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Lee Harvey Oswald

January 04, 2023

"Kennedy's assassin" redirects here. For the assassin of Robert F. Kennedy, see Sirhan Sirhan.

Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was a U.S. Marine veteran who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, on November 22, 1963.

Lee Harvey Oswald
Oswald on November 23, 1963, one day after the assassination of U.S. president John F. Kennedy
Born(1939-10-18)October 18, 1939
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
DiedNovember 24, 1963(1963-11-24) (aged 24)
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Cause of deathGunshot wound
Resting placeRose Hill Cemetery, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.
32°43′57″N 97°12′12″W / 32.732455°N 97.203223°W / 32.732455; -97.203223 (Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald)
Known forAssassination of John F. Kennedy and killing of Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit
Criminal chargeMurder with malice (2 counts)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1961)​
Children2
Military career
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branchUnited States Marine Corps
Years of service1956–1959
RankPrivate first class (demoted to Private)
Signature

Oswald was placed in juvenile detention at the age of 12 for truancy, during which time he was assessed by a psychiatrist as "emotionally disturbed", due to a lack of normal family life. After attending 12 schools in his youth, he quit repeatedly, and finally when he was 17, joined the Marines. Oswald was court-martialed twice while in the Marines, and jailed. He was honorably released from active duty in the Marine Corps into the Marine Corps Reserve, then flew to Europe and defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959. He lived in Minsk, Byelorussia, married a Russian woman named Marina, and had a daughter. In June 1962, he returned to the United States with his wife, and eventually settled in Dallas, Texas, where their second daughter was born.

Oswald shot and killed Kennedy on November 22, 1963, from a sixth-floor window of the Texas School Book Depository as Kennedy traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas. About 45 minutes after assassinating Kennedy, Oswald shot and killed Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit on a local street. He then slipped into a movie theater, where he was arrested for Tippit's murder. Oswald was charged with the assassination of Kennedy, but he denied responsibility for the killing, claiming that he was a "patsy". Two days later, Oswald was fatally shot by local nightclub owner Jack Ruby on live television in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters.

In September 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had acted alone when assassinating Kennedy. This conclusion, though controversial, was supported by investigations from the Dallas Police Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the United States Secret Service, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations.[n 1][1][2]

Despite forensic, ballistic, and eyewitness evidence supporting the official findings, public opinion polls have shown that most Americans still do not believe that the official version tells the whole truth of the events,[3] and the assassination spawned numerous conspiracy theories.

Early life

Oswald was born at the old French Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, on October 18, 1939, to Robert Edward Lee Oswald Sr. (1896–1939) and Marguerite Frances Claverie (1907–1981).[4] Robert Oswald was a third cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt and a distant cousin of Confederate general Robert E. Lee and served in the Marines during World War I.[5][6] Robert died of a heart attack two months before Lee was born.[7] Lee's elder brother Robert Jr. (1934–2017)[8] was also a former Marine. Through Marguerite's first marriage to Edward John Pic Jr., Lee and Robert Jr. were the half-brothers of Air Force veteran John Edward Pic (1932–2000).[9]

In 1944, Marguerite moved the family from New Orleans to Dallas, Texas. Oswald entered the first grade in 1945 and over the next six years attended several different schools in the Dallas and Fort Worth areas through the sixth grade. Oswald took an IQ test in the fourth grade and scored 103; "on achievement tests in [grades 4 to 6], he twice did best in reading and twice did worst in spelling".[10]

As a child, Oswald was described as withdrawn and temperamental by several people who knew him.[11] When Oswald was 12 in August 1952, his mother took him to New York City where they lived for a short time with Oswald's half-brother, John. Oswald and his mother were later asked to leave after an argument in which Oswald allegedly struck his mother and threatened John's wife with a pocket knife.[12][13][14]

Oswald attended seventh grade in the Bronx, New York, but was often truant, which led to a psychiatric assessment at a juvenile reformatory.[15][16] The reformatory psychiatrist, Dr. Renatus Hartogs, described Oswald as immersed in a "vivid fantasy life, turning around the topics of omnipotence and power, through which [Oswald] tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations". Hartogs concluded:

Lee has to be diagnosed as "personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies". Lee has to be seen as an emotionally, quite disturbed youngster who suffers under the impact of really existing emotional isolation and deprivation, lack of affection, absence of family life and rejection by a self involved and conflicted mother.[16]

Hartogs recommended that Lee be placed on probation on condition that he seek help and guidance through a child guidance clinic, and that Oswald seek "psychotherapeutic guidance through contact with a family agency". Evelyn D. Siegel, a social worker who interviewed both Lee and Marguerite Oswald at Youth House, while describing "a rather pleasant, appealing quality about this emotionally starved, affectionless youngster which grows as one speaks to him", found that he had detached himself from the world around him because "no one in it ever met any of his needs for love". Hartogs and Sigel indicated that Marguerite gave him very little affection, with Siegel concluding that Lee "just felt that his mother never gave a damn for him. He always felt like a burden that she simply just had to tolerate." Furthermore, his mother did not apparently indicate an awareness of the relationship between her conduct and her son's psychological problems, with Siegel describing Marguerite as a "defensive, rigid, self-involved person who had real difficulty in accepting and relating to people" and who had "little understanding" of Lee's behavior and of the "protective shell he has drawn around himself". Hartogs reported that she did not understand that Lee's withdrawal was a form of "violent but silent protest against his neglect by her and represents his reaction to a complete absence of any real family life".[16]

When Oswald returned to school for the 1953 Fall semester, his disciplinary problems continued. When he failed to cooperate with school authorities, they sought a court order to remove him from his mother's care so he could be placed into a home for boys to complete his education. This was postponed, perhaps partially because his behavior abruptly improved.[16][17] Before the New York family court system could address their case,[16][18] the Oswalds left New York in January 1954, and returned to New Orleans.[16][19]

Oswald completed the eighth and ninth grades in New Orleans. He entered the tenth grade in 1955 but quit school after one month.[20] After leaving school, Oswald worked for several months as an office clerk and messenger in New Orleans. In July 1956, Oswald's mother moved the family to Fort Worth, Texas, and Oswald re-enrolled in the tenth grade for the September session at Arlington Heights High School in Fort Worth. A few weeks later in October, Oswald quit school at age 17 to join the Marines;[21] he never earned a high school diploma. By this point, he had resided at 22 locations and attended 12 schools.[n 2]

Though Oswald had trouble spelling in his youth[10] and may have had a "reading-spelling disability",[22] he read voraciously. By age 15, he considered himself a socialist. According to his diary, "I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered socialist literature. I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries." At 16, he wrote to the Socialist Party of America for information on their Young People's Socialist League, saying he had been studying socialist principles for "well over fifteen months".[23] Edward Voebel, "whom the Warren Commission had established was Oswald's closest friend during his teenage years in New Orleans", said "reports that Oswald was already 'studying Communism' were a 'lot of baloney.'" Voebel said that "Oswald commonly read 'paperback trash'".[24][25]

As a teenager in 1955, Oswald became a cadet member of Civil Air Patrol in New Orleans. Fellow cadets variously recalled him attending CAP meetings "three or four" times, or "10 or 12 times", over a one- to three-month period.[26][27]

Marine Corps

 
Oswald as a U.S. Marine in 1956

Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24, 1956, just a week after his seventeenth birthday; because of his age, his brother Robert Jr. was required to sign as his legal guardian. Oswald also named his mother and his half-brother John as beneficiaries.[28] Oswald idolized his older brother Robert Jr.,[29] and wore his Marine Corps ring.[30] John Pic (Oswald's half-brother) testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald's enlistment was motivated by wanting "to get from out and under ... the yoke of oppression from my mother".[31]

Oswald's enlistment papers recite that he was 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 meters) tall and weighed 135 pounds (61 kg), with hazel eyes and brown hair.[28] His primary training was in radar operation, which required a security clearance. A May 1957 document stated that he was "granted final clearance to handle classified matter up to and including confidential after careful check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data".[32]

At Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi, Oswald finished seventh in a class of thirty in the Aircraft Control and Warning Operator Course, which "included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of radar".[33] He was given the military occupational specialty of Aviation Electronics Operator.[34] On July 9, he reported to the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in California. There he met fellow Marine Kerry Thornley, who co-created Discordianism. Thornley wrote the 1962 fictional book The Idle Warriors based on Oswald. This was the only book written about Oswald before the Kennedy assassination.[35][36][37] Oswald departed for Japan the following month, where he was assigned to Marine Air Control Squadron 1 at Naval Air Facility Atsugi near Tokyo.[38][39]

Like all Marines, Oswald was trained and tested in shooting. In December 1956, he scored 212, which was slightly above the requirements for the designation of sharpshooter.[20] In May 1959 he scored 191, which reduced his rating to marksman.[20][40]

Oswald was court-martialed after he accidentally shot himself in the elbow with an unauthorized .22 caliber handgun. He was court-martialed a second time for fighting with a sergeant who he thought was responsible for his punishment in the shooting matter. He was demoted from private first class to private and briefly imprisoned. Oswald was later punished for a third incident: while he was on a night-time sentry duty in the Philippines, he inexplicably fired his rifle into the jungle.[41]

Slightly built, Oswald was nicknamed Ozzie Rabbit after the cartoon character; he was also called Oswaldskovich[42] because he espoused pro-Soviet sentiments. In November 1958, Oswald transferred back to El Toro[43] where his unit's function "was to serveil [sic] for aircraft, but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas". An officer there said that Oswald was a "very competent" crew chief and was "brighter than most people".[44][45]

While Oswald was in the Marines, he taught himself rudimentary Russian. Although this was an unusual endeavor, on February 25, 1959, he was invited to take a Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian. His level at the time was rated "poor" in understanding spoken Russian, though he fared rather reasonably for a Marine private at the time in reading and writing.[46] On September 11, 1959, he received a hardship discharge from active service, claiming his mother needed care. He was placed on the United States Marine Corps Reserve.[20][47][48]

Defection to the Soviet Union

Oswald traveled to the Soviet Union just before he turned 20 in October 1959. He had taught himself Russian and saved $1,500 of his Marine Corps salary (equivalent to $11,100 in 2021).[n 3] Oswald spent two days with his mother in Fort Worth, then embarked by ship on September 20 from New Orleans to Le Havre, France, and immediately traveled to the United Kingdom. Arriving in Southampton on October 9, he told officials he had $700 and planned to stay for one week before proceeding to a school in Switzerland. On the same day, he flew to Helsinki, where he checked in at the Hotel Torni, room 309, then moved to Hotel Klaus Kurki, room 429.[49] He was issued a Soviet visa on October 14. Oswald left Helsinki by train on the following day, crossed the Soviet border at Vainikkala, and arrived in Moscow on October 16.[50] His visa, valid only for a week, was due to expire on October 21.[51]

Almost immediately after arriving, Oswald informed his Intourist guide of his desire to become a Soviet citizen. When asked why by the various Soviet officials he encountered—all of whom, by Oswald's account, found his wish incomprehensible—he said that he was a communist, and gave what he described in his diary as "vauge [sic] answers about 'Great Soviet Union'".[51] On October 21, the day his visa was due to expire, he was told that his citizenship application had been refused, and that he had to leave the Soviet Union that evening. Distraught, Oswald inflicted a minor but bloody wound to his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub soon before his Intourist guide was due to arrive to escort him from the country, according to his diary because he wished to kill himself in a way that would shock her.[51] Delaying Oswald's departure because of his self-inflicted injury, the Soviets kept him in a Moscow hospital under psychiatric observation for a week, until October 28, 1959.[52]

 
Apartment building where Oswald lived in Minsk

According to Oswald, he met with four more Soviet officials that day, who asked if he wanted to return to the United States. Oswald replied by insisting that he wanted to live in the Soviet Union as a Soviet national. When pressed for identification papers, he provided his Marine Corps discharge papers.[53]

On October 31, Oswald appeared at the United States embassy in Moscow and declared a desire to renounce his U.S. citizenship.[54][55] "I have made up my mind", he said; "I'm through."[56] He told the U.S. embassy interviewing officer, Richard Edward Snyder, that "he had been a radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he had voluntarily stated to unnamed Soviet officials that as a Soviet citizen he would make known to them such information concerning the Marine Corps and his specialty as he possessed. He intimated that he might know something of special interest."[57] Such statements led to Oswald's hardship/honorable military reserve discharge being changed to undesirable.[58] The story of the defection of a former U.S. Marine to the Soviet Union was reported by both the Associated Press and United Press International.[59][60]

Though Oswald had wanted to attend Moscow State University, in January 1960 he was sent to Minsk, Belarus, to work as a lathe operator at the Gorizont Electronics Factory, which produced radios, televisions, and military and space electronics.[61] Stanislau Shushkevich, who later became independent Belarus's first head of state, also worked at Gorizont at the time, and was assigned to help Oswald improve his Russian.[62] Oswald received a government-subsidized, fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building and an additional supplement to his factory pay, which allowed him to have a comfortable standard of living by working-class Soviet standards,[63] though he was kept under constant surveillance.[64]

From mid-1960 to early 1961, Oswald was in a relationship with Ella German (Belarusian: Эла Герман), a Belarusian coworker born in 1937.[65][9][66] They ate together in the factory cafeteria every day and dated about twice each week.[67] German later described Oswald as "a pleasant-looking guy with a good sense of humor ... not as rough and rude as the men here were back then";[68] she did not love him, but thought he was lonely and continued to date him out of pity.[69] Their relationship became more serious – in Oswald's eyes – during the summer and fall of 1960,[66] but began to deteriorate after German learned in October that Oswald had been seeing other women.[66] On January 2, 1961, Oswald proposed, but German refused.[66][70]

Return to the U.S.

Oswald wrote in his diary in January 1961: "I am starting to reconsider my desire about staying. The work is drab, the money I get has nowhere to be spent. No nightclubs or bowling alleys, no places of recreation except the trade union dances. I have had enough."[71] Shortly afterwards, Oswald (who had never formally renounced his U.S. citizenship) wrote to the Embassy of the United States, Moscow requesting the return of his American passport, and proposing to return to the U.S. if any charges against him would be dropped.[72]

In March 1961, Oswald met Marina Prusakova (born 1941), a 19-year-old pharmacology student; they married six weeks later.[n 4][73] The Oswalds' first child, June, was born on February 15, 1962. On May 24, 1962, Oswald and Marina applied at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow for documents that enabled her to immigrate to the U.S. On June 1, the U.S. Embassy gave Oswald a repatriation loan of $435.71.[74] Oswald, Marina, and their infant daughter left for the United States, where they received less attention from the press than Oswald expected.[75]

Dallas–Fort Worth

The Oswalds soon settled in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, where Lee's mother and brother lived. Lee began a manuscript on Soviet life, though he eventually gave up the project.[76] The Oswalds also became acquainted with a number of anti-Communist Russian and East European émigrés in the area.[77][78] In testimony to the Warren Commission, Alexander Kleinlerer said that the Russian émigrés sympathized with Marina, while merely tolerating Oswald, whom they regarded as rude and arrogant.[n 5]

Although the Russian émigrés eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving her husband,[79] Oswald found an unlikely friend in 51-year-old Russian émigré George de Mohrenschildt, a well-educated petroleum geologist with international business connections.[80][81] A native of Russia, Mohrenschildt later told the Warren Commission that Oswald had a "remarkable fluency in Russian".[82] Marina, meanwhile, befriended Ruth Paine,[83] a Quaker trying to learn Russian, and her husband Michael Paine, who worked for Bell Helicopter.[84]

In July 1962, Oswald was hired by the Leslie Welding Company in Dallas; he disliked the work and quit after three months. On October 12, he started working for the graphic-arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee. A fellow employee at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall testified that Oswald's rudeness at his new job was such that fights threatened to break out, and that he once saw Oswald reading a Russian-language publication.[85][n 6] Oswald was fired in the first week of April 1963.[86]

Edwin Walker assassination attempt

Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination rifle
 
Oswald's $29.95 second-hand Carcano rifle in the U.S. National Archives

In March 1963, Oswald used the alias "A. Hidell" to make a mail-order purchase of a secondhand 6.5 mm caliber Carcano rifle for $29.95.[87] He also purchased a .38 Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver by the same method.[88] The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald attempted to kill retired U.S. Major General Edwin Walker on April 10, 1963, and that Oswald fired the Carcano rifle at Walker through a window from less than 100 feet (30 m) away as Walker sat at a desk in his Dallas home. The bullet struck the window-frame and Walker's only injuries were bullet fragments to the forearm.[89] The United States House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that the "evidence strongly suggested" that Oswald carried out the shooting.[90]

General Walker was an outspoken anti-communist, segregationist, and member of the John Birch Society. In 1961, Walker had been relieved of his command of the 24th Division of the U.S. Army in West Germany for distributing right-wing literature to his troops.[91][92] Walker's later actions in opposition to racial integration at the University of Mississippi led to his arrest on insurrection, seditious conspiracy, and other charges. He was temporarily held in a mental institution on orders from President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, but a grand jury declined to indict him.[93]

Marina Oswald testified that her husband told her that he traveled by bus to General Walker's house and shot at Walker with his rifle.[94][95] She said that Oswald considered Walker to be the leader of a "fascist organization".[96] A note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was found ten days after the Kennedy assassination.[97][98][99][100]

Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting,[101] but Oswald's involvement was suspected within hours of his arrest following the assassination.[102] The Walker bullet was too damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it,[103] but neutron activation analysis later showed that it was "extremely likely" that it was made by the same manufacturer and for the same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy.[n 7]

George de Mohrenschildt testified that he "knew that Oswald disliked General Walker".[104] Regarding this, de Mohrenschildt and his wife Jeanne recalled an incident that occurred the weekend following the Walker assassination attempt. The de Mohrenschildts testified that on April 14, 1963, just before Easter Sunday, they were visiting the Oswalds at their new apartment and had brought them a toy Easter bunny to give to their child. As Oswald's wife Marina was showing Jeanne around the apartment, they discovered Oswald's rifle standing upright, leaning against the wall inside a closet. Jeanne told George that Oswald had a rifle, and George joked to Oswald, "Were you the one who took a pot-shot at General Walker?" When asked about Oswald's reaction to this question, George de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that Oswald "smiled at that".[105] When de Mohrenschildt's wife Jeanne was asked about Oswald's reaction, she said, "I didn't notice anything"; she continued, "we started laughing our heads off, big joke, big George's joke".[106] Jeanne de Mohrenschildt testified that this was the last time she or her husband ever saw the Oswalds.[107][108]

New Orleans

 
Oswald rented an apartment in this building in Uptown New Orleans c. May–September 1963.
 
Oswald's mugshot following his arrest for disturbing the peace in New Orleans, August 9, 1963
 
Oswald passing out "Fair Play for Cuba" leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963

Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 24, 1963.[109] Marina's friend Ruth Paine drove her by car from Dallas to join Oswald in New Orleans the following month.[110] On May 10, Oswald was hired by the Reily Coffee Company as a machinery greaser.[111] He was fired in July "because his work was not satisfactory and because he spent too much time loitering in Adrian Alba's garage next door, where he read rifle and hunting magazines".[112]

In his 1988 book On the Trail of the Assassins, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison claimed that Oswald really spent that time across the street at 544 Camp Street. These were the law offices of Guy Banister, a former FBI agent, an avid segregationist, and a local politician. Garrison added that Guy Banister during the summer of 1963 in New Orleans, was most interested in infiltrating the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, and used Oswald as his spy.[113] In their 1978 investigation, the House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated a possible connection between Oswald and Banister at the Camp Street address. The HSCA wrote that it "could find no documentary proof that Banister had a file on Lee Harvey Oswald nor could the committee find credible witnesses whoever saw Lee Harvey Oswald and Guy Banister together. There are indications, however, that Banister at least knew of Oswald's leafletting activities and probably maintained a file on him."[114]

On May 26, Oswald wrote to the New York City headquarters of the pro-Fidel Castro Fair Play for Cuba Committee, proposing to rent "a small office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch here in New Orleans".[115] Three days later, the FPCC responded to Oswald's letter advising against opening a New Orleans office "at least not ... at the very beginning".[116] In a follow-up letter, Oswald replied, "Against your advice, I have decided to take an office from the very beginning."[117]

On May 29, Oswald ordered the following items from a local printer: 500 application forms, 300 membership cards, and 1,000 leaflets with the heading, "Hands Off Cuba".[118] According to Marina, Lee told her to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on his membership card.[119]

According to anti-Castro militant Carlos Bringuier, Oswald visited him on August 5 and 6 at a store he owned in New Orleans. Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the anti-Castro organization Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil (DRE). Bringuier would later tell the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald's visits were an attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his group.[120] On August 9, Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out pro-Castro leaflets. Bringuier confronted Oswald, claiming he was tipped off about Oswald's leafleting by a friend. A scuffle ensued and Oswald, Bringuier, and two of Bringuier's friends were arrested for disturbing the peace.[121][122] Prior to leaving the police station, Oswald requested to speak with an FBI agent.[123] Oswald told the agent that he was a member of the New Orleans branch of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee which he claimed had 35 members and was led by A. J. Hidell.[123] In fact, Oswald was the branch's only member and it had never been chartered by the national organization.[124]

A week later, on August 16, Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers, this time in front of the International Trade Mart. The incident was filmed by WDSU, a local TV station.[125] The next day, Oswald was interviewed by WDSU radio commentator William Stuckey, who probed Oswald's background.[126][127] A few days later, Oswald accepted Stuckey's invitation to take part in a radio debate with Carlos Bringuier and Bringuier's associate Edward Scannell Butler, head of the right-wing Information Council of the Americas (INCA).[126][128][129]

Mexico

Marina's friend Ruth Paine transported Marina and her child by car from New Orleans to the Paine home in Irving, Texas, near Dallas, on September 23, 1963.[110][130] Oswald stayed in New Orleans at least two more days to collect a $33 unemployment check. It is uncertain when he left New Orleans; he is next known to have boarded a bus in Houston on September 26 – bound for the Mexican border, rather than Dallas – and to have told other bus passengers that he planned to travel to Cuba via Mexico.[131][132] He arrived in Mexico City on September 27, where he applied for a transit visa at the Cuban consulate,[133] claiming he wanted to visit Cuba on his way to the Soviet Union. The Cuban consular officials insisted Oswald would need Soviet approval, but he was unable to get prompt co-operation from the Soviet consulate. CIA documents note Oswald spoke "terrible hardly recognizable Russian" during his meetings with Cuban and Soviet officials.[134]

After five days of shuttling between consulates – and including a heated argument with an official at the Cuban consulate, impassioned pleas to KGB agents, and at least some CIA scrutiny[135] – Oswald was told by a Cuban consular officer that he was disinclined to approve the visa, saying "a person like [Oswald] in place of aiding the Cuban Revolution, was doing it harm".[136] Later, on October 18, the Cuban embassy approved the visa, but by this time Oswald was back in the United States and had given up on his plans to visit Cuba and the Soviet Union. Still later, eleven days before the assassination of President Kennedy, Oswald wrote to the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., saying, "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in Havana, as planned, the embassy there would have had time to complete our business."[137][138]

While the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had visited Mexico City and the Cuban and Soviet consulates, questions regarding whether someone posing as Oswald had appeared at the embassies were serious enough to be investigated by the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Later, the Committee agreed with the Warren Commission that Oswald had visited Mexico City and concluded that "the majority of evidence tends to indicate" that Oswald visited the consulates, but the Committee could not rule out the possibility that someone else had used his name in visiting the consulates.[139]

According to a CIA document released in 2017, it is possible Oswald was trying to get the necessary documents from the embassies to make a quick escape to the Soviet Union after the assassination.[134]

Return to Dallas

 
Texas School Book Depository, the building where Oswald worked, and from which he shot Kennedy

On October 2, 1963, Oswald left Mexico City by bus and arrived in Dallas the next day. Ruth Paine said that her neighbor told her on October 14 about a job opening at the Texas School Book Depository, where her neighbor's brother, Wesley Frazier, worked. Mrs. Paine informed Oswald, who was interviewed at the depository and was hired there on October 16 as a $1.25 an hour minimum wage order filler.[140] Oswald's supervisor, Roy S. Truly (1907–1985), said that Oswald "did a good day's work" and was an above-average employee.[141][142] During the week, Oswald stayed in a Dallas rooming house under the name "O. H. Lee",[143] but he spent his weekends with Marina at the Paine home in Irving. Oswald did not drive a car, but he commuted to and from Dallas on Mondays and Fridays with his co-worker Wesley Frazier. On October 20 (a month before the assassination), the Oswalds' second daughter, Audrey, was born.[144][145]

The Dallas branch of the FBI became interested in Oswald after its agent learned that the CIA had determined that Oswald had been in contact with the Soviet embassy in Mexico, making Oswald a possible espionage case.[146] FBI agents twice visited the Paine home in early November, when Oswald was not present, and spoke to Mrs. Paine.[147] Oswald visited the Dallas FBI office about two to three weeks before the assassination, asking to see Special Agent James P. Hosty. When he was told that Hosty was unavailable, Oswald left a note that, according to the receptionist, read: "Let this be a warning. I will blow up the FBI and the Dallas Police Department if you don't stop bothering my wife" [signed] "Lee Harvey Oswald". The note allegedly contained a threat, but accounts vary as to whether Oswald threatened to "blow up the FBI" or merely "report this to higher authorities". According to Hosty, the note said, "If you have anything you want to learn about me, come talk to me directly. If you don't cease bothering my wife, I will take the appropriate action and report this to the proper authorities." Agent Hosty said that he destroyed Oswald's note on orders from his superior, Gordon Shanklin, after Oswald was named the suspect in the Kennedy assassination.[148][149]

John F. Kennedy and J. D. Tippit shootings

Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
 
Witness Howard Brennan standing in the same spot across the street from the Texas School Book Depository four months after the assassination. Circle "A" indicates where he saw Oswald fire a rifle at the presidential motorcade.

In the days before Kennedy's arrival, several local newspapers published the route of Kennedy's motorcade, which passed the Texas School Book Depository.[150] On Thursday, November 21, 1963, Oswald asked Frazier for an unusual mid-week lift back to Irving, saying he had to pick up some curtain rods. The next morning (the day of the assassination), he returned to Dallas with Frazier. He left $170 and his wedding ring,[151] but took a large paper bag with him. Frazier reported that Oswald told him the bag contained curtain rods.[152][153] The Warren Commission concluded that the package of "curtain rods" actually contained the rifle that Oswald was going to use for the assassination.[154]

One of Oswald's co-workers, Charles Givens, testified to the Commission that he last saw Oswald on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository (TSBD) at approximately 11:55 a.m., which was 35 minutes before the motorcade entered Dealey Plaza.[n 8] The Commission report stated that Oswald was not seen again "until after the shooting".[155] In an FBI report taken the day after the assassination, Givens said that the encounter took place at 11:30 a.m. and that he saw Oswald reading a newspaper in the first-floor domino room at 11:50 a.m, 20 minutes later.[156][157] William Shelley, a foreman at the depository, also testified that he saw Oswald near the telephone on the first floor between 11:45 and 11:50 a.m.[158] Janitor Eddie Piper also testified that he spoke to Oswald on the first floor at 12:00 p.m.[159] Another co-worker, Bonnie Ray Williams, was eating his lunch on the sixth floor of the depository and was there until at least 12:10 p.m.[160] He said that during that time, he did not see Oswald, or anyone else, on the sixth floor and thought that he was the only person up there.[161] He also said that some boxes in the southeast corner may have prevented him from seeing deep into the "sniper's nest".[162] Carolyn Arnold, the secretary to the Vice President of the TSBD, informed the FBI that as she left the building to watch the motorcade, she caught a glimpse of a man whom she believed to be Oswald standing in the first-floor hallway of the building just prior to the assassination.[163][n 9]

As Kennedy's motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza at approximately 12:30 p.m. on November 22, Oswald fired three rifle shots from the southeast-corner window on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository,[164] killing the President and seriously wounding Texas Governor John Connally. One shot apparently missed the presidential limousine entirely, another struck both Kennedy and Connally, and a third bullet struck Kennedy in the head,[165] killing him. Bystander James Tague received a minor facial injury from a small piece of curbstone that had fragmented after it was struck by one of the bullets.

Witness Howard Brennan was sitting across the street from the Texas School Book Depository and watching the motorcade go by. He notified police that he heard a shot come from above and looked up to see a man with a rifle fire another shot from the southeast corner window on the sixth floor. He said he had seen the same man minutes earlier looking through the window.[166] Brennan gave a description of the shooter,[167] and Dallas police subsequently broadcast descriptions at 12:45 p.m., 12:48 p.m., and 12:55 p.m.[168] After the second shot was fired, Brennan recalled, "This man I saw previous[ly] was aiming for his last shot ... and maybe paused for another second as though to assure himself that he had hit his mark."[169]

The paper bag Frazier had described was found by police near the open sixth-floor window from which Oswald was determined to have fired;[153] it was 38 inches (97 cm) long and had marks on its inside consistent with having been used to carry a rifle.[153] A Mannlicher-Carcano rifle and three shell casings were found near the window as well.[170][171][172][173][174]

According to the investigations, after the shooting Oswald covered the rifle with boxes and descended via the rear stairwell. About 90 seconds after the shots sounded, he was encountered in the second-floor lunchroom by Dallas police officer Marrion L. Baker, who was with Oswald's supervisor, Roy Truly. Baker let Oswald pass after Truly identified him as an employee. Baker later said Oswald did not seem "nervous" or "out of breath".[175] Truly said that Oswald looked "startled" when Baker pointed his gun directly at him.[176][177] Mrs. Robert Reid, a clerical supervisor at the depository who returned to her office within two minutes of the shooting, said she saw Oswald, "very calm", on the second floor holding a Coca-Cola bottle.[178] As they walked past each other, Mrs. Reid said to Oswald, "The President has been shot" to which he mumbled something in response, but Reid did not understand him.[179] Oswald was believed to have left the depository through the front entrance just before police sealed it off. Truly later pointed out to officers that Oswald was the only employee that he was certain was missing.[180][181]

At about 12:40 p.m., 10 minutes after the shooting, Oswald boarded a city bus. Probably due to heavy traffic, he requested a transfer from the driver and got off two blocks later.[182] Oswald then took a taxicab to his rooming house at 1026 North Beckley Avenue and entered through the front door at about 1:00 p.m. According to his housekeeper Earlene Roberts, Oswald immediately went to his room, "walking pretty fast".[183] Roberts said that Oswald left "a very few minutes" later, zipping up a jacket he was not wearing when he had entered earlier. As Oswald left, Roberts looked out of the window of her house and last saw him standing at the northbound Beckley Avenue bus stop in front of her house.[184][185]

The Warren Commission concluded that at approximately 1:15 p.m., Dallas Patrolman J. D. Tippit drove up in his patrol car alongside Oswald, presumably because Oswald resembled the broadcast description of the man seen by witness Howard Brennan firing shots at Kennedy's motorcade. He encountered Oswald near the corner of East 10th Street and North Patton Avenue.[186][187] This location is about nine-tenths of a mile (1.4 km) southeast of Oswald's rooming house – a distance that the Warren Commission concluded "Oswald could have easily walked".[188] Tippit pulled alongside Oswald and "apparently exchanged words with [him] through the right front or vent window".[189] "Shortly after 1:15 p.m.",[n 10] Tippit exited his car. Oswald immediately fired his pistol and killed the policeman with four shots.[189][190] Numerous witnesses heard the shots and saw Oswald flee the scene holding a revolver; nine positively identified him as the man who shot Tippit and fled.[191][n 11] Four cartridge cases found at the scene were identified by expert witnesses[192] before the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee as having been fired from the revolver later found in Oswald's possession, excluding all other weapons. The bullets taken from Tippit's body could not be positively identified as having been fired from Oswald's revolver, as the bullets were too extensively damaged to make conclusive assessments.[192][193]

Arrest at the Texas Theatre

Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that he saw Oswald "ducking into" the entrance alcove of his store. Suspicious of this activity, Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip without paying into the nearby Texas Theatre, where the film War Is Hell was playing.[194] He alerted the theater's ticket clerk, who telephoned police[195] at about 1:40 p.m.

As police arrived, the house lights were brought up and Brewer pointed out Oswald sitting near the rear of the theater. Police Officer Nick McDonald testified that he was the first to reach Oswald and that Oswald seemed ready to surrender saying, "Well, it is all over now." McDonald said that Oswald pulled out a pistol tucked into the front of his pants, then pointed the pistol at him, and pulled the trigger. McDonald stated that the pistol did not fire because the pistol's hammer came down on the webbing between the thumb and index finger of his hand as he grabbed for the pistol. McDonald also said that Oswald struck him, but that he struck back and Oswald was disarmed.[196][197] As he was led from the theater, Oswald shouted he was a victim of police brutality.[198]

Oswald was formally arraigned for the murder of Officer Tippit at 7:10 p.m.[199][200]

Soon after his arrest, Oswald encountered reporters in a hallway. Oswald declared, "I didn't shoot anybody" and, "They've taken me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!"[201] Later, at an arranged press meeting, a reporter asked, "Did you kill the President?" and Oswald – who by that time had been advised of the charge of murdering Tippit, but had not yet been arraigned in Kennedy's death – answered, "No, I have not been charged with that. In fact, nobody has said that to me yet. The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked me that question."[202] As he was led from the room the question was called out, "What did you do in Russia?" and, "How did you hurt your eye?"; Oswald answered, "A policeman hit me."[199] By early the next morning (shortly after 1:30 a.m.) he had been arraigned for the assassination of President Kennedy.[203]

Police interrogation

 
Fake Selective Service System (draft) card in the name of "Alek James Hidell", which was found on Oswald when he was arrested. "A. Hidell" was the name used on both envelope and order slip to buy the alleged murder weapon (see CE 773),[204] and "A. J. Hidell" was the alternate name on the New Orleans post office box rented June 11, 1963, by Oswald.[205] Both the alleged murder weapon and the pistol in Oswald's possession at arrest had earlier been shipped (at separate times) to Oswald's Dallas P.O. Box 2915, as ordered by "A. J. Hidell".[206]

Oswald was interrogated several times during his two days at Dallas Police Headquarters. He admitted that he went to his rooming house after leaving the book depository. He also admitted that he changed his clothes and armed himself with a .38 caliber revolver before leaving his house to go to the theater.[207] Oswald denied killing Kennedy and Tippit, denied owning a rifle, and said two photographs of him holding a rifle and a pistol were fakes. He denied telling his co-worker he wanted a ride to Irving to get curtain rods for his apartment (he said that the package contained his lunch). He also denied carrying a long, bulky package to work the morning of the assassination. Oswald denied knowing an "A. J. Hidell". Oswald was then shown a forged Selective Service System card bearing his photograph and the alias, "Alek James Hidell" that he had in his possession at the time of his arrest. Oswald refused to answer any questions concerning the card, saying "you have the card yourself and you know as much about it as I do".[208][209]

FBI Special Agent James P. Hosty and Dallas Police Captain Will Fritz (chief of homicide) conducted the first interrogation of Oswald on Friday, November 22. When Oswald was asked to account for himself at the time of the assassination, he replied that he was eating his lunch in the first-floor lounge (known as the "domino room"). He said that he then went to the second-floor lunchroom to buy a Coca-Cola from the soda machine there and was drinking it when he encountered Dallas motorcycle policeman Marrion L. Baker, who had entered the building with his gun drawn.[210][211][212][213] Oswald said that while he was in the domino room, he saw two "Negro employees" walking by, one he recognized as "Junior" and a shorter man whose name he could not recall.[214] Junior Jarman and Harold Norman confirmed to the Warren Commission that they had "walked through" the domino room around noon during their lunch break. When asked if anyone else was in the domino room, Norman testified that somebody else was there, but he could not remember who it was. Jarman testified that Oswald was not in the domino room when he was there.[215][216]

When homicide detective Jim Leavelle testified before the Warren Commission, he said that the first time he had ever sat in on an interrogation with Oswald was on Sunday morning, November 24, 1963. When Counsel Joseph Ball asked Leavelle if he had ever spoken to Oswald before this interrogation, he stated, "No, I had never talked to him before". Leavelle then stated during his testimony that "the only time I had connections with Oswald was this Sunday morning [November 24, 1963]. I never had [the] occasion... to talk with him at any time..."[217] During Oswald's last interrogation on November 24, according to postal inspector Harry Holmes, Oswald was again asked where he was at the time of the shooting. Holmes (who attended the interrogation at the invitation of Captain Will Fritz) said that Oswald replied that he was working on an upper floor when the shooting occurred, then went downstairs where he encountered Dallas motorcycle policeman Marrion L. Baker.[218]

Oswald asked for legal representation several times during the interrogation, and he also asked for assistance during encounters with reporters. When H. Louis Nichols, President of the Dallas Bar Association, met with him in his cell on Saturday, he declined their services, saying he wanted to be represented by John Abt, chief counsel to the Communist Party USA, or by lawyers associated with the American Civil Liberties Union.[219][220] Both Oswald and Ruth Paine tried to reach Abt by telephone several times Saturday and Sunday,[221][222] but Abt was away for the weekend.[223] Oswald also declined his brother Robert's offer on Saturday to obtain a local attorney.[224]

During an interrogation with Captain Fritz, when asked, "Are you a communist?", he replied, "No, I am not a communist. I am a Marxist."[225][226][227]

Murder

See also: Jack Ruby
Murder of Lee Harvey Oswald
 
Ruby shooting Oswald, who is being escorted by Dallas police. Detective Jim Leavelle is wearing the tan suit. L. C. Graves is with the black hat.
LocationDallas, Texas, U.S.
DateNovember 24, 1963; 59 years ago (1963-11-24)
11:21 a.m. (CST)
TargetLee Harvey Oswald
Attack type
Murder by shooting
Deaths1 (Lee Harvey Oswald)
PerpetratorJack Leon Ruby
MotiveDisputed
VerdictGuilty
ConvictionsMurder with malice
SentenceDeath (overturned)

On Sunday, November 24, detectives were escorting Oswald through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters toward an armored car that was to take him from the city jail (located on the fourth floor of police headquarters) to the nearby county jail. At 11:21 a.m. CST, Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby approached Oswald from the side of the crowd and shot him once in the abdomen at close range.[228] As the shot rang out, a police detective recognized Ruby and exclaimed: "Jack, you son of a bitch!"[229] The crowd outside the headquarters applauded when they heard that Oswald had been shot.[230]

An unconscious Oswald was taken by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital—the same hospital where Kennedy was pronounced dead two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m;[143] Dallas police chief Jesse Curry announced his death on a TV news broadcast.

At 2:45 p.m. the same day, an autopsy was performed on Oswald in the Office of the County Medical Examiner.[228] Dallas County medical examiner Earl Rose announced the results of the gross autopsy: "The two things that we could determine were, first, that he died from a hemorrhage from a gunshot wound, and that otherwise he was a physically healthy male."[231] Rose's examination found that the bullet entered Oswald's left side in the front part of the abdomen and caused damage to his spleen, stomach, aorta, vena cava, kidney, liver, diaphragm, and eleventh rib before coming to rest on his right side.[231]

A network television pool camera was broadcasting live to cover the transfer; millions of people watching on NBC saw the shooting as it happened, and on other networks within minutes afterward.[232] In 1964, Robert H. Jackson of the Dallas Times Herald was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Photography for his photograph taken just a moment after the shot was fired, as Oswald began to double over in pain.[233]

Ruby's motive

Ruby later said he had been distraught over Kennedy's death and that his motive for killing Oswald was "saving Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial".[234] Others have hypothesized that Ruby was part of a conspiracy. G. Robert Blakey, chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations from 1977 to 1979, said: "The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever."[235]

Burial

 
Oswald's replacement gravestone

Miller Funeral Home had great difficulty finding a cemetery willing to accept Oswald's remains; Rose Hill Cemetery in Fort Worth eventually agreed. A Lutheran reverend reluctantly agreed to officiate but then failed to appear. Reverend Louis Saunders of the Fort Worth Council of Churches volunteered, saying that "someone had to help this family". He performed a brief graveside service under heavy guard on November 25. Reporters covering the burial were asked to act as pallbearers.[236][237][238]

Oswald's original tombstone, which gave his full name, birth date, and death date, was stolen four years after the assassination, and his mother replaced it with a marker simply inscribed Oswald.[239] His mother's body was buried beside his in 1981.[240]

A claim that a look-alike Russian agent was buried in place of Oswald led to the body's exhumation on October 4, 1981.[241] Dental records confirmed it was Oswald. The remains were reburied in a new coffin because of water damage to the original.[242]

In 2010, Miller Funeral Home employed a Los Angeles auction house to sell the original coffin to an anonymous bidder for $87,468.[241][242] The sale was halted after Oswald's brother Robert (1934–2017)[243] sued to reclaim the coffin.[241][242] In 2015, a district judge in Tarrant County, Texas ruled that the funeral home intentionally concealed the existence of the coffin from Robert Oswald, who had originally purchased it and believed that it had been discarded after the exhumation,[241][242] and ordered it returned to Robert Oswald along with damages equal to the sale price.[241][242] Robert Oswald's attorney stated that the coffin would likely be destroyed "as soon as possible".[241][242]

Official investigations

Warren Commission

President Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that created the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination. The commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, and the Warren Report could not ascribe any one motive or group of motives to Oswald's actions:

It is apparent, however, that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment. He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it. Oswald's search for what he conceived to be the perfect society was doomed from the start. He sought for himself a place in history – a role as the "great man" who would be recognized as having been in advance of his times. His commitment to Marxism and communism appears to have been another important factor in his motivation. He also had demonstrated a capacity to act decisively and without regard to the consequences when such action would further his aims of the moment. Out of these and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man capable of assassinating President Kennedy.[244]

The proceedings of the commission were closed, though not secret. Approximately three percent of its files have yet to be released to the public, which has continued to provoke speculation among researchers.[n 12]

Ramsey Clark Panel

In 1968, the Ramsey Clark Panel examined various photographs, X-ray films, documents, and other evidence. It concluded that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him: one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone, and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side.[245]

House Select Committee

Main article: United States House Select Committee on Assassinations
Further information: Dictabelt evidence relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy

In 1979, after a review of the evidence and of prior investigations, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) largely concurred with the Warren Commission and was preparing to issue a finding that Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy.[246] Late in the Committee's proceedings, a dictabelt recording was introduced, purportedly recording sounds heard in Dealey Plaza before, during, and after the shots. After an analysis by the firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman appeared to indicate more than three gunshots, the HSCA revised its findings to assert a "high probability that two gunmen fired" at Kennedy and that Kennedy "was probably assassinated as the result of a conspiracy". Although the Committee was "unable to identify the other gunman or the extent of the conspiracy", it made a number of further findings regarding the likelihood that particular groups, named in the findings, were involved.[247] Four of the twelve members of the HSCA dissented from this conclusion.[246]

The acoustic evidence has since been discredited.[248][249][250][251][252][253] Officer H.B. McLain, from whose motorcycle radio the HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came,[254][255] has repeatedly stated that he was not yet in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination.[256] McLain asked the Committee, "'If it was my radio on my motorcycle, why did it not record the revving up at high speed plus my siren when we immediately took off for Parkland Hospital?'"[257]

In 1982, a panel of twelve scientists appointed by the National Academy of Sciences, including Nobel laureates Norman Ramsey and Luis Alvarez, unanimously concluded that the acoustic evidence submitted to the HSCA was "seriously flawed", was recorded after the shots, and did not indicate additional gunshots.[258] Their conclusions were published in the journal Science.[259]

In a 2001 article in the journal Science & Justice, D.B. Thomas wrote that the NAS investigation was itself flawed. He concluded with a 96.3 percent certainty that at least two gunmen fired at President Kennedy and that at least one shot came from the grassy knoll.[260] In 2005, Thomas's conclusions were rebutted in the same journal. Ralph Linsker and several members of the original NAS team reanalyzed the timings of the recordings and reaffirmed the earlier conclusion of the NAS report that the alleged shot sounds were recorded approximately one minute after the assassination.[261] In 2010, D.B. Thomas challenged the 2005 Science & Justice article and restated his conclusion that there were at least two gunmen.[262]

Backyard photos

Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination rifle
 
Image CE 133-A, one of three known "backyard photos". Oswald sent this image (as a first-generation copy) to George de Mohrenschildt in April 1963.

Photos of Oswald holding the rifle that was later determined to be the murder weapon are an important piece of evidence linking Oswald to the crime. The photos were uncovered with other possessions belonging to Oswald in the garage of Ruth Paine in Irving, Texas, on November 23, 1963.[263] Marina Oswald told the Warren Commission that around March 31, 1963, she had taken pictures of Oswald as he posed with a Carcano rifle, a holstered pistol, and two Marxist newspapers – The Militant and The Worker.[264]

Oswald had sent one of the photos to The Militant's New York office with an accompanying letter stating he was "prepared for anything": according to Sylvia Weinstein, who handled the newspaper's subscriptions at the time, Oswald was seen as a "kookie" and politically "dumb and totally naive", as he apparently did not know that The Militant, published by the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party, and The Worker, published by the pro-Soviet Communist Party USA, were rival publications and ideologically opposed to each other.[265]

The pictures were shown to Oswald after his arrest, but he insisted that they were forgeries.[263]

In 1964, Marina testified before the Warren Commission that she had photographed Oswald, at his request and using his camera.[266] These photos were labelled CE 133-A and CE 133-B. CE 133-A shows the rifle in Oswald's left hand and newspapers in front of his chest in the other, while the rifle is held with the right hand in CE 133-B. The Carcano in the images had markings matching those on the rifle found in the Book Depository after the assassination. Oswald's mother testified that on the day after the assassination she and Marina destroyed another photograph with Oswald holding the rifle with both hands over his head, with "To my daughter June" written on it.[267]

When shown one of the photos during his interrogation by Dallas police, Oswald stated that it was a fake. According to Dallas Police Captain Will Fritz:

He said that the picture was not his, that the face was his face, but that this picture had been made by someone superimposing his face, the other part of the picture was not him at all and that he had never seen the picture before. ... He told me that he understood photography real well, and that in time, he would be able to show that it was not his picture, and that it had been made by someone else.[268]

The HSCA obtained another first-generation print (from CE 133-A) on April 1, 1977, from the widow of George de Mohrenschildt. The words "Hunter of fascists – ha ha ha!" written in block Russian were on the back. Also in English were added in script: "To my friend George, Lee Oswald, 5/IV/63 [April 5, 1963]."[269] Handwriting experts for the HSCA concluded the English inscription and signature were by Oswald. After two original photos, one negative and one first-generation copy had been found, the Senate Intelligence Committee located (in 1976) a third backyard photo (CE 133-C) showing Oswald with newspapers held away from his body in his right hand.

These photos, widely recognized as some of the most significant evidence against Oswald, have been subjected to rigorous analysis.[270] Photographic experts consulted by the HSCA concluded they were genuine,[271] answering twenty-one points raised by critics.[272] Marina Oswald has always maintained she took the photos herself, and the 1963 de Mohrenschildt print bearing Oswald's signature clearly indicate they existed before the assassination. Nonetheless, some continue to contest their authenticity.[273] In 2009, after digitally analyzing the photograph of Oswald holding the rifle and paper, computer scientist Hany Farid concluded[274] that the photo "almost certainly was not altered".[275]

Other investigations and dissenting theories

Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories

Some critics have not accepted the conclusions of the Warren Commission and have proposed several other theories, such as that Oswald conspired with others, or was not involved at all and was framed. A Gallup Poll taken in mid-November 2013, showed 61% believed that Kennedy was killed as a result of conspiracy, and only 30% thought Oswald acted alone.[276]

Oswald was never prosecuted because he was murdered two days after the assassination. In March 1967, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison arrested and charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy, with the help of Oswald, David Ferrie, and others. Garrison believed that the men were part of an arms smuggling ring supplying weapons to the anti-Castro Cubans in a conspiracy with elements of the CIA to kill Kennedy.[113] The trial of Clay Shaw began in January 1969 in Orleans Parish Criminal Court. The jury acquitted Shaw.

Several films have fictionalized a trial of Oswald, depicting what may have happened had Ruby not killed Oswald. The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1964); The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1977); and On Trial: Lee Harvey Oswald (1986) have imagined such a trial. In 1988, a 21-hour unscripted mock trial was held on television, argued by lawyers before a judge,[277] with unscripted testimony from surviving witnesses to the events surrounding the assassination; the jury returned a verdict of guilty. In 1992 the American Bar Association conducted two mock Oswald trials. The first trial ended in a hung jury. In the second trial the jury acquitted Oswald.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ These were investigations by: the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1963), the Warren Commission (1964), the House Select Committee on Assassinations (1979), the Secret Service, and the Dallas Police Department.
  2. ^ The schools were:[citation needed]
    • 1st grade: Benbrook Common School (Fort Worth, Texas), October 31, 1945
    • 1st grade (again): Covington Elementary School (Covington, Louisiana), September 1946 – January 1947
    • 1st grade (end): Clayton Public School (Ft Worth, TX), January–May 1947
    • 2nd grade: Clayton Public School (Ft Worth, TX), September 1947
    • 2nd grade (end): Clark Elementary School (Ft Worth, TX), March 1948
    • 3rd grade: Arlington Heights Elementary School (Ft Worth, TX), September 1948
    • 4th grade: Ridglea West Elementary School (since renamed Luella Merrett, Ft Worth), Sep. 1949
    • 5th grade: Ridglea West Elementary School (Ft Worth), September 1950
    • 6th grade: Ridglea West Elementary School (Ft Worth), September 1951
    • 7th grade: Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School (Bronx, NYC, NY), August 1952
    • 7th grade: Public School 117 (Bronx, NY), September 1952 (attended 17 of 64 days)
    • 7th grade (end): Public School 44 (Bronx, NY), March 23, 1953
    Reformatory: Youth House (NYC, NY), April–May 1953.
    • 8th grade: Public School 44 (Bronx, NY), September 14, 1953
    • 8th grade (end): Beauregard Junior High School (New Orleans), January 13, 1954
    • 9th grade: Beauregard Junior High School (New Orleans), September 1954 – June 1955
    • 10th grade: Warren Easton High School (New Orleans), September–October 1955 (Warren appendix 13)
    (tried to enlist in U.S. Marines using affidavit claiming age 17)
    (worked as clerk/messenger in New Orleans, rather than school)
    • 10th grade (again): Arlington Heights High School (Ft Worth, TX), September–October 1956. Final withdrawal from high school, 10th grade. (Warren appendix 13)
  3. ^ Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 22, p. 705, CE 1385, Notes of interview of Lee Harvey Oswald conducted by Aline Mosby in Moscow in November 1959. Oswald: "When I was working in the middle of the night on guard duty, I would think how long it would be and how much money I would have to save. It would be like being out of prison. I saved about $1500." During Oswald's two years and ten months of service in the Marine Corps he received $3,452.20, after all taxes, allotments and other deductions as well as his GED. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 26, p. 709, CE 3099, Certified military pay records for Lee Harvey Oswald for the period October 24, 1956, to September 11, 1959.
  4. ^ Though later reports described her uncle, with whom she was living, as a colonel in the KGB, he was a lumber industry expert in the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) with a bureaucratic rank of Polkovnik. Priscilla Johnson McMillan, Marina and Lee, Harper & Row, 1977, pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-06-012953-8.
  5. ^ Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 123, Affidavit of Alexander Kleinlerer: "Anna Meller, Mrs. Hall, George Bouhe, and the deMohrenschildts, and all that group had pity for Marina and her child. None of us cared for Oswald because of his political philosophy, his criticism of the United States, his apparent lack of interest in anyone but himself, and because of his treatment of Marina."
  6. ^ Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein: "I would say he didn't get along with people and that several people had words with him at times about the way he barged around the plant, and one of the fellows back in the photosetter department almost got in a fight with him one day, and I believe it was Mr. Graef that stepped in and broke it up before it got started..."
  7. ^ United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, Testimony of Dr. Vincent P. Guinn:
    Mr. WOLF. In your professional opinion, Dr. Guinn, is the fragment removed from General Walker's house a fragment from a WCC (Western Cartridge Company) Mannlicher–Carcano bullet?
    Dr. GUINN. I would say that it is extremely likely that it is, because there are very few, very few other ammunitions that would be in this range. I don't know of any that are specifically this close as these numbers indicate, but somewhere near them there are a few others, but essentially this is in the range that is rather characteristic of WCC Mannlicher–Carcano bullet lead.
  8. ^ Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Charles Givens May 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ^ In 1978, she told author Anthony Summers that the FBI report misquoted her and that she "clearly" saw Oswald sitting in the second-floor lunchroom at 12:15 p.m. or slightly after[citation needed]; no other depository employee reported seeing Oswald on the second floor between 12 and 12:30 p.m. (e.g., Mrs. Pauline Sanders, who left the second floor lunchroom at "approximately 12:20 pm", did not see Oswald at all that day).
  10. ^ The first report of Tippit's shooting was transmitted over Police Channel 1 sometime between 1:16 and 1:19 p.m., as indicated by verbal time stamps made periodically by the dispatcher. Specifically, the first report began 1 minute 41 seconds after the 1: 16 time stamp. Before that, witness Domingo Benavides could be heard unsuccessfully trying to use Tippit's police radio microphone, beginning at 1:16. Dale K. Myers, With Malice: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Murder of Officer J.D. Tippit, 1998, p. 384. ISBN 0-9662709-7-5.
  11. ^ By the evening of November 22, five of them (Helen Markham, Barbara Jeanette Davis, Virginia Davis, Ted Callaway, Sam Guinyard) had identified Oswald in police lineups as the man they saw. A sixth (William Scoggins) did so the next day. Three others (Harold Russell, Pat Patterson, Warren Reynolds) subsequently identified Oswald from a photograph. Two witnesses (Domingo Benavides, William Arthur Smith) testified that Oswald resembled the man they had seen. One witness (L.J. Lewis) felt he was too distant from the gunman to make a positive identification. Warren Commission Hearings, CE 1968, Location of Eyewitnesses to the Movements of Lee Harvey Oswald in the Vicinity of the Tippit Killing.
  12. ^ "Two misconceptions about the Warren Commission hearing need to be clarified ... hearings were closed to the public unless the witness appearing before the Commission requested an open hearing. No witness except one ... requested an open hearing ... Second, although the hearings (except one) were conducted in private, they were not secret. In a secret hearing, the witness is instructed not to disclose his testimony to any third party, and the hearing testimony is not published for public consumption. The witnesses who appeared before the Commission were free to repeat what they said to anyone they pleased, and all of their testimony was subsequently published in the first fifteen volumes put out by the Warren Commission." (Bugliosi, p. 332)


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Further reading

  • Bugliosi, Vincent (2007). Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04525-3..
  • Epstein, Edward Jay (1978). Legend: the Secret World of Lee Harvey Oswald. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-019539-0.
  • Ford, Gerald (1965). Portrait of the Assassin. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82663-1.
  • Gillon, Steven. Lee Harvey Oswald: 48 Hours to Live Sterling. 2013. ISBN 1454912510
  • Mailer, Norman. Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery. New York: Ballantine Books, (1995) ISBN 0-345-40437-8.
  • McMillan, Priscilla Johnson. Marina and Lee New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
  • Melanson, Philip H. Spy Saga: Lee Harvey Oswald and U.S. Intelligence. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1990, hardcover, ISBN 0-275-93571-X
  • Nechiporenko, Oleg M. Passport to Assassination: The Never-Before Told Story of Lee Harvey Oswald by the KGB Colonel Who Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1993, ISBN 1-55972-210-X.
  • Posner, Gerald (1993), Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, Random House, ISBN 0-679-41825-3
  • Roffman, Howard. Presumed Guilty. South Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1976, hardcover, ISBN 0-498-01933-0
  • Sauvage, Leo (1966). The Oswald Affair. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company.
  • Summers, Anthony (1998), Not in Your Lifetime, New York: Marlowe & Company, ISBN 1-56924-739-0

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lee Harvey Oswald.
  • Frontline: Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?
  • by John C. McAdams
  • by W. Tracy Parnell
  • Abrahamsen, D. (1967). "A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald: Psychological Capability of Murder". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 43 (10): 861–888. PMC 1806829. PMID 19312773.
  • Lee Harvey Oswald at IMDb

January 04, 2023
harvey, oswald, kennedy, assassin, redirects, here, assassin, robert, kennedy, sirhan, sirhan, october, 1939, november, 1963, marine, veteran, assassinated, john, kennedy, 35th, president, united, states, november, 1963, oswald, november, 1963, after, assassin. Kennedy s assassin redirects here For the assassin of Robert F Kennedy see Sirhan Sirhan Lee Harvey Oswald October 18 1939 November 24 1963 was a U S Marine veteran who assassinated John F Kennedy the 35th President of the United States on November 22 1963 Lee Harvey OswaldOswald on November 23 1963 one day after the assassination of U S president John F KennedyBorn 1939 10 18 October 18 1939New Orleans Louisiana U S DiedNovember 24 1963 1963 11 24 aged 24 Dallas Texas U S Cause of deathGunshot woundResting placeRose Hill Cemetery Fort Worth Texas U S 32 43 57 N 97 12 12 W 32 732455 N 97 203223 W 32 732455 97 203223 Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald Known forAssassination of John F Kennedy and killing of Dallas police officer J D TippitCriminal chargeMurder with malice 2 counts SpouseMarina Nikolayevna Prusakova m 1961 wbr Children2Military careerAllegianceUnited StatesService wbr branchUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1956 1959RankPrivate first class demoted to Private SignatureOswald was placed in juvenile detention at the age of 12 for truancy during which time he was assessed by a psychiatrist as emotionally disturbed due to a lack of normal family life After attending 12 schools in his youth he quit repeatedly and finally when he was 17 joined the Marines Oswald was court martialed twice while in the Marines and jailed He was honorably released from active duty in the Marine Corps into the Marine Corps Reserve then flew to Europe and defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959 He lived in Minsk Byelorussia married a Russian woman named Marina and had a daughter In June 1962 he returned to the United States with his wife and eventually settled in Dallas Texas where their second daughter was born Oswald shot and killed Kennedy on November 22 1963 from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository as Kennedy traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas About 45 minutes after assassinating Kennedy Oswald shot and killed Dallas police officer J D Tippit on a local street He then slipped into a movie theater where he was arrested for Tippit s murder Oswald was charged with the assassination of Kennedy but he denied responsibility for the killing claiming that he was a patsy Two days later Oswald was fatally shot by local nightclub owner Jack Ruby on live television in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters In September 1964 the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had acted alone when assassinating Kennedy This conclusion though controversial was supported by investigations from the Dallas Police Department the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI the United States Secret Service and the House Select Committee on Assassinations n 1 1 2 Despite forensic ballistic and eyewitness evidence supporting the official findings public opinion polls have shown that most Americans still do not believe that the official version tells the whole truth of the events 3 and the assassination spawned numerous conspiracy theories Contents 1 Early life 2 Marine Corps 3 Defection to the Soviet Union 4 Return to the U S 4 1 Dallas Fort Worth 4 2 Edwin Walker assassination attempt 4 3 New Orleans 4 4 Mexico 4 5 Return to Dallas 5 John F Kennedy and J D Tippit shootings 5 1 Arrest at the Texas Theatre 6 Police interrogation 7 Murder 7 1 Ruby s motive 7 2 Burial 8 Official investigations 8 1 Warren Commission 8 2 Ramsey Clark Panel 8 3 House Select Committee 9 Backyard photos 10 Other investigations and dissenting theories 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksEarly lifeOswald was born at the old French Hospital in New Orleans Louisiana on October 18 1939 to Robert Edward Lee Oswald Sr 1896 1939 and Marguerite Frances Claverie 1907 1981 4 Robert Oswald was a third cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt and a distant cousin of Confederate general Robert E Lee and served in the Marines during World War I 5 6 Robert died of a heart attack two months before Lee was born 7 Lee s elder brother Robert Jr 1934 2017 8 was also a former Marine Through Marguerite s first marriage to Edward John Pic Jr Lee and Robert Jr were the half brothers of Air Force veteran John Edward Pic 1932 2000 9 In 1944 Marguerite moved the family from New Orleans to Dallas Texas Oswald entered the first grade in 1945 and over the next six years attended several different schools in the Dallas and Fort Worth areas through the sixth grade Oswald took an IQ test in the fourth grade and scored 103 on achievement tests in grades 4 to 6 he twice did best in reading and twice did worst in spelling 10 As a child Oswald was described as withdrawn and temperamental by several people who knew him 11 When Oswald was 12 in August 1952 his mother took him to New York City where they lived for a short time with Oswald s half brother John Oswald and his mother were later asked to leave after an argument in which Oswald allegedly struck his mother and threatened John s wife with a pocket knife 12 13 14 Oswald attended seventh grade in the Bronx New York but was often truant which led to a psychiatric assessment at a juvenile reformatory 15 16 The reformatory psychiatrist Dr Renatus Hartogs described Oswald as immersed in a vivid fantasy life turning around the topics of omnipotence and power through which Oswald tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations Hartogs concluded Lee has to be diagnosed as personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive aggressive tendencies Lee has to be seen as an emotionally quite disturbed youngster who suffers under the impact of really existing emotional isolation and deprivation lack of affection absence of family life and rejection by a self involved and conflicted mother 16 Hartogs recommended that Lee be placed on probation on condition that he seek help and guidance through a child guidance clinic and that Oswald seek psychotherapeutic guidance through contact with a family agency Evelyn D Siegel a social worker who interviewed both Lee and Marguerite Oswald at Youth House while describing a rather pleasant appealing quality about this emotionally starved affectionless youngster which grows as one speaks to him found that he had detached himself from the world around him because no one in it ever met any of his needs for love Hartogs and Sigel indicated that Marguerite gave him very little affection with Siegel concluding that Lee just felt that his mother never gave a damn for him He always felt like a burden that she simply just had to tolerate Furthermore his mother did not apparently indicate an awareness of the relationship between her conduct and her son s psychological problems with Siegel describing Marguerite as a defensive rigid self involved person who had real difficulty in accepting and relating to people and who had little understanding of Lee s behavior and of the protective shell he has drawn around himself Hartogs reported that she did not understand that Lee s withdrawal was a form of violent but silent protest against his neglect by her and represents his reaction to a complete absence of any real family life 16 When Oswald returned to school for the 1953 Fall semester his disciplinary problems continued When he failed to cooperate with school authorities they sought a court order to remove him from his mother s care so he could be placed into a home for boys to complete his education This was postponed perhaps partially because his behavior abruptly improved 16 17 Before the New York family court system could address their case 16 18 the Oswalds left New York in January 1954 and returned to New Orleans 16 19 Oswald completed the eighth and ninth grades in New Orleans He entered the tenth grade in 1955 but quit school after one month 20 After leaving school Oswald worked for several months as an office clerk and messenger in New Orleans In July 1956 Oswald s mother moved the family to Fort Worth Texas and Oswald re enrolled in the tenth grade for the September session at Arlington Heights High School in Fort Worth A few weeks later in October Oswald quit school at age 17 to join the Marines 21 he never earned a high school diploma By this point he had resided at 22 locations and attended 12 schools n 2 Though Oswald had trouble spelling in his youth 10 and may have had a reading spelling disability 22 he read voraciously By age 15 he considered himself a socialist According to his diary I was looking for a key to my environment and then I discovered socialist literature I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries At 16 he wrote to the Socialist Party of America for information on their Young People s Socialist League saying he had been studying socialist principles for well over fifteen months 23 Edward Voebel whom the Warren Commission had established was Oswald s closest friend during his teenage years in New Orleans said reports that Oswald was already studying Communism were a lot of baloney Voebel said that Oswald commonly read paperback trash 24 25 As a teenager in 1955 Oswald became a cadet member of Civil Air Patrol in New Orleans Fellow cadets variously recalled him attending CAP meetings three or four times or 10 or 12 times over a one to three month period 26 27 Marine Corps Oswald as a U S Marine in 1956 Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24 1956 just a week after his seventeenth birthday because of his age his brother Robert Jr was required to sign as his legal guardian Oswald also named his mother and his half brother John as beneficiaries 28 Oswald idolized his older brother Robert Jr 29 and wore his Marine Corps ring 30 John Pic Oswald s half brother testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald s enlistment was motivated by wanting to get from out and under the yoke of oppression from my mother 31 Oswald s enlistment papers recite that he was 5 feet 8 inches 1 73 meters tall and weighed 135 pounds 61 kg with hazel eyes and brown hair 28 His primary training was in radar operation which required a security clearance A May 1957 document stated that he was granted final clearance to handle classified matter up to and including confidential after careful check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data 32 At Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi Oswald finished seventh in a class of thirty in the Aircraft Control and Warning Operator Course which included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of radar 33 He was given the military occupational specialty of Aviation Electronics Operator 34 On July 9 he reported to the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in California There he met fellow Marine Kerry Thornley who co created Discordianism Thornley wrote the 1962 fictional book The Idle Warriors based on Oswald This was the only book written about Oswald before the Kennedy assassination 35 36 37 Oswald departed for Japan the following month where he was assigned to Marine Air Control Squadron 1 at Naval Air Facility Atsugi near Tokyo 38 39 Like all Marines Oswald was trained and tested in shooting In December 1956 he scored 212 which was slightly above the requirements for the designation of sharpshooter 20 In May 1959 he scored 191 which reduced his rating to marksman 20 40 Oswald was court martialed after he accidentally shot himself in the elbow with an unauthorized 22 caliber handgun He was court martialed a second time for fighting with a sergeant who he thought was responsible for his punishment in the shooting matter He was demoted from private first class to private and briefly imprisoned Oswald was later punished for a third incident while he was on a night time sentry duty in the Philippines he inexplicably fired his rifle into the jungle 41 Slightly built Oswald was nicknamed Ozzie Rabbit after the cartoon character he was also called Oswaldskovich 42 because he espoused pro Soviet sentiments In November 1958 Oswald transferred back to El Toro 43 where his unit s function was to serveil sic for aircraft but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas An officer there said that Oswald was a very competent crew chief and was brighter than most people 44 45 While Oswald was in the Marines he taught himself rudimentary Russian Although this was an unusual endeavor on February 25 1959 he was invited to take a Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian His level at the time was rated poor in understanding spoken Russian though he fared rather reasonably for a Marine private at the time in reading and writing 46 On September 11 1959 he received a hardship discharge from active service claiming his mother needed care He was placed on the United States Marine Corps Reserve 20 47 48 Defection to the Soviet UnionOswald traveled to the Soviet Union just before he turned 20 in October 1959 He had taught himself Russian and saved 1 500 of his Marine Corps salary equivalent to 11 100 in 2021 n 3 Oswald spent two days with his mother in Fort Worth then embarked by ship on September 20 from New Orleans to Le Havre France and immediately traveled to the United Kingdom Arriving in Southampton on October 9 he told officials he had 700 and planned to stay for one week before proceeding to a school in Switzerland On the same day he flew to Helsinki where he checked in at the Hotel Torni room 309 then moved to Hotel Klaus Kurki room 429 49 He was issued a Soviet visa on October 14 Oswald left Helsinki by train on the following day crossed the Soviet border at Vainikkala and arrived in Moscow on October 16 50 His visa valid only for a week was due to expire on October 21 51 Almost immediately after arriving Oswald informed his Intourist guide of his desire to become a Soviet citizen When asked why by the various Soviet officials he encountered all of whom by Oswald s account found his wish incomprehensible he said that he was a communist and gave what he described in his diary as vauge sic answers about Great Soviet Union 51 On October 21 the day his visa was due to expire he was told that his citizenship application had been refused and that he had to leave the Soviet Union that evening Distraught Oswald inflicted a minor but bloody wound to his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub soon before his Intourist guide was due to arrive to escort him from the country according to his diary because he wished to kill himself in a way that would shock her 51 Delaying Oswald s departure because of his self inflicted injury the Soviets kept him in a Moscow hospital under psychiatric observation for a week until October 28 1959 52 Apartment building where Oswald lived in Minsk According to Oswald he met with four more Soviet officials that day who asked if he wanted to return to the United States Oswald replied by insisting that he wanted to live in the Soviet Union as a Soviet national When pressed for identification papers he provided his Marine Corps discharge papers 53 On October 31 Oswald appeared at the United States embassy in Moscow and declared a desire to renounce his U S citizenship 54 55 I have made up my mind he said I m through 56 He told the U S embassy interviewing officer Richard Edward Snyder that he had been a radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he had voluntarily stated to unnamed Soviet officials that as a Soviet citizen he would make known to them such information concerning the Marine Corps and his specialty as he possessed He intimated that he might know something of special interest 57 Such statements led to Oswald s hardship honorable military reserve discharge being changed to undesirable 58 The story of the defection of a former U S Marine to the Soviet Union was reported by both the Associated Press and United Press International 59 60 Though Oswald had wanted to attend Moscow State University in January 1960 he was sent to Minsk Belarus to work as a lathe operator at the Gorizont Electronics Factory which produced radios televisions and military and space electronics 61 Stanislau Shushkevich who later became independent Belarus s first head of state also worked at Gorizont at the time and was assigned to help Oswald improve his Russian 62 Oswald received a government subsidized fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building and an additional supplement to his factory pay which allowed him to have a comfortable standard of living by working class Soviet standards 63 though he was kept under constant surveillance 64 From mid 1960 to early 1961 Oswald was in a relationship with Ella German Belarusian Ela German a Belarusian coworker born in 1937 65 9 66 They ate together in the factory cafeteria every day and dated about twice each week 67 German later described Oswald as a pleasant looking guy with a good sense of humor not as rough and rude as the men here were back then 68 she did not love him but thought he was lonely and continued to date him out of pity 69 Their relationship became more serious in Oswald s eyes during the summer and fall of 1960 66 but began to deteriorate after German learned in October that Oswald had been seeing other women 66 On January 2 1961 Oswald proposed but German refused 66 70 Return to the U S Oswald wrote in his diary in January 1961 I am starting to reconsider my desire about staying The work is drab the money I get has nowhere to be spent No nightclubs or bowling alleys no places of recreation except the trade union dances I have had enough 71 Shortly afterwards Oswald who had never formally renounced his U S citizenship wrote to the Embassy of the United States Moscow requesting the return of his American passport and proposing to return to the U S if any charges against him would be dropped 72 In March 1961 Oswald met Marina Prusakova born 1941 a 19 year old pharmacology student they married six weeks later n 4 73 The Oswalds first child June was born on February 15 1962 On May 24 1962 Oswald and Marina applied at the U S Embassy in Moscow for documents that enabled her to immigrate to the U S On June 1 the U S Embassy gave Oswald a repatriation loan of 435 71 74 Oswald Marina and their infant daughter left for the United States where they received less attention from the press than Oswald expected 75 Dallas Fort Worth The Oswalds soon settled in the Dallas Fort Worth area where Lee s mother and brother lived Lee began a manuscript on Soviet life though he eventually gave up the project 76 The Oswalds also became acquainted with a number of anti Communist Russian and East European emigres in the area 77 78 In testimony to the Warren Commission Alexander Kleinlerer said that the Russian emigres sympathized with Marina while merely tolerating Oswald whom they regarded as rude and arrogant n 5 Although the Russian emigres eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving her husband 79 Oswald found an unlikely friend in 51 year old Russian emigre George de Mohrenschildt a well educated petroleum geologist with international business connections 80 81 A native of Russia Mohrenschildt later told the Warren Commission that Oswald had a remarkable fluency in Russian 82 Marina meanwhile befriended Ruth Paine 83 a Quaker trying to learn Russian and her husband Michael Paine who worked for Bell Helicopter 84 In July 1962 Oswald was hired by the Leslie Welding Company in Dallas he disliked the work and quit after three months On October 12 he started working for the graphic arts firm of Jaggars Chiles Stovall as a photoprint trainee A fellow employee at Jaggars Chiles Stovall testified that Oswald s rudeness at his new job was such that fights threatened to break out and that he once saw Oswald reading a Russian language publication 85 n 6 Oswald was fired in the first week of April 1963 86 Edwin Walker assassination attempt Main article John F Kennedy assassination rifle Oswald s 29 95 second hand Carcano rifle in the U S National Archives In March 1963 Oswald used the alias A Hidell to make a mail order purchase of a secondhand 6 5 mm caliber Carcano rifle for 29 95 87 He also purchased a 38 Smith amp Wesson Model 10 revolver by the same method 88 The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald attempted to kill retired U S Major General Edwin Walker on April 10 1963 and that Oswald fired the Carcano rifle at Walker through a window from less than 100 feet 30 m away as Walker sat at a desk in his Dallas home The bullet struck the window frame and Walker s only injuries were bullet fragments to the forearm 89 The United States House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that the evidence strongly suggested that Oswald carried out the shooting 90 General Walker was an outspoken anti communist segregationist and member of the John Birch Society In 1961 Walker had been relieved of his command of the 24th Division of the U S Army in West Germany for distributing right wing literature to his troops 91 92 Walker s later actions in opposition to racial integration at the University of Mississippi led to his arrest on insurrection seditious conspiracy and other charges He was temporarily held in a mental institution on orders from President Kennedy s brother Attorney General Robert F Kennedy but a grand jury declined to indict him 93 Marina Oswald testified that her husband told her that he traveled by bus to General Walker s house and shot at Walker with his rifle 94 95 She said that Oswald considered Walker to be the leader of a fascist organization 96 A note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt telling her what to do if he did not return was found ten days after the Kennedy assassination 97 98 99 100 Before the Kennedy assassination Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting 101 but Oswald s involvement was suspected within hours of his arrest following the assassination 102 The Walker bullet was too damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it 103 but neutron activation analysis later showed that it was extremely likely that it was made by the same manufacturer and for the same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy n 7 George de Mohrenschildt testified that he knew that Oswald disliked General Walker 104 Regarding this de Mohrenschildt and his wife Jeanne recalled an incident that occurred the weekend following the Walker assassination attempt The de Mohrenschildts testified that on April 14 1963 just before Easter Sunday they were visiting the Oswalds at their new apartment and had brought them a toy Easter bunny to give to their child As Oswald s wife Marina was showing Jeanne around the apartment they discovered Oswald s rifle standing upright leaning against the wall inside a closet Jeanne told George that Oswald had a rifle and George joked to Oswald Were you the one who took a pot shot at General Walker When asked about Oswald s reaction to this question George de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that Oswald smiled at that 105 When de Mohrenschildt s wife Jeanne was asked about Oswald s reaction she said I didn t notice anything she continued we started laughing our heads off big joke big George s joke 106 Jeanne de Mohrenschildt testified that this was the last time she or her husband ever saw the Oswalds 107 108 New Orleans Oswald rented an apartment in this building in Uptown New Orleans c May September 1963 Oswald s mugshot following his arrest for disturbing the peace in New Orleans August 9 1963 Oswald passing out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets in New Orleans August 16 1963 Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 24 1963 109 Marina s friend Ruth Paine drove her by car from Dallas to join Oswald in New Orleans the following month 110 On May 10 Oswald was hired by the Reily Coffee Company as a machinery greaser 111 He was fired in July because his work was not satisfactory and because he spent too much time loitering in Adrian Alba s garage next door where he read rifle and hunting magazines 112 In his 1988 book On the Trail of the Assassins New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison claimed that Oswald really spent that time across the street at 544 Camp Street These were the law offices of Guy Banister a former FBI agent an avid segregationist and a local politician Garrison added that Guy Banister during the summer of 1963 in New Orleans was most interested in infiltrating the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and used Oswald as his spy 113 In their 1978 investigation the House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated a possible connection between Oswald and Banister at the Camp Street address The HSCA wrote that it could find no documentary proof that Banister had a file on Lee Harvey Oswald nor could the committee find credible witnesses whoever saw Lee Harvey Oswald and Guy Banister together There are indications however that Banister at least knew of Oswald s leafletting activities and probably maintained a file on him 114 On May 26 Oswald wrote to the New York City headquarters of the pro Fidel Castro Fair Play for Cuba Committee proposing to rent a small office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch here in New Orleans 115 Three days later the FPCC responded to Oswald s letter advising against opening a New Orleans office at least not at the very beginning 116 In a follow up letter Oswald replied Against your advice I have decided to take an office from the very beginning 117 On May 29 Oswald ordered the following items from a local printer 500 application forms 300 membership cards and 1 000 leaflets with the heading Hands Off Cuba 118 According to Marina Lee told her to sign the name A J Hidell as chapter president on his membership card 119 According to anti Castro militant Carlos Bringuier Oswald visited him on August 5 and 6 at a store he owned in New Orleans Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the anti Castro organization Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil DRE Bringuier would later tell the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald s visits were an attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his group 120 On August 9 Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out pro Castro leaflets Bringuier confronted Oswald claiming he was tipped off about Oswald s leafleting by a friend A scuffle ensued and Oswald Bringuier and two of Bringuier s friends were arrested for disturbing the peace 121 122 Prior to leaving the police station Oswald requested to speak with an FBI agent 123 Oswald told the agent that he was a member of the New Orleans branch of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee which he claimed had 35 members and was led by A J Hidell 123 In fact Oswald was the branch s only member and it had never been chartered by the national organization 124 A week later on August 16 Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers this time in front of the International Trade Mart The incident was filmed by WDSU a local TV station 125 The next day Oswald was interviewed by WDSU radio commentator William Stuckey who probed Oswald s background 126 127 A few days later Oswald accepted Stuckey s invitation to take part in a radio debate with Carlos Bringuier and Bringuier s associate Edward Scannell Butler head of the right wing Information Council of the Americas INCA 126 128 129 Mexico Marina s friend Ruth Paine transported Marina and her child by car from New Orleans to the Paine home in Irving Texas near Dallas on September 23 1963 110 130 Oswald stayed in New Orleans at least two more days to collect a 33 unemployment check It is uncertain when he left New Orleans he is next known to have boarded a bus in Houston on September 26 bound for the Mexican border rather than Dallas and to have told other bus passengers that he planned to travel to Cuba via Mexico 131 132 He arrived in Mexico City on September 27 where he applied for a transit visa at the Cuban consulate 133 claiming he wanted to visit Cuba on his way to the Soviet Union The Cuban consular officials insisted Oswald would need Soviet approval but he was unable to get prompt co operation from the Soviet consulate CIA documents note Oswald spoke terrible hardly recognizable Russian during his meetings with Cuban and Soviet officials 134 After five days of shuttling between consulates and including a heated argument with an official at the Cuban consulate impassioned pleas to KGB agents and at least some CIA scrutiny 135 Oswald was told by a Cuban consular officer that he was disinclined to approve the visa saying a person like Oswald in place of aiding the Cuban Revolution was doing it harm 136 Later on October 18 the Cuban embassy approved the visa but by this time Oswald was back in the United States and had given up on his plans to visit Cuba and the Soviet Union Still later eleven days before the assassination of President Kennedy Oswald wrote to the Soviet embassy in Washington D C saying Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in Havana as planned the embassy there would have had time to complete our business 137 138 While the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had visited Mexico City and the Cuban and Soviet consulates questions regarding whether someone posing as Oswald had appeared at the embassies were serious enough to be investigated by the House Select Committee on Assassinations Later the Committee agreed with the Warren Commission that Oswald had visited Mexico City and concluded that the majority of evidence tends to indicate that Oswald visited the consulates but the Committee could not rule out the possibility that someone else had used his name in visiting the consulates 139 According to a CIA document released in 2017 it is possible Oswald was trying to get the necessary documents from the embassies to make a quick escape to the Soviet Union after the assassination 134 Return to Dallas Texas School Book Depository the building where Oswald worked and from which he shot Kennedy On October 2 1963 Oswald left Mexico City by bus and arrived in Dallas the next day Ruth Paine said that her neighbor told her on October 14 about a job opening at the Texas School Book Depository where her neighbor s brother Wesley Frazier worked Mrs Paine informed Oswald who was interviewed at the depository and was hired there on October 16 as a 1 25 an hour minimum wage order filler 140 Oswald s supervisor Roy S Truly 1907 1985 said that Oswald did a good day s work and was an above average employee 141 142 During the week Oswald stayed in a Dallas rooming house under the name O H Lee 143 but he spent his weekends with Marina at the Paine home in Irving Oswald did not drive a car but he commuted to and from Dallas on Mondays and Fridays with his co worker Wesley Frazier On October 20 a month before the assassination the Oswalds second daughter Audrey was born 144 145 The Dallas branch of the FBI became interested in Oswald after its agent learned that the CIA had determined that Oswald had been in contact with the Soviet embassy in Mexico making Oswald a possible espionage case 146 FBI agents twice visited the Paine home in early November when Oswald was not present and spoke to Mrs Paine 147 Oswald visited the Dallas FBI office about two to three weeks before the assassination asking to see Special Agent James P Hosty When he was told that Hosty was unavailable Oswald left a note that according to the receptionist read Let this be a warning I will blow up the FBI and the Dallas Police Department if you don t stop bothering my wife signed Lee Harvey Oswald The note allegedly contained a threat but accounts vary as to whether Oswald threatened to blow up the FBI or merely report this to higher authorities According to Hosty the note said If you have anything you want to learn about me come talk to me directly If you don t cease bothering my wife I will take the appropriate action and report this to the proper authorities Agent Hosty said that he destroyed Oswald s note on orders from his superior Gordon Shanklin after Oswald was named the suspect in the Kennedy assassination 148 149 John F Kennedy and J D Tippit shootingsMain article Assassination of John F Kennedy Witness Howard Brennan standing in the same spot across the street from the Texas School Book Depository four months after the assassination Circle A indicates where he saw Oswald fire a rifle at the presidential motorcade In the days before Kennedy s arrival several local newspapers published the route of Kennedy s motorcade which passed the Texas School Book Depository 150 On Thursday November 21 1963 Oswald asked Frazier for an unusual mid week lift back to Irving saying he had to pick up some curtain rods The next morning the day of the assassination he returned to Dallas with Frazier He left 170 and his wedding ring 151 but took a large paper bag with him Frazier reported that Oswald told him the bag contained curtain rods 152 153 The Warren Commission concluded that the package of curtain rods actually contained the rifle that Oswald was going to use for the assassination 154 One of Oswald s co workers Charles Givens testified to the Commission that he last saw Oswald on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository TSBD at approximately 11 55 a m which was 35 minutes before the motorcade entered Dealey Plaza n 8 The Commission report stated that Oswald was not seen again until after the shooting 155 In an FBI report taken the day after the assassination Givens said that the encounter took place at 11 30 a m and that he saw Oswald reading a newspaper in the first floor domino room at 11 50 a m 20 minutes later 156 157 William Shelley a foreman at the depository also testified that he saw Oswald near the telephone on the first floor between 11 45 and 11 50 a m 158 Janitor Eddie Piper also testified that he spoke to Oswald on the first floor at 12 00 p m 159 Another co worker Bonnie Ray Williams was eating his lunch on the sixth floor of the depository and was there until at least 12 10 p m 160 He said that during that time he did not see Oswald or anyone else on the sixth floor and thought that he was the only person up there 161 He also said that some boxes in the southeast corner may have prevented him from seeing deep into the sniper s nest 162 Carolyn Arnold the secretary to the Vice President of the TSBD informed the FBI that as she left the building to watch the motorcade she caught a glimpse of a man whom she believed to be Oswald standing in the first floor hallway of the building just prior to the assassination 163 n 9 As Kennedy s motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza at approximately 12 30 p m on November 22 Oswald fired three rifle shots from the southeast corner window on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository 164 killing the President and seriously wounding Texas Governor John Connally One shot apparently missed the presidential limousine entirely another struck both Kennedy and Connally and a third bullet struck Kennedy in the head 165 killing him Bystander James Tague received a minor facial injury from a small piece of curbstone that had fragmented after it was struck by one of the bullets Witness Howard Brennan was sitting across the street from the Texas School Book Depository and watching the motorcade go by He notified police that he heard a shot come from above and looked up to see a man with a rifle fire another shot from the southeast corner window on the sixth floor He said he had seen the same man minutes earlier looking through the window 166 Brennan gave a description of the shooter 167 and Dallas police subsequently broadcast descriptions at 12 45 p m 12 48 p m and 12 55 p m 168 After the second shot was fired Brennan recalled This man I saw previous ly was aiming for his last shot and maybe paused for another second as though to assure himself that he had hit his mark 169 The paper bag Frazier had described was found by police near the open sixth floor window from which Oswald was determined to have fired 153 it was 38 inches 97 cm long and had marks on its inside consistent with having been used to carry a rifle 153 A Mannlicher Carcano rifle and three shell casings were found near the window as well 170 171 172 173 174 According to the investigations after the shooting Oswald covered the rifle with boxes and descended via the rear stairwell About 90 seconds after the shots sounded he was encountered in the second floor lunchroom by Dallas police officer Marrion L Baker who was with Oswald s supervisor Roy Truly Baker let Oswald pass after Truly identified him as an employee Baker later said Oswald did not seem nervous or out of breath 175 Truly said that Oswald looked startled when Baker pointed his gun directly at him 176 177 Mrs Robert Reid a clerical supervisor at the depository who returned to her office within two minutes of the shooting said she saw Oswald very calm on the second floor holding a Coca Cola bottle 178 As they walked past each other Mrs Reid said to Oswald The President has been shot to which he mumbled something in response but Reid did not understand him 179 Oswald was believed to have left the depository through the front entrance just before police sealed it off Truly later pointed out to officers that Oswald was the only employee that he was certain was missing 180 181 At about 12 40 p m 10 minutes after the shooting Oswald boarded a city bus Probably due to heavy traffic he requested a transfer from the driver and got off two blocks later 182 Oswald then took a taxicab to his rooming house at 1026 North Beckley Avenue and entered through the front door at about 1 00 p m According to his housekeeper Earlene Roberts Oswald immediately went to his room walking pretty fast 183 Roberts said that Oswald left a very few minutes later zipping up a jacket he was not wearing when he had entered earlier As Oswald left Roberts looked out of the window of her house and last saw him standing at the northbound Beckley Avenue bus stop in front of her house 184 185 The Warren Commission concluded that at approximately 1 15 p m Dallas Patrolman J D Tippit drove up in his patrol car alongside Oswald presumably because Oswald resembled the broadcast description of the man seen by witness Howard Brennan firing shots at Kennedy s motorcade He encountered Oswald near the corner of East 10th Street and North Patton Avenue 186 187 This location is about nine tenths of a mile 1 4 km southeast of Oswald s rooming house a distance that the Warren Commission concluded Oswald could have easily walked 188 Tippit pulled alongside Oswald and apparently exchanged words with him through the right front or vent window 189 Shortly after 1 15 p m n 10 Tippit exited his car Oswald immediately fired his pistol and killed the policeman with four shots 189 190 Numerous witnesses heard the shots and saw Oswald flee the scene holding a revolver nine positively identified him as the man who shot Tippit and fled 191 n 11 Four cartridge cases found at the scene were identified by expert witnesses 192 before the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee as having been fired from the revolver later found in Oswald s possession excluding all other weapons The bullets taken from Tippit s body could not be positively identified as having been fired from Oswald s revolver as the bullets were too extensively damaged to make conclusive assessments 192 193 Arrest at the Texas Theatre Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that he saw Oswald ducking into the entrance alcove of his store Suspicious of this activity Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip without paying into the nearby Texas Theatre where the film War Is Hell was playing 194 He alerted the theater s ticket clerk who telephoned police 195 at about 1 40 p m As police arrived the house lights were brought up and Brewer pointed out Oswald sitting near the rear of the theater Police Officer Nick McDonald testified that he was the first to reach Oswald and that Oswald seemed ready to surrender saying Well it is all over now McDonald said that Oswald pulled out a pistol tucked into the front of his pants then pointed the pistol at him and pulled the trigger McDonald stated that the pistol did not fire because the pistol s hammer came down on the webbing between the thumb and index finger of his hand as he grabbed for the pistol McDonald also said that Oswald struck him but that he struck back and Oswald was disarmed 196 197 As he was led from the theater Oswald shouted he was a victim of police brutality 198 Oswald was formally arraigned for the murder of Officer Tippit at 7 10 p m 199 200 Soon after his arrest Oswald encountered reporters in a hallway Oswald declared I didn t shoot anybody and They ve taken me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union I m just a patsy 201 Later at an arranged press meeting a reporter asked Did you kill the President and Oswald who by that time had been advised of the charge of murdering Tippit but had not yet been arraigned in Kennedy s death answered No I have not been charged with that In fact nobody has said that to me yet The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked me that question 202 As he was led from the room the question was called out What did you do in Russia and How did you hurt your eye Oswald answered A policeman hit me 199 By early the next morning shortly after 1 30 a m he had been arraigned for the assassination of President Kennedy 203 Police interrogation Fake Selective Service System draft card in the name of Alek James Hidell which was found on Oswald when he was arrested A Hidell was the name used on both envelope and order slip to buy the alleged murder weapon see CE 773 204 and A J Hidell was the alternate name on the New Orleans post office box rented June 11 1963 by Oswald 205 Both the alleged murder weapon and the pistol in Oswald s possession at arrest had earlier been shipped at separate times to Oswald s Dallas P O Box 2915 as ordered by A J Hidell 206 Oswald was interrogated several times during his two days at Dallas Police Headquarters He admitted that he went to his rooming house after leaving the book depository He also admitted that he changed his clothes and armed himself with a 38 caliber revolver before leaving his house to go to the theater 207 Oswald denied killing Kennedy and Tippit denied owning a rifle and said two photographs of him holding a rifle and a pistol were fakes He denied telling his co worker he wanted a ride to Irving to get curtain rods for his apartment he said that the package contained his lunch He also denied carrying a long bulky package to work the morning of the assassination Oswald denied knowing an A J Hidell Oswald was then shown a forged Selective Service System card bearing his photograph and the alias Alek James Hidell that he had in his possession at the time of his arrest Oswald refused to answer any questions concerning the card saying you have the card yourself and you know as much about it as I do 208 209 FBI Special Agent James P Hosty and Dallas Police Captain Will Fritz chief of homicide conducted the first interrogation of Oswald on Friday November 22 When Oswald was asked to account for himself at the time of the assassination he replied that he was eating his lunch in the first floor lounge known as the domino room He said that he then went to the second floor lunchroom to buy a Coca Cola from the soda machine there and was drinking it when he encountered Dallas motorcycle policeman Marrion L Baker who had entered the building with his gun drawn 210 211 212 213 Oswald said that while he was in the domino room he saw two Negro employees walking by one he recognized as Junior and a shorter man whose name he could not recall 214 Junior Jarman and Harold Norman confirmed to the Warren Commission that they had walked through the domino room around noon during their lunch break When asked if anyone else was in the domino room Norman testified that somebody else was there but he could not remember who it was Jarman testified that Oswald was not in the domino room when he was there 215 216 When homicide detective Jim Leavelle testified before the Warren Commission he said that the first time he had ever sat in on an interrogation with Oswald was on Sunday morning November 24 1963 When Counsel Joseph Ball asked Leavelle if he had ever spoken to Oswald before this interrogation he stated No I had never talked to him before Leavelle then stated during his testimony that the only time I had connections with Oswald was this Sunday morning November 24 1963 I never had the occasion to talk with him at any time 217 During Oswald s last interrogation on November 24 according to postal inspector Harry Holmes Oswald was again asked where he was at the time of the shooting Holmes who attended the interrogation at the invitation of Captain Will Fritz said that Oswald replied that he was working on an upper floor when the shooting occurred then went downstairs where he encountered Dallas motorcycle policeman Marrion L Baker 218 Oswald asked for legal representation several times during the interrogation and he also asked for assistance during encounters with reporters When H Louis Nichols President of the Dallas Bar Association met with him in his cell on Saturday he declined their services saying he wanted to be represented by John Abt chief counsel to the Communist Party USA or by lawyers associated with the American Civil Liberties Union 219 220 Both Oswald and Ruth Paine tried to reach Abt by telephone several times Saturday and Sunday 221 222 but Abt was away for the weekend 223 Oswald also declined his brother Robert s offer on Saturday to obtain a local attorney 224 During an interrogation with Captain Fritz when asked Are you a communist he replied No I am not a communist I am a Marxist 225 226 227 MurderSee also Jack Ruby Murder of Lee Harvey Oswald Ruby shooting Oswald who is being escorted by Dallas police Detective Jim Leavelle is wearing the tan suit L C Graves is with the black hat LocationDallas Texas U S DateNovember 24 1963 59 years ago 1963 11 24 11 21 a m CST TargetLee Harvey OswaldAttack typeMurder by shootingDeaths1 Lee Harvey Oswald PerpetratorJack Leon RubyMotiveDisputedVerdictGuiltyConvictionsMurder with maliceSentenceDeath overturned On Sunday November 24 detectives were escorting Oswald through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters toward an armored car that was to take him from the city jail located on the fourth floor of police headquarters to the nearby county jail At 11 21 a m CST Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby approached Oswald from the side of the crowd and shot him once in the abdomen at close range 228 As the shot rang out a police detective recognized Ruby and exclaimed Jack you son of a bitch 229 The crowd outside the headquarters applauded when they heard that Oswald had been shot 230 An unconscious Oswald was taken by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital the same hospital where Kennedy was pronounced dead two days earlier Oswald died at 1 07 p m 143 Dallas police chief Jesse Curry announced his death on a TV news broadcast At 2 45 p m the same day an autopsy was performed on Oswald in the Office of the County Medical Examiner 228 Dallas County medical examiner Earl Rose announced the results of the gross autopsy The two things that we could determine were first that he died from a hemorrhage from a gunshot wound and that otherwise he was a physically healthy male 231 Rose s examination found that the bullet entered Oswald s left side in the front part of the abdomen and caused damage to his spleen stomach aorta vena cava kidney liver diaphragm and eleventh rib before coming to rest on his right side 231 A network television pool camera was broadcasting live to cover the transfer millions of people watching on NBC saw the shooting as it happened and on other networks within minutes afterward 232 In 1964 Robert H Jackson of the Dallas Times Herald was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Photography for his photograph taken just a moment after the shot was fired as Oswald began to double over in pain 233 Ruby s motive Ruby later said he had been distraught over Kennedy s death and that his motive for killing Oswald was saving Mrs Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial 234 Others have hypothesized that Ruby was part of a conspiracy G Robert Blakey chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations from 1977 to 1979 said The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty eight hours before he silenced him forever 235 Burial Oswald s replacement gravestone Miller Funeral Home had great difficulty finding a cemetery willing to accept Oswald s remains Rose Hill Cemetery in Fort Worth eventually agreed A Lutheran reverend reluctantly agreed to officiate but then failed to appear Reverend Louis Saunders of the Fort Worth Council of Churches volunteered saying that someone had to help this family He performed a brief graveside service under heavy guard on November 25 Reporters covering the burial were asked to act as pallbearers 236 237 238 Oswald s original tombstone which gave his full name birth date and death date was stolen four years after the assassination and his mother replaced it with a marker simply inscribed Oswald 239 His mother s body was buried beside his in 1981 240 A claim that a look alike Russian agent was buried in place of Oswald led to the body s exhumation on October 4 1981 241 Dental records confirmed it was Oswald The remains were reburied in a new coffin because of water damage to the original 242 In 2010 Miller Funeral Home employed a Los Angeles auction house to sell the original coffin to an anonymous bidder for 87 468 241 242 The sale was halted after Oswald s brother Robert 1934 2017 243 sued to reclaim the coffin 241 242 In 2015 a district judge in Tarrant County Texas ruled that the funeral home intentionally concealed the existence of the coffin from Robert Oswald who had originally purchased it and believed that it had been discarded after the exhumation 241 242 and ordered it returned to Robert Oswald along with damages equal to the sale price 241 242 Robert Oswald s attorney stated that the coffin would likely be destroyed as soon as possible 241 242 Official investigationsWarren Commission President Lyndon B Johnson issued an executive order that created the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination The commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy and the Warren Report could not ascribe any one motive or group of motives to Oswald s actions It is apparent however that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people He was perpetually discontented with the world around him Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it Oswald s search for what he conceived to be the perfect society was doomed from the start He sought for himself a place in history a role as the great man who would be recognized as having been in advance of his times His commitment to Marxism and communism appears to have been another important factor in his motivation He also had demonstrated a capacity to act decisively and without regard to the consequences when such action would further his aims of the moment Out of these and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man capable of assassinating President Kennedy 244 The proceedings of the commission were closed though not secret Approximately three percent of its files have yet to be released to the public which has continued to provoke speculation among researchers n 12 Ramsey Clark Panel In 1968 the Ramsey Clark Panel examined various photographs X ray films documents and other evidence It concluded that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side 245 House Select Committee Main article United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Further information Dictabelt evidence relating to the assassination of John F Kennedy In 1979 after a review of the evidence and of prior investigations the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations HSCA largely concurred with the Warren Commission and was preparing to issue a finding that Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy 246 Late in the Committee s proceedings a dictabelt recording was introduced purportedly recording sounds heard in Dealey Plaza before during and after the shots After an analysis by the firm Bolt Beranek and Newman appeared to indicate more than three gunshots the HSCA revised its findings to assert a high probability that two gunmen fired at Kennedy and that Kennedy was probably assassinated as the result of a conspiracy Although the Committee was unable to identify the other gunman or the extent of the conspiracy it made a number of further findings regarding the likelihood that particular groups named in the findings were involved 247 Four of the twelve members of the HSCA dissented from this conclusion 246 The acoustic evidence has since been discredited 248 249 250 251 252 253 Officer H B McLain from whose motorcycle radio the HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came 254 255 has repeatedly stated that he was not yet in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination 256 McLain asked the Committee If it was my radio on my motorcycle why did it not record the revving up at high speed plus my siren when we immediately took off for Parkland Hospital 257 In 1982 a panel of twelve scientists appointed by the National Academy of Sciences including Nobel laureates Norman Ramsey and Luis Alvarez unanimously concluded that the acoustic evidence submitted to the HSCA was seriously flawed was recorded after the shots and did not indicate additional gunshots 258 Their conclusions were published in the journal Science 259 In a 2001 article in the journal Science amp Justice D B Thomas wrote that the NAS investigation was itself flawed He concluded with a 96 3 percent certainty that at least two gunmen fired at President Kennedy and that at least one shot came from the grassy knoll 260 In 2005 Thomas s conclusions were rebutted in the same journal Ralph Linsker and several members of the original NAS team reanalyzed the timings of the recordings and reaffirmed the earlier conclusion of the NAS report that the alleged shot sounds were recorded approximately one minute after the assassination 261 In 2010 D B Thomas challenged the 2005 Science amp Justice article and restated his conclusion that there were at least two gunmen 262 Backyard photosMain article John F Kennedy assassination rifle Image CE 133 A one of three known backyard photos Oswald sent this image as a first generation copy to George de Mohrenschildt in April 1963 Photos of Oswald holding the rifle that was later determined to be the murder weapon are an important piece of evidence linking Oswald to the crime The photos were uncovered with other possessions belonging to Oswald in the garage of Ruth Paine in Irving Texas on November 23 1963 263 Marina Oswald told the Warren Commission that around March 31 1963 she had taken pictures of Oswald as he posed with a Carcano rifle a holstered pistol and two Marxist newspapers The Militant and The Worker 264 Oswald had sent one of the photos to The Militant s New York office with an accompanying letter stating he was prepared for anything according to Sylvia Weinstein who handled the newspaper s subscriptions at the time Oswald was seen as a kookie and politically dumb and totally naive as he apparently did not know that The Militant published by the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party and The Worker published by the pro Soviet Communist Party USA were rival publications and ideologically opposed to each other 265 The pictures were shown to Oswald after his arrest but he insisted that they were forgeries 263 In 1964 Marina testified before the Warren Commission that she had photographed Oswald at his request and using his camera 266 These photos were labelled CE 133 A and CE 133 B CE 133 A shows the rifle in Oswald s left hand and newspapers in front of his chest in the other while the rifle is held with the right hand in CE 133 B The Carcano in the images had markings matching those on the rifle found in the Book Depository after the assassination Oswald s mother testified that on the day after the assassination she and Marina destroyed another photograph with Oswald holding the rifle with both hands over his head with To my daughter June written on it 267 When shown one of the photos during his interrogation by Dallas police Oswald stated that it was a fake According to Dallas Police Captain Will Fritz He said that the picture was not his that the face was his face but that this picture had been made by someone superimposing his face the other part of the picture was not him at all and that he had never seen the picture before He told me that he understood photography real well and that in time he would be able to show that it was not his picture and that it had been made by someone else 268 The HSCA obtained another first generation print from CE 133 A on April 1 1977 from the widow of George de Mohrenschildt The words Hunter of fascists ha ha ha written in block Russian were on the back Also in English were added in script To my friend George Lee Oswald 5 IV 63 April 5 1963 269 Handwriting experts for the HSCA concluded the English inscription and signature were by Oswald After two original photos one negative and one first generation copy had been found the Senate Intelligence Committee located in 1976 a third backyard photo CE 133 C showing Oswald with newspapers held away from his body in his right hand These photos widely recognized as some of the most significant evidence against Oswald have been subjected to rigorous analysis 270 Photographic experts consulted by the HSCA concluded they were genuine 271 answering twenty one points raised by critics 272 Marina Oswald has always maintained she took the photos herself and the 1963 de Mohrenschildt print bearing Oswald s signature clearly indicate they existed before the assassination Nonetheless some continue to contest their authenticity 273 In 2009 after digitally analyzing the photograph of Oswald holding the rifle and paper computer scientist Hany Farid concluded 274 that the photo almost certainly was not altered 275 Other investigations and dissenting theoriesMain article John F Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories Some critics have not accepted the conclusions of the Warren Commission and have proposed several other theories such as that Oswald conspired with others or was not involved at all and was framed A Gallup Poll taken in mid November 2013 showed 61 believed that Kennedy was killed as a result of conspiracy and only 30 thought Oswald acted alone 276 Oswald was never prosecuted because he was murdered two days after the assassination In March 1967 New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison arrested and charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy with the help of Oswald David Ferrie and others Garrison believed that the men were part of an arms smuggling ring supplying weapons to the anti Castro Cubans in a conspiracy with elements of the CIA to kill Kennedy 113 The trial of Clay Shaw began in January 1969 in Orleans Parish Criminal Court The jury acquitted Shaw Several films have fictionalized a trial of Oswald depicting what may have happened had Ruby not killed Oswald The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald 1964 The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald 1977 and On Trial Lee Harvey Oswald 1986 have imagined such a trial In 1988 a 21 hour unscripted mock trial was held on television argued by lawyers before a judge 277 with unscripted testimony from surviving witnesses to the events surrounding the assassination the jury returned a verdict of guilty In 1992 the American Bar Association conducted two mock Oswald trials The first trial ended in a hung jury In the second trial the jury acquitted Oswald See alsoRobert F Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories John Wilkes Booth assassin of President Abraham Lincoln Charles Guiteau assassin of President James Garfield Leon Czolgosz assassin of President William McKinley Sirhan Sirhan assassin of Robert KennedyNotes These were investigations by the Federal Bureau of Investigation 1963 the Warren Commission 1964 the House Select Committee on Assassinations 1979 the Secret Service and the Dallas Police Department The schools were citation needed 1st grade Benbrook Common School Fort Worth Texas October 31 1945 1st grade again Covington Elementary School Covington Louisiana September 1946 January 1947 1st grade end Clayton Public School Ft Worth TX January May 1947 2nd grade Clayton Public School Ft Worth TX September 1947 2nd grade end Clark Elementary School Ft Worth TX March 1948 3rd grade Arlington Heights Elementary School Ft Worth TX September 1948 4th grade Ridglea West Elementary School since renamed Luella Merrett Ft Worth Sep 1949 5th grade Ridglea West Elementary School Ft Worth September 1950 6th grade Ridglea West Elementary School Ft Worth September 1951 7th grade Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School Bronx NYC NY August 1952 7th grade Public School 117 Bronx NY September 1952 attended 17 of 64 days 7th grade end Public School 44 Bronx NY March 23 1953Reformatory Youth House NYC NY April May 1953 dd 8th grade Public School 44 Bronx NY September 14 1953 8th grade end Beauregard Junior High School New Orleans January 13 1954 9th grade Beauregard Junior High School New Orleans September 1954 June 1955 10th grade Warren Easton High School New Orleans September October 1955 Warren appendix 13 tried to enlist in U S Marines using affidavit claiming age 17 worked as clerk messenger in New Orleans rather than school dd 10th grade again Arlington Heights High School Ft Worth TX September October 1956 Final withdrawal from high school 10th grade Warren appendix 13 Warren Commission Hearings vol 22 p 705 CE 1385 Notes of interview of Lee Harvey Oswald conducted by Aline Mosby in Moscow in November 1959 Oswald When I was working in the middle of the night on guard duty I would think how long it would be and how much money I would have to save It would be like being out of prison I saved about 1500 During Oswald s two years and ten months of service in the Marine Corps he received 3 452 20 after all taxes allotments and other deductions as well as his GED Warren Commission Hearings vol 26 p 709 CE 3099 Certified military pay records for Lee Harvey Oswald for the period October 24 1956 to September 11 1959 Though later reports described her uncle with whom she was living as a colonel in the KGB he was a lumber industry expert in the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs MVD with a bureaucratic rank of Polkovnik Priscilla Johnson McMillan Marina and Lee Harper amp Row 1977 pp 64 65 ISBN 978 0 06 012953 8 Warren Commission Hearings vol 11 p 123 Affidavit of Alexander Kleinlerer Anna Meller Mrs Hall George Bouhe and the deMohrenschildts and all that group had pity for Marina and her child None of us cared for Oswald because of his political philosophy his criticism of the United States his apparent lack of interest in anyone but himself and because of his treatment of Marina Warren Commission Hearings Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein I would say he didn t get along with people and that several people had words with him at times about the way he barged around the plant and one of the fellows back in the photosetter department almost got in a fight with him one day and I believe it was Mr Graef that stepped in and broke it up before it got started United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Testimony of Dr Vincent P Guinn Mr WOLF In your professional opinion Dr Guinn is the fragment removed from General Walker s house a fragment from a WCC Western Cartridge Company Mannlicher Carcano bullet Dr GUINN I would say that it is extremely likely that it is because there are very few very few other ammunitions that would be in this range I don t know of any that are specifically this close as these numbers indicate but somewhere near them there are a few others but essentially this is in the range that is rather characteristic of WCC Mannlicher Carcano bullet lead Warren Commission Hearings Testimony of Charles Givens Archived May 25 2011 at the Wayback Machine In 1978 she told author Anthony Summers that the FBI report misquoted her and that she clearly saw Oswald sitting in the second floor lunchroom at 12 15 p m or slightly after citation needed no other depository employee reported seeing Oswald on the second floor between 12 and 12 30 p m e g Mrs Pauline Sanders who left the second floor lunchroom at approximately 12 20 pm did not see Oswald at all that day The first report of Tippit s shooting was transmitted over Police Channel 1 sometime between 1 16 and 1 19 p m as indicated by verbal time stamps made periodically by the dispatcher Specifically the first report began 1 minute 41 seconds after the 1 16 time stamp Before that witness Domingo Benavides could be heard unsuccessfully trying to use Tippit s police radio microphone beginning at 1 16 Dale K Myers With Malice Lee Harvey Oswald and the Murder of Officer J D Tippit 1998 p 384 ISBN 0 9662709 7 5 By the evening of November 22 five of them Helen Markham Barbara Jeanette Davis Virginia Davis Ted Callaway Sam Guinyard had identified Oswald in police lineups as the man they saw A sixth William Scoggins did so the next day Three others Harold Russell Pat Patterson Warren Reynolds subsequently identified Oswald from a photograph Two witnesses Domingo Benavides William Arthur Smith testified that Oswald resembled the man they had seen One witness L J Lewis felt he was too distant from the gunman to make a positive identification Warren Commission Hearings CE 1968 Location of Eyewitnesses to the Movements of Lee Harvey Oswald in the Vicinity of the Tippit Killing Two misconceptions about the Warren Commission hearing need to be clarified hearings were closed to the public unless the witness appearing before the Commission requested an open hearing No witness except one requested an open hearing Second although the hearings except one were conducted in private they were not secret In a secret hearing the witness is instructed not to disclose his testimony to any third party and the hearing testimony is not published for public consumption The witnesses who appeared before the Commission were free to repeat what they said to anyone they pleased and all of their testimony was subsequently published in the first fifteen volumes put out by the Warren Commission Bugliosi p 332 References John F Kennedy Dallas Police Department Collection The Portal to Texas History Tunheim John R March 1 1999 Final Report of the Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board DIANE Publishing p 1 ISBN 978 0 7881 7722 4 Gallop Most Americans Believe Oswald Conspired With Others to Kill JFK Gallup com April 11 2001 Retrieved December 24 2012 Pontchartrain Blake June 17 2019 Blake Pontchartrain Where was the French Hospital in New Orleans and what s its story The Advocate Retrieved September 29 2019 Child Christopher C March 14 2022 Roosevelts without middle names Vita Brevis Retrieved May 25 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Notable Tomb Tuesday Robert E Lee Oswald father of Lee Harvey Oswald Lucky Bean Tours January 2 2017 Archived from the original on September 22 2017 Retrieved September 22 2017 Warren Commission Hearings vol 23 p 799 CE 1963 Schedule showing known addresses of Lee Harvey Oswald from the time of his birth Robert Oswald brother of Lee Harvey Oswald dies at 83 Fort Worth Star Telegram December 1 2017 a b Appendix 13 Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 pp 697 699 a b Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 pp 674 675 Chapter 7 Lee Harvey Oswald Background and Possible Motives Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 p 378 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 676 Testimony of John Edward Pic Warren Commission Hearings Warren Commission Hearings vol 22 p 687 CE 1382 Interview with Mrs John Edward Pic Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 677 a b c d e f Chapter 7 Lee Harvey Oswald Background and Possible Motives Warren Commission Report 1964 Warren Commission Hearings Testimony of John Carro Warren Commission Hearings Testimony of Mrs Marguerite Oswald Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 679 a b c d Bagdikian Ben H December 14 1963 Blair Clay Jr ed The Assassin The Saturday Evening Post Philadelphia Pennsylvania The Curtis Publishing Company 44 23 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 681 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 p 383 Warren Commission Hearings CE 2240 FBI transcript of letter from Lee Oswald to the Socialist Party of America October 3 1956 Oswald David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol United States House Select Committee on Assassinations vol 9 4 p 107 Testimony of Edward Voebel Warren Commission Hearings vol 8 pp 10 12 Oswald David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol House Select Committee on Assassinations Appendix to Hearings Volume 9 4 pp 107 115 PBS Frontline Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald broadcast on PBS stations November 1993 various dates a b Sanders Bob Ray November 25 2013 A Monday of funerals and learning a bit more about the man who killed Kennedy Fort Worth Star Telegram Archived from the original on December 2 2013 Retrieved November 25 2013 Johnson McMillan Priscilla 2013 Interlude Marina and Lee The Tormented Love and Fatal Obsession Behind Lee Harvey Oswald s Assassination of John F Kennedy Hanover New Hampshire Steerforth Press p 66 ISBN 9781586422172 Testimony of Mrs Marguerite Oswald Hearings Before the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Volume I Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 p 227 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 p 384 Warren Commission Hearings vol 19 Folsom Exhibit No 1 p 665 Administrative Remarks Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 pp 682 683 Appendix 13 Archives gov Retrieved May 23 2016 JFK KerryThornley com Retrieved April 11 2022 Lifton David Garrison vs Thornley Part II PDF Hood College The Harold Weisberg Archive Retrieved April 11 2022 Thornley Kerry Wendell Series Records Relating to Key Persons 11 30 1963 9 24 1964 National Archives Catalog Records of the John F Kennedy Assassination Collection Key Persons Files November 30 1963 Retrieved April 13 2022 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 683 Thornley Kerry Wendell Series Records Relating to Key Persons 11 30 1963 9 24 1964 National Archives Catalog November 30 1963 Retrieved April 13 2022 Chapter 4 The Assassin Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 p 191 Gerald Posner Case Closed Random House New York 1993 pg 28 Affidavit of James Botelho PDF Oswald s Game W W Norton amp Co Inc 2013 ISBN 9781480402874 Retrieved September 20 2013 Testimony of John E Donovan Warren Commission Hearings vol 8 pp 290 298 Summers 1998 p 94 Summers 2013 pp 140 141 The grades were 5 in understanding 4 in reading and 3 in writing Warren Commission Hearings vol 19 Folsom Exhibit No 1 p 85 Request for Dependency Discharge Warren Commission Hearings Folsom Exhibit No 1 cont d XIX Folsom 734 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Leskinen M amp J Keronen Secret Helsinki Jonglez Publishing 2019 ISBN 978 2 36195 170 2 Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia The Journey From USA to USSR Archived February 10 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Russian Books a b c Warren Commission Hearings vol 16 p 94 CE 24 Lee Harvey Oswald s Historic Diary entries of October 16 1959 to October 21 1959 Warren Commission Hearings vol 16 p 95 CE 24 Lee Harvey Oswald s Historic Diary entries of October 21 1959 to October 28 1959 Warren Commission Hearings vol 16 p 96 CE 24 Lee Harvey Oswald s Historic Diary entries of October 28 1959 to October 31 1959 Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia Moscow Part 1 Archived February 9 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Russian Books Warren Commission Hearings vol 18 p 108 CE 912 Declaration of Lee Harvey Oswald dated November 3 1959 requesting that his U S citizenship be revoked Texas Marine Gives Up U S For Russia permanent dead link The Miami News October 31 1959 p1 Foreign Service Dispatch from the American Embassy in Moscow to the Department of State Warren Commission Hearings vol 18 p 98 CE 908 Warren Commission Hearings CE 780 Documents from Lee Harvey Oswald s Marine Corps file Former Marine Applies For Russ Citizenship The Sacramento CA Bee October 31 1959 p 27 Texan Asks Soviet Citizenship The Times Shreveport LA November 1 1959 p 22 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 697 Stanislau Shushkevich biographical sketch in Russian Nv online info Archived from the original on March 16 2012 Retrieved March 24 2012 Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia Minsk Part 3 Archived February 3 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Russian Books Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia Minsk Part 2 Archived December 30 2011 at the Wayback Machine at Russian Books Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 pp 697 699 a b c d Savodnik Peter October 11 2013 Could a Jewish Beauty Have Saved Kennedy by Marrying Lee Harvey Oswald in Minsk Tablet Retrieved June 8 2014 Mailer 2007 p 108 sfn error no target CITEREFMailer2007 help Gallagher James P January 27 1993 Literati Probing Oswald s Days In Minsk Chicago Tribune Retrieved June 8 2014 Mailer 2007 p 109 sfn error no target CITEREFMailer2007 help Mailer 2007 p 130 sfn error no target CITEREFMailer2007 help Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 p 394 Warren Commission Hearings vol 18 p 131 CE 931 Undated letter from Lee Harvey Oswald to the American Embassy in Moscow United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Hearings vol 2 p 207 Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter September 13 1978 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 712 Marine Learns That the U S A Dwarfs Russia Chicago Daily Tribune June 9 1962 p 55 via Newspapers com Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 714 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 716 Summers 1998 p 152 Warren Commission Hearings vol 11 p 298 Testimony of Mrs Lee Harvey Oswald Warren Commission Hearings vol 2 p 307 Testimony of Mrs Katherine Ford Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 p 252 Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 p 238 Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 p 266 Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt George de Mohrenschildt Staff Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations vol 12 4 p 53 54 1979 Summers 1998 pp 152 160 Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 p 226 Testimony of George S de Mohrenschildt Warren Commission Hearings vol 2 p 435 Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine Warren Commission Hearings vol 2 p 385 Testimony of Michael R Paine Warren Commission Hearings vol 10 pp 199 205 Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein Warren Report C E 1886 shows his last weekly paycheck was for work ending April 6 PDF Retrieved September 17 2010 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 pp 118 119 Questioned Documents Warren Commission Report Appendix 10 p 567 571 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 pp 184 195 Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations HSCA Final Report p 61 Scott Peter Dale 1993 Deep Politics and the Death of JFK Los Angeles University of California Press pp 34 50 ISBN 0 520 20519 7 Summers 1998 pp 161 162 Summers 1998 p 162 Testimony of Mrs Lee Harvey Oswald Warren Commission Hearings volume 1 pg 17 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 p 187 Warren Commission Hearings vol 1 p 16 Testimony of Mrs Lee Harvey Oswald Warren Commission Hearings vol 23 p 392 393 CE 1785 Secret Service report dated December 5 1963 on questioning of Marina Oswald about note Oswald wrote before he attempted to kill General Walker Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 p 393 394 Oswald Notes Reported Left Before Walker Was Shot At Dallas Morning News December 31 1963 p 6 Summers 1998 pp 163 164 HSCA Final Report I Findings A Lee Harvey Oswald Fired Three Shots PDF pp 60 61 Retrieved September 17 2010 Officials Recall Sniper Shooting at Walker Home Dallas Morning News November 23 1963 p 15 FBI Unable to Link Walker Slug Rifle Dallas Morning News December 20 1963 p 7 Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 p 249 Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 pp 249 250 Testimony of Jeanne de Mohrenschildt Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 pp 314 317 Testimony of Jeanne de Mohrenschildt Warren Commission Hearings vol 9 p 314 Summers 1998 p 172 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 p 403 a b The Warren Report Chapter 6 p 284 Investigation of Possible Conspiracy Background of Lee Harvey Oswald Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 pp 403 404 Summers 1998 p 219 a b Jim Garrison November 1988 On the Trail of the Assassins My Investigation and Prosecution of the Murder of President Kennedy Sheridan Square Pubns p 40 ISBN 978 0 941781 02 2 XIII 544 Camp Street and Related Events Appendix to Hearings before the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U S House of Representatives Vol X Washington D C United States Government Printing Office March 1979 p 131 Lee Vincent T Exhibit No 2 Warren Commission Hearings vol 20 p 512 Lee Vincent T Exhibit No 3 Warren Commission Hearings vol 20 p 515 Lee Vincent T Exhibit No 4 Warren Commission Hearings vol 20 p 518 FBI Report of Investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald s Activities for Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans Warren Commission Hearings vol 25 pp 770 773 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 p 407 Warren Commission Hearings vol 10 pp 34 37 Testimony of Carlos Bringuier Summers 1998 p 211 Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived October 23 2003 at the Wayback Machine August 15 1963 Warren Commission Hearings vol 17 pp 758 764 Commission Exhibit 826 a b Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 728 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 pp 728 729 Summers 1998 pp 211 212 a b Douglas James JFK and the Unspeakable New York Simon and Schuster 2008 p 65 ISBN 978 1 4391 9388 4 Lee Harvey Oswald interview with William K Stuckey part 1 YouTube Archived from the original on July 21 2010 Retrieved August 16 2011 Warren Commission Hearings vol 21 p 633 Stuckey Exhibit 3 Literal transcript of an audio tape recording of a debate among Lee Harvey Oswald Carlos Bringuier and Edward Butler on August 21 1963 Radio station WDSU New Orleans Summers 1998 p 212 Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 pp 7 9 Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine Resumed Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Appendix 13 1964 p 732 Warren Commission Hearings vol 11 pp 214 215 Affidavit of John Bryan McFarland and Meryl McFarland Warren Commission Hearings vol 25 p 418 CE 2564 Cuban visa application of Lee Harvey Oswald September 27 1963 a b Wallace Gregory November 5 2017 CIA wondered if Oswald sought visas as part of escape plan CNN Retrieved December 17 2019 undated Oswald s Foreign Activities Coleman and Slawson to Rankin page 94 at The Assassination Archives and Research Center Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 p 413 Oswald Myth Mystery and Meaning FRONTLINE November 20 2003 HSCA Appendix to Hearings vol 8 p 358 Letter from Lee Oswald to Embassy of the U S S R Washington D C November 9 1963 CIA Report on Oswald s Stay in Mexico December 13 1963 page 19 at The Assassination Archives and Research Center House Select Committee on Assassinations 1996 Release Oswald the CIA and Mexico City Lopez Report p 121 Chapter 1 Summary and Conclusions Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 pp 14 15 Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 p 216 Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly Summers 1998 p 282 a b Bagdikian Ben H December 14 1963 Blair Clay Jr ed The Assassin The Saturday Evening Post Philadelphia PA The Curtis Publishing Company 44 26 Warren Commission Hearings vol 22 Commission Exhibit No 1165 p 17 As paparazzi stalk her Kennedy assassin s widow lives quiet Dallas area life Posner Gerald October 2 2018 The Posner Files Case Closed and Killing the Dream Open Road Media ISBN 9781504056182 Retrieved November 22 2020 Warren Commission Report p 739 HSCA Final Assassinations Report House Select Committee on Assassinations pp 195 196 Summers 1998 pp 283 286 Dallas Morning News November 19 1963 Dallas Times Herald November 19 1963 p A 13 Warren Commission Hearings vol I p 72 73 Testimony of Marina Oswald Testimony of Wesley Frazier Warren Commission Hearings vol 2 pp 226 227 a b c Magen Knuth The Long Brown Bag National Archives Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy Retrieved January 4 2013 Warren Report History Matters Archive p 156 Retrieved February 4 2013 FBI Interview of Charles Givens November 23 1963 Warren Commission Document 5 p 329 Summers 1998 p 58 Warren Commission Hearings Volume VII History Matters Archive p 390 Retrieved February 4 2013 Warren Commission Hearings Volume VI History Matters Archive p 383 Retrieved February 4 2013 Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 p 173 Testimony of Bonnie Ray Williams Summers 1998 pp 59 60 Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 p 170 Testimony of Bonnie Ray Williams FBI Gemberling Report November 30 1963 Warren Commission Document 5 p 41 Chapter 3 The Shots from the Texas School Book Depository Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 p 117 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 1 1964 p 19 Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 p 143 Testimony of Howard Brennan Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 p 145 Testimony of Howard Brennan McAdams John November 22 1963 The JFK Assassination Dallas Police Tapes History in Real Time The Kennedy Assassination Marquette University Archived from the original on March 21 2013 Retrieved November 26 2012 Summers Anthony 2013 Not in Your Lifetime New York Open Road p 62 ISBN 978 1 4804 3548 3 Chapter 4 August 15 2016 Warren Commission Report Chapter 3 August 15 2016 Texas School Book Depository Oswald s Sniper s Nest History of the Texas School Book Depository Building the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza John F Kennedy and the Memory of a Nation the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 p 263 Testimony of Marrion L Baker Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 p 152 Summers 1998 p 63 Summers 1998 p 64 Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 pp 273 275 Testimony of Mrs Robert A Reid Warren Commission Hearings Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly Warren Commission Hearings Testimony of J W Fritz Bus transfer gif Archived May 14 2011 at the Wayback Machine at Kennedy Assassination Home Page Warren Commission Hearings vol 6 pp 438 439 Testimony of Earlene Roberts Warren Commission Hearings vol 7 p 439 Affidavit of Earlene Roberts Summers 1998 p 66 ISBN 1 56924 739 0 Oswald was 5 feet 9 inches 1 75 m tall and weighed 150 pounds 68 kg Warren Commission Hearings Vol 26 p 521 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 1 1964 p 6 The Warren Report Appendix 12 p 648 Oswald s Movements Between 12 33 and 1 15 PM a b Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 p 165 The third eyewitness was Jack Ray Tatum Oswald Tippit Associates HSCA Appendix to Hearings vol 12 p 40 41 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 p 166 a b Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 pp 466 473 Testimony of Cortlandt Cunningham Warren Commission Hearings vol 3 p 511 Testimony of Joseph D Nicol Tippit Murder Findings and Conclusions 7 HSCA 376 Testimony of Johnny Calvin Brewer 7 H 3 5 Testimony of Julia Postal 7 H 11 Warren Commission Hearings Testimony of M N McDonald Video on YouTube Brewer and McDonald testify on film to a reporter at the sites of the shoe store and inside the Texas Theater Oswald and Officer McDonald The Arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald Retrieved June 21 2011 a b Chapter 5 Detention and Death of Oswald Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 p 198 Tippit murder affidavit text cover Bugliosi Reclaiming History pp 841 42 Oswald s Ghost American Experience PBS www pbs org Retrieved May 10 2018 Kennedy murder affidavit text cover Photo of the order slip and order envelope for the alleged murder weapon History matters com Retrieved September 17 2010 CE 697 shows A J Hidell as alternate name on Oswald New Orleans P O Box Assassination Archive and Research Center Summers Anthony Not in Your Lifetime New York Marlowe amp Company 1998 p 66 ISBN 1 56924 739 0 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 pp 180 182 vol XVII of the Warren report with facsimile of card CE 795 with Commission notation A spurious Selective Service System notice of classification card in the name Alek James Hidell See for the card illustrated at right Warren Commission Hearings vol 4 Testimony of James P Hosty Jr pp 467 468 Testimony of Capt J W Fritz pp 213 214 Commission Exhibit 2003 Dallas Police Department file on investigation of the assassination of the President Interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald vol 4 p 265 FBI Report of Capt J W Fritz Warren Report appendix 11 p 600 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy National Archives and Records Administration Retrieved February 5 2013 Warren Commission Hearings Volume III History Matters Archive Retrieved February 5 2013 Summers 1998 p 59 Testimony of James R Levelle Hearings Before the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Volume VII Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 pp 260 270 Testimony of Harry D Holmes Warren Commission Hearings vol 7 pp 297 302 Testimony of H Louis Nichols 7 H 328 329 Testimony of Harry D Holmes 7 H 299 300 Jesse E Curry Retired Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry Reveals His Personal JFK Assassination File Self published 1969 p 74 affidavit of Dallas police officer Thurber T Lord on August 20 1964 Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine 3 H 88 89 Testimony of John J Abt 10 H 116 Robert L Oswald Lee A Portrait of Lee Harvey Oswald by His Brother Coward McCann 1967 p 145 Bugliosi Vincent 2008 Four Days in November The Assassination of President John F Kennedy pp 416 7 quote No I am not a Communist Oswald says I am a Marxist but not a Marxist Leninist Well a Communist is a Leninist Marxist Oswald explains while I am a true Karl Marxist I ve read just about everything by or about Karl Marx Smith Jeffrey K 2008 Rendezvous in Dallas The Assassination of John F Kennedy pp 239 40 quote No I am not a Communist I am a Marxist but not a Marxist Leninist Well a Communist is a Leninist Marxist while I am a true Karl Marxist I ve read just about everything by or about Karl Marx Kelley Exhibit A 20 H 443 CE 2064 24 H 490 7 H 298 WCT Harry D Holmes a b Rose Earl F Autopsy Report for Lee Harvey Oswald by Earl F Rose legal document November 24 1963 https texashistory unt edu ark 67531 metapth337234 accessed October 7 2022 University of North Texas Libraries The Portal to Texas History https texashistory unt edu crediting Dallas Municipal Archives President s Assassin Shot To Death In Jail Corridor By A Dallas Citizen Grieving Throngs View Kennedy Bier The New York Times Retrieved May 12 2018 Posner 1993 p 399 a b Autopsy Shows Oswald Healthy Little of History of Slayer Is Revealed Pittsburgh Post Gazette Pittsburgh Pennsylvania AP November 30 1963 p f Retrieved April 4 2013 Bergreen Laurence 1980 Look Now Pay Later The Rise of Network Broadcasting New York Doubleday and Company ISBN 978 0 451 61966 2 Fischer Heinz D Fischer Erika J 2003 Prizes for Pictorial Journalism Areas The Pulitzer Prize Archive A History and Anthology of Award Winning Materials in Journalism Letters and Arts Vol 17 Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 2000 Munchen De Gruyter p 206 ISBN 978 3 11 093912 5 Testimony of Jack Ruby Warren Commission Hearings vol 5 pp 198 200 Goldfarb Ronald 1995 Perfect Villains Imperfect Heroes Robert F Kennedy s War Against Organized Crime Virginia Capital Books p 281 ISBN 1 931868 06 9 Bugliosi Reclaiming History pp 453 456 Lee Harvey Oswald pallbearer recalls the weather and widow The Salt Lake Tribune November 21 2013 Directions to Lee Harvey Oswald s Grave at Kennedy Assassination Home Page Dan Solomon August 14 2015 The Long Strange Journey Of Lee Harvey Oswald s Gravestone Back To Texas Texas Monthly Who was Lee Harvey Oswald A chronology of Lee Harvey Oswald s life Pbs org Retrieved September 17 2010 a b c d e f Montgomery David January 30 2015 Oswald s Coffin Belongs to His Brother Not Funeral Home a Judge Rules The New York Times p A15 Archived from the original on January 3 2022 Retrieved June 3 2015 a b c d e f Funeral home wrongly sold Lee Harvey Oswald s casket judge rules The Times Picayune New Orleans AP January 30 2015 Retrieved June 3 2015 Robert Oswald brother of Lee Harvey Oswald dies at 83 star telegram Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 7 1964 pp 423 424 1968 Panel Review of Photographs X Ray Films Documents and Other Evidence Pertaining to the Fatal Wounding of President John E Kennedy on November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas Archived July 7 2007 at the Wayback Machine txt at Kennedy Assassination Home Page a b Bugliosi Reclaiming History p 376 Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations HSCA Final Report p 3 Bugliosi Vincent 2007 Reclaiming History The Assassination of President John F Kennedy W W Norton p 377 ISBN 978 0 393 04525 3 Ballard C Campbell 2008 Disasters Accidents and Crises in American History A Reference Guide to the Nation s Most Catastrophic Events Infobase Publishing p 1936 ISBN 978 1 4381 3012 5 Retrieved September 1 2013 Holland Max June 1994 After Thirty Years Making Sense of the Assassination Reviews in American History 22 2 191 209 doi 10 2307 2702884 JSTOR 2702884 Martin John September 2011 The Assassination of John F Kennedy 48 Years On Irish Foreign Affairs Knight Peter 2007 The Kennedy Assassination University Press of Mississippi p 72 ISBN 978 1 934110 32 4 Retrieved September 4 2013 Kathryn S Olmsted March 11 2011 Real Enemies Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy World War I to 9 11 Oxford University Press pp 169 170 ISBN 978 0 19 975395 6 Retrieved September 4 2013 Testimony of Mark Weiss and Ernest Aschkenasy 5 HSCA 617 G Robert Blakey and Richard N Billings The Plot to Kill the President Times Books 1981 p 103 ISBN 978 0 8129 0929 6 Greg Jaynes The Scene of the Crime Afterward Separate Views of Hons Samuel L Devine and Robert W Edgar HSCA Report pp 492 493 Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics Nap edu 1982 doi 10 17226 10264 ISBN 978 0 309 25372 7 Retrieved December 24 2012 Committee on Ballistic Acoustics National Research Council October 1982 Reexamination of Acoustic Evidence in the Kennedy Assassination Science 218 8 127 133 doi 10 1126 science 6750789 Donald B Thomas Echo Correlation Analysis and the Acoustic Evidence in the Kennedy Assassination Revisited Science amp Justice vol 41 1 2001 pp 21 32 Retrieved April 10 2010 Linsker R Garwin R L Chernoff H Horowitz P Ramsey N F Synchronization of the acoustic evidence in the assassination of President Kennedy Science amp Justice vol 45 4 2005 pp 207 226 Donald Byron Thomas 2010 Hear No Evil Social Constructivism and the Forensic Evidence in the Kennedy Assassination ISBN 978 0980121391 a b Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 p 181 Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Chapter 4 1964 p 125 Russo Gus 1998 Live by the Sword The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK Bancroft Press p 117 ISBN 978 1 890862 01 5 Retrieved December 10 2020 Warren Commission Hearings vol 1 p 15 Testimony of Mrs Lee Harvey Oswald Warren Commission Hearings vol 1 p 146 Testimony of Mrs Marguerite Oswald Appendix 11 Reports Relating to the Interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald at the Dallas Police Department Report of the President s Commission on the Assassination of President John F Kennedy Washington D C United States Government Printing Office 1964 pp 608 609 HSCA Appendix to Hearings vol 6 p 151 Figure IV 21 HSCA Appendix to Hearings vol 6 The Oswald Backyard Photographs Photos Retrieved February 27 2009 United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Report Chapter VI Retrieved February 27 2009 United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Hearings Testimony of Jack D White Farid H 2009 The Lee Harvey Oswald backyard photos real or fake Perception 38 11 1731 1734 doi 10 1068 p6580 PMID 20120271 S2CID 12062689 Archived from the original on October 10 2010 Retrieved December 8 2009 Dartmouth Professor finds that iconic Oswald photo was not faked November 5 2009 Archived from the original on January 18 2012 Retrieved November 14 2011 Majority in U S Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy Mafia federal government top list of potential conspirators Gallup Inc November 15 2013 Archived from the original on August 1 2016 Bugliosi Reclaiming HistoryFurther readingBugliosi Vincent 2007 Reclaiming History The Assassination of President John F Kennedy Norton ISBN 978 0 393 04525 3 Epstein Edward Jay 1978 Legend the Secret World of Lee Harvey Oswald New York McGraw Hill Book Company ISBN 0 07 019539 0 Ford Gerald 1965 Portrait of the Assassin New York Simon and Schuster ISBN 0 684 82663 1 Gillon Steven Lee Harvey Oswald 48 Hours to Live Sterling 2013 ISBN 1454912510 Mailer Norman Oswald s Tale An American Mystery New York Ballantine Books 1995 ISBN 0 345 40437 8 McMillan Priscilla Johnson Marina and Lee New York Harper amp Row 1977 Melanson Philip H Spy Saga Lee Harvey Oswald and U S Intelligence New York Praeger Publishers 1990 hardcover ISBN 0 275 93571 X Nechiporenko Oleg M Passport to Assassination The Never Before Told Story of Lee Harvey Oswald by the KGB Colonel Who Knew Him New York Carroll amp Graf Publishers 1993 ISBN 1 55972 210 X Posner Gerald 1993 Case Closed Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK Random House ISBN 0 679 41825 3 Roffman Howard Presumed Guilty South Brunswick and New York A S Barnes and Company 1976 hardcover ISBN 0 498 01933 0 Sauvage Leo 1966 The Oswald Affair Cleveland and New York The World Publishing Company Summers Anthony 1998 Not in Your Lifetime New York Marlowe amp Company ISBN 1 56924 739 0External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lee Harvey Oswald Frontline Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald American Experience Oswald s Ghost Lee Harvey Oswald Lone Assassin or Patsy by John C McAdams Lee Harvey Oswald Chronology by W Tracy Parnell Abrahamsen D 1967 A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald Psychological Capability of Murder Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 43 10 861 888 PMC 1806829 PMID 19312773 Lee Harvey Oswald at IMDb Portals Biography United States Russia Texas Communism Socialism Retrieved from https en 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