259 In response to the book Fauci called Kennedy a very disturbed individual 260 Kennedy wrote the foreword for Plague of Corruption a 2020 book by former research scientist and anti vaccine conspiracy theorist Judy Mikovits 7 Kennedy appeared as a speaker at the partially violent demonstration in Berlin on August 29 2020 where populist groups called for an end to restrictions caused by COVID 19 261 262 His YouTube account was removed in late September 2021 for breaking the company s new policies on vaccine misinformation 263 During a January 23 2022 speech at an anti vaccination rally in Washington D C Kennedy said Even in Hitler s Germany you could cross the Alps into Switzerland you can hide in the attic like Anne Frank did Today the mechanisms are being put in place that will make it so none of us can run none of us can hide 264 The Auschwitz Memorial stated on Twitter Exploiting of the tragedy of people who suffered were humiliated tortured amp murdered by the totalitarian regime of Nazi Germany including children like Anne Frank in a debate about vaccines amp limitations during global pandemic is a sad symptom of moral amp intellectual decay 265 Two days later Kennedy apologized for his comment 259 In June 2023 Instagram reinstated his account after previously suspending it over anti vaccine and COVID 19 comments 266 At a dinner event in July 2023 Kennedy said there is an argument that COVID 19 is ethnically targeted adding COVID 19 is targeted to attack Caucasians and Black people The people who are most immune are Ashkenazi Jews and Chinese we don t know whether it s deliberately targeted or not His remarks were condemned by the American Jewish Committee and the Anti Defamation League with the latter stating that Kennedy s statement feeds into sinophobic and antisemitic conspiracy theories 267 268 Kennedy responded by stating that he never ever suggested that the COVID 19 virus was targeted to spare Jews and that he does not believe and never implied that the ethnic effect was deliberately engineered Kennedy explained his remarks by citing a 2021 study that he said showed that COVID 19 appears to disproportionately affect certain races due to racial differences in the effectiveness of COVID 19 s furin cleave docking site thus COVID 19 serves as a kind of proof of concept for ethnically targeted bioweapons 269 However these further claims were roundly criticized by experts who pointed out that the study said nothing about Chinese people or bioweapons and that both Chinese people and Ashkenazy Jews suffered COVID at rates similar to other ethnic groups and nationalities Virologist Angela Rasmussen responded to his false claims saying Jewish or Chinese protease consensus sequences are not a thing in biochemistry but they are in racism and antisemitism 268 Medical racism conspiracy theory See also Racial disparities in the COVID 19 pandemic in the United States and Medical racism in the United States Kennedy targets Black Americans with anti vaccine propaganda and conspiracy theories linking vaccination with instances of medical racism such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study 270 2 Echoing others in the anti vaccination movement Kennedy s organization Children s Health Defense claimed that the United States government seeks to harm ethnic minorities by prioritizing them for COVID vaccines In early March 2021 Kennedy s anti vaccine organization Children s Health Defense released an anti vaccine propaganda video Medical Racism The New Apartheid that promotes COVID 19 conspiracy theories and claims that COVID 19 vaccination efforts are medical experiments on the Black community Kennedy himself appears in the video inviting the viewers to disregard information dispensed by health authorities and doctors Brandi Collin Dexter a Fellow at the Shorenstein Center on Media Politics and Public Policy states the notorious figures and false narratives in the documentary were recognizable and the film s incompatible narratives sought to take advantage of the pain felt by Black communities 2 271 272 At the urging of disinformation experts the film was removed from Facebook but Kennedy was permitted to keep his account 273 HIV AIDS denialism In his book The Real Anthony Fauci Bill Gates Big Pharma and the War on Democracy and Public Health Kennedy says he takes no position on the relationship between HIV and AIDS 256 347 but he spends over a hundred pages quoting HIV denialists such as Peter Duesberg who question the isolation of HIV and the etiology of AIDS 274 Kennedy himself refers to the orthodoxy that HIV alone causes AIDS 256 348 and the theology that HIV is the sole cause of AIDS 256 351 as well as repeating the HIV AIDS denialist false claim that no one has isolated the HIV particle and No one has been able to point to a study that demonstrates their hypothesis using accepted scientific proofs 348 Additionally he repeats the false claim that the early AIDS drug AZT is absolutely fatal 256 332 due to its horrendous toxicity 256 298 Molecular biologist Dan Wilson points out that Kennedy falsely claims that Luc Montagnier the discoverer of HIV was a convert to Duesberg s fringe hypothesis Wilson concludes that Kennedy is a full blown HIV AIDS denialist 274 256 Push back from the Kennedy family Several members from Kennedy s close family have distanced themselves from his anti vaccination activities and conspiracy theories on public health and condemned his comments equating public health measures with Nazi atrocities 275 On May 8 2019 Kathleen Kennedy Townsend Joseph P Kennedy and Maeve Kennedy McKean wrote an open letter stating that while their relative has championed many admirable causes he has helped to spread dangerous misinformation over social media and is complicit in sowing distrust of the science behind vaccines 276 On December 30 2020 Kennedy s niece Kerry Kennedy Meltzer a physician wrote a similar open letter She argued her uncle published misinformation about the side effects of the new COVID 19 vaccines 277 Other opinionsFood allergies Kennedy was a founding board member of the Food Allergy Initiative His son suffers from anaphylactic peanut allergies Kennedy wrote the foreword to The Peanut Allergy Epidemic in which he and the authors falsely link increasing food allergies in children to certain vaccines that were approved beginning in 1989 278 7 Murder of Martha Moxley In January 2003 Kennedy wrote a controversial article in The Atlantic Monthly about the 1975 murder of Martha Moxley in Greenwich Connecticut in which he insists that his cousin Michael Skakel s indictment was triggered by an inflamed media and that an innocent man is now in prison The article argues that there is more evidence suggesting that Kenneth Littleton the Skakel family s live in tutor killed Moxley He also calls Dominick Dunne the driving force behind Skakel s prosecution 279 In July 2016 Kennedy released a book titled Framed Why Michael Skakel Spent over a Decade in Prison for a Murder He Didn t Commit 280 In 2017 the rights to Kennedy s book were optioned by FX Productions to develop a multi part television series 281 In 2018 Skakel s conviction was vacated 282 and in 2020 prosecutors decided not to seek a new trial 283 Assassinations of John F Kennedy and Robert F Kennedy On the evening of January 11 2013 Charlie Rose interviewed Kennedy and his sister Rory at the Winspear Opera House in Dallas as a part of then Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings hand chosen committee s yearlong program of celebrating the life and presidency of John F Kennedy 284 On the assassination of John F Kennedy he said his father was fairly convinced Lee Harvey Oswald had not acted alone and privately believed the Warren Commission report was a shoddy piece of craftsmanship According to Robert F Kennedy Jr in January 2013 The evidence at this point I think is very very convincing that it was not a lone gunman 285 The 2013 edition of JFK and the Unspeakable was endorsed by Kennedy who said it had moved him to visit Dealey Plaza the site of his uncle s assassination for the first time 286 Kennedy does not believe that Sirhan Sirhan fired the shot that killed his father Robert F Kennedy Based on the testimony of eyewitnesses especially Paul Schrade who had been standing next to Kennedy and who was shot himself as well as the autopsy findings he believes that there was a second gunman 287 He visited the Richard J Donovan Correctional Facility San Diego in December 2017 to meet Sirhan After meeting Sirhan he gave his support for a reinvestigation of the assassination 287 Gender dysphoria Further information LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory In a June 2023 podcast interview with Jordan Peterson Kennedy Jr posited that several issues in children including gender dysphoria might be linked to atrazine contamination in the water supply He cited a study by Hayes from 2010 288 which claimed that acute atrazine exposure caused chemical castration and feminization in frogs leading some to become hermaphrodites Kennedy Jr went on to suggest that there was other evidence indicating potential effects on humans 289 YouTube removed the interview under its vaccine misinformation policy a decision criticized by Peterson and Kennedy as censorship 290 289 Various publications denounced the theory such as NBC News 291 Philadelphia Gay News 292 The Independent 289 and Vice 293 Following media criticism a spokesperson for Kennedy Jr s 2024 presidential campaign told CNN that he was being mischaracterized and that he not was claiming that endocrine disruptors were the sole cause of gender dysphoria but rather proposing further research 294 Andrea Gore a professor of neuroendocrinology at the University of Texas at Austin said I don t think people should be making statements about the relationship between environmental chemicals and changes in sexuality when there s zero evidence 294 Personal lifeGeneral interests Kennedy is a licensed master falconer and has trained hawks since he was 11 He breeds hawks and falcons and is also licensed as a raptor propagator and a wildlife rehabilitator 295 He holds permits for Federal Game Keeper Bird Bander and Scientific Collector He was President of the New York State Falconry Association from 1988 to 1991 In 1987 while on Governor Mario Cuomo s New York State Falconry Advising Committee Kennedy authored the examination to qualify apprentice falconers given by New York State Later that year he wrote the New York State Apprentice Falconer s Manual which was published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and continues in use today 296 Kennedy is also a whitewater kayaker His father introduced him and his siblings to whitewater kayaking during early trips down the Green and Yampa Rivers in Utah and Colorado the Columbia River the Middle Fork Salmon in Idaho and the Upper Hudson Gorge Between 1976 81 Kennedy was a partner and guide at a whitewater company Utopian based in West Forks Maine He organized and led several first descent whitewater expeditions to Latin America including three hitherto unexplored rivers the Apurimac Peru in 1975 the Atrato Colombia in 1979 and the Caroni Venezuela in 1982 297 He made an early descent of Great Whale River in northern Quebec in 1993 298 In 2015 he took two of his sons to the Yukon to visit Mount Kennedy and run the Alsek River a whitewater river fed by the Alsek Glacier Mount Kennedy had been Canada s highest unclimbed peak when the Canadian Government named it for the assassinated American president in 1964 299 In 1965 his father was the first person to climb Mount Kennedy 300 Marriages and children On April 3 1982 Kennedy married Emily Ruth Black born 1957 whom he had met at the University of Virginia School of Law 301 They had two children Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy III born 1984 married to writer peace activist and former CIA officer Amaryllis Fox and Kathleen Alexandra Kick Kennedy born 1988 302 The latter shares the nickname of her great aunt the late Kathleen Cavendish Marchioness of Hartington 303 Kennedy and Black separated in 1992 and divorced in 1994 304 On April 15 1994 Kennedy married Mary Kathleen Richardson 1959 2012 aboard a research vessel on the Hudson River 305 They had four children Conor Richardson Kennedy born 1994 Kyra LeMoyne Kennedy born 1995 William Finbar Finn Kennedy born 1997 and Aidan Caohman Vieques Kennedy born 2001 On May 12 2010 Kennedy filed for divorce from Mary three days later she was charged with drunk driving On May 16 2012 Mary was found dead in a building on the grounds of her home in Bedford New York The Westchester County Medical Examiner ruled the death to be a suicide due to asphyxiation from hanging 306 Later it was reported that Mary had seen RFK Jr s personal journal from 2001 in which he recorded his sexual encounters with 37 different women 307 Kennedy married his third wife actress director Cheryl Hines on August 2 2014 at the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod They were introduced by Hines co star Larry David from the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm and began dating in 2012 308 309 Kennedy and Hines currently reside in Los Angeles California 310 and Cape Cod Massachusetts 311 Health In his 40s Kennedy developed spasmodic dysphonia a disorder which causes his voice to quaver and makes speech difficult It is a form of an involuntary movement disorder called dystonia that affects only the larynx 7 29 312 Religion Kennedy is a Roman Catholic 313 In 2005 Michael Paulson called Kennedy a deeply devout Catholic who attends daily Mass 314 Kennedy considers Saint Francis of Assisi his patron saint and a role model 313 During a 2005 interview with The Boston Globe Kennedy stated that he was deeply inspired by Saint Francis devotion to social justice helping the poor animal welfare and to environmentalism as well as Francis is a patron saint of ecology 314 In 2004 Kennedy published a biography of Saint Francis Saint Francis of Assisi A Life of Joy 314 He also stated Catholicism was a vehicle of his environmentalism stating environmental work is spiritual work 314 Despite identifying as pro life 314 Kennedy also identifies with liberal Catholicism 147 He criticized the argument voiced within the church that John Kerry should have been denied communion because of his support for abortion rights 314 In a 2018 interview with Vatican News Kennedy expressed his admiration for Pope John XXIII and stated his belief that the Church should be an instrument of justice and kindness around the world 315 Selected worksKennedy has authored books on subjects such as the environment his anti vaccination stance biography and American heroes Kennedy Jr Robert F 1978 Judge Frank M Johnson Jr A biography Putnam ISBN 978 0 399 12123 4 Cronin John Kennedy Jr Robert F 1997 The Riverkeepers Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right New York Scribner ISBN 978 0684839080 Kennedy Jr Robert F 2005 Crimes Against Nature How George W Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Highjacking Our Democracy New York HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 074687 2 Kennedy Jr Robert F ed 2014 Thimerosal Let the Science Speak The Evidence Supporting the Immediate Removal of Mercury a Known Neurotoxin from Vaccines New York Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 978 1632206015 Kennedy Jr Robert F 2016 Framed Why Michael Skakel Spent Over a Decade in Prison For a Murder He Didn t Commit New York Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 978 1510701779 Kennedy Jr Robert F 2018 American Values Lessons I Learned from My Family Harper ISBN 978 0060848347 Kennedy Jr Robert F Russell Dick 2020 Climate in Crisis Who s Causing It Who s Fighting It and How We Can Reverse It Before It s Too Late Hot Books ISBN 978 1510760561 Kennedy Jr Robert F 2021 The Real Anthony Fauci Bill Gates Big Pharma and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 978 1510766808 Kennedy Jr Robert F 2022 A Letter to Liberals Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 978 1510775596 Leake John McCullough Peter A Kennedy Robert F Jr 2022 The Courage to Face COVID 19 Preventing Hospitalization and Death While Battling the Bio Pharmaceutical Complex Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 978 1510776807 Children s books St Francis of Assisi A Life of Joy Hyperion 2004 ISBN 978 0 7868 1875 4 Robert F Kennedy Jr s American Heroes The Story of Joshua Chamberlain and the American Civil War New York Hyperion 2007 ISBN 978 1 4231 0771 2 Robert Smalls The Boat Thief New York Hyperion 2008 ISBN 978 1423108023 Select awards and recognitionKennedy has received awards in his name or groups he has been part of have received awards 2018 The National Trial Lawyers Mass Tort Trial Team of the Year for groundbreaking case of Dewayne Lee Johnson v Monsanto Company 316 317 Kennedy was co counsel at one of the two law firms involved in the case 2017 Earth Justice Mountain Heroes 318 2017 Foro La Region Award for La Proteccion de los Recursos Naturales 319 2014 Stroud Award of Freshwater Excellence 320 2009 Rolling Stone 100 Agents of Change 167 2008 USC Dornsife Sustainability Champion Award 321 2008 Theodre Gordon Flyfishers Conservation Award 322 2007 Vanity Fair The Green Team 323 2005 William O Douglas Award on behalf of the Waterkeeper Alliance 324 2003 Professional Resource Award NY State Council of Trout Unlimited 322 2001 Distinguished Service Award presented at Pace Law School s 25th Anniversary 325 2001 Men s Journal Heroes Award 326 2000 12th Annual Manhattan Award 327 2000 Jacques Sartisky Peace Award 327 2000 New York State Champion of the Environment 328 1999 Time s Heroes of the Planet 167 1998 William E Ricker Resource Conservation Award 329 1997 EPA Environmental Quality Award 327 1997 The Brave 40 Award from NYC Department of Environmental Conservation 327 1997 Thomas Berry Environmental Award presented to Robert F Kennedy Jr and the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic 330 1995 Green Star Award presented by the Environmental Action Coalition 330 1991 Eleanor Roosevelt Val Kill Award 331 Note John F Kennedy was elected president in 1960 in a successful presidential campaign Robert F Kennedy ran for the Democratic nomination for president in 1968 201 but he was assassinated in June of that year Kennedy s uncle by marriage Sargent Shriver ran for the nomination in 1976 202 but later withdrew from the race Ted Kennedy ran for the Democratic nomination in 1980 203 but he was defeated in the primaries by incumbent Democratic president Jimmy Carter ReferencesCitations a b c Mnookin Seth January 11 2017 How Robert F Kennedy Jr Distorted Vaccine Science Scientific American Archived from the original on January 12 2017 For more than a decade Kennedy has promoted anti vaccine propaganda completely unconnected to reality a b c d Zadrozny Brandy Adams Char March 11 2021 Covid s devastation of Black community used as marketing in new anti vaccine film NBC News Archived from the original on March 18 2021 Retrieved March 15 2021 The video the newest in a series of anti vaccine propaganda films produced or promoted by Kennedy was distributed through Kennedy s organization Children s Health Defense a b The Anti Vaxx Playbook PDF Report Center for Countering Digital Hate 2020 Archived PDF from the original on July 9 2022 Retrieved June 9 2023 a b Instagram bans Robert F Kennedy Jr over Covid vaccine posts BBC News February 11 2021 Archived from the original on February 13 2021 Retrieved February 11 2021 Multiple sources Oshin Olafimihan January 23 2022 Auschwitz Memorial says RFK Jr speech at anti vaccine rally exploits Holocaust tragedy The Hill Archived from the original on January 24 2022 Retrieved January 27 2022 During a speech at the rally Kennedy a conspiracy theorist and prominent anti vaxxer warned of a massive surveillance network being created with satellites in space and 5G mobile networks collecting data Cheryl Hines Blasts Husband RFK Jr for Holocaust Remark The Wrap January 25 2022 Archived from the original on January 25 2022 Retrieved January 27 2022 Cheryl Hines has publicly condemned a statement made by her husband Robert F Kennedy Jr at a rally on Sunday in which the environmental lawyer and conspiracy theorist likened COVID regulations to the Holocaust Guests urged to be vaccinated at anti vaxxer Robert F Kennedy Jr s party The Guardian December 18 2021 Archived from the original on December 18 2021 Retrieved January 27 2022 The younger Kennedy has campaigned on environmental issues but is also a leading vaccines conspiracy theorist and activist against shots including those approved to combat Covid 19 which has killed more than 805 000 in the US and more than 5 3 million worldwide Dorn Sara RFK Jr Makes Unfounded Claims About Mass Shootings Covid 19 Here Are All The Conspiracies He Promotes Forbes Archived from the original on June 22 2023 Retrieved June 22 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr s Conspiracy Theories Go Beyond Vaccines The New York Times July 6 2023 Retrieved October 12 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr an environmental lawyer is a leading vaccine skeptic and purveyor of conspiracy theories who has leaned heavily on misinformation as he mounts his long shot 2024 campaign for the Democratic nomination a b c d e Smith Michelle R December 15 2021 How a Kennedy built an anti vaccine juggernaut amid COVID 19 Associated Press Archived from the original on December 18 2021 Retrieved April 1 2023 Dr Richard Allen Williams a cardiologist professor of medicine at UCLA and founder of the Minority Health Institute said Kennedy is leading a propaganda movement a b c d e f g h i Weir Keziah May 13 2021 How Robert F Kennedy Jr Became the Anti vaxxer Icon of America s Nightmares Vanity Fair Archived from the original on July 4 2021 Retrieved July 7 2021 Little Amanda July 14 2004 An interview with Robert F Kennedy Jr environmental advocate and Bush basher Grist Archived from the original on October 7 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Agee J nelle March 18 2017 Robert F Kennedy Jr Resigns from Riverkeeper Spectrum News Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr JW Howard Attorneys Archived from the original on May 2 2023 Retrieved May 2 2023 Smith Steve April 29 2015 RFK Jr to address College of Law graduates Nebraska Today Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Nagourney Adam February 26 2022 A Kennedy s Crusade Against Covid Vaccines Anguishes Family and Friends The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 28 2022 Retrieved April 1 2023 Oppenheimer 2015 pp 5 6 Kennedy Jr Robert F 1999 The Riverkeepers Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right Scribner p 92 Virginia and Cape Cod Massachusetts homes of my youth Newlyweds Cheryl Hines Robert F Kennedy Jr Buy Malibu Compound ABC News Archived from the original on September 25 2014 Retrieved March 5 2023 in Hyannis Port Massachusetts where he was raised Hickory Hill RFK s Virginia Home PBS Archived from the original on May 2 2023 Retrieved May 2 2023 Oppenheimer 2015 p 27 Kennedy Jr Robert February 2007 Oprah Talks to Bobby Kennedy Jr O The Oprah Magazine Interview Interviewed by Oprah Winfrey Retrieved July 28 2023 Storrin Matt June 7 1969 Folk Mass Honors RFK The Boston Globe p 4 via Newspapers com Robert Kennedy s Words Sung In Mass Marking Assassination The New York Times June 7 1970 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved April 12 2023 Oppenheimer Jerry 2015 RFK Jr Robert F Kennedy Jr and the Dark Side of the Dream St Martin s Press pp 131 145 ISBN 978 1 250 03295 9 OCLC 908838847 Taraborrelli J Randy 2019 The Kennedy Heirs John Caroline and the New Generation A Legacy of Tragedy and Triumph St Martin s Publishing Group p 183 Kovach Bill August 7 1970 Kennedy Shriver Boys on Probation The New York Times The New York Times Archived from the original on May 2 2023 Retrieved May 2 2023 Robert Kennedy Jr Marijuana Associated Press August 6 1970 Archived from the original on May 2 2023 Retrieved May 2 2023 Oppenheimer 2015 p 144 The Backbone Cabinet A Progressive Cabinet Roster Archived September 29 2007 at the Wayback Machine backbonecampaign org a b Now it s ADA John F Kennedy Jr UPI Retrieved May 2 2023 Robert Kennedy Jr Admits He Is Guilty In Possessing Heroin The New York Times February 18 1984 Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 a b Mark Leibovich June 25 2006 Another Kennedy Living Dangerously The New York Times Archived from the original on December 29 2017 Retrieved January 13 2020 a b Dunlap David W Perlez Jane June 4 1985 New York Day by Day A Quiet Victory For Robert F Kennedy Jr The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 22 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 a b c d Cronin John Kennedy Robert F Jr 1997 The Riverkeepers Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right New York Scribner p 304 ISBN 0684839083 Our core mission Environmental enforcement 2016 Riverkeeper Journal Gordon Maggie April 3 2014 Soundkeeper sues state in Stamford boatyard battle Stamford Advocate Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved April 12 2023 777 F Supp 173 1981 Connecticut Coastal Fisherman s Association v Remington Arms Company Inc and E I Dupont DeNemours and Company Civ No B 87 250 EBB United States District Court D Connecticut September 11 1991 Justia US Law Navasky Bruno August 11 2016 Robert F Kennedy Jr on the Environment Election and a Dangerous Donald Trump Vanity Fair Archived from the original on November 1 2019 Retrieved April 12 2023 Navasky Bruno August 11 2016 Robert F Kennedy Jr on the Environment Election and a Dangerous Donald Trump Vanity Fair Archived from the original on November 1 2019 Retrieved April 12 2023 Werth Barry May 2 2004 Somewhere Down the Crazy River Outside Online Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved April 12 2023 Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic Pace University School of Law Archived from the original on October 13 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 a b Kennedy Robert F Jr Solow Steven P 1993 Environmental Litigation as Clinical Education A Case Study University of Oregon Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation Volume 8 A conversation with the authors of The Riverkeepers Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right November 10 1997 Charlie Rose Cronin John and Kennedy Robert F Jr July 26 1997 It s Our River Let Us Get to It The New York Times Brown Kim July 8 2004 ExxonMobil Sued Over 55 Acre Oil Spill In Newtown Creek Queens Chronicle Archived from the original on August 20 2023 Kaydo Chad April 13 2001 A Manly Awards Party for Men s Journal BizBash Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic Clinic Awards Pace Law Rutgers School of Law Environmental Law Clinic About this Organization Justia Lawyers Environmental Law Courses and Clinics UCLA Law Environmental Law Clinic Widener Environmental Law Center Widener Law Environmental Law Clinic Berkeley Law Gallay Paul May 3 2018 China enlists local groups in environmental enforcement push Archived May 11 2023 at the Wayback Machine Waterkeeper org Yaggi Marc Waterkeeper Alliance August 2 2018 Let Our Rivers Run Free A Global Look at How Dams are Destroying our Waterways Waterkeeper Magazine Robert F Kennedy Jr Honored at Water s Edge Gala 2014 Stroudcenter org Wilke Chris March 19 2012 The Clean Water Act A Story of Activism and Change Read the Dirt Amazon com The Waterkeepers Robert F Kennedy Jr John Cronin Bob Boyle Terry Backer Rick Dove BJ Cummings Steve Fleishli Les Guthman Les Guthman Les Guthman Prime Video www amazon com Grand Canyon Adventure River at Risk March 12 2008 via IMDb Robert F Kennedy Jr Resigns as Waterkeeper Alliance President Waterkeeper Alliance November 10 2020 Retrieved July 24 2023 Worth Robert July 1 2001 Watershed Warrior The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Gordon David K and Kennedy Jr Robert F September 1991 The Legend of City Water Recommendations For Rescuing the New York City Water Supply The Hudson Riverkeeper Fund Kennedy Robert F Jr August 22 1989 New York City s Water Down the Drain The New York Times p 23 Archived from the original on April 16 2023 Retrieved April 10 2023 via The New York Times Archives Approval of planning application C 990237 PSX PDF nyc gov June 1 1999 Archived PDF from the original on September 29 2017 Retrieved October 14 2017 Wechsler Pat November 27 1995 The Kennedy Who Matters New York Schneeweiss Jonathan 1997 Watershed Protection Strategies A Case Study of the New York City Watershed in Light of the 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act 8 Vill Environmental Law Journal 77 Team Kennedy amp Madonna LLP Archived from the original on September 29 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Farmers worried by suits targeting hog producers Des Moines Register January 7 2001 p 9 via Newspapers com ConocoPhillips agrees to 70M settlement for former Fla facility EENews net April 7 2004 Mann v Ford Archived March 2 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2010 IMDb unreliable source Mann v Ford Synopsis HBO Archived from the original on October 6 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Strunsky Steve October 14 2006 Superfund Site Is Relisted and Inquiry Begins The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved April 12 2023 DuPont Fined 196 2M In Class Action Suit CBS News October 19 2007 Archived from the original on April 13 2023 Retrieved April 12 2023 Rinehart Earl February 13 2017 DuPont to pay 670 million to settle C8 lawsuits The Columbus Dispatch Archived from the original on August 18 2022 Retrieved April 12 2023 Attorney Robert F Kennedy Jr Archived from the original on September 29 2017 Retrieved October 14 2017 Cruz Nancy February 18 2016 Porter Ranch Gas Leak With Attorney Robert F Kennedy KTLA Archived from the original on April 12 2023 Retrieved April 12 2023 Stecker Tiffany June 27 2017 Monsanto s Foes Are Branching Out Bloomberg Law Mass Families file class action days after gas explosions September 19 2018 Archived from the original on October 14 2018 Retrieved October 14 2018 Patricia Winters Lauro June 3 1999 Robert F Kennedy Jr is pushing supermarkets to sell a new brand of bottled water with a twist The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Nestle Waters Announces Partnership with Waterkeeper Alliance Press release Nestle Waters May 22 2014 Wesoff Eric May 31 2012 Ostara Nutrient Recovery Wins 14 5M From VantagePoint et al Archived January 13 2020 at the Wayback Machine Greentech Media Wesoff Eric October 7 2015 Flow Battery Funding Vionx Teams With Siemens UTC 3M Starwood and Jabil Greentech Media Vionx National Grid and US Department of Energy Complete Installation of one of the World s Most Advanced Flow Batteries at Holy Name High School Worcester MA Business Wire Press release October 5 2017 Archived from the original on October 16 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Hilburn Rachel Lewis June 3 2016 CoastLine Robert F Kennedy Jr on the Origin of CAFOs Environmental Justice WHQR Robert F Kennedy Jr Joins UISOL Board of Directors Press release McDonnell Group August 25 2010 Robert F Kennedy Jr joins Board of Directors November 1 2016 GridBright com Spear Stefanie November 2 2011 EcoWatch and Waterkeeper Launch News Website EcoWatch Melvin Tessa April 7 1991 Expanded Recycling Site Upsets an Ossining Neighborhood The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 24 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Reed Susan July 2 1990 Polluters Beware Riverkeeper John Cronin Patrols the Hudson and Pursues Those Who Foul Its Waters People Archived from the original on October 16 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Hilburn Rachel Lewis June 3 2016 CoastLine Robert F Kennedy Jr on the Origin of CAFOs Environmental Justice WHQR Archived from the original on October 16 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Wang Ucilia October 10 2016 Robert F Kennedy Jr takes big business to task over pollution at SXSW Eco The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on October 16 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Nirenberg Michael Lee May 23 2017 Conversation with Robert Kennedy Jr HuffPost Archived from the original on March 2 2021 Retrieved April 12 2023 Brancaccio David January 21 2005 Science and Health Robert F Kennedy Jr PBS Now Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Bowermaster Jon November 1992 Last Run Down the Bio Bio Town and Country Travel Archived October 19 2017 at the Wayback Machine Cree Chief Wins Environmental Prize For Anti Dam Effort The Christian Science Monitor ISSN 0882 7729 Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 a b Kane Joe September 20 1993 With Spears From All Sides The New Yorker Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Kennedy Robert F Jr 1991 Foreword for Amazon Crude by Judith Kimerling Published by Natural Resource Defense Council February 19 1991 p 131 ISBN 0960935851 Kennedy Robert F Jr 1995 Foreword for Clayoquot Mass Trials Defending the Rainforest by Ronald MacIsaac and Anne Champagne editors published by New Society Publisher February 1995 p 208 ISBN 0865713200 Rohter Larry February 19 1996 Kennedy Castro Encounter Touched by History The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 28 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Rohter Larry February 25 1996 February 18 24 Meeting Across an Old Breach The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 28 2017 Retrieved April 12 2023 Smith Matt November 28 2001 The Unlikely Environmentalists SFWeekly Archived October 19 2017 at the Wayback Machine Kennedy Robert F Jr December 3 1998 Rubbing Salt in the World Heritage Plan Japan Times Roberts Bradley MP PLP November 20 2005 Bradley Roberts on Clifton Address to Bahamas House of Assembly Archived October 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine Kennedy Robert F Jr November 29 2016 I ll See You at Standing Rock EcoWatch Archived October 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine Schaffer Grayson August 30 2016 Chile s Best Whitewater Rivers Won t Be Damned For Now Outside Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Kennedy Robert F Jr September 12 2016 20 Year David and Goliath Fist Fight Saves Patagonia s Futaleufu EcoWatch Archived October 7 2017 at the Wayback Machine Zukowski Dan June 22 2017 https www environews tv 062217 act war rfk jr puts u s military cafos blast trashing americas waterways An Act of War RFK Jr Puts U S Military and CAFOs on Blast for Trashing America s Waterways EnviroNews Archived October 22 2017 at the Wayback Machine Kennedy Robert F Jr May 16 2003 Defending our Environment and Health from the U S Military Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on October 21 2017 Robert F Kennedy Jr January 10 2001 Why Are We in Vieques Outside Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved January 13 2020 Greenhouse Steven July 16 2001 He s in Charge in Demand in Prison The New York Times Archived October 21 2017 at the Wayback Machine US Navy resumes Vieques war games BBC News August 2 2001 Archived from the original on June 29 2017 Retrieved August 20 2023 Hernandez Raymond June 15 2001 Both Sides Attack Bush Plan To Halt Bombing on Vieques The New York Times Archived from the original on October 21 2017 Kennedy Robert F Jr May 16 2003 Defending our environment and health from the U S military Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on October 21 2017 a b Hahn Niman Nicolette February 17 2009 Righteous Porkchop Finding a Life and Good Food beyond Factory Farms William Morrow ISBN 978 0061466496 page needed Robert F Kennedy Jr Eric Schaeffer September 20 2003 An Ill Wind From Factory Farms The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Rogers Shelagh host and Carty Bob reporter February 12 2001 Robert F Kennedy Jr warns Canada about Pollution from Pork Industry This Morning CBC Digital Archives Ruf Cory May 25 2013 Robert Kennedy Jr on his crusade for a green economy CBC News Overheard with Evan Smith May 5 2011 Robert F Kennedy Jr Fossil Fuels PBS AP March 2 2013 New York fracking held as Gov Andrew Cuomo Robert F Kennedy Jr talk health AP sources say Syracuse com Isensee Laura October 28 2009 Robert Kennedy Jr solar and natural gas belong together Reuters Cusick Marie October 3 2013 Robert F Kennedy Jr calls natural gas a catastrophe StateImpact Pennsylvania Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Hakim Danny September 30 2012 Shift by Cuomo on Gas Drilling Prompts Both Anger and Praise The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Rally Against Pipelines Salem Weekly May 19 2015 Weber Bob June 12 2013 Prominent U S Keystone critic Robert F Kennedy Jr to visit oilsands Macleans Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Spear Stefanie February 13 2013 Robert F Kennedy Jr Bill McKibben Michael Brune Among Others Will Risk Arrest Today at White House to Stop Tar Sands Keystone XL Pipeline EcoWatch Manning Sarah Sunshine November 16 2016 Robert F Kennedy Jr Visits Standing Rock on NoDAPL Day of Action Indian Country Today Zukowski Dan June 26 2017 Robert F Kennedy Jr Talks Tesla Electric Big Rigs and the Impending Death of Fossil Fuels EnviroNews Baxter Brandon June 3 2014 Robert F Kennedy Jr Praises Obama s Carbon Rules Blasts Koch Brothers on The Ed Show EcoWatch Perks Rob March 11 2010 Mountaintop Removal Redux Bobby vs Blankenship II Archived January 13 2020 at the Wayback Machine NRDC Bobby Kennedy Jr Speaks on Coal Ash at Mt Island Lake July 25 2013 Clean Air Carolina Yaggi Marc Waterkeeper Alliance Winter 2013 Around the World a Coalition Against Coal Waterkeepers from Idaho to India Unite to Stop the Deadly International Coal Trade Waterkeeper Magazine Staff writer 2015 At Pennsylvania Coal Mine Feds Come to Rescue after State Fails Waterkeeper Magazine Vol 11 Issue 1 The Last Mountain Archived October 3 2020 at the Wayback Machine 2011 IMDb unreliable source Zukowski Dan June 23 2017 Robert F Kennedy Jr I love James Hansen but he is wrong on the nuclear power issue EniroNews Brooks Jon June 22 2011 Interview Robert F Kennedy Jr on Uninsurable Nuke Energy Industry BrightSource Solar Project KQED Paul Chin photograph June 15 1981 Caption reads Robert F Kennedy Jr speaks out against nuclear power Archivegrid Los Angeles Public Library Nuclear Ticking Time Bomb 28 Miles From NYC America s Lawyer Indian Point Safe Energy Coalition April 4 2017 Indian Point Imagining the Unimaginable Archived February 9 2017 at the Wayback Machine TV movie 2004 IMDb unreliable source Trueheart Charles April 7 1994 Quebec Power Company Finds Its High Voltage Plans Short Circuited The Washington Post Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Bowermaster Jon November 1992 Last Run Down the Bio Bio Town and Country a b Guynup Sharon June 7 2002 Belize Dam Fight Heats Up as Court Prepares to Rule National Geographic Today Leaney Stephen April 11 2003 British finding secret war in green laws by Kennedy International Press Service Hershowitz Ari January 2008 A Solid Foundation Belize s Chalillo Dam and Environmental Decisionmaking Ecology Law Quarterly Berkeley University of California 35 1 73 105 JSTOR 44321074 Robert F Kennedy Jr on the river along with numerous leaders of conservation organizations August 2 2004 Canadian Parks And Wilderness Society Quebec Chapter Goujard Clothilde September 14 2017 Hydro Quebec abandons dam project on majestic Magpie River Canada s National Observer Martinez Rodrigo November 19 2017 Robert Kennedy Jr por Hidroaysen Los beneficios economicos eran para unos pocos millonarios La Tercera Archived November 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Radio Equalizer Brian Maloney RFK Jr Tirade Air America John Stossel Rush Limbaugh Sean Hannity Archived from the original on October 25 2017 Retrieved October 25 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Kennedy Robert F Jr July 18 2011 Nantucket s Wind Power Rip off The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on February 24 2020 Retrieved March 9 2020 Cabral Sam July 18 2023 RFK Jr s conspiracy theories and Republican supporters BBC News Archived from the original on July 22 2023 Retrieved July 22 2023 Weissman Jonathan July 15 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr Airs Bigoted New Covid Conspiracy Theory About Jews and Chinese The New York Times Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 22 2023 Hunnicutt Trevor Holland Steve July 17 2023 White House blasts RFK Jr for antisemitic conspiracy theories Reuters Archived from the original on July 22 2023 Retrieved July 22 2023 a b c d e f g Sayers Freddie May 3 2023 Robert Kennedy Jr America needs a revolution unherd com The Post Archived from the original on May 11 2023 Retrieved May 11 2023 Shapero Julia April 22 2023 RFK Jr claims middle class was systematically wiped out under COVID lockdowns The Hill Archived from the original on May 10 2023 Retrieved May 21 2023 Belmonte Adriana January 19 2020 Robert Kennedy Jr We ve destroyed the middle class finance yahoo com Archived from the original on May 21 2023 Retrieved May 21 2023 a b Robert Kennedy Jr Let s be honest it s a US war against Russia moderndiplomacy eu May 8 2023 Archived from the original on May 20 2023 Retrieved May 20 2023 Sayers Freddie May 3 2023 Robert Kennedy Jr America needs a revolution unherd com The Post Archived from the original on May 11 2023 Retrieved May 11 2023 If you look at the Minsk accords it sets the groundwork for a final settlement The Donbas region which is 80 ethnic Russian and Russians that were being systematically killed by the Ukrainian government would become autonomous within Ukraine and would be protected Kennedy Jr Robert F February 22 2016 Why the Arabs Don t Want Us in Syria Politico Archived from the original on May 21 2023 Retrieved May 21 2023 Sayers Freddie May 3 2023 Robert Kennedy Jr America needs a revolution unherd com The Post Archived from the original on May 11 2023 Retrieved May 11 2023 I always have been I spent 35 years as I don t want to toot my own horn but arguably the leading environmentalist in the country Bennett William John Cribb John T E September 22 2015 America the Strong Conservative Ideas to Spark the Next Generation Tyndale House Publishers p 54 ISBN 978 1496409751 Retrieved June 9 2023 Mull Teresa Robert F Kennedy Jr wants a law to punish global warming skeptics The Week Retrieved June 9 2023 Zahn Max January 16 2020 Climate change is cost of society s addiction to coal and oil says Robert Kennedy Jr finance yahoo com Archived from the original on May 21 2023 Retrieved May 21 2023 Right now we have a market that is governed by rules that were written by the carbon incumbents to reward the dirtiest filthiest most poisonous most toxic most war mongering fields from hell rather than the cheap clean green wholesome and patriotic fields from heaven Kennedy adds Robert Kennedy Jr says climate change will bring major disruptions to civilization irishcentral com January 17 2020 Archived from the original on March 4 2023 Retrieved June 12 2023 Right now we have a market that is governed by rules that were written by the carbon incumbents to reward the dirtiest filthiest most poisonous most toxic most war mongering fields from hell rather than the cheap clean green wholesome and patriotic fields from heaven We need to rationalize our marketplace so that it does the things that market is supposed to do which is to create a society that we re all proud of and that will sustain our children Read This Excerpt From Horsemen of the Apocalypse desmog com DeSmog May 6 2017 Archived from the original on March 24 2023 Retrieved June 12 2023 Zahn Max January 16 2020 Climate change is cost of society s addiction to coal and oil says Robert Kennedy Jr finance yahoo com Archived from the original on May 21 2023 Retrieved May 21 2023 Sayers Freddie May 3 2023 Robert Kennedy Jr America needs a revolution unherd com The Post Archived from the original on May 11 2023 Retrieved May 11 2023 If we want to have democracy we need a broad ownership of our land by a wide variety of yeoman farmers each with a stake in our system That s what Thomas Jefferson said Wiping out the small farmers and giving control of food production to corporations is not in the interests of humanity We need to help those farmers transition off the addiction that we imposed upon them in the first place Griscom Amanda October November 2004 Environmental Justice Mother Earth News Roberts Joel January 29 2003 Bush 1 2 Billion For Hydrogen Cars CBS News Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Robert F Kennedy Jr February 16 2003 A Bad Element The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Robert F Kennedy Jr on the Climate Crisis What Must Be Done Rolling Stone June 28 2007 Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Kennedy Jr Robert F 2004 Crimes Against Nature How George W Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Hijacking Our Democracy HarperCollins ISBN 0060746882 The 100 People Who Are Changing America Rolling Stone Archived from the original on May 3 2009 Retrieved October 15 2017 a b c Robert F Kennedy Jr advocates for green power The Mercury News October 14 2010 Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Dixon Darius October 12 2012 RFK Jr to greens Not Obama s fault Politico Robert F Kennedy Jr 2015 What State Attorneys General can do about Climate Change Deniers Letter from the President Waterkeeper Magazine Vol 11 Issue 1 Spear Stefanie September 10 2015 Koch Brothers Apocalyptical Forces of Ignorance and Greed Says RFK Jr EcoWatch Goodman Amy September 22 2014 Robert F Kennedy Jr The Only Thing We Have in Our Power is People Power Democracy Now Kennedy Robert F Jr February 1974 Poor Chile Atlantic Monthly Kennedy Jr Robert F February 25 1979 Plea to Pakistan The Washington Post Kennedy Robert F Jr February 23 1979 Legacy at Stake in Pakistan The Boston Globe Kennedy Robert F Jr December 16 1975 Politics and Assassinations The Wall Street Journal Kennedy Robert F Jr December 17 2005 America s anti torture tradition Los Angeles Times Congressional Record Index Vol 151 Part 23 January 4 2005 December 30 2005 by Senator Edward M Kennedy p 2054 Robert F Kennedy Jr February 22 2016 Why the Arabs Don t Want Us in Syria Politico Archived from the original on January 7 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Kennedy Robert F Jr February 25 2016 Syria Another Pipeline War EcoWatch a b Hains Tim June 15 2023 Robert Kennedy Jr Unravel The Empire Of U S Military Bases Around The World Real Clear Politics Retrieved June 25 2023 RFK Jr says he is pro choice calls every abortion a tragedy Conversation with the Candidate WMUR TV June 28 2023 Baio Ariana Marcus Josh June 6 2023 RFK Jr comes out against gun control and blames school shootings on drugs The Independent Retrieved June 25 2023 Trudo Hanna June 28 2023 RFK Jr argues gun control cannot meaningfully reduce gun violence The Hill Retrieved July 22 2023 Cohen David August 13 2023 RFK Jr backs 15 week federal ban on abortion then reverses himself POLITICO Retrieved October 4 2023 Farhad Manjoo June 3 2006 Was the 2004 election stolen No Salon Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Greg Palast Author Ted Rall Illustrator Introduction by Robert F Kennedy Jr 2012 Billionaires amp Ballot Bandits How to Steal an Election in 9 Easy Steps Penguin Random House p 300 ISBN 978 1609804787 Brancaccio David January 21 2005 Science and Health Robert F Kennedy Jr PBS Now New York League of Conservative Voters June 18 2014 NYLCV Letterhead Welch Craig October 29 2003 RFK Jr blasts Bush champions Kerry Archived November 25 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Seattle Times Jeff Zeleny Carl Hulse January 28 2008 Kennedy Chooses Obama Spurning Plea by Clintons The New York Times Archived from the original on December 10 2008 Retrieved January 13 2020 eTown at the 2008 Democratic National Convention Denver October 8 2008 etown org Allen Mike November 5 2008 Obama considers stars for Cabinet Politico Retrieved July 17 2023 Lovley Erika November 7 2008 RFK Jr Too controversial for EPA Politico Archived from the original on December 7 2016 Retrieved April 1 2023 Bumiller Elisabeth November 24 1988 Public Lives Putting Family Life Ahead of a Senate Seat The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Jonathan P Hicks January 25 2005 Robert Kennedy Won t Run for State Attorney General The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Jonathan P Hicks December 2 2008 Robert F Kennedy s Son Not Interested in Senate Seat The New York Times Archived from the original on October 6 2019 Retrieved January 13 2020 Phippen Thomas Steinhauser Paul March 3 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr thinking about launching Democratic challenge to Biden for 2024 White House nomination Fox News Archived from the original on April 7 2023 Retrieved March 3 2023 Price Michelle April 5 2023 Anti vaccine activist RFK Jr challenging Biden in 2024 Associated Press Archived from the original on April 5 2023 Retrieved April 5 2023 Pellish Aaron October 9 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr announces independent run for president ending Democratic primary challenge to Biden CNN Politics CNN Archived from the original on October 9 2023 Retrieved October 14 2023 Keene Houston October 5 2023 RFK Jr announces independent run for president against Biden Fox News Archived from the original on October 14 2023 Retrieved October 14 2023 Greenfield Jeff December 3 2019 How RFK Could Have Become President The Daily Beast Retrieved July 17 2023 Koster R M February 1976 The Democratic Super Bowl Harper s Vol 252 no 1509 Harper s Foundation pp 14 17 Retrieved November 18 2018 subscription required Farrell John A October 29 2022 Ted Kennedy s Complicated Legacy from Chappaquidick to Senate Lion Time Retrieved July 17 2023 a b Bergengruen Vera June 14 2023 Inside the Very Online Campaign of RFK Jr Time Retrieved June 14 2023 Wadman Meredith January 10 2017 Exclusive Q amp A Robert F Kennedy Jr on Trump s proposed vaccine commission Science Archived from the original on April 8 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 Kennedy Robert F Jr June 27 2019 Stronger testing required to make vaccines safe The Columbus Dispatch Archived from the original on April 8 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 Kennedy Robert F Jr Thimerosal Let the Science Speak 2015 p 28 Jamison A M Broniatowski D A Dredze M November 13 2019 Vaccine related advertising in the Facebook Ad Archive Vaccine 38 3 512 520 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2019 10 066 PMC 6954281 PMID 31732327 Sun Lena H November 15 2019 Majority of anti vaccine ads on Facebook were funded by two groups The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 17 2019 Retrieved November 16 2019 a b Rabin Roni Caryn May 8 2019 Brother and Sister of Robert F Kennedy Jr Accuse Him of Spreading Misinformation on Vaccines The New York Times Archived from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved June 21 2019 Vaccines do not cause autism National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine Archived from the original on April 29 2023 Retrieved April 29 2023 Plotkin Stanley Gerber Jeffrey S Offit Paul A February 15 2009 Vaccines and Autism A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses Clinical Infectious Diseases 48 4 456 461 doi 10 1086 596476 PMC 2908388 PMID 19128068 a b Thimerosal and Vaccines Centers for Disease Control and Prevention August 25 2020 Archived from the original on August 17 2011 Retrieved April 28 2023 Asif Doja Wendy Roberts 2006 Immunizations and Autism A Review of the Literature Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 33 4 341 346 doi 10 1017 S031716710000528X PMID 17168158 S2CID 4670282 Archived from the original on May 15 2023 Retrieved June 5 2023 a b Thimerosal and Vaccines Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research U S Food and Drug Administration Archived from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved August 24 2019 Thimerosal in Vaccines Questions and Answers Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research U S Food and Drug Administration February 18 2021 Archived from the original on April 18 2023 Retrieved May 13 2023 Golgowski Nina May 8 2019 Robert Kennedy Jr s Vaccine Views Slammed As Tragically Wrong By Family The Huffington Post Archived from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved June 21 2019 Rabin Roni Caryn May 9 2019 Family of Robert F Kennedy Jr criticise his dangerous stance on vaccines The Irish Times Archived from the original on May 9 2019 Retrieved June 7 2020 a b The Anti Vaxx Industry PDF Report Center for Countering Digital Hate 2020 Scott Katie February 16 2017 Robert De Niro Robert F Kennedy Jr offer 100K to anyone who can provide proof vaccines are safe Global TV Archived from the original on March 3 2019 Retrieved March 3 2019 Gorski David April 30 2018 Autism prevalence increases to 1 in 59 and antivaxers lose it yet again Science Based medicine Archived from the original on February 27 2019 Retrieved February 27 2019 Cadeski Eric July 11 2019 The Surrey Board of Trade shouldn t help anti vaxxer Robert F Kennedy Jr build his brand CBC News Archived from the original on September 14 2019 Retrieved November 18 2019 Schmunk Rhianna June 17 2019 Robert F Kennedy Jr will speak at Surrey event despite outcry board of trade says CBC News Archived from the original on September 14 2019 Retrieved November 18 2019 Srikanth Anagha March 24 2021 12 prominent people opposed to vaccines are responsible for two thirds of anti vaccine content online report The Hill Archived from the original on March 25 2021 Retrieved June 11 2021 Instagram removes anti vaxxer Robert F Kennedy Jr for false Covid 19 claims The Guardian February 11 2021 Archived from the original on February 13 2021 Retrieved February 11 2021 Pilkington Ed October 31 2019 Release of Vaxxed sequel prompts fears dangerous propaganda will spread again The Guardian Archived from the original on November 17 2019 Retrieved November 18 2019 a b Robert F Kennedy Jr February 8 2011 Deadly Immunity Rolling Stone Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 a b Lauerman Kerry January 16 2011 Correcting our Record Salon Archived November 4 2017 at the Wayback Machine a b c Walsh Joan June 22 2023 Just Another RFK Jr Lie I Know Because It s About Me ISSN 0027 8378 Retrieved August 22 2023 Oransky Ivan January 16 2011 Salon retracts 2005 Robert F Kennedy Jr piece on alleged autism vaccine link Retraction Watch Archived August 31 2017 at the Wayback Machine More media stupidity Chicago Sun Times runs propaganda piece for Jenny McCarthy s anti vaccine conference The Panic Virus Archived from the original on January 29 2019 Retrieved January 28 2019 Plait Phil June 5 2013 Robert F Kennedy Jr Anti Vaxxer Slate Archived from the original on February 8 2018 Retrieved February 13 2018 Generation Rescue Conference 2013 AutismOne Archived from the original on July 30 2013 Retrieved February 13 2018 Functional Medicine CS31 McGill Office for Science and Society April 13 2019 Event occurs at 6 18 Retrieved April 18 2019 via YouTube Kennedy Robert F Jr May 11 2010 Central Figure in CDC Vaccine Cover Up Absconds With 2M HuffPost Archived October 17 2017 at the Wayback Machine Kennedy Robert F Jr February 8 2017 Yale University Study Shows Association Between Vaccines and Brain Disorders EcoWatch Archived October 13 2017 at the Wayback Machine Kennedy Robert F Jr January 18 2017 CDC Knew its Vaccine Program Was Exposing Children to Dangerous Mercury Levels Since 1999 EcoWatch Archived October 7 2017 at the Wayback Machine Kennedy Robert F Jr July 10 2005 Autism Mercury and Politics The Boston Globe Archived March 4 2017 at the Wayback Machine White Jeremy B April 7 2015 Robert Kennedy Jr warns of vaccine linked holocaust The Sacramento Bee Archived April 11 2015 at the Wayback Machine Offit Paul June 26 2023 My Conversation with Robert F Kennedy Jr Beyond the Noise Retrieved August 23 2023 Phillip Abby Sun Lena H Bernstein Lenny January 10 2017 Vaccine skeptic Robert Kennedy Jr says Trump asked him to lead commission on vaccine safety The Washington Post Archived from the original on January 11 2017 Retrieved January 11 2017 An interview with Robert Kennedy Jr on vaccines Interviewed by Helen Branswell August 21 2017 World Mercury Project Archived October 13 2017 at the Wayback Machine Foster Craig 2017 The 100 000 vaccine challenge Another method of promoting anti vaccination pseudoscience Vaccine 35 32 3905 3906 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2017 06 012 PMID 28624304 Lanuola Tusani Tupufia June 1 2019 John F Kennedy s nephew joins Samoa s Independence celebration Samoa Observer Archived from the original on November 30 2019 Retrieved November 30 2019 Guarino Ben Satija Neena Sun Lena H November 27 2019 Deadly measles outbreak hits children in Samoa after anti vaccine fears The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 30 2019 Retrieved November 30 2019 Corsi Jerome Says Dr Anthony Fauci s name appears on 4 U S patents for a key glycoprotein used to create the current COVID 19 epidemic Politifact Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved January 31 2021 Robert F Kennedy Jr says Dr Fauci and Bill Gates stand to profit from COVID 19 vaccine IrishCentral com April 27 2020 Archived from the original on August 13 2020 Retrieved September 1 2020 Robert Kennedy Jr claims Bill Gates owns the WHO IrishCentral com May 7 2020 Archived from the original on September 18 2020 Retrieved September 1 2020 Porterfield Carlie Debunked Bill Gates Conspiracy Gets A Boost From RFK Jr Marla Maples Forbes Archived from the original on February 14 2021 Retrieved February 15 2021 The digitalized economy We get rid of cash and coins We give you a chip We put all your money in your chip If you refuse a vaccine we turn off the chip and you starve Robert F Kennedy Jr makes false COVID claims in live talk with Alec Baldwin IrishCentral com August 13 2020 Archived from the original on August 17 2020 Retrieved September 1 2020 Montgomery Blake January 23 2021 RFK Jr Stoops to New Low by Falsely Tying Hank Aaron s Death to Vaccine The Daily Beast Archived from the original on February 16 2021 Retrieved February 15 2021 Hank Aaron s tragic death is part of a wave of suspicious deaths among elderly closely following administration of COVID vaccines He received the Moderna vaccine on Jan 5 to inspire other Black Americans to get the vaccine RFK Jr s niece speaks out against his COVID vaccine misinformation The Boston Globe Archived from the original on January 4 2021 Retrieved January 23 2021 Singh Mannvi February 11 2021 Instagram removes anti vaxxer Robert F Kennedy Jr for false Covid 19 claims The Guardian Archived from the original on February 11 2021 Retrieved February 11 2021 Iyengar Rishi February 10 2021 Robert F Kennedy Jr has been banned from Instagram CNN Archived from the original on February 11 2021 Retrieved February 11 2021 Mostrous Alexi September 16 2020 How a Kennedy became a superspreader of hoaxes on COVID 19 vaccines 5G and more The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on February 11 2021 These posts include claims that 5G damages human DNA causes cancer and is being installed in order to carry out mass surveillance It s easy to see a motivation behind his sudden interest 5G related posts have garnered him more than 400 000 likes or other interactions a b c d e f g Kennedy Robert F Jr November 16 2021 The Real Anthony Fauci Bill Gates Big Pharma and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health Simon and Schuster ISBN 9781510766815 Archived from the original on November 24 2021 Retrieved November 24 2021 Canales Katie July 25 2021 How JFK s nephew became one of Facebook s most prolific anti vax misinformation spreaders Business Insider Archived from the original on July 26 2021 Retrieved July 26 2021 a b Muller Katja December 6 2021 The conspiracy theorist Kennedy Neue Zurcher Zeitung Archived from the original on December 29 2021 Retrieved December 29 2021 a b Robert F Kennedy Jr apologizes for Anne Frank comparison in anti vax speech The Guardian Associated Press January 25 2022 Archived from the original on January 25 2022 Retrieved January 25 2022 Fauci Calls RFK Jr A Very Disturbed Individual over Career Attacks December 22 2021 Archived from the original on July 20 2022 Retrieved August 22 2022 RBB Proteste in Berlin Fast 40 000 Menschen bei Corona Demos Sperren am Reichstag durchbrochen Archived September 1 2020 at the Wayback Machine in German August 29 2020 accessed September 1 2020 Ross Alexander Reid Zhubi Patricia September 2 2020 Inside the Weird Pro QAnon German Group Behind RFK Jr s Latest Anti Vaxx Stunt The Daily Beast Archived from the original on November 26 2020 Retrieved December 19 2020 Alba Davey September 29 2021 YouTube bans all anti vaccine misinformation The New York Times Archived from the original on December 28 2021 Retrieved September 30 2021 YouTube said on Wednesday that it was banning the accounts of several prominent anti vaccine activists from its platform including those of Joseph Mercola and Robert F Kennedy Jr as part of an effort to remove all content that falsely claims that approved vaccines are dangerous Hanau Shira January 24 2022 None of us can hide RFK Jr uses Holocaust analogy in speech at anti vaccine mandate rally Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on January 24 2022 Retrieved January 24 2022 Fortinsky Sarah Graef Aileen January 24 2022 Robert F Kennedy Jr invokes Nazi Germany in offensive anti vaccine speech CNN Archived from the original on January 24 2022 Retrieved January 25 2022 Lima Cristiano June 4 2023 Instagram reinstates Robert Kennedy Jr after launch of presidential bid The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on June 5 2023 Retrieved June 5 2023 Koenig Lauren Shelton Shania July 15 2023 Jewish groups denounce RFK Jr s false remarks that Covid 19 was ethnically targeted to spare Jews and Chinese people CNN Retrieved July 16 2023 a b Weisman Jonathan July 15 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr Airs Bigoted New Covid Conspiracy Theory About Jews and Chinese The New York Times Retrieved July 17 2023 Horovitz Michael July 15 2023 RFK Jr suggests COVID 19 was ethnically targeted to avoid Ashkenazi Jews Times of Israel Retrieved July 16 2023 Stone Will June 8 2021 An Anti Vaccine Film Targeted To Black Americans Spreads False Information NPR News Retrieved June 9 2023 Hale Spencer Saranac Fichera Angelo March 11 2021 RFK Jr Video Pushes Known Vaccine Misrepresentations Factcheck org Annenberg Public Policy Center Archived from the original on March 12 2021 Retrieved March 21 2021 Stone Will June 9 2021 An Anti Vaccine Film Targeted to Black Americans Spreads False Information Kaiser Health News Archived from the original on February 2 2022 Retrieved February 2 2022 Murphy Hannah Venkataramakrishnan Siddharth Stacey Kiran March 15 2021 Facebook and Twitter resist calls to ban anti vaxx campaigner Financial Times Retrieved June 15 2023 a b Wilson Dan May 31 2022 RFK Jr Goes full HIV AIDS denial in his terrible book about Anthony Fauci Archived from the original on May 20 2023 Retrieved May 20 2023 via YouTube Nagourney Adam February 26 2022 A Kennedy s Crusade Against Covid Vaccines Anguishes Family and Friends The New York Times Archived from the original on February 28 2022 Retrieved March 2 2022 Kennedy Townsend Kathleen Kennedy Joseph P Kennedy McKean Maeve May 8 2019 RFK Jr Is Our Brother and Uncle He s Tragically Wrong About Vaccines Politico Archived from the original on May 8 2019 Retrieved May 8 2019 Kennedy Meltzer Kerry December 30 2020 Vaccines Are Safe No Matter What Bobby Kennedy Says The New York Times Archived from the original on January 1 2021 Retrieved January 2 2021 Kennedy Robert F Jr June 6 2017 Foreword for The Peanut Allergy Epidemic What s Causing It And How To Stop It Third Edition by Heather Fraser New York Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 1510726314 Robert F Kennedy Jr January February 2003 A Miscarriage of Justice The Atlantic Archived from the original on October 18 2019 Retrieved January 13 2020 Melia Michael July 12 2016 RFK Jr Book Stokes Intrigue In Michael Skakel Murder Case Hartford Courant Archived from the original on July 13 2016 Retrieved July 12 2016 Schneider Michael September 20 2017 FX Prods to Develop Framed Robert F Kennedy Jr s Crusade to Clear His Cousin s Murder Conviction IndieWire Archived from the original on October 11 2017 Ellis Ralph Casarez Jean May 4 2018 Court vacates Michael Skakel s murder conviction and orders a new trial CNN Cable News Network Turner Broadcasting System Inc Archived from the original on May 5 2018 Retrieved May 5 2018 Mahony Edmund H October 30 2020 Prosecutor in infamous Greenwich murder case tells judge state will not retry Kennedy cousin Michael Skakel in 1975 Martha Moxley killing Hartford Courant Retrieved October 30 2020 DiEugenio Jim February 3 2013 The MSM and RFK Jr Only 45 years late this time Kennedy and King formerly CTKA RFK Jr Dad believed Warren Commission shoddy CBS News Associated Press January 12 2013 Archived from the original on March 2 2021 Retrieved December 19 2020 Orbis Books JFK and the Unspeakable Archived December 29 2019 at the Wayback Machine a b Jackman Tom June 5 2018 Who killed Bobby Kennedy His son RFK Jr doesn t believe it was Sirhan Sirhan The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 7 2018 Hayes Tyrone B Khoury Vicky Narayan Anne Nazir Mariam Park Andrew Brown Travis Adame Lillian Chan Elton Buchholz Daniel Stueve Theresa Gallipeau Sherrie March 9 2010 Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 10 4612 4617 Bibcode 2010PNAS 107 4612H doi 10 1073 pnas 0909519107 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 2842049 PMID 20194757 a b c Graziosi Graig June 20 2023 YouTube removes Robert F Kennedy Jr video featuring bizarre claim that polluted water makes children transgender The Independent Retrieved June 22 2023 Duffy Clare June 20 2023 YouTube removed video of Robert F Kennedy Jr for violating vaccine misinformation policy CNN Business Retrieved July 20 2023 Kacala Alexander August 7 2018 Infowars Alex Jones has a long history of inflammatory anti LGBTQ speech NBC News Retrieved June 22 2023 Brownworth Victoria A June 21 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr The Shaming of a Legacy Philadelphia Gay News Retrieved June 22 2023 Segalov Michael June 8 2017 A Quick Refresher The Truth About Water Making You Gay Vice Retrieved July 20 2023 a b Turner Abby Kaczynski Andrew July 13 2023 Robert F Kennedy Jr repeatedly suggested that chemicals in water are impacting sexuality of children CNN Politics Retrieved July 20 2023 Rubinowitz Susan December 10 2014 Robert F Kennedy Jr The Bird Rehabilitator Pet Place News Staff February 15 2002 Robert F Kennedy Jr to speak at Syracuse University Syracuse University News Collier Peter and Horowitz David 1984 The Kennedys An American Drama Published by Summit Books p 576 ISBN 0671447939 Bowermaster Jon May 1993 Sacrificial People Will Quebec s Indians be Driven from Their Land Conde Nast Traveller Jourdan Michael August 6 2013 Mountain Tribute to JFK Evoked by Kennedy Trip to Yukon National Geographic Retrieved July 28 2023 Kennedy Robert April 9 1965 Our Climb Up Mt Kennedy Life Robert F Kennedy Jr Weds Law Classmate The New York Times UPI April 4 1982 Archived from the original on October 29 2014 Retrieved January 13 2020 Kathleen Alexandra Kennedy geni family tree April 13 1988 Archived from the original on April 12 2022 Retrieved April 12 2022 Kathleen Kick Kennedy the scandalous rebellious and tragic life of JFK s sister IrishCentral com November 7 2021 Archived from the original on August 13 2016 Retrieved April 15 2022 Shaw Dan March 28 1994 Chronicle The New York Times p 6 Archived from the original on April 10 2023 Retrieved April 10 2023 via The New York Times Archives Brozan Nadine April 20 1994 Chronicle The New York Times p 4 Archived from the original on December 11 2012 Retrieved April 10 2023 via The New York Times Archives Hall Christine May 17 2012 Police Mary Kennedy Committed Suicide The Bedford Daily Voice Archived from the original on April 10 2023 Retrieved April 10 2023 Amira Dan September 9 2013 Robert F Kennedy Jr Allegedly Had Affairs With 37 Women in 2001 New York Magazine Retrieved July 31 2023 Woletz Bob August 3 2014 No Curbs on Their Enthusiasm The New York Times Archived from the original on January 13 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 Andrews Dyer Helena August 3 2014 Actress Cheryl Hines marries Robert F Kennedy Jr at Kennedy family compound in Cape Code The Washington Post Archived from the original on January 15 2020 Retrieved January 13 2020 RFK Jr tells NH crowd he s considering a presidential run www wbur org Archived from the original on April 9 2023 Kennedy Robert F Jr RobertKennedyJr March 31 2023 With my friends delbigtree AaronSiriSG at strategy session at my home on Cape Cod Tweet Archived from the original on April 23 2023 Retrieved April 6 2023 via Twitter Cox Lauren January 7 2009 Kennedy s Voice Draws Attention to Rare Disorder ABC News Archived from the original on March 2 2021 Retrieved January 13 2020 a b A natural devotion The Boston Globe Archived from the original on March 15 2023 Retrieved March 15 2023 a b c d e f Paulson Michael March 19 2005 Robert F Kennedy Jr takes a lesson from St Francis The Boston Globe Archived from the original on May 11 2023 Retrieved May 11 2023 via Houston Chronicle Gisotti Alessandro June 5 2018 Robert Kennedy Jr My father s story values hopes vaticannews va Vatican News Archived from the original on May 11 2023 Retrieved May 11 2023 Millican Scott March 4 2019 Ring of Fire s RFK Jr Wins Award for Monsanto Trial trofire com Archived from the original on March 5 2019 Retrieved March 5 2019 National Trial Lawyers 2019 Summit Awards for 2018 PDF National Trial Lawyers 2019 p 3 of PDF Retrieved June 12 2023 Above Bobby Kennedy speaking at the NTL Awards Luncheon Bottom left Mass Torts Trial Team of the Year Mark Burton Michael Baum Robert F Kennedy Jr Brent Wisner Michelle Swanner and David Dickens Mountain Heroes Robert F Kennedy Jr Earth Justice May 16 2012 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 El Foro La Region sobre la proteccion de los recursos naturales en imagenes The Region Forum On the protection of natural resources in pictures La Region in Spanish May 16 2017 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Robert F Kennedy Jr Honored at Water s Edge Gala Stroud Water Research Center December 22 2014 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Waterkeeper Alliance and Robert F Kennedy Jr Honored University of Southern California May 2008 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 a b Clinic Awards Pace University School of Law Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Green Team Vanity Fair April 4 2007 Archived from the original on July 26 2016 Retrieved October 15 2017 Robert F Kennedy Jr on William O Douglas williamodouglas org Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 25th Anniversary Alumni Leadership Awards Dinner Honors Robert F Kennedy Jr the Honorable Terry Jane Ruderman and Peter John Sacripanti newswire blogs pace edu Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 A Manly Awards Party for Men s Journal bizbash com April 13 2001 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 a b c d Clinic Awards Pace University School of Law Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 22 2017 Robert F Kennedy Jr Waterkeeper Alliance Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 William E Ricker Resource Conservation Award American Fisheries Society Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 12 2017 a b Clinic Awards Pace University School of Law Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 12 2017 Val Kill awards to be presented on Sunday Mid Hudson News Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 External links nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Robert F Kennedy Jr nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert F Kennedy Jr Pace Law School Profile, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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