fbpx
Wikipedia

Cambridge, Massachusetts

January 14, 2023

This article is about the city in Massachusetts, United States. For other uses, see Cambridge (disambiguation).

Cambridge (/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/[4] KAYM-brij) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As part of the Boston metropolitan area, the city's population of the 2020 U.S. census was 118,403, making it the fourth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, and Springfield.[5] It is one of two de jure county seats of Middlesex County, although the county's executive government was abolished in 1997. Situated directly north of Boston, across the Charles River, it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, once also an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town's founders.[6]: 18 

Cambridge, Massachusetts
City
From top, left to right Widener Library at Harvard University, Stata Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Central Square, Memorial Drive and the Charles River at night, view of Boston over the Mount Auburn Cemetery
Flag
Seal
Motto(s): 
Literis Antiquis Novis Institutis Decora (Latin)
"Distinguished for Classical Learning and New Institutions""[1]
Location in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Cambridge
Location in the United States
Cambridge
Cambridge (the United States)
Coordinates: 42°22′25″N 71°06′38″W / 42.37361°N 71.11056°W / 42.37361; -71.11056Coordinates: 42°22′25″N 71°06′38″W / 42.37361°N 71.11056°W / 42.37361; -71.11056
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyMiddlesex
RegionNew England
Settled1630
Incorporated1636
City1846
Named forUniversity of Cambridge
Government
 • TypeCouncil-City Manager
 • MayorSumbul Siddiqui[2]
 • Vice MayorAlanna Mallon
 • City ManagerYi-An Huang
Area
[3]
 • Total7.10 sq mi (18.40 km2)
 • Land6.40 sq mi (16.57 km2)
 • Water0.71 sq mi (1.83 km2)
Elevation
40 ft (12 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total118,403
 • Density18,512.04/sq mi (7,147.01/km2)
 • Demonym
Cantabrigian
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Code
02138-02142
Area code617 / 857
FIPS code25-11000
GNIS feature ID0617365
Websitecambridgema.gov

Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Lesley University, and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge,[7] as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" owing to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[8][9]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 
1873 Map of Harvard Square

Native Americans inhabited the area that would become Cambridge for thousands of years prior to European colonization of the Americas. At the time of European contact and exploration, the area was inhabited by Naumkeag or Pawtucket to the north and Massachusett to the south, and may have been inhabited by other groups such as the Totant not well described in later European narratives.[10] The contact period introduced a number of European infectious diseases which would decimate native populations in virgin soil epidemics, leaving the area uncontested upon the arrival of large groups of English settlers in 1630. In 1639, the Massachusetts General Court would purchase the land that would become present day Cambridge from the Naumkeag Squaw Sachem of Mistick.[11][12]

In December 1630, the site of what would become Cambridge was chosen because it was safely upriver from Boston Harbor, making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband, Simon Bradstreet, were the town's founders. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. The settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne".[13][14] Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as Newe Towne by 1632, and as Newtowne by 1638.[14][15]

Located at the first convenient Charles River crossing west of Boston, Newtowne was one of several towns (including Boston, Dorchester, Watertown, and Weymouth) founded by the 700 original Puritan colonists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony under Governor John Winthrop. Its first preacher was Thomas Hooker, who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found Hartford and the Connecticut Colony; before leaving, they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England.[13] The original village site is now within Harvard Square. The marketplace where farmers sold crops from surrounding towns at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled) remains within a small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets.

In 1636, the Newe College (later renamed Harvard College after benefactor John Harvard) was founded by the Massachusetts Bay Colony to train ministers. According to Cotton Mather, Newtowne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court (the Massachusetts legislature) primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher Thomas Shepard. In May 1638,[16] the settlement's name was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England.[13][17]

The town comprised a much larger area than the present city,[13] with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now Newton) in 1688,[18] Cambridge Farms (now Lexington) in 1712[13] or 1713,[19] and Little or South Cambridge (now Brighton)[a] and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now Arlington) in 1807.[13][20][b] In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected.[21]

Newtowne's ministers, Hooker and Shepard, the college's first president, the college's major benefactor, and the first schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton were all Cambridge alumni, as was the colony's governor John Winthrop. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university.[22] In 1650, Governor Thomas Dudley signed the charter creating the corporation that still governs Harvard College.[23]

 
George Washington in Cambridge, 1775

Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles (13 km) by road from Boston, the colony's capital. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with most of the town comprising farms and estates. Most inhabitants were descendants of the original Puritan colonists, but there was also a small elite of Anglican "worthies" who were not involved in village life, made their livings from estates, investments, and trade, and lived in mansions along "the Road to Watertown" (today's Brattle Street, still known as Tory Row).

Coming north from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3, 1775,[13] now reckoned the birthplace of the U.S. Army.[c] Most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24, 1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, which enabled Washington to drive the British army out of Boston.

 
Map of Cambridge from 1873

Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly, with the construction of the West Boston Bridge in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to Boston, so that it was no longer necessary to travel eight miles (13 km) through the Boston Neck, Roxbury, and Brookline to cross the Charles River. A second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts.

In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution. It was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. The Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day.

Soon after, turnpikes were built: the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the Middlesex Turnpike (Hampshire St. and Massachusetts Ave. northwest of Porter Square), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, the town was connected to the Boston & Maine Railroad,[24] leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring Somerville from the formerly rural parts of Charlestown.

 
1852 Map of Boston area showing Cambridge and regional rail lines and highlighting the course of the Middlesex Canal. Cambridge is toward the bottom of the map and outlined in yellow, and should not be confused with the pink-outlined and partially cropped "West Cambridge", now Arlington.

Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846.[13] The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the city's downtown around that time.

Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present character—streetcar suburban development along the turnpikes, with working-class and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle-class housing on the old Cambridgeport and Mid-Cambridge estates, and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three major changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and Alewife Brook; the ice-cutting industry launched by Frederic Tudor on Fresh Pond; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries.

For many decades, the city's largest employer was the New England Glass Company, founded in 1818. By the middle of the 19th century, it was the world's largest and most modern glassworks. In 1888, Edward Drummond Libbey moved all production to Toledo, Ohio, where it continues today under the name Owens-Illinois. The company's flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors. There is none on public display in Cambridge, but the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Sandwich Glass Museum on Cape Cod also have a few pieces.

In 1895, Edwin Ginn, founder of Ginn and Company built the Athenaeum Press Building for his publishing textbook empire.

By 1920, Cambridge was one of New England's main industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 residents. Among the largest businesses in Cambridge during the period of industrialization was Carter's Ink Company, whose neon sign long adorned the Charles River and which was for many years the world's largest ink manufacturer. Next door was the Athenaeum Press. Confectionery and snack manufacturers in the Cambridgeport-Area 4-Kendall corridor included the Kennedy Biscuit Factory (later part of Nabisco and originator of the Fig Newton),[25] Necco, Squirrel Brands,[26] George Close Company (1861–1930s),[27] Page & Shaw, Daggett Chocolate (1892–1960s, recipes bought by Necco),[28] Fox Cross Company (1920–1980, originator of the Charleston Chew, and now part of Tootsie Roll Industries),[29] Kendall Confectionery Company, and James O. Welch (1927–1963, originator of Junior Mints, Sugar Daddies, Sugar Mamas, and Sugar Babies, now part of Tootsie Roll Industries).[30] Main Street was nicknamed "Confectioner's Row".[31]

Only the Cambridge Brands subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town, still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street.[30] The Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company (1886), the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company (1880, now in Chelmsford, Massachusetts), and the New England Glass Company (1818–1878) were among the industrial manufacturers in what are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge.

In 1935, the Cambridge Housing Authority and the Public Works Administration demolished an integrated low-income tenement neighborhood with African Americans and European immigrants. In its place, it built the whites-only "Newtowne Court" public housing development and the adjoining, blacks-only "Washington Elms" project in 1940; the city required segregation in its other public housing projects as well.[32][33][34]

As industry in New England began to decline during the Great Depression and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began to become an intellectual, rather than an industrial, center. Harvard University had always been important as both a landowner and an institution, but it began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. When Radcliffe College was established in 1879 the town became a mecca for some of the nation's most academically talented female students. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's move from Boston in 1916 reinforced Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States.

After the 1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples. In Cambridge Highlands, the technology company Bolt, Beranek, & Newman produced the first network router in 1969 and hosted the invention of computer-to-computer email in 1971. The 1980s brought a wave of high-technology startups. Those selling advanced minicomputers were overtaken by the microcomputer.[citation needed] Cambridge-based VisiCorp made the first spreadsheet software for personal computers, Visicalc, and helped propel the Apple II to major consumer success. It was overtaken and purchased by Cambridge-based Lotus Development, maker of Lotus 1-2-3. (This was in turn replaced in the market by Microsoft Excel).

The city continues to be home to many startups. Kendall Square was a major software hub through the dot-com boom and today hosts offices of such technology companies as Google, Microsoft, and Amazon. The Square also now houses the headquarters of Akamai.[35]

In 1976, Harvard's plans to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three-month moratorium and a citizen review panel. In the end, Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977. This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when Biogen opened a lab in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute (a Harvard spinoff) to abandon Somerville and Boston for Cambridge.[36] The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and Genzyme; laboratories for Novartis, Teva, Takeda, Alnylam, Ironwood, Catabasis, Moderna Therapeutics, Editas Medicine; support companies such as Cytel; and many smaller companies.

By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most costly housing markets in the Northeastern United States.[37] While considerable class, race, and age diversity persisted, it became harder for those who grew up in the city to afford to stay. The end of rent control in 1994 prompted many Cambridge renters to move to more affordable housing in Somerville and other cities or towns.

Until recently, Cambridge's mix of amenities and proximity to Boston kept housing prices relatively stable despite the bursting of the United States housing bubble.[38] Cambridge has been a sanctuary city since 1985 and reaffirmed its status as such in 2006.[39]

Geography

 
A view from Boston of Harvard's Weld Boathouse and Cambridge in winter. The Charles River is in the foreground.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Cambridge has a total area of 7.1 square miles (18 km2), of which 6.4 square miles (17 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) (9.82%) is water.

Adjacent municipalities

Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by:

  • the city of Boston to the south (across the Charles River) and east
  • the city of Somerville to the north
  • the town of Arlington to the northwest
  • the town of Belmont and
  • the city of Watertown to the west

The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of Somerville passes through densely populated neighborhoods which are connected by the MBTA Red Line. Some of the main squares, Inman, Porter, and to a lesser extent, Harvard and Lechmere, are very close to the city line, as are Somerville's Union and Davis Squares.

Through the City of Cambridge's exclusive municipal water system, the city further controls two exclave areas, one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a 2009 listed American Water Landmark located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook watersheds, which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including Lexington, Lincoln, Waltham and Weston.

Neighborhoods

Squares

Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares",[40] as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as squares. Each square acts as a neighborhood center. These include:

  • Kendall Square, formed by the junction of Broadway, Main Street, and Third Street, has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", owing to its high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[8][9] Technology Square is an office and laboratory building cluster in this neighborhood. Just over the Longfellow Bridge from Boston, at the eastern end of the MIT campus, it is served by the Kendall/MIT station on the MBTA Red Line subway. Most of Cambridge's large office towers are located in the Square. A biotech industry has developed in this area. The Cambridge Innovation Center, a large co-working space, is in Kendall Square at 1 Broadway. The Cambridge Center office complex is in Kendall Square, and not at the actual center of Cambridge. The "One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, but not actually in Kendall Square.
  • Central Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street, and Western Avenue. Containing a variety of ethnic restaurants, it was economically depressed as recently as the late 1990s; it underwent gentrification in recent years (in conjunction with the development of the nearby University Park at MIT), and continues to grow more costly. It is served by the Central Station stop on the MBTA Red Line subway. Lafayette Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of the Central Square area. Cambridgeport is south of Central Square along Magazine Street and Brookline Street.
  • Harvard Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and JFK Street. This is the primary site of Harvard University and a major Cambridge shopping area. It is served by a Red Line station. Harvard Square was originally the Red Line's northwestern terminus and a major transfer point to streetcars that also operated in a short tunnel—which is still a major bus terminal, although the area under the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended. The Harvard Square area includes Brattle Square and Eliot Square. A short distance away from the square lies the Cambridge Common, while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Agassiz, after the famed scientist Louis Agassiz.
  • Porter Square, about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues. It includes part of the city of Somerville and is served by the Porter Square Station, a complex housing a Red Line stop and a Fitchburg Line commuter rail stop. Lesley University's University Hall and Porter campus are in Porter Square.
  • Inman Square, at the junction of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in mid-Cambridge. It is home to restaurants, bars, music venues, and boutiques. Victorian streetlights, benches, and bus stops were added to the streets in the 2000s, and a new city park was installed.
  • Lechmere Square, at the junction of Cambridge and First streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. It is served by Lechmere station on the MBTA Green Line.
Gallery
 
Cambridge skyline in November 2016
  • Areas of Cambridge
  •  

    Central Square

  •  

    Harvard Square

  •  

    Inman Square

Other neighborhoods

Cambridge's residential neighborhoods border but are not defined by the squares.

  • East Cambridge (Area 1) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the east by the Charles River, on the south by Broadway and Main Street, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. It includes the NorthPoint development.
  • MIT Campus (Area 2) is bordered on the north by Broadway, on the south and east by the Charles River, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
  • Wellington-Harrington (Area 3) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and west by Hampshire Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Referred to as "Mid-Block".[clarification needed]
  • The Port, formerly known as Area 4, is bordered on the north by Hampshire Street, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Prospect Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Residents of Area 4 often simply call their neighborhood "The Port" and the area of Cambridgeport and Riverside "The Coast". In October 2015, the Cambridge City Council officially renamed Area 4 "The Port", formalizing the longtime nickname, largely on the initiative of neighborhood native and then-Vice Mayor Dennis Benzan. The port is usually the busier part of the city.[41]
  • Cambridgeport (Area 5) is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by River Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
  • Mid-Cambridge (Area 6) is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and Somerville, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Peabody Street, and on the east by Prospect Street.
  • Riverside (Area 7), an area sometimes called "The Coast", is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by JFK Street, and on the east by River Street.
  • Baldwin (Area 8) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and east by Kirkland Street, and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue.
  • Neighborhood Nine or Radcliffe (formerly called Peabody, until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by that name) is bordered on the north by railroad tracks, on the south by Concord Avenue, on the west by railroad tracks, and on the east by Massachusetts Avenue.
The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of the higher elevations within the area bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue.
  • Brattle area/West Cambridge (Area 10) is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street, on the south by the Charles River and Watertown, on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins Branch Library, and on the east by JFK Street. It includes the sub-neighborhoods of Brattle Street (formerly known as Tory Row) and Huron Village.
  • North Cambridge (Area 11) is bordered on the north by Arlington and Somerville, on the south by railroad tracks, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by Somerville.
  • Cambridge Highlands (Area 12) is bordered on the north and east by railroad tracks, on the south by Fresh Pond, and on the west by Belmont.
  • Strawberry Hill (Area 13) is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond, on the south by Watertown, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by railroad tracks.

Climate

In the Köppen-Geiger classification, Cambridge has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters, that can appear in the southern end of New England's interior. Abundant rain falls on the city (and in the winter often as snow); it has no dry season. The average January temperature is 26.6 °F (–3 °C), making Cambridge part of Group D, independent of the isotherm. There are four well-defined seasons.[42]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17641,582—    
17902,115+33.7%
18002,453+16.0%
18102,323−5.3%
18203,295+41.8%
18306,072+84.3%
18408,409+38.5%
185015,215+80.9%
186026,060+71.3%
187039,634+52.1%
188052,669+32.9%
189070,028+33.0%
190091,886+31.2%
1910104,839+14.1%
1920109,694+4.6%
1930113,643+3.6%
1940110,879−2.4%
1950120,740+8.9%
1960107,716−10.8%
1970100,361−6.8%
198095,322−5.0%
199095,802+0.5%
2000101,355+5.8%
2010105,162+3.8%
2020118,403+12.6%

Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[55]
Racial composition 2010[56] 1990[57] 1970[57] 1950[57]
White 66.6% 75.3% 91.1% 95.3%
—Non-Hispanic 62.1% 71.6% 89.7%[58] n/a
Black or African American 11.7% 13.5% 6.8% 4.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 7.6% 6.8% 1.9%[58] n/a
Asian 15.1% 8.4% 1.5% 0.3%
Two or more races 4.3% n/a n/a n/a

As of the census[59] of 2010, there were 105,162 people, 44,032 households, and 17,420 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,354.9 inhabitants per square mile (6,314.7/km2). There were 47,291 housing units at an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,839.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 66.60% White, 11.70% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 15.10% Asian (3.7% Chinese, 1.4% Asian Indian, 1.2% Korean, 1.0% Japanese[60]), 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.10% from other races, and 4.30% from two or more races. 7.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race (1.6% Puerto Rican, 1.4% Mexican, 0.6% Dominican, 0.5% Colombian & Salvadoran, 0.4% Spaniard). Non-Hispanic Whites were 62.1% of the population in 2010,[56] down from 89.7% in 1970.[57] An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a Cantabrigian.

In 2010, there were 44,032 households, out of which 16.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.4% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 13.3% of the population under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,979, and the median income for a family was $59,423 (these figures had risen to $58,457 and $79,533 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[61]). Males had a median income of $43,825 versus $38,489 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,156. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Cambridge has been ranked as one of the most liberal cities in America.[62] Locals living in and near the city jokingly refer to it as "The People's Republic of Cambridge."[63] For 2016, the residential property tax rate in Cambridge was $6.99 per $1,000.[64] Cambridge enjoys the highest possible bond credit rating, AAA, with all three Wall Street rating agencies.[65]

In 2000, 11.0% of city residents were of Irish ancestry; 7.2% were of English, 6.9% Italian, 5.5% West Indian and 5.3% German ancestry. 69.4% spoke only English at home, while 6.9% spoke Spanish, 3.2% Chinese or Mandarin, 3.0% Portuguese, 2.9% French Creole, 2.3% French, 1.5% Korean, and 1.0% Italian.

Income

See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income

Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[66]

Rank ZIP Code (ZCTA) Per capita
income 		Median
household
income 		Median
family
income 		Population Number of
households
1 02142 $67,525 $100,114 $150,774 2,838 1,385
2 02138 $52,592 $75,446 $120,564 35,554 13,868
3 02140 $50,856 $75,446 $120,564 18,164 8,460
Cambridge $47,448 $72,529 $93,460 105,737 44,345
Middlesex County $42,861 $82,090 $104,032 1,522,533 581,120
4 02139 $42,235 $71,745 $93,220 36,015 14,474
5 02141 $39,241 $64,326 $76,276 13,126 6,182
Massachusetts $35,763 $66,866 $84,900 6,605,058 2,530,147
United States $28,155 $53,046 $64,719 311,536,594 115,610,216

Economy

 
Buildings of Kendall Square, center of Cambridge's biotech economy, seen from the Charles River

Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge's economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but educational institutions are its biggest employers today. Harvard and MIT together employ about 20,000.[67][68] As a cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms Analog Devices, Akamai, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN Technologies) (now part of Raytheon), General Radio (later GenRad), Lotus Development Corporation (now part of IBM), Polaroid, Symbolics, and Thinking Machines.

In 1996, Polaroid, Arthur D. Little, and Lotus were Cambridge's top employers, with over 1,000 employees, but they faded out a few years later. Health care and biotechnology firms such as Genzyme, Biogen Idec, bluebird bio, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Pfizer and Novartis[69] have significant presences in the city. Though headquartered in Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge.

Other major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge include GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Shire, and Pfizer.[70] Most of Cambridge's biotech firms are in Kendall Square and East Cambridge, which decades ago were the city's center of manufacturing. Some others are in University Park at MIT, a new development in another former manufacturing area.[71][72]

None of the high-technology firms that once dominated the economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005, but by 2008 Akamai and ITA Software were.[67] Google,[73] IBM Research, Microsoft Research, and Philips Research[74] maintain offices in Cambridge. In late January 2012—less than a year after acquiring Billerica-based analytic database management company, Vertica—Hewlett-Packard announced it would also be opening its first offices in Cambridge.[75] Also around that time, e-commerce giants Staples[76] and Amazon.com[77] said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square. And LabCentral provides a shared laboratory facility for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies.[78][79][unreliable source?]

The proximity of Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cultural Survival, and One Laptop per Child.[citation needed]

In September 2011, the City of Cambridge launched the "Entrepreneur Walk of Fame" initiative. The Walk recognizes people who have made contributions to innovation in global business.[80]

In 2021, Cambridge was one of approximately 27 US cities to receive a AAA rating from each of the three major credit rating agencies in the nation, Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings. 2021 marked the 22nd consecutive year that Cambridge had retained this distinction.[81]

Top employers

As of 2019, the city's ten largest employers are:[68]

# Employer # of employees
1 Harvard University 12,565
2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9,311
3 City of Cambridge 3,256
4 Takeda Pharmaceuticals 3,484
5 Biogen 2,421
6 Novartis Inst. For Biomedical Research 2,267
6 Cambridge Innovation Center 2,267
8 Cambridge Health Alliance 1,806
9 Mt. Auburn Hospital 1,789
10 Sanofi Genzyme 1,782

Arts and culture

 
Fogg Museum, Harvard

Museums

Public art

Cambridge has a large and varied collection of permanent public art, on both city property (managed by the Cambridge Arts Council)[82] and the Harvard[83] and MIT[84] campuses. Temporary public artworks are displayed as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River, during winter celebrations in Harvard and Central Squares, and at university campus sites. Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression include the Central Square World's Fair, the annual Somerville-based Honk! Festival,[85] and If This House Could Talk,[86] a neighborhood art and history event.

Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months. The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by the performers,[87] city administrators, private organizations and business groups.[88] The Cambridge public library contains four Works Progress Administration murals completed in 1935 by Elizabeth Tracy Montminy: Religion, Fine Arts, History of Books and Paper, and The Development of the Printing Press.[89]

 
Stata Center, MIT
 
Simmons Hall, MIT

Architecture

Despite intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and the 20th century, Cambridge has several historic buildings, including some from the 17th century. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT.

Notable historic buildings in the city include:

See also: List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Contemporary architecture:

Music

The city has an active music scene, from classical performances to the latest popular bands. Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including The Middle East, Club Passim, The Plough and Stars, The Lizard Lounge and the Nameless Coffeehouse.

Parks and recreation

 
Alewife Brook Reservation

Consisting largely of densely built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland. Easily accessible open space on the university campuses, including Harvard Yard, the Radcliffe Yard, and MIT's Great Lawn, as well as the considerable open space of Mount Auburn Cemetery and Fresh Pond Reservation, partly compensates for this. At Cambridge's western edge, the cemetery is known as a garden cemetery because of its landscaping (the oldest planned landscape in the country) and arboretum. Although known as a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within Watertown.[91] It is also an Important Bird Area (IBA) in the Greater Boston area. Fresh Pond Reservation is the largest open green space in Cambridge with 162 acres (656,000 m2) of land around a 155-acre (627,000 m2) kettle hole lake. This land includes a 2.25-mile walking trail around the reservoir and a public 9-hole golf course.[92]

Public parkland includes the esplanade along the Charles River, which mirrors its Boston counterpart; Cambridge Common, a busy and historic public park adjacent to Harvard's campus; Danehy Park, formerly a landfill; and the Alewife Brook Reservation.

Government

Federal and state representation

Voter registration and party enrollment as of February 12, 2020[93]
Party Number of voters Percentage
Democratic 39,916 56.48%
Republican 2,126 3.01%
Unaffiliated 27,922 39.51%
Libertarian 213 0.31%
Total 70,674 100%

Cambridge is split between Massachusetts's 5th and 7th U.S. congressional districts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat Katherine Clark, who replaced now-Senator Ed Markey in a 2013 special election; the 7th is represented by Democrat Ayanna Pressley, elected in 2018. The state's senior United States senator is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The governor of Massachusetts is Republican Charlie Baker, elected in 2014.

Cambridge is represented in six districts in the Massachusetts House of Representatives: the 24th Middlesex (which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington), the 25th and 26th Middlesex (the latter of which includes a portion of Somerville), the 29th Middlesex (which includes a small part of Watertown), and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk (both including parts of the City of Boston).[94] The city is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the 2nd Middlesex, Middlesex and Suffolk, and 1st Suffolk and Middlesex districts.[95]

Politics

From 1860 to 1880, Republicans Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and James Garfield each won Cambridge, Grant doing so by margins of over 20 points in both of his campaigns. Following that, from 1884–1892, Grover Cleveland won Cambridge in all three of his presidential campaigns, by less than ten points each time.

Then from 1896 to 1924, Cambridge became something of a "swing" city with a slight Republican lean. GOP nominees carried the city in five of the eight presidential elections during that time frame, with five of the elections resulting in either a plurality or a margin of victory of fewer than ten points.

The city of Cambridge is extremely Democratic in modern times, however. In the last 23 presidential elections dating back to the nomination of Al Smith in 1928, the Democratic nominee has carried Cambridge in every election. Every Democratic nominee since Massachusetts native John F. Kennedy in 1960 has received at least 70% of the vote, except for Jimmy Carter in 1976 and 1980. Since 1928, the only Republican nominee to come within ten points of carrying Cambridge is Dwight Eisenhower in his 1956 re-election bid.

Presidential election results[96]
Year Democratic Republican
2020 91.7% 50,233 6.4% 3,519
2016 87.9% 46,563 6.3% 3,323
2012 86.0% 43,515 10.8% 5,476
2008 87.8% 40,876 10.1% 4,697
2004 84.8% 35,886 12.6% 5,338
2000 72.1% 28,846 12.9% 5,166
1996 78.9% 30,043 13.1% 4,990
1992 74.7% 30,737 14.2% 5,847
1988 77.0% 32,027 21.1% 8,770
1984 76.2% 32,582 23.4% 10,007
1980 60.8% 24,337 19.9% 7,952
1976[97] 68.7% 29,052 24.6% 10,424
1972[98] 74.0% 30,486 25.4% 10,464
1968[99] 76.8% 29,386 17.9% 6,840
1964[100] 83.6% 36,009 13.4% 5,764
1960[101] 70.3% 34,029 28.3% 13,691
1956[102] 49.7% 25,240 48.3% 24,538
1952[103] 56.2% 31,668 41.8% 23,526
1948[104] 62.6% 33,501 32.1% 17,149
1944[105] 58.4% 27,629 36.2% 17,149
1940[106] 58.8% 30,412 38.6% 19,967
1936[107] 55.9% 25,917 33.4% 15,495
1932[108] 60.9% 24,585 35.0% 14,121
1928[109] 60.9% 25,794 37.0% 15,662
1924[110] 37.2% 11,321 49.5% 15,048
1920[111] 38.6% 10,808 58.2% 16,289
1916[112] 55.6% 7,999 42.8% 6,149
1912[113] 48.7% 6,665 24.5% 3,360
1908[114] 43.5% 5,562 51.6% 6,595
1904[115] 48.7% 6,769 48.3% 6,706
1900[116] 46.2% 5,249 50.3% 5,717
1896[117] 25.6% 2,868 64.8% 7,247
1892[118] 53.6% 5,996 44.2% 4,945
1888[119] 51.4% 4,832 46.1% 4,330
1884[120] 47.8% 4,040 40.6% 3,430
1880[121] 43.5% 3,293 55.9% 4,227
1876[122] 49.1% 3,531 50.9% 3,654
1872[123] 34.8% 1,753 65.2% 3,289
1868[124] 39.2% 1,982 60.8% 3,079
1864[125] 38.0% 1,693 62.0% 2,760
1860[126] 24.6% 888 50.0% 1,805

City government

See also: Cambridge, Massachusetts municipal election, 2013
 
Cambridge City Hall in the 1980s

Cambridge has a city government led by a mayor and a nine-member city council. There is also a six-member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools. The councilors and school committee members are elected every two years using proportional representation.[127]

The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves and serves as the chair of city council meetings. The mayor also sits on the school committee. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Rather, the city manager, who is appointed by the city council, serves in that capacity.

Under the city's Plan E form of government, the city council does not have the power to appoint or remove city officials who are under the direction of the city manager. The city council and its members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager.[128]

Owen O'Riordan is the Acting City Manager, succeeding Louis DePasquale, who resigned on July 5, 2022, after six years in office. Yi-An Huang will take over as City Manager on September 6, 2022.[129]

District Councillor In office since
At-large Burhan Azeem Jan. 2022–present
At-large Dennis J. Carlone Jan. 2014–present
At-large Alanna M. Mallon Jan. 2018–present
At-large Marc C. McGovern** Jan. 2014–present
At-large Patty Nolan Jan. 2020–present
At-large Sumbul Siddiqui* Jan. 2018–present
At-large E. Denise Simmons** Jan. 2002–present
At-large Paul Toner Jan. 2022–present
At-large Quinton Y. Zondervan Jan. 2018–present

* = current mayor
** = former mayor

On March 8, 2021, Cambridge City Council voted to recognize polyamorous domestic partnerships, becoming the second city in the United States following neighboring Somerville, which had done so in 2020.[130]

County government

Cambridge was a county seat of Middlesex County, along with Lowell, until the abolition of county government. Though the county government was abolished in 1997, the county still exists as a geographical and political region. The employees of Middlesex County courts, jails, registries, and other county agencies now work directly for the state. The county's registrars of Deeds and Probate remain in Cambridge, but the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their operations transferred to Woburn. Third District Court has shifted operations to Medford, and the county Sheriff's office awaits near-term relocation.[131]

Education

 
Aerial view of part of MIT's main campus
 
Dunster House, Harvard

Higher education

Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center. Its colleges and universities include:

At least 258 of the world's total 962 Nobel Prize winners have at some point in their careers been affiliated with universities in Cambridge.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is also based in Cambridge.

Primary and secondary public education

The city's schools constitute the Cambridge Public School District. Schools include:

  • Amigos School
  • Baldwin School (formerly the Agassiz School)
  • Cambridgeport School
  • Fletcher-Maynard Academy
  • Graham and Parks Alternative School
  • Haggerty School
  • Kennedy-Longfellow School
  • King Open School
  • Martin Luther King, Jr. School
  • Morse School (a Core Knowledge school)
  • Peabody School
  • Tobin School (a Montessori school)

Five upper schools offer grades 6–8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools:[132]

  • Amigos School
  • Cambridge Street Upper School
  • Putnam Avenue Upper School
  • Rindge Avenue Upper School
  • Vassal Lane Upper School

Cambridge has three district public high school programs, the principal one being Cambridge Rindge and Latin School (CRLS).[133]

Other public charter schools include Benjamin Banneker Charter School, which serves grades K–6;[134] Community Charter School of Cambridge[135] in Kendall Square, which serves grades 7–12; and Prospect Hill Academy, a charter school whose upper school is in Central Square though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public School District.

Primary and secondary private education

 
The 1888 part of the Cambridge Public Library

Cambridge also has several private schools, including:

Media

Newspapers

Cambridge is served by the Cambridge Chronicle, the oldest surviving weekly paper in the United States. It was founded in May 1846. Another popular online newspaper is Cambridge Day.

Radio

Cambridge is home to the following commercially licensed and student-run radio stations:

Callsign Frequency City/town Licensee Format
WHRB 95.3 FM Cambridge (Harvard) Harvard Radio Broadcasting Co., Inc. Musical variety
WJIB 740 AM/101.3 FM Cambridge Bob Bittner Broadcasting Adult standards/Pop
WMBR 88.1 FM Cambridge (MIT) Technology Broadcasting Corporation College radio

Television and broadband

Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the city since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge's public access television facility and three television channels, 8, 9, and 96, on the Cambridge cable system (Comcast). The city has invited tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility,[137] though services from American satellite TV providers are available. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to "examine options to increase competition, reduce pricing, and improve speed, reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses."[138]

Infrastructure

Further information: List of tallest buildings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Utilities

  • Cable television service is provided by XFINITY (Comcast Communications).[139]
  • Parts of Cambridge are served by a district heating systems loop for industrial organizations that also cover Boston.
  • Electric service and natural gas are both provided by Eversource Energy.[139]
  • Landline telecommunications service are provided by Harvard University,[140] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),[141] and Verizon Communications. All phones in Cambridge are inter-connected to central office locations in the metropolitan area.
  • The city maintains its own Public, educational, and government access (PEG) known as Cambridge Community Television (CCTV).

Water department

Cambridge obtains water from Hobbs Brook (in Lincoln and Waltham) and Stony Brook (Waltham and Weston), as well as an emergency connection to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority.[142] The city owns over 1,200 acres (486 ha) of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of their watershed.[143] Water from these reservoirs flows by gravity through an aqueduct to Fresh Pond in Cambridge. It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of 176 feet (54 m) above sea level at the Payson Park Reservoir (Belmont). The water is then redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the city.[144] A new water treatment plant opened in 2001.[145]

In October 2016, the City of Cambridge announced that, owing to drought conditions, they would begin buying water from the MWRA.[146] On January 3, 2017, Cambridge announced that "As a result of continued rainfall each month since October 2016, we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water. We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if 'average' rainfall continues this could continue for several months."[147]

Transportation

See also: Boston transportation

Road

Several major roads lead to Cambridge, including Route 2, Route 16, and the McGrath Highway (Route 28). The Massachusetts Turnpike does not pass through Cambridge but provides access by an exit in nearby Allston. Both U.S. Route 1 and Interstate 93 also provide additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in Boston. Route 2A runs the length of the city, chiefly along Massachusetts Avenue. The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston, including the Longfellow Bridge and the Harvard Bridge, eight of which are open to motorized road traffic.

Cambridge has an irregular street network because many of the roads date from the colonial era. Contrary to popular belief, the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns and were shaped by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas. Today, the major "squares" are typically connected by long, mostly straight roads, such as Massachusetts Avenue between Harvard Square and Central Square, or Hampshire Street between Kendall Square and Inman Square.

Mass transit

Cambridge is served by the MBTA, including the Porter Square Station on the regional Commuter Rail; the Lechmere Station on the Green Line; and the Red Line at Alewife, Porter Square, Harvard Square, Central Square, and Kendall Square/MIT Stations. Alewife Station, the terminus of the Red Line, has a large multi-story parking garage (at a rate of $7 per day as of 2015).[148]

The Harvard bus tunnel, under Harvard Square, connects to the Red Line underground. This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912 and served trackless trolleys (trolleybuses) and buses as the routes were converted; four lines of the MBTA trolleybus system continued to use it until their conversion to diesel in 2022.[149] The tunnel was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s.

Besides the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency (CRTMA) shuttles which are supported by some of the largest companies operating in the city, in addition to the municipal government itself.[150]

Cycling

Cambridge has several bike paths, including one along the Charles River,[151] and the Linear Park connecting the Minuteman Bikeway at Alewife with the Somerville Community Path. A connection to Watertown is under construction. Bike parking is common and there are bike lanes on many streets, although concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many of the lanes. On several central MIT streets, bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk. Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian traffic is heavy.[152]

While Bicycling Magazine in 2006 rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling,[153] it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best[154] and was called by the magazine "Boston's Great Hope". Boston has since then followed the example of Cambridge and made considerable efforts to improve bicycling safety and convenience.[155]

Cambridge has an official bicycle committee.[156] The LivableStreets Alliance, headquartered in Cambridge, is an advocacy group for bicyclists, pedestrians, and walkable neighborhoods.[157]

Walking

 
The Weeks Bridge provides a pedestrian-only connection between Boston's Allston-Brighton neighborhood and Cambridge over the Charles River.

Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge. In 2000, among US cities with more than 100,000 residents, Cambridge had the highest percentage of commuters who walked to work.[158] Cambridge's major historic squares have changed into modern walking neighborhoods, including traffic calming features based on the needs of pedestrians rather than of motorists.[159]

Intercity

The Boston intercity bus and train stations at South Station, Boston, and Logan International Airport in East Boston, are accessible by subway. The Fitchburg Line rail service from Porter Square connects to some western suburbs. Since October 2010, there has also been intercity bus service between Alewife Station (Cambridge) and New York City.[160]

Police department

Main article: Cambridge Police Department (Massachusetts)

In addition to the Cambridge Police Department, the city is patrolled by the Fifth (Brighton) Barracks of Troop H of the Massachusetts State Police.[161] Owing, however, to proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth (Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as well.[162] The campuses of Harvard and MIT are patrolled by the Harvard University Police Department and MIT Police Department, respectively.

Fire department

 
Engine 2, Paramedic Squad 2, Ladder 3 firehouse

The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department. Established in 1832, the CFD operates eight engine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and two paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city. The Acting Chief is Gerard Mahoney.[163]

Emergency medical services (EMS)

The city of Cambridge receives emergency medical services from PRO EMS, a privately contracted ambulance service.[164]

Public library services

Main article: Cambridge Public Library

Further educational services are provided at the Cambridge Public Library. The large modern main building was built in 2009, and connects to the restored 1888 Richardson Romanesque building. It was founded as the private Cambridge Athenaeum in 1849 and was acquired by the city in 1858, and became the Dana Library. The 1888 building was a donation of Frederick H. Rindge.

Sister cities and twin towns

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States

Cambridge's sister cities with active relationships are:[165]

Cambridge has ten additional inactive sister city relationships:[165]

Notes

  1. ^ Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874.
  2. ^ Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of Belmont in 1859; the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867.
  3. ^ The name of today's nearby Sheraton Commander Hotel refers to that event.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Cambridge Historical Commission. "Frequently Asked Questions". City of Cambridge. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  2. ^ "Mayor Siddiqui". Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  3. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  4. ^ "Cambridge". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  5. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States". USDOC. Population, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  6. ^ Degler, Carl Neumann (1984). Out of Our Pasts: The Forces That Shaped Modern America. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-131985-3. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  7. ^ "World Reputation Rankings". www.timeshighereducation.com. April 21, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  9. ^ a b Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?". Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  10. ^ Smith, John (1837). A description of New England; or, The observations, and discoveries of Captain Iohn Smith (admirall of that country) in the north of America, in the year of our Lord 1614; with the successe of sixe ships, that went the next yeare 1615; and the accidents befell him among the French men of warre: with the proofe of the present benefit this countrey affoords; whither this present yeare, 1616, eight voluntary ships are gone to make further tryall. Washington: P. Force.
  11. ^ Town of Cambridge (2021). "Brief History of Cambridge, Massachusetts". from the original on July 21, 2015.
  12. ^ "Medford Historical Society Papers, Volume 24., The Indians of the Mystic valley and the litigation over their land". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h EB (1878).
  14. ^ a b Abbott, Rev. Edward (1880). "Cambridge". In Drake, Samuel Adams (ed.). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Vol. 1. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. pp. 305–16. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  15. ^ Report on the Custody and Condition of the Public Records of Parishes. Boston: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1889. p. 298. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
  16. ^ (1) Arthur Gilman, ed. (1896). The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-six. Cambridge: Committee on the Memorial Volume. p. 8.
    (2) Harvard News Office (May 2, 2002). . Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.. (This source gives May 12, 1638, as the date of the name change; others say May 2, 1638, or late 1637.)
  17. ^ Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. (1907). Historic Guide to Cambridge (Second ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. pp. 20–21. On October 15, 1637, the Great and General Court passed a vote that: "The college is ordered to bee at Newetowne." In this same year the name of Newetowne was changed to Cambridge, ("It is ordered that Newetowne shall henceforward be called Cambridge") in honor of the university in Cambridge, England, where many of the early settlers were educated.
  18. ^ Ritter, Priscilla R.; Thelma Fleishman (1982). Newton, Massachusetts 1679–1779: A Biographical Directory. New England Historic Genealogical Society.
  19. ^ , Lexington Chamber of Commerce, 2007, archived from the original on March 10, 2007
  20. ^ William P., Marchione (2011). . Brighton-Allston Historical Society. Brighton Board of Trade. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  21. ^ (1) . The New York Times. January 15, 1874. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    (2) . The New York Times. March 26, 1892. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ^ . The Winthrop Society. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  23. ^ (1) "Harvard Charter of 1650". Harvard University Archives. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
    (2) "Chapter V: The University at Cambridge, and encouragement of literature, etc.". Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The General Court of Massachusetts. September 1, 1779. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  24. ^ EB (1911), p. 96.
  25. ^ "Kennedy, F. A., Steam Bakery – Cambridge, Massachusetts – U.S. National Register of Historic Places". waymarking.com.
  26. ^ . cambridgehistory.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014.
  27. ^ . cambridgehistory.org. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  28. ^ . cambridgehistory.org. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  29. ^ . cambridgehistory.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  30. ^ a b . cambridgehistory.org. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  31. ^ Unwrapping the lost history of Confectioner's Row
  32. ^ Rothstein, Richard (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p. 26. ISBN 978-1631494536.
  33. ^ . Cambridge Housing Authority. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  34. ^ . Cambridge Housing Authority. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  35. ^ "Locations – Akamai". Akamai.com. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  36. ^ . www.betaboston.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  37. ^ Glaeser, E. L. (April 1, 2005). "Reinventing Boston: 1630–2003". Journal of Economic Geography. 5 (2): 119–153. doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh058. ISSN 1468-2702.
  38. ^ McLean, Danielle. "Housing prices soar after years of stability in Cambridge". Cambridge Chronicle & Tab. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  39. ^ (1) "City Council Policy Order Resolution O-16". City of Cambridge. May 8, 2006.
    (2) Mason, Melanie; Mishak, Michael J.; Powers, Ashley (April 21, 2013). "In immigrant-rich Cambridge, arrest baffles locals". Los Angeles Times.
  40. ^ (1) No Writer Attributed (September 18, 1969). ""Cambridge: A City of Squares" Harvard Crimson, September 18, 1969". Thecrimson.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
    (2) . Travelwritersmagazine.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  41. ^ Handy, Natalie. "Area Four in Cambridge renamed 'The Port'". Wicked Local. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  42. ^ "Climate Cambridge: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Cambridge – Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  43. ^ "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
  44. ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  45. ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  46. ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  47. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  48. ^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  49. ^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  50. ^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  51. ^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  52. ^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  53. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). 1: Number of Inhabitants. Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21–7 through 21–09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  54. ^ United States Census Bureau (1909). A Century of Population Growth. p. 158.
  55. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States". Census.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  56. ^ a b . State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  57. ^ a b c d . U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  58. ^ a b From 15% sample
  59. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  60. ^ "QT-P8: Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010". United States Census Bureau. 2010 Census. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  61. ^ . Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  62. ^ . Govpro.com. August 16, 2005. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  63. ^ "People's Republic, the". The Hub.
  64. ^ . City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  65. ^ . City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  66. ^ (1) "Selected Economic Characteristics 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2015.[dead link]
    (2) "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2015.[dead link]
    (3) "Households and Families 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2015.[dead link]
  67. ^ a b . City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012.
  68. ^ a b (1) "2019 Top 25 Employers". City of Cambridge, MA. City of Cambridge. January 6, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  69. ^ Casey Ross; Robert Weisman (October 27, 2010). . Boston Globe. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011. Already Cambridge's largest corporate employer, the Swiss firm expects to hire an additional 200 to 300 employees over the next five years, bringing its total workforce in the city to around 2,300. Novartis's global research operations are headquartered in Cambridge, across Massachusetts Avenue from the site of the new four-acre campus.
  70. ^ Ross, Casey; Weisman, Robert (October 27, 2010). "Novartis Doubles Plan for Cambridge". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  71. ^ Arnold, Chris (October 31, 2013). "What Happens When The Pace of Startups Slows Down". NPR. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  72. ^ Kirsner, Scott (September 20, 2012). "LabCentral, a new hatchery for science-oriented startups, is seeking space in Kendall Square". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  73. ^ "Google Offices". Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  74. ^ "Philips Research North American Headquarter Moves to Cambridge". Fortune. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  75. ^ Huang, Gregory. "Hewlett-Packard Expands to Cambridge via Vertica's "Big Data" Center".
  76. ^ . Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
  77. ^ "Amazon Seeks Brick-And-Mortar Presence in Boston Area". wbur.org.
  78. ^ "Lab Central ⋆ Boston Biomedical Innovation Center". Boston Biomedical Innovation Center. Retrieved May 28, 2021.[permanent dead link]
  79. ^ LabCentral. "LabCentral Launches Laboratory Operations; Signs American Laboratory Trading as a Gold Sponsor". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  80. ^ Pierce, Kathleen (September 16, 2011). . Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  81. ^ "Cambridge Awarded AAA Ratings for 22nd Consecutive Year. Nation's three major credit rating agencies affirm City's continued strong fiscal management despite economic challenges from COVID-19 pandemic". City of Cambridge. March 1, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  82. ^ . City of Cambridge. March 13, 2007. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  83. ^ . Ofa.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  84. ^ . Listart.mit.edu. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  85. ^ "Honk Fest". Honkfest.org.
  86. ^ . Canbridgehistory.org. Archived from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  87. ^ "Street Arts & Buskers Advocates". Buskersadvocates.org.
  88. ^ . Harvardsquare.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  89. ^ Heggemeyer, Amy (2006). . WPA Murals. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  90. ^ Bloom, Jonathan (February 2, 2003). . Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015 – via HighBeam.
  91. ^ "City of Cambridge map" (PDF). City of Cambridge. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022.
  92. ^ "Master Plan - Water - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". www.cambridgema.gov. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  93. ^ "Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of February 12, 2020" (PDF). Massachusetts Elections Division. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  94. ^ "State Rep Districts". Geographic Information System. City of Cambridge. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  95. ^ Massachusetts General Court, "An Act Establishing Executive Councillor and Senatorial Districts", Session Laws: Acts (2011), retrieved August 5, 2020
  96. ^ "Massachusetts Election Statistics". Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  97. ^ "PD43+ » 1976 President General Election Statewide (showing only Middlesex County)". PD43+.
  98. ^ "PD43+ » 1972 President General Election Statewide (showing only Middlesex County)". PD43+.
  99. ^ [1][dead link]
  100. ^ "Election statistics, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". [Boston] : The Office. December 30, 1964 – via Internet Archive.
  101. ^ [2][dead link]
  102. ^ "Election statistics, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". [Boston] : The Office. December 30, 1956 – via Internet Archive.
  103. ^ "Election statistics, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". [Boston] : The Office. December 30, 1952 – via Internet Archive.
  104. ^ [3][dead link]
  105. ^ [4][dead link]
  106. ^ [5][dead link]
  107. ^ [6][dead link]
  108. ^ [7][dead link]
  109. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1929). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1929)". hdl:2452/40703 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  110. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1925). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1925)". hdl:2452/40701 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  111. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1921). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1921)". hdl:2452/40699 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  112. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1917). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1917)". hdl:2452/40695 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  113. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1913). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1913)". hdl:2452/40691 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  114. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1909). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1909)". hdl:2452/40687 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  115. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1905). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1905)". hdl:2452/40683 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  116. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1901). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1901)". hdl:2452/40679 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  117. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1897). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1897)". hdl:2452/40675 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  118. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1893). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1893)". hdl:2452/40671 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  119. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1889). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1889)". hdl:2452/40667 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  120. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1885). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1885)". hdl:2452/40663 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  121. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1881). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1881)". hdl:2452/40659 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  122. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1877). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1877)". hdl:2452/40655 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  123. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1873). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1873)". hdl:2452/40651 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  124. ^ Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1869). "A manual for the use of the General Court (1869)". hdl:2452/40647 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  125. ^ "10 Nov 1864, 2 - The Berkshire County Eagle at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com.
  126. ^ "Boston Post Newspaper Archives, Nov 7, 1860, p. 2". NewspaperArchive.com. November 7, 1860.
  127. ^ "Cambridge Municipal Elections". City of Cambridge. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  128. ^ "Plan E" (PDF). City of Cambridge. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022.
  129. ^ "Next city manager transition is set for Sept. 6: Huang arriving in office after summer of prep". Cambridge Day. July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  130. ^ "Cambridge Will Recognize Polyamorous Partnerships and Other Domestic Arrangements With More Than 2 Adults". Reason.com. March 10, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  131. ^ (1) Moskowitz, Eric (February 14, 2008). "Court move a hassle for commuters". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 25, 2009. In a little more than a month, Middlesex Superior Court will open in Woburn after nearly four decades at the Edward J. Sullivan Courthouse in Cambridge. With it, the court will bring the roughly 500 people who pass through its doors each day – the clerical staff, lawyers, judges, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, and others who use or work in the system.
    (2) Breitrose, Charlie (July 7, 2009). . Wicked Local News: Cambridge. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2009. The courts moved out of the building to allow workers to remove asbestos. Superior Court moved to Woburn in March 2008, and in February, the Third District Court moved to Medford.
  132. ^ . Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  133. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  134. ^ "The Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School". Banneker.org. March 1, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  135. ^ "Community Charter School of Cambridge". Ccscambridge.org. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  136. ^ "Prek to 8th grade in Cambridge MA". www.fayerweather.org.
  137. ^ (1) . Cambridge Consumers' Council. 2013. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013. Comcast is currently the only cable operator that has sought a license with Cambridge. The City of Cambridge has approached other operators, more than once, about seeking a license to operate a cable TV system in Cambridge, but they have informed us that Cambridge is not part of their business plan; however, City officials stand ready to negotiate with any willing operator.
    (2) "Cable TV franchise agreements in Massachusetts". Commonwealth of Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs & Business Regulation (OCABR).
  138. ^ . cambridgema.gov. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  139. ^ a b "MassUtilities". massgis.maps.arcgis.com. Government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. MassGIS (Bureau of Geographic Information) (MASSGIS). 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  140. ^ "Harvard University Information Technology". Huit.harvard.edu. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  141. ^ "Information Systems & Technology". Ist.mit.edu. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  142. ^ "About Us - Water - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". www.cambridgema.gov. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  143. ^ . .cambridgema.gov. Archived from the original on May 31, 2004. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  144. ^ (1) "Water supply system" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
    (2) . Cambridge Water Department. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013.
  145. ^ "Water Treatment". City of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  146. ^ "Cambridge to begin buying water from MWRA". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  147. ^ . Cambridgema.gov. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  148. ^ "> Schedules & Maps > Subway > Alewife Station". MBTA. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  149. ^ "Cambridge trackless trolleys to retire this weekend as the technology nears extinction". Wgbh.org. March 11, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  150. ^ . CRTMA. January 1, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  151. ^ . Archived from the original on November 17, 2004. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  152. ^ (1) . City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
    (2) . City of Cambridge. May 1, 1997. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  153. ^ MacLaughlin, Nina (2006). . The Phoenix – Bicycle Bible 2006. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
  154. ^ Fiske, Brian. . Bicycling Magazine. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  155. ^ (1) Katie Zezima (August 9, 2009). "Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
    (2) . Rodale Inc. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
    (3) "Boston gear up for influx of new bicycle riders". The Boston Globe. July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
    (4) McGrory Brian (July 15, 2011). "Make Boston bicycle-free". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
    (5) "Drivers, bicyclists clash on road sharing". October 18, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
    (6) Filipov, David (July 29, 2009). "Hub's bike routes beckon, white knuckles and all". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  156. ^ Cambridge, City of. "Bicycle Committee – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". City of Cambridge. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  157. ^ "LivableStreets: Rethinking Urban Transportation". LivableStreets Alliance. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  158. ^ "The Carfree Census Database: Result of search for communities in any state with population over 100,000, sorted in descending order by % Pedestrian Commuters". Bikesatwork.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  159. ^ "City of Cambridge Pedestrian Plan". CambridgeMA.gov. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  160. ^ Thomas, Sarah (October 19, 2010). "NYC-bound buses will roll from Newton, Cambridge". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  161. ^ . Archived from the original on December 4, 2011.
  162. ^ . Archived from the original on December 4, 2011.
  163. ^ "City of Cambridge Fire Department: About Us". cambridgema.gov. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  164. ^ . Proems.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  165. ^ a b "Sister Cities Overview - City of Cambridge, MA". City of Cambridge. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

Sources

See also: Bibliography of the history of Cambridge, Massachusetts
  • Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Cambridge (3.)" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 732
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Cambridge (Massachusetts)" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 95–96
  • Drake, Samuel Adams, ed. (1879). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Containing Carefully Prepared Histories of Every City and Town in the County. Vol. 2 (L-W). Estes and Lauriat.
    • Cambridge article by Rev. Edward Abbott in Volume 1, pages 305–358.
  • Eliot, Samuel Atkins. A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1630–1913. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Cambridge Tribune, 1913.
  • Hiestand, Emily. "Watershed: An Excursion in Four Parts". The Georgia Review. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia (Spring 1998): 7–28.
  • Paige, Lucius. History of Cambridge, Massachusettse: 1630–1877. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1877.
  • Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Mid Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1967. ISBN 0-262-53012-0.
  • Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Cambridgeport. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1971. ISBN 0-262-53013-9.
  • Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Old Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1973. ISBN 0-262-53014-7.
  • Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1977. ISBN 0-262-53032-5.
  • Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: East Cambridge (revised edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1988. ISBN 0-262-53078-3
  • Sinclair, Jill (April 2009). Fresh Pond: The History of a Cambridge Landscape. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19591-1.
  • Seaburg, Alan (2001). Cambridge on the Charles. Billerica, Massachusetts: Anne Miniver Press. ISBN 978-0-9625794-9-3.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cambridge (Massachusetts).
 
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Official website
  •   Geographic data related to Cambridge, Massachusetts at OpenStreetMap
  • Cambridge, Massachusetts at Curlie
  • The Innovation Trail - History of invention in Cambridge and Boston

January 14, 2023
cambridge, massachusetts, this, article, about, city, massachusetts, united, states, other, uses, cambridge, disambiguation, cambridge, kaym, brij, city, middlesex, county, massachusetts, united, states, part, boston, metropolitan, area, city, population, 2020. This article is about the city in Massachusetts United States For other uses see Cambridge disambiguation Cambridge ˈ k eɪ m b r ɪ dʒ 4 KAYM brij is a city in Middlesex County Massachusetts United States As part of the Boston metropolitan area the city s population of the 2020 U S census was 118 403 making it the fourth most populous city in the state behind Boston Worcester and Springfield 5 It is one of two de jure county seats of Middlesex County although the county s executive government was abolished in 1997 Situated directly north of Boston across the Charles River it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England once also an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town s founders 6 18 Cambridge MassachusettsCityFrom top left to right Widener Library at Harvard University Stata Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Central Square Memorial Drive and the Charles River at night view of Boston over the Mount Auburn CemeteryFlagSealMotto s Literis Antiquis Novis Institutis Decora Latin Distinguished for Classical Learning and New Institutions 1 Location in Middlesex County MassachusettsCambridgeLocation in the United StatesShow map of MassachusettsCambridgeCambridge the United States Show map of the United StatesCoordinates 42 22 25 N 71 06 38 W 42 37361 N 71 11056 W 42 37361 71 11056 Coordinates 42 22 25 N 71 06 38 W 42 37361 N 71 11056 W 42 37361 71 11056CountryUnited StatesStateMassachusettsCountyMiddlesexRegionNew EnglandSettled1630Incorporated1636City1846Named forUniversity of CambridgeGovernment TypeCouncil City Manager MayorSumbul Siddiqui 2 Vice MayorAlanna Mallon City ManagerYi An HuangArea 3 Total7 10 sq mi 18 40 km2 Land6 40 sq mi 16 57 km2 Water0 71 sq mi 1 83 km2 Elevation40 ft 12 m Population 2020 Total118 403 Density18 512 04 sq mi 7 147 01 km2 DemonymCantabrigianTime zoneUTC 5 Eastern Summer DST UTC 4 Eastern ZIP Code02138 02142Area code617 857FIPS code25 11000GNIS feature ID0617365Websitecambridgema wbr govHarvard University the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Lesley University and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge 7 as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet owing to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 8 9 Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Adjacent municipalities 2 2 Neighborhoods 2 2 1 Squares 2 2 1 1 Gallery 2 2 2 Other neighborhoods 2 3 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 Income 4 Economy 4 1 Top employers 5 Arts and culture 5 1 Museums 5 2 Public art 5 3 Architecture 5 4 Music 5 5 Parks and recreation 6 Government 6 1 Federal and state representation 6 2 Politics 6 3 City government 6 4 County government 7 Education 7 1 Higher education 7 2 Primary and secondary public education 7 3 Primary and secondary private education 8 Media 8 1 Newspapers 8 2 Radio 8 3 Television and broadband 9 Infrastructure 9 1 Utilities 9 2 Water department 9 3 Transportation 9 3 1 Road 9 3 2 Mass transit 9 3 3 Cycling 9 3 4 Walking 9 3 5 Intercity 9 4 Police department 9 5 Fire department 9 6 Emergency medical services EMS 9 7 Public library services 10 Sister cities and twin towns 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Citations 12 2 Sources 13 External linksHistory EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Cambridge Massachusetts 1873 Map of Harvard Square Native Americans inhabited the area that would become Cambridge for thousands of years prior to European colonization of the Americas At the time of European contact and exploration the area was inhabited by Naumkeag or Pawtucket to the north and Massachusett to the south and may have been inhabited by other groups such as the Totant not well described in later European narratives 10 The contact period introduced a number of European infectious diseases which would decimate native populations in virgin soil epidemics leaving the area uncontested upon the arrival of large groups of English settlers in 1630 In 1639 the Massachusetts General Court would purchase the land that would become present day Cambridge from the Naumkeag Squaw Sachem of Mistick 11 12 In December 1630 the site of what would become Cambridge was chosen because it was safely upriver from Boston Harbor making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships Thomas Dudley his daughter Anne Bradstreet and her husband Simon Bradstreet were the town s founders The first houses were built in the spring of 1631 The settlement was initially referred to as the newe towne 13 14 Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as Newe Towne by 1632 and as Newtowne by 1638 14 15 Located at the first convenient Charles River crossing west of Boston Newtowne was one of several towns including Boston Dorchester Watertown and Weymouth founded by the 700 original Puritan colonists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony under Governor John Winthrop Its first preacher was Thomas Hooker who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found Hartford and the Connecticut Colony before leaving they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England 13 The original village site is now within Harvard Square The marketplace where farmers sold crops from surrounding towns at the edge of a salt marsh since filled remains within a small park at the corner of John F Kennedy and Winthrop Streets In 1636 the Newe College later renamed Harvard College after benefactor John Harvard was founded by the Massachusetts Bay Colony to train ministers According to Cotton Mather Newtowne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court the Massachusetts legislature primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher Thomas Shepard In May 1638 16 the settlement s name was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge England 13 17 The town comprised a much larger area than the present city 13 with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years Cambridge Village later Newtown and now Newton in 1688 18 Cambridge Farms now Lexington in 1712 13 or 1713 19 and Little or South Cambridge now Brighton a and Menotomy or West Cambridge now Arlington in 1807 13 20 b In the late 19th century various schemes for annexing Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected 21 Newtowne s ministers Hooker and Shepard the college s first president the college s major benefactor and the first schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton were all Cambridge alumni as was the colony s governor John Winthrop In 1629 Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston which was known as the Cambridge Agreement after the university 22 In 1650 Governor Thomas Dudley signed the charter creating the corporation that still governs Harvard College 23 George Washington in Cambridge 1775 Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles 13 km by road from Boston the colony s capital By the American Revolution most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College with most of the town comprising farms and estates Most inhabitants were descendants of the original Puritan colonists but there was also a small elite of Anglican worthies who were not involved in village life made their livings from estates investments and trade and lived in mansions along the Road to Watertown today s Brattle Street still known as Tory Row Coming north from Virginia George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3 1775 13 now reckoned the birthplace of the U S Army c Most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution On January 24 1776 Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga which enabled Washington to drive the British army out of Boston Map of Cambridge from 1873 Between 1790 and 1840 Cambridge grew rapidly with the construction of the West Boston Bridge in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to Boston so that it was no longer necessary to travel eight miles 13 km through the Boston Neck Roxbury and Brookline to cross the Charles River A second bridge the Canal Bridge opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts In the mid 19th century Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution It was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires The Fireside Poets Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell and Oliver Wendell Holmes were highly popular and influential in their day Soon after turnpikes were built the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike today s Broadway and Concord Ave the Middlesex Turnpike Hampshire St and Massachusetts Ave northwest of Porter Square and what are today s Cambridge Main and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges In addition the town was connected to the Boston amp Maine Railroad 24 leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring Somerville from the formerly rural parts of Charlestown 1852 Map of Boston area showing Cambridge and regional rail lines and highlighting the course of the Middlesex Canal Cambridge is toward the bottom of the map and outlined in yellow and should not be confused with the pink outlined and partially cropped West Cambridge now Arlington Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846 13 The city s commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square which became the city s downtown around that time Between 1850 and 1900 Cambridge took on much of its present character streetcar suburban development along the turnpikes with working class and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge comfortable middle class housing on the old Cambridgeport and Mid Cambridge estates and upper class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three major changes the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave Concord Ave and Alewife Brook the ice cutting industry launched by Frederic Tudor on Fresh Pond and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries For many decades the city s largest employer was the New England Glass Company founded in 1818 By the middle of the 19th century it was the world s largest and most modern glassworks In 1888 Edward Drummond Libbey moved all production to Toledo Ohio where it continues today under the name Owens Illinois The company s flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors There is none on public display in Cambridge but the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection The Museum of Fine Arts Boston and the Sandwich Glass Museum on Cape Cod also have a few pieces In 1895 Edwin Ginn founder of Ginn and Company built the Athenaeum Press Building for his publishing textbook empire By 1920 Cambridge was one of New England s main industrial cities with nearly 120 000 residents Among the largest businesses in Cambridge during the period of industrialization was Carter s Ink Company whose neon sign long adorned the Charles River and which was for many years the world s largest ink manufacturer Next door was the Athenaeum Press Confectionery and snack manufacturers in the Cambridgeport Area 4 Kendall corridor included the Kennedy Biscuit Factory later part of Nabisco and originator of the Fig Newton 25 Necco Squirrel Brands 26 George Close Company 1861 1930s 27 Page amp Shaw Daggett Chocolate 1892 1960s recipes bought by Necco 28 Fox Cross Company 1920 1980 originator of the Charleston Chew and now part of Tootsie Roll Industries 29 Kendall Confectionery Company and James O Welch 1927 1963 originator of Junior Mints Sugar Daddies Sugar Mamas and Sugar Babies now part of Tootsie Roll Industries 30 Main Street was nicknamed Confectioner s Row 31 Only the Cambridge Brands subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street 30 The Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company 1886 the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company 1880 now in Chelmsford Massachusetts and the New England Glass Company 1818 1878 were among the industrial manufacturers in what are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge In 1935 the Cambridge Housing Authority and the Public Works Administration demolished an integrated low income tenement neighborhood with African Americans and European immigrants In its place it built the whites only Newtowne Court public housing development and the adjoining blacks only Washington Elms project in 1940 the city required segregation in its other public housing projects as well 32 33 34 As industry in New England began to decline during the Great Depression and after World War II Cambridge lost much of its industrial base It also began to become an intellectual rather than an industrial center Harvard University had always been important as both a landowner and an institution but it began to play a more dominant role in the city s life and culture When Radcliffe College was established in 1879 the town became a mecca for some of the nation s most academically talented female students The Massachusetts Institute of Technology s move from Boston in 1916 reinforced Cambridge s status as an intellectual center of the United States After the 1950s the city s population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples In Cambridge Highlands the technology company Bolt Beranek amp Newman produced the first network router in 1969 and hosted the invention of computer to computer email in 1971 The 1980s brought a wave of high technology startups Those selling advanced minicomputers were overtaken by the microcomputer citation needed Cambridge based VisiCorp made the first spreadsheet software for personal computers Visicalc and helped propel the Apple II to major consumer success It was overtaken and purchased by Cambridge based Lotus Development maker of Lotus 1 2 3 This was in turn replaced in the market by Microsoft Excel The city continues to be home to many startups Kendall Square was a major software hub through the dot com boom and today hosts offices of such technology companies as Google Microsoft and Amazon The Square also now houses the headquarters of Akamai 35 In 1976 Harvard s plans to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three month moratorium and a citizen review panel In the end Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977 This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when Biogen opened a lab in 1982 in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute a Harvard spinoff to abandon Somerville and Boston for Cambridge 36 The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge which now includes headquarters for Biogen and Genzyme laboratories for Novartis Teva Takeda Alnylam Ironwood Catabasis Moderna Therapeutics Editas Medicine support companies such as Cytel and many smaller companies By the end of the 20th century Cambridge had one of the most costly housing markets in the Northeastern United States 37 While considerable class race and age diversity persisted it became harder for those who grew up in the city to afford to stay The end of rent control in 1994 prompted many Cambridge renters to move to more affordable housing in Somerville and other cities or towns Until recently Cambridge s mix of amenities and proximity to Boston kept housing prices relatively stable despite the bursting of the United States housing bubble 38 Cambridge has been a sanctuary city since 1985 and reaffirmed its status as such in 2006 39 Geography Edit A view from Boston of Harvard s Weld Boathouse and Cambridge in winter The Charles River is in the foreground According to the United States Census Bureau Cambridge has a total area of 7 1 square miles 18 km2 of which 6 4 square miles 17 km2 is land and 0 7 square miles 1 8 km2 9 82 is water Adjacent municipalities Edit Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts bordered by the city of Boston to the south across the Charles River and east the city of Somerville to the north the town of Arlington to the northwest the town of Belmont and the city of Watertown to the westThe border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of Somerville passes through densely populated neighborhoods which are connected by the MBTA Red Line Some of the main squares Inman Porter and to a lesser extent Harvard and Lechmere are very close to the city line as are Somerville s Union and Davis Squares Through the City of Cambridge s exclusive municipal water system the city further controls two exclave areas one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse a 2009 listed American Water Landmark located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook watersheds which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including Lexington Lincoln Waltham and Weston Neighborhoods Edit This section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available December 2019 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Squares Edit Cambridge has been called the City of Squares 40 as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as squares Each square acts as a neighborhood center These include Kendall Square formed by the junction of Broadway Main Street and Third Street has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet owing to its high concentration of entrepreneurial start ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 8 9 Technology Square is an office and laboratory building cluster in this neighborhood Just over the Longfellow Bridge from Boston at the eastern end of the MIT campus it is served by the Kendall MIT station on the MBTA Red Line subway Most of Cambridge s large office towers are located in the Square A biotech industry has developed in this area The Cambridge Innovation Center a large co working space is in Kendall Square at 1 Broadway The Cambridge Center office complex is in Kendall Square and not at the actual center of Cambridge The One Kendall Square complex is nearby but not actually in Kendall Square Central Square formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue Prospect Street and Western Avenue Containing a variety of ethnic restaurants it was economically depressed as recently as the late 1990s it underwent gentrification in recent years in conjunction with the development of the nearby University Park at MIT and continues to grow more costly It is served by the Central Station stop on the MBTA Red Line subway Lafayette Square formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue Columbia Street Sidney Street and Main Street is considered part of the Central Square area Cambridgeport is south of Central Square along Magazine Street and Brookline Street Harvard Square formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue Brattle Street and JFK Street This is the primary site of Harvard University and a major Cambridge shopping area It is served by a Red Line station Harvard Square was originally the Red Line s northwestern terminus and a major transfer point to streetcars that also operated in a short tunnel which is still a major bus terminal although the area under the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended The Harvard Square area includes Brattle Square and Eliot Square A short distance away from the square lies the Cambridge Common while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Agassiz after the famed scientist Louis Agassiz Porter Square about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues It includes part of the city of Somerville and is served by the Porter Square Station a complex housing a Red Line stop and a Fitchburg Line commuter rail stop Lesley University s University Hall and Porter campus are in Porter Square Inman Square at the junction of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in mid Cambridge It is home to restaurants bars music venues and boutiques Victorian streetlights benches and bus stops were added to the streets in the 2000s and a new city park was installed Lechmere Square at the junction of Cambridge and First streets adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall It is served by Lechmere station on the MBTA Green Line Gallery Edit Cambridge skyline in November 2016 Areas of Cambridge Central Square Harvard Square Inman SquareOther neighborhoods Edit Cambridge s residential neighborhoods border but are not defined by the squares East Cambridge Area 1 is bordered on the north by Somerville on the east by the Charles River on the south by Broadway and Main Street and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks It includes the NorthPoint development MIT Campus Area 2 is bordered on the north by Broadway on the south and east by the Charles River and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks Wellington Harrington Area 3 is bordered on the north by Somerville on the south and west by Hampshire Street and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks Referred to as Mid Block clarification needed The Port formerly known as Area 4 is bordered on the north by Hampshire Street on the south by Massachusetts Avenue on the west by Prospect Street and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks Residents of Area 4 often simply call their neighborhood The Port and the area of Cambridgeport and Riverside The Coast In October 2015 the Cambridge City Council officially renamed Area 4 The Port formalizing the longtime nickname largely on the initiative of neighborhood native and then Vice Mayor Dennis Benzan The port is usually the busier part of the city 41 Cambridgeport Area 5 is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue on the south by the Charles River on the west by River Street and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks Mid Cambridge Area 6 is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and Somerville on the south by Massachusetts Avenue on the west by Peabody Street and on the east by Prospect Street Riverside Area 7 an area sometimes called The Coast is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue on the south by the Charles River on the west by JFK Street and on the east by River Street Baldwin Area 8 is bordered on the north by Somerville on the south and east by Kirkland Street and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue Neighborhood Nine or Radcliffe formerly called Peabody until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by that name is bordered on the north by railroad tracks on the south by Concord Avenue on the west by railroad tracks and on the east by Massachusetts Avenue The Avon Hill sub neighborhood consists of the higher elevations within the area bounded by Upland Road Raymond Street Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue dd Brattle area West Cambridge Area 10 is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street on the south by the Charles River and Watertown on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins Branch Library and on the east by JFK Street It includes the sub neighborhoods of Brattle Street formerly known as Tory Row and Huron Village North Cambridge Area 11 is bordered on the north by Arlington and Somerville on the south by railroad tracks on the west by Belmont and on the east by Somerville Cambridge Highlands Area 12 is bordered on the north and east by railroad tracks on the south by Fresh Pond and on the west by Belmont Strawberry Hill Area 13 is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond on the south by Watertown on the west by Belmont and on the east by railroad tracks Climate Edit In the Koppen Geiger classification Cambridge has a hot summer humid continental climate Dfa with hot summers and cold winters that can appear in the southern end of New England s interior Abundant rain falls on the city and in the winter often as snow it has no dry season The average January temperature is 26 6 F 3 C making Cambridge part of Group D independent of the isotherm There are four well defined seasons 42 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 17641 582 17902 115 33 7 18002 453 16 0 18102 323 5 3 18203 295 41 8 18306 072 84 3 18408 409 38 5 185015 215 80 9 186026 060 71 3 187039 634 52 1 188052 669 32 9 189070 028 33 0 190091 886 31 2 1910104 839 14 1 1920109 694 4 6 1930113 643 3 6 1940110 879 2 4 1950120 740 8 9 1960107 716 10 8 1970100 361 6 8 198095 322 5 0 199095 802 0 5 2000101 355 5 8 2010105 162 3 8 2020118 403 12 6 Source United States census records and Population Estimates Program data 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Source U S Decennial Census 55 Racial composition 2010 56 1990 57 1970 57 1950 57 White 66 6 75 3 91 1 95 3 Non Hispanic 62 1 71 6 89 7 58 n aBlack or African American 11 7 13 5 6 8 4 3 Hispanic or Latino of any race 7 6 6 8 1 9 58 n aAsian 15 1 8 4 1 5 0 3 Two or more races 4 3 n a n a n aAs of the census 59 of 2010 there were 105 162 people 44 032 households and 17 420 families residing in the city The population density was 16 354 9 inhabitants per square mile 6 314 7 km2 There were 47 291 housing units at an average density of 7 354 7 per square mile 2 839 7 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 66 60 White 11 70 Black or African American 0 20 Native American 15 10 Asian 3 7 Chinese 1 4 Asian Indian 1 2 Korean 1 0 Japanese 60 0 01 Pacific Islander 2 10 from other races and 4 30 from two or more races 7 60 of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 1 6 Puerto Rican 1 4 Mexican 0 6 Dominican 0 5 Colombian amp Salvadoran 0 4 Spaniard Non Hispanic Whites were 62 1 of the population in 2010 56 down from 89 7 in 1970 57 An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a Cantabrigian In 2010 there were 44 032 households out of which 16 9 had children under the age of 18 living with them 28 9 were married couples living together 8 4 had a female householder with no husband present and 60 4 were non families 40 7 of all households were made up of individuals and 9 6 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 00 and the average family size was 2 76 In the city the population was spread out with 13 3 of the population under the age of 18 21 2 from 18 to 24 38 6 from 25 to 44 17 8 from 45 to 64 and 9 2 who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 30 5 years For every 100 females there were 96 1 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94 7 males The median income for a household in the city was 47 979 and the median income for a family was 59 423 these figures had risen to 58 457 and 79 533 respectively as of a 2007 estimate update 61 Males had a median income of 43 825 versus 38 489 for females The per capita income for the city was 31 156 About 8 7 of families and 12 9 of the population were below the poverty line including 15 1 of those under age 18 and 12 9 of those age 65 or over Cambridge has been ranked as one of the most liberal cities in America 62 Locals living in and near the city jokingly refer to it as The People s Republic of Cambridge 63 For 2016 the residential property tax rate in Cambridge was 6 99 per 1 000 64 Cambridge enjoys the highest possible bond credit rating AAA with all three Wall Street rating agencies 65 In 2000 11 0 of city residents were of Irish ancestry 7 2 were of English 6 9 Italian 5 5 West Indian and 5 3 German ancestry 69 4 spoke only English at home while 6 9 spoke Spanish 3 2 Chinese or Mandarin 3 0 Portuguese 2 9 French Creole 2 3 French 1 5 Korean and 1 0 Italian Income Edit See also List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income Data is from the 2009 2013 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates 66 Rank ZIP Code ZCTA Per capitaincome Medianhouseholdincome Medianfamilyincome Population Number ofhouseholds1 02142 67 525 100 114 150 774 2 838 1 3852 02138 52 592 75 446 120 564 35 554 13 8683 02140 50 856 75 446 120 564 18 164 8 460Cambridge 47 448 72 529 93 460 105 737 44 345Middlesex County 42 861 82 090 104 032 1 522 533 581 1204 02139 42 235 71 745 93 220 36 015 14 4745 02141 39 241 64 326 76 276 13 126 6 182Massachusetts 35 763 66 866 84 900 6 605 058 2 530 147United States 28 155 53 046 64 719 311 536 594 115 610 216Economy Edit Buildings of Kendall Square center of Cambridge s biotech economy seen from the Charles River Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge s economy in the late 19th and early 20th century but educational institutions are its biggest employers today Harvard and MIT together employ about 20 000 67 68 As a cradle of technological innovation Cambridge was home to technology firms Analog Devices Akamai Bolt Beranek and Newman BBN Technologies now part of Raytheon General Radio later GenRad Lotus Development Corporation now part of IBM Polaroid Symbolics and Thinking Machines In 1996 Polaroid Arthur D Little and Lotus were Cambridge s top employers with over 1 000 employees but they faded out a few years later Health care and biotechnology firms such as Genzyme Biogen Idec bluebird bio Millennium Pharmaceuticals Sanofi Pfizer and Novartis 69 have significant presences in the city Though headquartered in Switzerland Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge Other major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge include GlaxoSmithKline AstraZeneca Shire and Pfizer 70 Most of Cambridge s biotech firms are in Kendall Square and East Cambridge which decades ago were the city s center of manufacturing Some others are in University Park at MIT a new development in another former manufacturing area 71 72 None of the high technology firms that once dominated the economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005 but by 2008 Akamai and ITA Software were 67 Google 73 IBM Research Microsoft Research and Philips Research 74 maintain offices in Cambridge In late January 2012 less than a year after acquiring Billerica based analytic database management company Vertica Hewlett Packard announced it would also be opening its first offices in Cambridge 75 Also around that time e commerce giants Staples 76 and Amazon com 77 said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square And LabCentral provides a shared laboratory facility for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies 78 79 unreliable source The proximity of Cambridge s universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks including the National Bureau of Economic Research the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Cultural Survival and One Laptop per Child citation needed In September 2011 the City of Cambridge launched the Entrepreneur Walk of Fame initiative The Walk recognizes people who have made contributions to innovation in global business 80 In 2021 Cambridge was one of approximately 27 US cities to receive a AAA rating from each of the three major credit rating agencies in the nation Moody s Investors Service Standard amp Poor s and Fitch Ratings 2021 marked the 22nd consecutive year that Cambridge had retained this distinction 81 Top employers Edit As of 2019 update the city s ten largest employers are 68 Employer of employees1 Harvard University 12 5652 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9 3113 City of Cambridge 3 2564 Takeda Pharmaceuticals 3 4845 Biogen 2 4216 Novartis Inst For Biomedical Research 2 2676 Cambridge Innovation Center 2 2678 Cambridge Health Alliance 1 8069 Mt Auburn Hospital 1 78910 Sanofi Genzyme 1 782Arts and culture Edit Fogg Museum Harvard Museums Edit Harvard Art Museum including the Busch Reisinger Museum a collection of Germanic art the Fogg Art Museum a comprehensive collection of Western art and the Arthur M Sackler Museum a collection of Middle East and Asian art Harvard Museum of Natural History including the Glass Flowers collection Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard MIT Museum List Visual Arts Center MIT Semitic Museum HarvardPublic art Edit Cambridge has a large and varied collection of permanent public art on both city property managed by the Cambridge Arts Council 82 and the Harvard 83 and MIT 84 campuses Temporary public artworks are displayed as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River during winter celebrations in Harvard and Central Squares and at university campus sites Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression include the Central Square World s Fair the annual Somerville based Honk Festival 85 and If This House Could Talk 86 a neighborhood art and history event Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by the performers 87 city administrators private organizations and business groups 88 The Cambridge public library contains four Works Progress Administration murals completed in 1935 by Elizabeth Tracy Montminy Religion Fine Arts History of Books and Paper and The Development of the Printing Press 89 Longfellow House Washington s Headquarters National Historic Site Stata Center MIT Simmons Hall MIT Architecture Edit Despite intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and the 20th century Cambridge has several historic buildings including some from the 17th century The city also has abundant contemporary architecture largely built by Harvard and MIT Notable historic buildings in the city include The Asa Gray House 1810 Austin Hall Harvard University 1882 1884 Cambridge City Hall 1888 1889 Cambridge Public Library 1888 Christ Church Cambridge 1761 Cooper Frost Austin House 1689 1817 Elmwood House 1767 residence of the president of Harvard University First Church of Christ Scientist 1924 1930 The First Parish in Cambridge 1833 Harvard Epworth United Methodist Church 1891 1893 Harvard Lampoon Building 1909 The Hooper Lee Nichols House 1685 1850 Longfellow House Washington s Headquarters National Historic Site 1759 former home of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and headquarters of George Washington The Memorial Church of Harvard University 1932 Memorial Hall Harvard University 1870 1877 Middlesex County Courthouse 1814 1848 Urban Rowhouse 1875 O Reilly Spite House 1908 built to spite a neighbor who would not sell his adjacent land 90 See also List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge Massachusetts Contemporary architecture Baker House dormitory MIT by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto one of only two Aalto buildings in the US Harvard Graduate Center Harkness Commons by The Architects Collaborative TAC with Walter Gropius Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts Harvard the only Le Corbusier building in North America Harvard s Science Center Holyoke Center and Peabody Terrace by Catalan architect and Harvard Graduate School of Design Dean Josep Lluis Sert Kresge Auditorium MIT by Eero Saarinen MIT Chapel by Eero Saarinen Design Research Building by Benjamin Thompson and Associates American Academy of Arts and Sciences by Kallmann McKinnell and Wood also architects of Boston City Hall Arthur M Sackler Museum Harvard one of the few buildings in the US by Pritzker Prize winner James Stirling Harvard Art Museums renovation and major expansion of Fogg Museum building completed in 2014 by Renzo Piano Stata Center home to the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory the Department of Linguistics and the Department of Philosophy by Frank Gehry The two MIT Media Lab buildings by I M Pei and Fumihiko Maki Simmons Hall MIT by Steven HollMusic Edit The city has an active music scene from classical performances to the latest popular bands Beyond its colleges and universities Cambridge has many music venues including The Middle East Club Passim The Plough and Stars The Lizard Lounge and the Nameless Coffeehouse Parks and recreation Edit Alewife Brook Reservation Consisting largely of densely built residential space Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland Easily accessible open space on the university campuses including Harvard Yard the Radcliffe Yard and MIT s Great Lawn as well as the considerable open space of Mount Auburn Cemetery and Fresh Pond Reservation partly compensates for this At Cambridge s western edge the cemetery is known as a garden cemetery because of its landscaping the oldest planned landscape in the country and arboretum Although known as a Cambridge landmark much of the cemetery lies within Watertown 91 It is also an Important Bird Area IBA in the Greater Boston area Fresh Pond Reservation is the largest open green space in Cambridge with 162 acres 656 000 m2 of land around a 155 acre 627 000 m2 kettle hole lake This land includes a 2 25 mile walking trail around the reservoir and a public 9 hole golf course 92 Public parkland includes the esplanade along the Charles River which mirrors its Boston counterpart Cambridge Common a busy and historic public park adjacent to Harvard s campus Danehy Park formerly a landfill and the Alewife Brook Reservation Government EditFederal and state representation Edit Voter registration and party enrollment as of February 12 2020 update 93 Party Number of voters PercentageDemocratic 39 916 56 48 Republican 2 126 3 01 Unaffiliated 27 922 39 51 Libertarian 213 0 31 Total 70 674 100 Cambridge is split between Massachusetts s 5th and 7th U S congressional districts The 5th district seat is held by Democrat Katherine Clark who replaced now Senator Ed Markey in a 2013 special election the 7th is represented by Democrat Ayanna Pressley elected in 2018 The state s senior United States senator is Democrat Elizabeth Warren elected in 2012 who lives in Cambridge The governor of Massachusetts is Republican Charlie Baker elected in 2014 Cambridge is represented in six districts in the Massachusetts House of Representatives the 24th Middlesex which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington the 25th and 26th Middlesex the latter of which includes a portion of Somerville the 29th Middlesex which includes a small part of Watertown and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk both including parts of the City of Boston 94 The city is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the 2nd Middlesex Middlesex and Suffolk and 1st Suffolk and Middlesex districts 95 Politics Edit From 1860 to 1880 Republicans Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S Grant Rutherford B Hayes and James Garfield each won Cambridge Grant doing so by margins of over 20 points in both of his campaigns Following that from 1884 1892 Grover Cleveland won Cambridge in all three of his presidential campaigns by less than ten points each time Then from 1896 to 1924 Cambridge became something of a swing city with a slight Republican lean GOP nominees carried the city in five of the eight presidential elections during that time frame with five of the elections resulting in either a plurality or a margin of victory of fewer than ten points The city of Cambridge is extremely Democratic in modern times however In the last 23 presidential elections dating back to the nomination of Al Smith in 1928 the Democratic nominee has carried Cambridge in every election Every Democratic nominee since Massachusetts native John F Kennedy in 1960 has received at least 70 of the vote except for Jimmy Carter in 1976 and 1980 Since 1928 the only Republican nominee to come within ten points of carrying Cambridge is Dwight Eisenhower in his 1956 re election bid Presidential election results 96 Year Democratic Republican2020 91 7 50 233 6 4 3 5192016 87 9 46 563 6 3 3 3232012 86 0 43 515 10 8 5 4762008 87 8 40 876 10 1 4 6972004 84 8 35 886 12 6 5 3382000 72 1 28 846 12 9 5 1661996 78 9 30 043 13 1 4 9901992 74 7 30 737 14 2 5 8471988 77 0 32 027 21 1 8 7701984 76 2 32 582 23 4 10 0071980 60 8 24 337 19 9 7 9521976 97 68 7 29 052 24 6 10 4241972 98 74 0 30 486 25 4 10 4641968 99 76 8 29 386 17 9 6 8401964 100 83 6 36 009 13 4 5 7641960 101 70 3 34 029 28 3 13 6911956 102 49 7 25 240 48 3 24 5381952 103 56 2 31 668 41 8 23 5261948 104 62 6 33 501 32 1 17 1491944 105 58 4 27 629 36 2 17 1491940 106 58 8 30 412 38 6 19 9671936 107 55 9 25 917 33 4 15 4951932 108 60 9 24 585 35 0 14 1211928 109 60 9 25 794 37 0 15 6621924 110 37 2 11 321 49 5 15 0481920 111 38 6 10 808 58 2 16 2891916 112 55 6 7 999 42 8 6 1491912 113 48 7 6 665 24 5 3 3601908 114 43 5 5 562 51 6 6 5951904 115 48 7 6 769 48 3 6 7061900 116 46 2 5 249 50 3 5 7171896 117 25 6 2 868 64 8 7 2471892 118 53 6 5 996 44 2 4 9451888 119 51 4 4 832 46 1 4 3301884 120 47 8 4 040 40 6 3 4301880 121 43 5 3 293 55 9 4 2271876 122 49 1 3 531 50 9 3 6541872 123 34 8 1 753 65 2 3 2891868 124 39 2 1 982 60 8 3 0791864 125 38 0 1 693 62 0 2 7601860 126 24 6 888 50 0 1 805City government Edit See also Cambridge Massachusetts municipal election 2013 Cambridge City Hall in the 1980s Cambridge has a city government led by a mayor and a nine member city council There is also a six member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools The councilors and school committee members are elected every two years using proportional representation 127 The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves and serves as the chair of city council meetings The mayor also sits on the school committee The mayor is not the city s chief executive Rather the city manager who is appointed by the city council serves in that capacity Under the city s Plan E form of government the city council does not have the power to appoint or remove city officials who are under the direction of the city manager The city council and its members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager 128 Owen O Riordan is the Acting City Manager succeeding Louis DePasquale who resigned on July 5 2022 after six years in office Yi An Huang will take over as City Manager on September 6 2022 129 District Councillor In office sinceAt large Burhan Azeem Jan 2022 presentAt large Dennis J Carlone Jan 2014 presentAt large Alanna M Mallon Jan 2018 presentAt large Marc C McGovern Jan 2014 presentAt large Patty Nolan Jan 2020 presentAt large Sumbul Siddiqui Jan 2018 presentAt large E Denise Simmons Jan 2002 presentAt large Paul Toner Jan 2022 presentAt large Quinton Y Zondervan Jan 2018 present current mayor former mayorOn March 8 2021 Cambridge City Council voted to recognize polyamorous domestic partnerships becoming the second city in the United States following neighboring Somerville which had done so in 2020 130 County government Edit Cambridge was a county seat of Middlesex County along with Lowell until the abolition of county government Though the county government was abolished in 1997 the county still exists as a geographical and political region The employees of Middlesex County courts jails registries and other county agencies now work directly for the state The county s registrars of Deeds and Probate remain in Cambridge but the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their operations transferred to Woburn Third District Court has shifted operations to Medford and the county Sheriff s office awaits near term relocation 131 Education EditThis section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available December 2019 Aerial view of part of MIT s main campus Dunster House Harvard Higher education Edit Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center Its colleges and universities include Cambridge School of Culinary Arts Harvard University Hult International Business School Lesley University Longy School of Music of Bard College Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radcliffe College now merged with Harvard College At least 258 of the world s total 962 Nobel Prize winners have at some point in their careers been affiliated with universities in Cambridge The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is also based in Cambridge Primary and secondary public education Edit The city s schools constitute the Cambridge Public School District Schools include Amigos School Baldwin School formerly the Agassiz School Cambridgeport School Fletcher Maynard Academy Graham and Parks Alternative School Haggerty School Kennedy Longfellow School King Open School Martin Luther King Jr School Morse School a Core Knowledge school Peabody School Tobin School a Montessori school Five upper schools offer grades 6 8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools 132 Amigos School Cambridge Street Upper School Putnam Avenue Upper School Rindge Avenue Upper School Vassal Lane Upper SchoolCambridge has three district public high school programs the principal one being Cambridge Rindge and Latin School CRLS 133 Other public charter schools include Benjamin Banneker Charter School which serves grades K 6 134 Community Charter School of Cambridge 135 in Kendall Square which serves grades 7 12 and Prospect Hill Academy a charter school whose upper school is in Central Square though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public School District Primary and secondary private education Edit The 1888 part of the Cambridge Public Library Cambridge also has several private schools including Boston Archdiocesan Choir School Buckingham Browne amp Nichols School Cambridge Montessori school Cambridge Friends School Fayerweather Street School 136 International School of Boston formerly Ecole Bilingue Matignon High School Shady Hill School St Peter SchoolMedia EditNewspapers Edit Cambridge is served by the Cambridge Chronicle the oldest surviving weekly paper in the United States It was founded in May 1846 Another popular online newspaper is Cambridge Day Radio Edit Cambridge is home to the following commercially licensed and student run radio stations Callsign Frequency City town Licensee FormatWHRB 95 3 FM Cambridge Harvard Harvard Radio Broadcasting Co Inc Musical varietyWJIB 740 AM 101 3 FM Cambridge Bob Bittner Broadcasting Adult standards PopWMBR 88 1 FM Cambridge MIT Technology Broadcasting Corporation College radioTelevision and broadband Edit Cambridge Community Television CCTV has served the city since its inception in 1988 CCTV operates Cambridge s public access television facility and three television channels 8 9 and 96 on the Cambridge cable system Comcast The city has invited tenders from other cable providers but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility 137 though services from American satellite TV providers are available In October 2014 Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to examine options to increase competition reduce pricing and improve speed reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses 138 Infrastructure EditFurther information List of tallest buildings in Cambridge Massachusetts Utilities Edit Cable television service is provided by XFINITY Comcast Communications 139 Parts of Cambridge are served by a district heating systems loop for industrial organizations that also cover Boston Electric service and natural gas are both provided by Eversource Energy 139 Landline telecommunications service are provided by Harvard University 140 Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT 141 and Verizon Communications All phones in Cambridge are inter connected to central office locations in the metropolitan area The city maintains its own Public educational and government access PEG known as Cambridge Community Television CCTV Water department Edit Cambridge obtains water from Hobbs Brook in Lincoln and Waltham and Stony Brook Waltham and Weston as well as an emergency connection to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority 142 The city owns over 1 200 acres 486 ha of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of their watershed 143 Water from these reservoirs flows by gravity through an aqueduct to Fresh Pond in Cambridge It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of 176 feet 54 m above sea level at the Payson Park Reservoir Belmont The water is then redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the city 144 A new water treatment plant opened in 2001 145 In October 2016 the City of Cambridge announced that owing to drought conditions they would begin buying water from the MWRA 146 On January 3 2017 Cambridge announced that As a result of continued rainfall each month since October 2016 we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12 2016 and if average rainfall continues this could continue for several months 147 Sewer service is available in Cambridge The city is inter connected with the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority MWRA s sewage network with sewage treatment plant in the Boston Harbor Transportation Edit See also Boston transportation Road Edit Massachusetts Avenue in Harvard Square Several major roads lead to Cambridge including Route 2 Route 16 and the McGrath Highway Route 28 The Massachusetts Turnpike does not pass through Cambridge but provides access by an exit in nearby Allston Both U S Route 1 and Interstate 93 also provide additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in Boston Route 2A runs the length of the city chiefly along Massachusetts Avenue The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston including the Longfellow Bridge and the Harvard Bridge eight of which are open to motorized road traffic Cambridge has an irregular street network because many of the roads date from the colonial era Contrary to popular belief the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow paths Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns and were shaped by geographic features most notably streams hills and swampy areas Today the major squares are typically connected by long mostly straight roads such as Massachusetts Avenue between Harvard Square and Central Square or Hampshire Street between Kendall Square and Inman Square Mass transit Edit Central Station on the MBTA Red Line Cambridge is served by the MBTA including the Porter Square Station on the regional Commuter Rail the Lechmere Station on the Green Line and the Red Line at Alewife Porter Square Harvard Square Central Square and Kendall Square MIT Stations Alewife Station the terminus of the Red Line has a large multi story parking garage at a rate of 7 per day as of 2015 update 148 The Harvard bus tunnel under Harvard Square connects to the Red Line underground This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912 and served trackless trolleys trolleybuses and buses as the routes were converted four lines of the MBTA trolleybus system continued to use it until their conversion to diesel in 2022 149 The tunnel was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s Besides the state owned transit agency the city is also served by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency CRTMA shuttles which are supported by some of the largest companies operating in the city in addition to the municipal government itself 150 Cycling Edit Cambridge has several bike paths including one along the Charles River 151 and the Linear Park connecting the Minuteman Bikeway at Alewife with the Somerville Community Path A connection to Watertown is under construction Bike parking is common and there are bike lanes on many streets although concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many of the lanes On several central MIT streets bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian traffic is heavy 152 While Bicycling Magazine in 2006 rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling 153 it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best 154 and was called by the magazine Boston s Great Hope Boston has since then followed the example of Cambridge and made considerable efforts to improve bicycling safety and convenience 155 Cambridge has an official bicycle committee 156 The LivableStreets Alliance headquartered in Cambridge is an advocacy group for bicyclists pedestrians and walkable neighborhoods 157 Walking Edit The Weeks Bridge provides a pedestrian only connection between Boston s Allston Brighton neighborhood and Cambridge over the Charles River Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge In 2000 among US cities with more than 100 000 residents Cambridge had the highest percentage of commuters who walked to work 158 Cambridge s major historic squares have changed into modern walking neighborhoods including traffic calming features based on the needs of pedestrians rather than of motorists 159 Intercity Edit The Boston intercity bus and train stations at South Station Boston and Logan International Airport in East Boston are accessible by subway The Fitchburg Line rail service from Porter Square connects to some western suburbs Since October 2010 there has also been intercity bus service between Alewife Station Cambridge and New York City 160 Police department Edit Main article Cambridge Police Department Massachusetts In addition to the Cambridge Police Department the city is patrolled by the Fifth Brighton Barracks of Troop H of the Massachusetts State Police 161 Owing however to proximity the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth Boston Barracks of Troop H as well 162 The campuses of Harvard and MIT are patrolled by the Harvard University Police Department and MIT Police Department respectively Fire department Edit Engine 2 Paramedic Squad 2 Ladder 3 firehouse The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department Established in 1832 the CFD operates eight engine companies four ladder companies one rescue company and two paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city The Acting Chief is Gerard Mahoney 163 Emergency medical services EMS Edit The city of Cambridge receives emergency medical services from PRO EMS a privately contracted ambulance service 164 Public library services Edit Main article Cambridge Public Library Further educational services are provided at the Cambridge Public Library The large modern main building was built in 2009 and connects to the restored 1888 Richardson Romanesque building It was founded as the private Cambridge Athenaeum in 1849 and was acquired by the city in 1858 and became the Dana Library The 1888 building was a donation of Frederick H Rindge Sister cities and twin towns EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States Cambridge s sister cities with active relationships are 165 Coimbra Portugal 1982 Gaeta Italy 1982 Tsukuba Japan 1983 San Jose Las Flores El Salvador 1987 Yerevan Armenia 1987 Galway Ireland 1997 Les Cayes Haiti 2014 Cambridge has ten additional inactive sister city relationships 165 Dublin Ireland 1983 Ischia Italy 1984 Catania Italy 1987 Krakow Poland 1989 Florence Italy 1992 Santo Domingo Oeste Dominican Republic 2003 Southwark England 2004 Yuseong Daejeon Korea 2005 Haidian Beijing China 2005 Cienfuegos Cuba 2005 Notes Edit Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874 Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of Belmont in 1859 the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867 The name of today s nearby Sheraton Commander Hotel refers to that event References EditCitations Edit Cambridge Historical Commission Frequently Asked Questions City of Cambridge Retrieved September 11 2016 Mayor Siddiqui Retrieved July 27 2021 2020 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Retrieved May 21 2022 Cambridge CollinsDictionary com HarperCollins Retrieved May 2 2017 U S Census Bureau QuickFacts United States USDOC Population 2020 Retrieved September 16 2021 Degler Carl Neumann 1984 Out of Our Pasts The Forces That Shaped Modern America New York HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 131985 3 Retrieved September 9 2009 World Reputation Rankings www timeshighereducation com April 21 2016 Retrieved December 1 2016 a b Kendall Square Initiative MIT Retrieved January 13 2020 a b Lelund Cheung When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world how do you keep it that way Boston Globe Media Partners LLC Retrieved January 13 2020 Smith John 1837 A description of New England or The observations and discoveries of Captain Iohn Smith admirall of that country in the north of America in the year of our Lord 1614 with the successe of sixe ships that went the next yeare 1615 and the accidents befell him among the French men of warre with the proofe of the present benefit this countrey affoords whither this present yeare 1616 eight voluntary ships are gone to make further tryall Washington P Force Town of Cambridge 2021 Brief History of Cambridge Massachusetts Archived from the original on July 21 2015 Medford Historical Society Papers Volume 24 The Indians of the Mystic valley and the litigation over their land www perseus tufts edu Retrieved December 10 2021 a b c d e f g h EB 1878 a b Abbott Rev Edward 1880 Cambridge In Drake Samuel Adams ed History of Middlesex County Massachusetts Vol 1 Boston Estes and Lauriat pp 305 16 Retrieved December 26 2008 Report on the Custody and Condition of the Public Records of Parishes Boston Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth 1889 p 298 Retrieved December 24 2008 1 Arthur Gilman ed 1896 The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety six Cambridge Committee on the Memorial Volume p 8 2 Harvard News Office May 2 2002 This month in Harvard history Harvard Gazette Archived from the original on January 18 2012 Retrieved April 28 2012 This source gives May 12 1638 as the date of the name change others say May 2 1638 or late 1637 Hannah Winthrop Chapter D A R 1907 Historic Guide to Cambridge Second ed Cambridge Massachusetts Hannah Winthrop Chapter D A R pp 20 21 On October 15 1637 the Great and General Court passed a vote that The college is ordered to bee at Newetowne In this same year the name of Newetowne was changed to Cambridge It is ordered that Newetowne shall henceforward be called Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge England where many of the early settlers were educated Ritter Priscilla R Thelma Fleishman 1982 Newton Massachusetts 1679 1779 A Biographical Directory New England Historic Genealogical Society History Lexington Chamber of Commerce 2007 archived from the original on March 10 2007 William P Marchione 2011 A Short History of Allston Brighton Brighton Allston Historical Society Brighton Board of Trade Archived from the original on February 20 2012 Retrieved December 21 2011 1 Annexation And Its Fruits The New York Times January 15 1874 p 4 Archived from the original on June 14 2018 Retrieved July 27 2018 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link 2 Boston s Annexation Schemes Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near By Towns The New York Times March 26 1892 p 11 Archived from the original on June 14 2018 Retrieved August 21 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Descendants of the Great Migration The Winthrop Society Archived from the original on June 22 2008 Retrieved September 8 2008 1 Harvard Charter of 1650 Harvard University Archives Retrieved September 7 2013 2 Chapter V The University at Cambridge and encouragement of literature etc Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts The General Court of Massachusetts September 1 1779 Retrieved December 13 2009 EB 1911 p 96 Kennedy F A Steam Bakery Cambridge Massachusetts U S National Register of Historic Places waymarking com Candy Land The History of Candy Making in Cambridge Massachusetts Squirrel Brand Nuts cambridgehistory org Archived from the original on April 30 2014 Candy Land The History of Candy Making in Cambridge Massachusetts George Close Company cambridgehistory org Archived from the original on February 21 2015 Retrieved July 10 2014 Candy Land The History of Candy Making in Cambridge Massachusetts Daggett Chocolate cambridgehistory org Archived from the original on February 21 2015 Retrieved July 10 2014 Candy Land The History of Candy Making in Cambridge Massachusetts Fox Cross Co cambridgehistory org Archived from the original on October 27 2014 Retrieved July 10 2014 a b Candy Land The History of Candy Making in Cambridge Massachusetts James O Welch cambridgehistory org Archived from the original on October 7 2014 Retrieved July 10 2014 Unwrapping the lost history of Confectioner s Row Rothstein Richard 2017 The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America New York Liveright Publishing Corporation p 26 ISBN 978 1631494536 Cambridge Housing Authority Newtowne Court Cambridge Housing Authority Archived from the original on July 23 2020 Retrieved July 23 2020 Cambridge Housing Authority Washington Elms Cambridge Housing Authority Archived from the original on July 23 2020 Retrieved July 23 2020 Locations Akamai Akamai com Retrieved May 25 2018 How Cambridge became the life sciences capital www betaboston com Archived from the original on September 25 2018 Retrieved August 18 2016 Glaeser E L April 1 2005 Reinventing Boston 1630 2003 Journal of Economic Geography 5 2 119 153 doi 10 1093 jnlecg lbh058 ISSN 1468 2702 McLean Danielle Housing prices soar after years of stability in Cambridge Cambridge Chronicle amp Tab Retrieved March 2 2017 1 City Council Policy Order Resolution O 16 City of Cambridge May 8 2006 2 Mason Melanie Mishak Michael J Powers Ashley April 21 2013 In immigrant rich Cambridge arrest baffles locals Los Angeles Times 1 No Writer Attributed September 18 1969 Cambridge A City of Squares Harvard Crimson September 18 1969 Thecrimson com Retrieved April 28 2012 2 Cambridge Journal Massachusetts City No Longer in Boston s Shadow Travelwritersmagazine com Archived from the original on April 17 2012 Retrieved April 28 2012 Handy Natalie Area Four in Cambridge renamed The Port Wicked Local Retrieved March 20 2016 Climate Cambridge Temperature Climograph Climate table for Cambridge Climate Data org en climate data org Retrieved July 21 2018 Total Population P1 2010 Census Summary File 1 American FactFinder All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts United States Census Bureau 2010 Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision GCT T1 Population Estimates United States Census Bureau Retrieved July 12 2011 1990 Census of Population General Population Characteristics Massachusetts PDF US Census Bureau December 1990 Table 76 General Characteristics of Persons Households and Families 1990 1990 CP 1 23 Retrieved July 12 2011 1980 Census of the Population Number of Inhabitants Massachusetts PDF US Census Bureau December 1981 Table 4 Populations of County Subdivisions 1960 to 1980 PC80 1 A23 Retrieved July 12 2011 1950 Census of Population PDF Bureau of the Census 1952 Section 6 Pages 21 10 and 21 11 Massachusetts Table 6 Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions 1930 to 1950 Retrieved July 12 2011 1920 Census of Population PDF Bureau of the Census Number of Inhabitants by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions Pages 21 5 through 21 7 Massachusetts Table 2 Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions 1920 1910 and 1920 Retrieved July 12 2011 1890 Census of the Population PDF Department of the Interior Census Office Pages 179 through 182 Massachusetts Table 5 Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions 1880 and 1890 Retrieved July 12 2011 1870 Census of the Population PDF Department of the Interior Census Office 1872 Pages 217 through 220 Table IX Population of Minor Civil Divisions amp c Massachusetts Retrieved July 12 2011 1860 Census PDF Department of the Interior Census Office 1864 Pages 220 through 226 State of Massachusetts Table No 3 Populations of Cities Towns amp c Retrieved July 12 2011 1850 Census PDF Department of the Interior Census Office 1854 Pages 338 through 393 Populations of Cities Towns amp c Retrieved July 12 2011 1950 Census of Population PDF 1 Number of Inhabitants Bureau of the Census 1952 Section 6 Pages 21 7 through 21 09 Massachusetts Table 4 Population of Urban Places of 10 000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920 Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2022 Retrieved July 12 2011 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help United States Census Bureau 1909 A Century of Population Growth p 158 U S Census Bureau QuickFacts United States Census gov Retrieved September 16 2021 a b Cambridge city Massachusetts State amp County QuickFacts U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on March 27 2014 Retrieved April 30 2014 a b c d Massachusetts Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places Earliest Census to 1990 U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on August 12 2012 Retrieved May 4 2012 a b From 15 sample U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 31 2008 QT P8 Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories 2010 United States Census Bureau 2010 Census Retrieved June 1 2014 U S Census 2000 Factfinder census gov Archived from the original on June 6 2011 Retrieved April 28 2012 Study Ranks America s Most Liberal and Conservative Cities Govpro com August 16 2005 Archived from the original on September 5 2008 Retrieved April 28 2012 People s Republic the The Hub FY16 Property Tax Information City of Cambridge Massachusetts City of Cambridge Archived from the original on January 29 2016 Retrieved January 23 2016 Cambridge Earns Three Triple A Ratings for Fiscal Management for 15th Consecutive Year City of Cambridge Massachusetts City of Cambridge Archived from the original on February 17 2015 Retrieved February 17 2015 1 Selected Economic Characteristics 2009 2013 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates U S Census Bureau Retrieved January 12 2015 dead link 2 ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2009 2013 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates U S Census Bureau Retrieved January 12 2015 dead link 3 Households and Families 2009 2013 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates U S Census Bureau Retrieved January 12 2015 dead link a b Top 25 Cambridge Employers 2008 City of Cambridge Archived from the original on March 20 2012 a b 1 2019 Top 25 Employers City of Cambridge MA City of Cambridge January 6 2019 Retrieved December 15 2020 Casey Ross Robert Weisman October 27 2010 Novartis doubles plan for Cambridge Boston Globe Archived from the original on August 10 2011 Retrieved April 12 2011 Already Cambridge s largest corporate employer the Swiss firm expects to hire an additional 200 to 300 employees over the next five years bringing its total workforce in the city to around 2 300 Novartis s global research operations are headquartered in Cambridge across Massachusetts Avenue from the site of the new four acre campus Ross Casey Weisman Robert October 27 2010 Novartis Doubles Plan for Cambridge The Boston Globe Retrieved February 23 2012 Arnold Chris October 31 2013 What Happens When The Pace of Startups Slows Down NPR Retrieved November 6 2013 Kirsner Scott September 20 2012 LabCentral a new hatchery for science oriented startups is seeking space in Kendall Square Boston Globe Retrieved August 16 2013 Google Offices Retrieved July 18 2012 Philips Research North American Headquarter Moves to Cambridge Fortune Retrieved September 29 2015 Huang Gregory Hewlett Packard Expands to Cambridge via Vertica s Big Data Center Staples to bring e commerce office to Cambridge s Kendall Square Archived from the original on June 24 2012 Amazon Seeks Brick And Mortar Presence in Boston Area wbur org Lab Central Boston Biomedical Innovation Center Boston Biomedical Innovation Center Retrieved May 28 2021 permanent dead link LabCentral LabCentral Launches Laboratory Operations Signs American Laboratory Trading as a Gold Sponsor www prnewswire com Retrieved May 28 2021 Pierce Kathleen September 16 2011 Stars of invention Boston Globe Archived from the original on May 24 2012 Retrieved October 1 2011 Cambridge Awarded AAA Ratings for 22nd Consecutive Year Nation s three major credit rating agencies affirm City s continued strong fiscal management despite economic challenges from COVID 19 pandemic City of Cambridge March 1 2021 Retrieved September 20 2021 CAC Public Art Program City of Cambridge March 13 2007 Archived from the original on May 16 2009 Retrieved April 28 2012 Office for the Arts at Harvard Public Art Ofa fas harvard edu Archived from the original on August 28 2009 Retrieved April 28 2012 MIT Public Art Collection Map Listart mit edu Archived from the original on March 12 2008 Retrieved April 28 2012 Honk Fest Honkfest org The Cambridge Historical Society Canbridgehistory org Archived from the original on May 30 2015 Retrieved July 26 2012 Street Arts amp Buskers Advocates Buskersadvocates org Street Arts and Buskers Advocates Harvardsquare com Archived from the original on October 5 2007 Retrieved April 28 2012 Heggemeyer Amy 2006 Elizabeth Tracy WPA Murals General Services Administration Archived from the original on March 16 2016 Retrieved April 28 2016 Bloom Jonathan February 2 2003 Existing by the Thinnest of Margins A Concord Avenue Landmark Gives New Meaning to Cozy Boston Globe Archived from the original on March 29 2015 via HighBeam City of Cambridge map PDF City of Cambridge 2007 Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2022 Master Plan Water City of Cambridge Massachusetts www cambridgema gov Retrieved October 27 2020 Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of February 12 2020 PDF Massachusetts Elections Division Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2022 Retrieved January 23 2019 State Rep Districts Geographic Information System City of Cambridge Retrieved July 1 2014 Massachusetts General Court An Act Establishing Executive Councillor and Senatorial Districts Session Laws Acts 2011 retrieved August 5 2020 Massachusetts Election Statistics Retrieved September 26 2018 PD43 1976 President General Election Statewide showing only Middlesex County PD43 PD43 1972 President General Election Statewide showing only Middlesex County PD43 1 dead link Election statistics the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Boston The Office December 30 1964 via Internet Archive 2 dead link Election statistics the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Boston The Office December 30 1956 via Internet Archive Election statistics the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Boston The Office December 30 1952 via Internet Archive 3 dead link 4 dead link 5 dead link 6 dead link 7 dead link Court Massachusetts General December 30 1929 A manual for the use of the General Court 1929 hdl 2452 40703 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1925 A manual for the use of the General Court 1925 hdl 2452 40701 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1921 A manual for the use of the General Court 1921 hdl 2452 40699 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1917 A manual for the use of the General Court 1917 hdl 2452 40695 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1913 A manual for the use of the General Court 1913 hdl 2452 40691 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1909 A manual for the use of the General Court 1909 hdl 2452 40687 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1905 A manual for the use of the General Court 1905 hdl 2452 40683 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1901 A manual for the use of the General Court 1901 hdl 2452 40679 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1897 A manual for the use of the General Court 1897 hdl 2452 40675 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1893 A manual for the use of the General Court 1893 hdl 2452 40671 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1889 A manual for the use of the General Court 1889 hdl 2452 40667 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1885 A manual for the use of the General Court 1885 hdl 2452 40663 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1881 A manual for the use of the General Court 1881 hdl 2452 40659 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1877 A manual for the use of the General Court 1877 hdl 2452 40655 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1873 A manual for the use of the General Court 1873 hdl 2452 40651 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Court Massachusetts General December 30 1869 A manual for the use of the General Court 1869 hdl 2452 40647 via archives lib state ma us a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help 10 Nov 1864 2 The Berkshire County Eagle at Newspapers com Newspapers com Boston Post Newspaper Archives Nov 7 1860 p 2 NewspaperArchive com November 7 1860 Cambridge Municipal Elections City of Cambridge Retrieved September 19 2017 Plan E PDF City of Cambridge Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2022 Next city manager transition is set for Sept 6 Huang arriving in office after summer of prep Cambridge Day July 8 2022 Retrieved July 24 2022 Cambridge Will Recognize Polyamorous Partnerships and Other Domestic Arrangements With More Than 2 Adults Reason com March 10 2021 Retrieved July 12 2021 1 Moskowitz Eric February 14 2008 Court move a hassle for commuters Boston Globe Retrieved July 25 2009 In a little more than a month Middlesex Superior Court will open in Woburn after nearly four decades at the Edward J Sullivan Courthouse in Cambridge With it the court will bring the roughly 500 people who pass through its doors each day the clerical staff lawyers judges jurors plaintiffs defendants and others who use or work in the system 2 Breitrose Charlie July 7 2009 Cambridge s Middlesex Jail courts may be shuttered for good Wicked Local News Cambridge Archived from the original on May 13 2011 Retrieved July 25 2009 The courts moved out of the building to allow workers to remove asbestos Superior Court moved to Woburn in March 2008 and in February the Third District Court moved to Medford Schools Archived from the original on July 13 2011 Retrieved January 6 2013 Cambridge Public Schools at a Glance 2012 2013 PDF Archived from the original PDF on May 2 2013 Retrieved January 6 2013 The Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School Banneker org March 1 2012 Retrieved April 28 2012 Community Charter School of Cambridge Ccscambridge org Retrieved April 28 2012 Prek to 8th grade in Cambridge MA www fayerweather org 1 Cable Television in the City of Cambridge Cambridge Consumers Council 2013 Archived from the original on May 8 2012 Retrieved April 3 2013 Comcast is currently the only cable operator that has sought a license with Cambridge The City of Cambridge has approached other operators more than once about seeking a license to operate a cable TV system in Cambridge but they have informed us that Cambridge is not part of their business plan however City officials stand ready to negotiate with any willing operator 2 Cable TV franchise agreements in Massachusetts Commonwealth of Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs amp Business Regulation OCABR Broadband Task Force City Manager s Office City of Cambridge Massachusetts cambridgema gov Archived from the original on October 30 2015 Retrieved October 30 2015 a b MassUtilities massgis maps arcgis com Government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts MassGIS Bureau of Geographic Information MASSGIS 2022 Retrieved May 5 2022 Harvard University Information Technology Huit harvard edu Retrieved October 19 2022 Information Systems amp Technology Ist mit edu Retrieved October 19 2022 About Us Water City of Cambridge Massachusetts www cambridgema gov Retrieved October 27 2020 Cambridge Watershed Lands amp Facilities cambridgema gov Archived from the original on May 31 2004 Retrieved April 28 2012 1 Water supply system PDF Archived PDF from the original on October 10 2022 Retrieved April 28 2012 2 Is Fresh Pond really used for drinking water Cambridge Water Department Archived from the original on March 2 2013 Water Treatment City of Cambridge Massachusetts Retrieved March 12 2017 Cambridge to begin buying water from MWRA The Boston Globe Retrieved March 12 2017 Cambridge Continues Temporary MWRA Water Usage Water City of Cambridge Massachusetts Cambridgema gov Archived from the original on March 13 2017 Retrieved March 12 2017 gt Schedules amp Maps gt Subway gt Alewife Station MBTA Retrieved June 4 2015 Cambridge trackless trolleys to retire this weekend as the technology nears extinction Wgbh org March 11 2022 Retrieved October 19 2022 Charles River TMA Members CRTMA January 1 2013 Archived from the original on November 27 2012 Retrieved January 1 2013 Dr Paul Dudley White Bikepath Archived from the original on November 17 2004 Retrieved April 28 2012 1 Sidewalk Bicycling Banned Areas Cambridge Massachusetts City of Cambridge Archived from the original on April 19 2012 Retrieved April 28 2012 2 Traffic Regulations for Cyclists Cambridge Massachusetts City of Cambridge May 1 1997 Archived from the original on May 21 2012 Retrieved April 28 2012 MacLaughlin Nina 2006 Boston Can Be Bike City If You Fix These Five Big Problems The Phoenix Bicycle Bible 2006 Archived from the original on August 11 2011 Fiske Brian Urban Treasures Bicycling Magazine Archived from the original on September 27 2007 1 Katie Zezima August 9 2009 Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists Minefield The New York Times Retrieved August 16 2009 2 A Future Best City Boston Rodale Inc Archived from the original on February 11 2010 Retrieved August 16 2009 3 Boston gear up for influx of new bicycle riders The Boston Globe July 13 2011 Retrieved July 15 2011 4 McGrory Brian July 15 2011 Make Boston bicycle free The Boston Globe Retrieved July 15 2011 5 Drivers bicyclists clash on road sharing October 18 2010 Retrieved July 15 2011 6 Filipov David July 29 2009 Hub s bike routes beckon white knuckles and all The Boston Globe Retrieved July 15 2011 Cambridge City of Bicycle Committee City of Cambridge Massachusetts City of Cambridge Retrieved April 17 2016 LivableStreets Rethinking Urban Transportation LivableStreets Alliance Retrieved March 7 2013 The Carfree Census Database Result of search for communities in any state with population over 100 000 sorted in descending order by Pedestrian Commuters Bikesatwork com Retrieved April 28 2012 City of Cambridge Pedestrian Plan CambridgeMA gov Retrieved January 22 2017 Thomas Sarah October 19 2010 NYC bound buses will roll from Newton Cambridge The Boston Globe Retrieved April 28 2012 Station H 5 SP Brighton Archived from the original on December 4 2011 Station H 4 SP Boston Archived from the original on December 4 2011 City of Cambridge Fire Department About Us cambridgema gov Retrieved January 18 2015 PRO EMS Proems com Archived from the original on April 17 2021 Retrieved April 14 2021 a b Sister Cities Overview City of Cambridge MA City of Cambridge Retrieved April 29 2020 Sources Edit See also Bibliography of the history of Cambridge Massachusetts Baynes T S ed 1878 Cambridge 3 Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 4 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 732 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Cambridge Massachusetts Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 95 96 Drake Samuel Adams ed 1879 History of Middlesex County Massachusetts Containing Carefully Prepared Histories of Every City and Town in the County Vol 2 L W Estes and Lauriat Cambridge article by Rev Edward Abbott in Volume 1 pages 305 358 Eliot Samuel Atkins A History of Cambridge Massachusetts 1630 1913 Cambridge Massachusetts The Cambridge Tribune 1913 Hiestand Emily Watershed An Excursion in Four Parts The Georgia Review Athens Georgia University of Georgia Spring 1998 7 28 Paige Lucius History of Cambridge Massachusettse 1630 1877 Cambridge Massachusetts The Riverside Press 1877 Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge Mid Cambridge Cambridge Massachusetts Cambridge Historical Commission 1967 ISBN 0 262 53012 0 Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge Cambridgeport Cambridge Massachusetts Cambridge Historical Commission 1971 ISBN 0 262 53013 9 Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge Old Cambridge Cambridge Massachusetts Cambridge Historical Commission 1973 ISBN 0 262 53014 7 Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge Northwest Cambridge Cambridge Massachusetts Cambridge Historical Commission 1977 ISBN 0 262 53032 5 Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge East Cambridge revised edition Cambridge Massachusetts Cambridge Historical Commission 1988 ISBN 0 262 53078 3 Sinclair Jill April 2009 Fresh Pond The History of a Cambridge Landscape Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 19591 1 Seaburg Alan 2001 Cambridge on the Charles Billerica Massachusetts Anne Miniver Press ISBN 978 0 9625794 9 3 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cambridge Massachusetts Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cambridge Massachusetts Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article about Cambridge Massachusetts Official website Geographic data related to Cambridge Massachusetts at OpenStreetMap Cambridge Massachusetts at Curlie The Innovation Trail History of invention in Cambridge and Boston Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cambridge Massachusetts amp oldid 1132055965, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.