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Luc Montagnier

January 01, 1970

Luc Montagnier (US: /ˌmɒntənˈjeɪ, ˌmoʊntɑːnˈjeɪ/ MON-tən-YAY, MOHN-tahn-YAY,[2][3] French: [lyk mɔ̃taɲje]; 18 August 1932 – 8 February 2022) was a French virologist and joint recipient, with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen, of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[4] He worked as a researcher at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and as a full-time professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.[5]

Luc Montagnier
Montagnier in 2008
Born(1932-08-18)18 August 1932
Chabris, Indre, France
Died8 February 2022(2022-02-08) (aged 89)
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Alma mater
Known forCo-discoverer of HIV
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsVirology
Institutions

In 2017, Montagnier was criticised by other academics for using his Nobel prize status to "spread dangerous health messages outside of his field of knowledge".[6] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Montagnier promoted[clarification needed] the conspiracy theory that SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, was deliberately created and escaped from a laboratory.[7] Such a claim has been rejected by other virologists.[8][9][10]

Early life and education

Montagnier was born in Chabris in central France.[11] Montagnier became interested in science as a teenager. He studied science at the University of Poitiers, France, and then became an assistant in the Faculty of Sciences at Sorbonne University, where he obtained a PhD.[12]

Career

In 1960 Montagnier moved to Carshalton, UK as a postdoctoral fellow at the now defunct Virus Research Unit of the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom). In 1963, he moved to the Glasgow Institute of Virology. He developed a soft agar culture medium to culture viruses.[12]

From 1965 until 1972 he was Laboratory Chief at the Institut Curie, then moved to the Institut Pasteur working on the effects of interferon on viruses.[12]

Discovery of HIV

In 1982, Willy Rozenbaum, a clinician at the Hôpital Bichat hospital in Paris, asked Montagnier for assistance in establishing the cause of a mysterious new syndrome, AIDS (known at the time as "gay-related immune deficiency" or GRID).[13][14] Rozenbaum had suggested at scientific meetings that the cause of the disease might be a retrovirus. Montagnier and members of his group at the Pasteur Institute, notably including Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Jean-Claude Chermann, had extensive experience with retroviruses.[15] Montagnier and his team examined samples taken from Rozenbaum's AIDS patients in 1983 and found the virus that would later become known as HIV in a lymph node biopsy.[16] They named it "lymphadenopathy-associated virus", or LAV, since it was not then clear that it was the cause of AIDS, and published their findings in the journal Science on 20 May 1983.[17]

A team led by Robert Gallo of the United States published similar findings in the same issue of Science and later confirmed the discovery of the virus and presented evidence that it caused AIDS. Gallo called the virus "human T-lymphotropic virus type III" (HTLV-III) because of perceived similarities with HTLV-I and -II, which had previously been discovered in his lab.[18] Because of the timing of the discoveries, whether Montagnier's or Gallo's group was first to isolate HIV was for many years the subject of an acrimonious dispute. HIV isolates usually have a high degree of variability because the virus mutates rapidly.[19] In comparison, the first two-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates, Lai/LAV (formerly LAV, isolated at the Pasteur Institute) and Lai/IIIB (formerly HTLV-IIIB, isolated from a pooled culture at the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology (LTCB) of the National Cancer Institute) were strikingly similar in sequence, suggesting that the two isolates were in fact the same, and likely from the same source.[20]

In November 1990, the Office of Scientific Integrity at the National Institutes of Health attempted to clear up the matter by commissioning a group at Roche to analyze archival samples established at the Pasteur Institute and the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology (LTCB) of the National Cancer Institute between 1983 and 1985. The group, led by American epidemiologist Sheng-Yung Chang, examined archival specimens and concluded in Nature in 1993 that the American sample in fact originated from the French lab.[21]

Chang determined that the French group's LAV was a virus from one patient that had contaminated a culture from another. On request, Montagnier's group had sent a sample of this culture to Gallo, not knowing it contained two viruses. It then contaminated the pooled culture on which Gallo was working.[22]

Before the 1993 publication of Chang's results, Gallo's lab was accused and initially found guilty of "minor misconduct" by the Office of Scientific Integrity in 1991, and then by the newly created Office of Research Integrity in 1992 for the misappropriation of a sample of HIV produced at the Pasteur Institute.[23] The subsequent publication in 1993 of Chang's investigation cleared Gallo's lab of the charges, although his reputation had already been tainted by the accusations.

Today it is agreed that Montagnier's group first isolated HIV,[24] but Gallo's group is credited with discovering that the virus causes AIDS and with generating much of the science that made the discovery possible, including a technique previously developed by Gallo's lab for growing T cells in the laboratory.[25] When Montagnier's group first published their discovery, they said HIV's role in causing AIDS "remains to be determined."[26]

The question of whether the true discoverers of the virus were French or American was more than a matter of prestige. A US government patent for the AIDS test, filed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services and based on what was claimed to be Gallo's identification of the virus, was at stake.[27][28][29] In 1987, both governments attempted to end the dispute by arranging to split the prestige of the discovery and the proceeds from the patent 50–50,[30] naming Montagnier and Gallo co-discoverers.[26] The two scientists continued to dispute each other's claims until 1987.[31]

It was not until French President François Mitterrand and American President Ronald Reagan met in person that the major issues were ironed out. The scientists finally agreed to share credit for the discovery of HIV, and in 1986, both the French and the US names (LAV and HTLV-III) were dropped in favor of the new term human immunodeficiency virus (virus de l'immunodéficience humaine, abbreviated HIV or VIH) (Coffin, 1986). They concluded that the origin of the HIV-1 Lai/IIIB isolate discovered by Gallo was the same as that discovered by Montagnier (but not known by Montagnier to cause AIDS). This compromise allowed Montagnier and Gallo to end their feud and collaborate with each other again, writing a chronology that appeared in Nature that year.[26]

On 29 November 2002 issue of Science, Gallo and Montagnier published a series of articles, one of which was co-written by both scientists, in which they acknowledged the pivotal roles that each had played in the discovery of HIV.[32][33][34]

Personal life and death

In 1961, Montagnier married Dorothea Ackerman, and they had three children.[11] He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 8 February 2022, at the age of 89.[35]

Awards and honors

The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi for the discovery of HIV.[36] They shared the Prize with Harald zur Hausen, who discovered that human papilloma viruses can cause cervical cancer.[26][37] Montagnier said he was "surprised" that Robert Gallo was not also recognized by the Nobel Committee: "It was important to prove that HIV was the cause of AIDS, and Gallo had a very important role in that. I'm very sorry for Robert Gallo."[26] According to Maria Masucci, a member of the Nobel Assembly, "there was no doubt as to who made the fundamental discoveries."[36]

Montagnier was the co-founder of the World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention and co-directed the Program for International Viral Collaboration. He was the founder and a former president of the Houston-based World Foundation for Medical Research and Prevention. He received more than 20 major awards, including the National Order of Merit (Commander, 1986) and the Légion d'honneur (Knight: 1984; Officer: 1990; Commander: 1993; Grand Officer: 2009),[38][39] He was a recipient of the Lasker Award and the Scheele Award (1986), the Louis-Jeantet Prize for medicine (1986), the Gairdner Award (1987), the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1987),[40] King Faisal International Prize (1993) (known as the Arab Nobel Prize), and the Prince of Asturias Award (2000). He was also a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine,[41] and was awarded the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) from Whittier College in 2010.[42]

Controversies

Electromagnetic signals from DNA

Main article: DNA teleportation

In 2009, Montagnier published two controversial independent research studies, one of which was entitled "Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from Bacterial DNA Sequences".[43][44] Jeff Reimers, of the University of Sydney, said that if its conclusions are true, "these would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry".[45] The paper concluded that diluted DNA from pathogenic bacterial and viral species was able to emit "specific radio waves" and that "these radio waves [are] associated with 'nanostructures' in the solution that might be able to recreate the pathogen".[43]

They were published in a new journal, of which he was chair of the editorial board,[46] allegedly[45] detecting electromagnetic signals from bacterial DNA (M. pirum and E. coli) in water that had been prepared using agitation and high dilutions,[47] and similar research on electromagnetic detection of HIV RNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by antiretroviral therapy.[48]

COVID-19 pandemic

In 2020, Montagnier argued that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was man-made in a laboratory and that it might have been the result of an attempt to create a vaccine for HIV/AIDS. His allegation came after the United States had launched a probe into whether the virus came from a laboratory. According to Montagnier, the "presence of elements of HIV and germ of malaria in the genome of coronavirus is highly suspect and the characteristics of the virus could not have arisen naturally."[49] Montagnier's conclusions were rejected as hasty by the scientific community, considering the gene sequences were common among similar organisms;[6] no evidence arose that SARS-CoV-2 was genetically engineered.[9][50]

In a 2021 interview with the French media group "Hold Up", Montagnier claimed that the use of vaccinations for COVID was steering the evolution of new strains, and that the process of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) would cause vaccinated individuals to suffer more strongly. The former claim had no obvious basis in fact, while ADE had only ever been conclusively demonstrated for dengue virus infections, and not for COVID-19.[51]

Homeopathy

On 28 June 2010, Montagnier spoke at the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in Germany,[52] "where 60 Nobel prize winners had gathered, along with 700 other scientists, to discuss the latest breakthroughs in medicine, chemistry and physics."[53] He "stunned his colleagues ... when he presented a new method for detecting viral infections that bore close parallels to the basic tenets of homeopathy. Although fellow Nobel prize winners – who view homeopathy as quackery – were left openly shaking their heads, Montagnier's comments were rapidly embraced by homeopaths eager for greater credibility. Cristal Sumner, of the British Homeopathic Association, said Montagnier's work gave homeopathy 'a true scientific ethos'."[53]

When asked by Canada's CBC Marketplace program if his work was indeed a theoretical basis for homeopathy as homeopaths had claimed, Montagnier replied that one "cannot extrapolate it to the products used in homeopathy".[54]

Responses, criticisms, and interviews

The homeopathy paper met with harsh criticism for not being peer-reviewed, and its claims unsubstantiated by modern mainstream conventions of physics and chemistry. In response to Montagnier's statement that the generally unfavorable response is due to the "non-understanding or misunderstanding of the breakthrough findings", blogger Andy Lewis has written that he has found it difficult to assert what the paper "actually claims", saying: "The paper ... lacks any rigour. ... important experimental steps are described dismissively in a sentence and little attempt is made to describe the detail of the work".[55] While homeopaths claim his research as support for homeopathy, many scientists have greeted it with scorn and harsh criticism.[45][56][57]

In a 24 December 2010 Science magazine interview entitled "French Nobelist Escapes 'Intellectual Terror' to Pursue Radical Ideas in China", he was questioned about his research and plans. In the interview he stated that Jacques Benveniste, whose controversial homeopathic work had been discredited, was "a modern Galileo". When asked if he was not "worried that your colleagues will think you have drifted into pseudo-science", he replied: "No, because it's not pseudoscience. It's not quackery. These are real phenomena which deserve further study." He also mentioned that his applications for funding had been turned down and that he was leaving his home country to set up shop in China so he could escape what he called the "intellectual terror" which he claimed had prevented others from publishing their results. He stated that China's Shanghai Jiao Tong University is more "open minded" to his research.[58] There he was chairman of the editorial board[46] of a new journal which published his research.[58]

Montagnier was also questioned on his beliefs about homeopathy, to which he replied: "I can't say that homeopathy is right in everything. What I can say now is that the high dilutions are right. High dilutions of something are not nothing. They are water structures which mimic the original molecules. We find that with DNA, we cannot work at the extremely high dilutions used in homeopathy; we cannot go further than a 10−18 dilution, or we lose the signal. But even at 10−18, you can calculate that there is not a single molecule of DNA left. And yet we detect a signal."[58]

A 12 January 2011 New Scientist editorial described the controversial nature of the research, while also noting how many researchers "reacted with disbelief", with chemist and university president Gary Schuster comparing it to "pathological science".[45] Evolutionary biologist PZ Myers also described the work as "pathological science". He described the paper as "one of the more unprofessional write-ups I've ever run across",[56] and criticized the publication process as having an "unbelievable turnaround" time: "another suspicious sign are the dates. This paper was submitted on 3 January 2009, revised on 5 January 2009, and accepted on 6 January 2009", leading him to ask: "Who reviewed this, the author's mother? Maybe someone even closer. Guess who the chairman of the editorial board is: Luc Montagnier."[56][59]

On 25 May 2012, he gave the keynote address[60] at the 2012 conference for AutismOne, an anti-vaccination group. Similar to the controversy he aroused by extolling homeopathy, his latest group, Chronimed, claimed to have made a discovery for autistic children that was sharply criticized by computational biologist Steven Salzberg.[61]

In 2017, 106 academic scientists wrote an open letter "calling [Montagnier] to order". The letter read: "We, academics of medicine, cannot accept that one of our peers is using his Nobel prize [status] to spread dangerous health messages outside of his field of knowledge."[62]

For his defense of such anti-scientific views, Montagnier has been cited as an example of the phenomenon called Nobel disease.[63][64]

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luc Montagnier.
  • – Official position of the Pasteur Institute.
  • Luc Montagnier on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel lecture "25 Years after HIV Discovery: Prospects for Cure and Vaccine" (7 December 2008)
  • PROFILE: Luc Montagnier, Francoise Barre-Sinoussi – AIDS pioneers
  • Luc Montagnier's obituary on Nature

January 01, 1970
montagnier, ɑː, tən, mohn, tahn, french, taɲje, august, 1932, february, 2022, french, virologist, joint, recipient, with, françoise, barré, sinoussi, harald, hausen, 2008, nobel, prize, physiology, medicine, discovery, human, immunodeficiency, virus, worked, r. Luc Montagnier US ˌ m ɒ n t en ˈ j eɪ ˌ m oʊ n t ɑː n ˈ j eɪ MON ten YAY MOHN tahn YAY 2 3 French lyk mɔ taɲje 18 August 1932 8 February 2022 was a French virologist and joint recipient with Francoise Barre Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV 4 He worked as a researcher at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and as a full time professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China 5 Luc MontagnierMontagnier in 2008Born 1932 08 18 18 August 1932Chabris Indre FranceDied8 February 2022 2022 02 08 aged 89 Neuilly sur Seine FranceAlma materUniversity of Poitiers University of ParisKnown forCo discoverer of HIVAwards1986 Louis Jeantet Prize for Medicine 1 1988 Japan Prize 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineScientific careerFieldsVirologyInstitutionsPasteur Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University In 2017 Montagnier was criticised by other academics for using his Nobel prize status to spread dangerous health messages outside of his field of knowledge 6 During the COVID 19 pandemic Montagnier promoted clarification needed the conspiracy theory that SARS CoV 2 the causative virus was deliberately created and escaped from a laboratory 7 Such a claim has been rejected by other virologists 8 9 10 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Discovery of HIV 3 Personal life and death 4 Awards and honors 5 Controversies 5 1 Electromagnetic signals from DNA 5 2 COVID 19 pandemic 5 3 Homeopathy 5 4 Responses criticisms and interviews 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEarly life and educationMontagnier was born in Chabris in central France 11 Montagnier became interested in science as a teenager He studied science at the University of Poitiers France and then became an assistant in the Faculty of Sciences at Sorbonne University where he obtained a PhD 12 CareerIn 1960 Montagnier moved to Carshalton UK as a postdoctoral fellow at the now defunct Virus Research Unit of the Medical Research Council United Kingdom In 1963 he moved to the Glasgow Institute of Virology He developed a soft agar culture medium to culture viruses 12 From 1965 until 1972 he was Laboratory Chief at the Institut Curie then moved to the Institut Pasteur working on the effects of interferon on viruses 12 Discovery of HIV In 1982 Willy Rozenbaum a clinician at the Hopital Bichat hospital in Paris asked Montagnier for assistance in establishing the cause of a mysterious new syndrome AIDS known at the time as gay related immune deficiency or GRID 13 14 Rozenbaum had suggested at scientific meetings that the cause of the disease might be a retrovirus Montagnier and members of his group at the Pasteur Institute notably including Francoise Barre Sinoussi and Jean Claude Chermann had extensive experience with retroviruses 15 Montagnier and his team examined samples taken from Rozenbaum s AIDS patients in 1983 and found the virus that would later become known as HIV in a lymph node biopsy 16 They named it lymphadenopathy associated virus or LAV since it was not then clear that it was the cause of AIDS and published their findings in the journal Science on 20 May 1983 17 A team led by Robert Gallo of the United States published similar findings in the same issue of Science and later confirmed the discovery of the virus and presented evidence that it caused AIDS Gallo called the virus human T lymphotropic virus type III HTLV III because of perceived similarities with HTLV I and II which had previously been discovered in his lab 18 Because of the timing of the discoveries whether Montagnier s or Gallo s group was first to isolate HIV was for many years the subject of an acrimonious dispute HIV isolates usually have a high degree of variability because the virus mutates rapidly 19 In comparison the first two human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 isolates Lai LAV formerly LAV isolated at the Pasteur Institute and Lai IIIB formerly HTLV IIIB isolated from a pooled culture at the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology LTCB of the National Cancer Institute were strikingly similar in sequence suggesting that the two isolates were in fact the same and likely from the same source 20 In November 1990 the Office of Scientific Integrity at the National Institutes of Health attempted to clear up the matter by commissioning a group at Roche to analyze archival samples established at the Pasteur Institute and the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology LTCB of the National Cancer Institute between 1983 and 1985 The group led by American epidemiologist Sheng Yung Chang examined archival specimens and concluded in Nature in 1993 that the American sample in fact originated from the French lab 21 Chang determined that the French group s LAV was a virus from one patient that had contaminated a culture from another On request Montagnier s group had sent a sample of this culture to Gallo not knowing it contained two viruses It then contaminated the pooled culture on which Gallo was working 22 Before the 1993 publication of Chang s results Gallo s lab was accused and initially found guilty of minor misconduct by the Office of Scientific Integrity in 1991 and then by the newly created Office of Research Integrity in 1992 for the misappropriation of a sample of HIV produced at the Pasteur Institute 23 The subsequent publication in 1993 of Chang s investigation cleared Gallo s lab of the charges although his reputation had already been tainted by the accusations Today it is agreed that Montagnier s group first isolated HIV 24 but Gallo s group is credited with discovering that the virus causes AIDS and with generating much of the science that made the discovery possible including a technique previously developed by Gallo s lab for growing T cells in the laboratory 25 When Montagnier s group first published their discovery they said HIV s role in causing AIDS remains to be determined 26 The question of whether the true discoverers of the virus were French or American was more than a matter of prestige A US government patent for the AIDS test filed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services and based on what was claimed to be Gallo s identification of the virus was at stake 27 28 29 In 1987 both governments attempted to end the dispute by arranging to split the prestige of the discovery and the proceeds from the patent 50 50 30 naming Montagnier and Gallo co discoverers 26 The two scientists continued to dispute each other s claims until 1987 31 It was not until French President Francois Mitterrand and American President Ronald Reagan met in person that the major issues were ironed out The scientists finally agreed to share credit for the discovery of HIV and in 1986 both the French and the US names LAV and HTLV III were dropped in favor of the new term human immunodeficiency virus virus de l immunodeficience humaine abbreviated HIV or VIH Coffin 1986 They concluded that the origin of the HIV 1 Lai IIIB isolate discovered by Gallo was the same as that discovered by Montagnier but not known by Montagnier to cause AIDS This compromise allowed Montagnier and Gallo to end their feud and collaborate with each other again writing a chronology that appeared in Nature that year 26 On 29 November 2002 issue of Science Gallo and Montagnier published a series of articles one of which was co written by both scientists in which they acknowledged the pivotal roles that each had played in the discovery of HIV 32 33 34 Personal life and deathIn 1961 Montagnier married Dorothea Ackerman and they had three children 11 He died in Neuilly sur Seine on 8 February 2022 at the age of 89 35 Awards and honorsThe 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Montagnier and Francoise Barre Sinoussi for the discovery of HIV 36 They shared the Prize with Harald zur Hausen who discovered that human papilloma viruses can cause cervical cancer 26 37 Montagnier said he was surprised that Robert Gallo was not also recognized by the Nobel Committee It was important to prove that HIV was the cause of AIDS and Gallo had a very important role in that I m very sorry for Robert Gallo 26 According to Maria Masucci a member of the Nobel Assembly there was no doubt as to who made the fundamental discoveries 36 Montagnier was the co founder of the World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention and co directed the Program for International Viral Collaboration He was the founder and a former president of the Houston based World Foundation for Medical Research and Prevention He received more than 20 major awards including the National Order of Merit Commander 1986 and the Legion d honneur Knight 1984 Officer 1990 Commander 1993 Grand Officer 2009 38 39 He was a recipient of the Lasker Award and the Scheele Award 1986 the Louis Jeantet Prize for medicine 1986 the Gairdner Award 1987 the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1987 40 King Faisal International Prize 1993 known as the Arab Nobel Prize and the Prince of Asturias Award 2000 He was also a member of the Academie Nationale de Medecine 41 and was awarded the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters L H D from Whittier College in 2010 42 ControversiesElectromagnetic signals from DNA Main article DNA teleportation In 2009 Montagnier published two controversial independent research studies one of which was entitled Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from Bacterial DNA Sequences 43 44 Jeff Reimers of the University of Sydney said that if its conclusions are true these would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years demanding re evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry 45 The paper concluded that diluted DNA from pathogenic bacterial and viral species was able to emit specific radio waves and that these radio waves are associated with nanostructures in the solution that might be able to recreate the pathogen 43 They were published in a new journal of which he was chair of the editorial board 46 allegedly 45 detecting electromagnetic signals from bacterial DNA M pirum and E coli in water that had been prepared using agitation and high dilutions 47 and similar research on electromagnetic detection of HIV RNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by antiretroviral therapy 48 COVID 19 pandemic In 2020 Montagnier argued that SARS CoV 2 the virus that causes COVID 19 was man made in a laboratory and that it might have been the result of an attempt to create a vaccine for HIV AIDS His allegation came after the United States had launched a probe into whether the virus came from a laboratory According to Montagnier the presence of elements of HIV and germ of malaria in the genome of coronavirus is highly suspect and the characteristics of the virus could not have arisen naturally 49 Montagnier s conclusions were rejected as hasty by the scientific community considering the gene sequences were common among similar organisms 6 no evidence arose that SARS CoV 2 was genetically engineered 9 50 In a 2021 interview with the French media group Hold Up Montagnier claimed that the use of vaccinations for COVID was steering the evolution of new strains and that the process of antibody dependent enhancement ADE would cause vaccinated individuals to suffer more strongly The former claim had no obvious basis in fact while ADE had only ever been conclusively demonstrated for dengue virus infections and not for COVID 19 51 Homeopathy On 28 June 2010 Montagnier spoke at the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in Germany 52 where 60 Nobel prize winners had gathered along with 700 other scientists to discuss the latest breakthroughs in medicine chemistry and physics 53 He stunned his colleagues when he presented a new method for detecting viral infections that bore close parallels to the basic tenets of homeopathy Although fellow Nobel prize winners who view homeopathy as quackery were left openly shaking their heads Montagnier s comments were rapidly embraced by homeopaths eager for greater credibility Cristal Sumner of the British Homeopathic Association said Montagnier s work gave homeopathy a true scientific ethos 53 When asked by Canada s CBC Marketplace program if his work was indeed a theoretical basis for homeopathy as homeopaths had claimed Montagnier replied that one cannot extrapolate it to the products used in homeopathy 54 Responses criticisms and interviews The homeopathy paper met with harsh criticism for not being peer reviewed and its claims unsubstantiated by modern mainstream conventions of physics and chemistry In response to Montagnier s statement that the generally unfavorable response is due to the non understanding or misunderstanding of the breakthrough findings blogger Andy Lewis has written that he has found it difficult to assert what the paper actually claims saying The paper lacks any rigour important experimental steps are described dismissively in a sentence and little attempt is made to describe the detail of the work 55 While homeopaths claim his research as support for homeopathy many scientists have greeted it with scorn and harsh criticism 45 56 57 In a 24 December 2010 Science magazine interview entitled French Nobelist Escapes Intellectual Terror to Pursue Radical Ideas in China he was questioned about his research and plans In the interview he stated that Jacques Benveniste whose controversial homeopathic work had been discredited was a modern Galileo When asked if he was not worried that your colleagues will think you have drifted into pseudo science he replied No because it s not pseudoscience It s not quackery These are real phenomena which deserve further study He also mentioned that his applications for funding had been turned down and that he was leaving his home country to set up shop in China so he could escape what he called the intellectual terror which he claimed had prevented others from publishing their results He stated that China s Shanghai Jiao Tong University is more open minded to his research 58 There he was chairman of the editorial board 46 of a new journal which published his research 58 Montagnier was also questioned on his beliefs about homeopathy to which he replied I can t say that homeopathy is right in everything What I can say now is that the high dilutions are right High dilutions of something are not nothing They are water structures which mimic the original molecules We find that with DNA we cannot work at the extremely high dilutions used in homeopathy we cannot go further than a 10 18 dilution or we lose the signal But even at 10 18 you can calculate that there is not a single molecule of DNA left And yet we detect a signal 58 A 12 January 2011 New Scientist editorial described the controversial nature of the research while also noting how many researchers reacted with disbelief with chemist and university president Gary Schuster comparing it to pathological science 45 Evolutionary biologist PZ Myers also described the work as pathological science He described the paper as one of the more unprofessional write ups I ve ever run across 56 and criticized the publication process as having an unbelievable turnaround time another suspicious sign are the dates This paper was submitted on 3 January 2009 revised on 5 January 2009 and accepted on 6 January 2009 leading him to ask Who reviewed this the author s mother Maybe someone even closer Guess who the chairman of the editorial board is Luc Montagnier 56 59 On 25 May 2012 he gave the keynote address 60 at the 2012 conference for AutismOne an anti vaccination group Similar to the controversy he aroused by extolling homeopathy his latest group Chronimed claimed to have made a discovery for autistic children that was sharply criticized by computational biologist Steven Salzberg 61 In 2017 106 academic scientists wrote an open letter calling Montagnier to order The letter read We academics of medicine cannot accept that one of our peers is using his Nobel prize status to spread dangerous health messages outside of his field of knowledge 62 For his defense of such anti scientific views Montagnier has been cited as an example of the phenomenon called Nobel disease 63 64 See also nbsp Biography portal And the Band Played On a book written about the discovery of AIDS And the Band Played On a film based on the book History of RNA biology HIV trial in Libya List of RNA biologistsReferences Louis Jeantet Prize Montagnier The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 10 August 2019 Montagnier Merriam Webster com Dictionary Retrieved 10 August 2019 news bbc co uk Nobel prize for viral discoveries BBC News 6 October 2008 Retrieved 15 May 2012 SJTU Appointed Luc Montagnier University Chair Professor En sjtu edu cn Archived from the original on 23 April 2020 Retrieved 15 May 2012 a b France Connexion French Nobel prize winner Covid 19 was made in lab www connexionfrance com Retrieved 24 July 2021 The letter read We academics of medicine cannot accept that one of our peers is using his Nobel prize status to spread dangerous health messages outside of his field of knowledge Dupuy Beatrice Klepper David Amiri Farnoush 26 April 2021 The superspreaders behind top COVID 19 conspiracy theories AP News Andersen Kristian G Rambaut Andrew Lipkin W Ian Holmes Edward C Garry Robert F April 2020 The proximal origin of SARS CoV 2 Nature Medicine 26 4 450 452 doi 10 1038 s41591 020 0820 9 ISSN 1546 170X PMC 7095063 PMID 32284615 a b Frutos Roger Gavotte Laurent Devaux Christian A 18 March 2021 Understanding the origin of COVID 19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model Infection Genetics and Evolution 95 104812 doi 10 1016 j meegid 2021 104812 ISSN 1567 1348 PMC 7969828 PMID 33744401 Grimes David Robert 26 April 2021 COVID Has Created a Perfect Storm for Fringe Science Scientific American Retrieved 4 August 2021 a b Hutter Epstein Randi 10 February 2022 Luc Montagnier Nobel Winning Discoverer of H I V Is Dead at 89 The New York Times Retrieved 10 February 2022 a b c Watts Geoff 14 May 2022 Luc Antoine Montagnier The Lancet 399 10338 1862 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 22 00829 7 ISSN 0140 6736 PMID 35569457 S2CID 248726384 Luc Montagnier obituary The Times 22 February 2022 ISSN 0140 0460 Retrieved 25 April 2023 Illman John 25 February 2022 Luc Montagnier Nobel prize winner and HIV science pioneer BMJ 376 o494 doi 10 1136 bmj o494 ISSN 1756 1833 S2CID 247108167 Francoise Barre Sinoussi A life dedicated to beating Aids The Independent 28 May 2014 Retrieved 25 April 2023 Barre Sinoussi Francoise 2009 A significant discovery now a dream for a cure Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87 1 10 11 doi 10 2471 blt 09 040109 ISSN 1564 0604 PMC 2649596 PMID 19197398 Barre Sinoussi F Chermann JC Rey F Nugeyre MT Chamaret S Gruest J Dauguet C Axler Blin C Vezinet Brun F Rouzioux C Rozenbaum W Montagnier L 1983 Isolation of a T lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS Science 220 4599 868 871 Bibcode 1983Sci 220 868B doi 10 1126 science 6189183 PMID 6189183 S2CID 390173 Popovic M Sarngadharan MG Read E Gallo RC 1984 Detection isolation and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses HTLV III from patients with AIDS and pre AIDS Science 224 4648 497 500 Bibcode 1984Sci 224 497P doi 10 1126 science 6200935 PMID 6200935 Santoro Maria Mercedes Perno Carlo Federico 2013 HIV 1 Genetic Variability and Clinical Implications ISRN Microbiology 2013 481314 doi 10 1155 2013 481314 ISSN 2090 7478 PMC 3703378 PMID 23844315 Wain Hobson S Vartanian J P Henry M Chenciner N Cheynier R Delassus S Martins L P Sala M Nugeyre M T Guetard D 17 May 1991 LAV revisited origins of the early HIV 1 isolates from Institut Pasteur Science 252 5008 961 965 Bibcode 1991Sci 252 961W doi 10 1126 science 2035026 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 2035026 Chang S Y Bowman B H Weiss J B Garcia R E White T J 3 June 1993 The origin of HIV 1 isolate HTLV IIIB Nature 363 6428 466 469 Bibcode 1993Natur 363 466C doi 10 1038 363466a0 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 8502298 S2CID 4288880 Sheng Yung P Chang Barbara H Bowman Judith B Weiss Rebeca E Garcia Thomas J White 1993 The origin of HIV 1 isolate HTLV IIIB Nature 363 6428 466 469 Bibcode 1993Natur 363 466C doi 10 1038 363466a0 PMID 8502298 S2CID 4288880 Open access Summary of fraud accusation Ori hhs gov Retrieved 15 May 2012 Enserink Martin Cohen Jon Nobel Prize Surprise ScienceNOW Daily News Retrieved 15 May 2012 DA Morgan FW Ruscetti R Gallo 10 September 1976 Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows Science 193 4257 1007 1008 Bibcode 1976Sci 193 1007M doi 10 1126 science 181845 PMID 181845 a b c d e HIV HPV Researchers Honored But One Scientist is Left Out Science 322 149 328 October 2008 Hilts Philip J 2 March 1992 American Co discoverer of H I V Is Investigated Anew The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 25 April 2023 U S INQUIRY DISCREDITS GALLO ON AIDS PATENT Chicago Tribune 19 June 1994 Retrieved 25 April 2023 Butler Declan 1995 US accused of cover up in defence of Gallo claims Nature 373 6513 372 Bibcode 1995Natur 373 372B doi 10 1038 373372a0 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 7830778 S2CID 4268972 Hilts Philip 13 November 1993 U S Drops Misconduct Case Against an AIDS Researcher The New York Times Scott Janny 31 May 1991 U S Scientist Admits Mix Up in AIDS Virus Specimen Health Dr Gallo says his sample may have been contaminated Issue goes to heart of dispute over who gets credit for finding cause of disease Los Angeles Times Retrieved 25 April 2023 Montagnier L 2002 Historical essay A History of HIV Discovery Science 298 5599 1727 8 doi 10 1126 science 1079027 PMID 12459575 S2CID 57481800 Gallo RC 2002 Historical essay The Early Years of HIV AIDS Science 298 5599 1728 30 doi 10 1126 science 1078050 PMID 12459576 S2CID 82899411 Gallo RC Montagnier L 2002 Historical essay Prospects for the Future Science 298 5599 1730 1 doi 10 1126 science 1079864 PMID 12459577 S2CID 34227893 Service Checknews Le professeur Luc Montagnier est mort Liberation in French Retrieved 10 February 2022 a b Altman Lawrence K 7 October 2008 Discoverers of AIDS and Cancer Viruses Win Nobel The New York Times Retrieved 11 May 2010 Altman Lawrence 6 October 2008 Three Europeans Win the 2008 Nobel for Medicine The New York Times Retrieved 6 October 2008 Decret du 31 decembre 2008 portant elevation et nomination aux dignites de grand croix et de grand officier JORF in French 2009 1 14 1 January 2009 PREX0828225D Retrieved 10 March 2009 montagnier org montagnier org Retrieved 21 March 2018 Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Academie Nationale de Medecine Archived from the original on 13 February 2013 Honorary Degrees Whittier College www whittier edu Retrieved 6 December 2019 a b Montagnier Luc Aissa Jamal Ferris Stephane Montagnier Jean Luc Lavallee Claude 1 June 2009 Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences 1 2 81 90 doi 10 1007 s12539 009 0036 7 ISSN 1913 2751 PMID 20640822 S2CID 7158953 Ullman Dana 2021 Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra High Dilutions Dose Response 19 2 15593258211022983 doi 10 1177 15593258211022983 ISSN 1559 3258 PMC 8207273 PMID 34177397 a b c d Coghlan Andy 12 January 2011 Scorn over claim of teleported DNA New Scientist Retrieved 3 August 2021 a b Editors Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences Retrieved 3 August 2021 Montagnier Luc Aissa Jamal Ferris Stephane Montagnier Jean Luc Lavalleee Claude 4 March 2009 Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences 1 2 81 90 doi 10 1007 s12539 009 0036 7 ISSN 1913 2751 PMID 20640822 S2CID 7158953 Montagnier Luc Aissa Jamal Lavallee Claude Mbamy Mireille Varon Joseph Chenal Henri 14 November 2009 Electromagnetic detection of HIV DNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by antiretroviral therapy Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences 1 4 245 253 doi 10 1007 s12539 009 0059 0 ISSN 1913 2751 PMID 20640802 S2CID 29991828 Perez Jean Claude Montagnier Luc 1 August 2020 COVID 19 SARS and Bats Coronaviruses Genomes Peculiar Homologous RNA Sequences International Journal of Research Granthaalayah 8 7 217 263 doi 10 29121 granthaalayah v8 i7 2020 678 S2CID 225511882 Holmes Edward C Goldstein Stephen A Rasmussen Angela L Robertson David L Crits Christoph Alexander Wertheim Joel O Anthony Simon J Barclay Wendy S Boni Maciej F Doherty Peter C Farrar Jeremy Geoghegan Jemma L Jiang Xiaowei Leibowitz Julian L Neil Stuart J D Skern Tim Weiss Susan R Worobey Michael Andersen Kristian G Garry Robert F Rambaut Andrew August 2021 The Origins of SARS CoV 2 A Critical Review Cell 184 19 4848 4856 doi 10 1016 j cell 2021 08 017 PMC 8373617 PMID 34480864 Jameel Shahid 27 May 2021 Luc Montagnier s Views on COVID Vaccines Are Latest Of His Wrong Vexing Ideas The Wire India Meeting Program lindau nobel org 27 July 2011 Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 3 August 2021 a b Nobel laureate gives homeopathy a boost The Australian theaustralian com au 25 December 2010 Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Cure Or Con CBC Marketplace Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 Approx 17 00 of 22 29 Lewis Andy Why I am Nominating Luc Montagnier for an IgNobel Prize The Quackometer Blog quackometer net Retrieved 3 August 2021 a b c Myers PZ 24 January 2011 It almost makes me disbelieve that HIV causes AIDS ScienceBlogs Retrieved 3 August 2021 Why we have to teleport disbelief New Scientist 26 February 2019 Retrieved 3 August 2021 a b c Enserink M 23 December 2010 French Nobelist Escapes Intellectual Terror to Pursue Radical Ideas in China Science 330 6012 1732 Bibcode 2010Sci 330 1732E doi 10 1126 science 330 6012 1732 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 21205644 Full article mirror Novella Steven June 2011 The Memory of Water PDF Skeptical Inquirer 35 3 28 29 Retrieved 18 January 2023 autismone org autismone org 5 September 2014 Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 Retrieved 3 August 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Salzberg Steven 27 May 2012 Nobel laureate joins anti vaccination crowd at Autism One Forbes Retrieved 3 August 2021 France Connexion French Nobel prize winner Covid 19 made in lab www connexionfrance com Retrieved 25 May 2021 Basterfield Candice Lilienfeld Scott Bowes Shauna Costello Thomas 2020 The Nobel disease When intelligence fails to protect against irrationality Skeptical Inquirer 44 3 32 37 Gorski David 4 June 2012 Luc Montagnier and the Nobel Disease Science Based Medicine Retrieved 13 May 2020 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luc Montagnier The discovery of the AIDS virus in 1983 Official position of the Pasteur Institute Luc Montagnier on Nobelprize org nbsp including the Nobel lecture 25 Years after HIV Discovery Prospects for Cure and Vaccine 7 December 2008 PROFILE Luc Montagnier Francoise Barre Sinoussi AIDS pioneers Luc Montagnier s obituary on Nature Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Luc Montagnier amp oldid 1213306326, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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