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Wikipedia

Gun control

January 18, 2023

For international arms restrictions, see Arms control. For techniques for the safe handling, possession, and storage of firearms, see Gun safety. For the debate about gun control in the U.S., see Gun politics in the United States.

Gun control, or firearms regulation,[1][2] is the set of laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of firearms by civilians.

Firearm guiding policy by country according to the University of Sydney[a]
  Permissive
  Restrictive
  Not included

Most countries have a restrictive firearm guiding policy, with only a few legislations being categorized as permissive.[a][3] Jurisdictions that regulate access to firearms typically restrict access to only certain categories of firearms and then to restrict the categories of persons who will be granted a license to have access to a firearm. In some countries, such as the United States, gun control may be legislated at either a federal level or a local state level.

Terminology and context

See also: Small arms trade and Small arms and light weapons

Gun control refers to domestic regulation of firearm manufacture, trade, possession, use, and transport, specifically with regard to the class of weapons referred to as small arms (revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles, and carbines, assault rifles, submachine guns, and light machine guns).[4][5]

Usage of the term gun control is sometimes politicized.[6] Some of those in favor of legislation instead prefer to use terms such as "gun-violence prevention", "gun safety", "firearms regulation", "illegal guns", or "criminal access to guns".[7]

In 2007, it was estimated that globally there were about 875 million small arms in the hands of civilians, law enforcement agencies, and armed forces.[b][8] Of these firearms 650 million, or 75%, are held by civilians.[8] U.S. civilians account for 270 million of this total.[8] A further 200 million are controlled by state military forces.[9] Law enforcement agencies have some 26 million small arms.[9] Non-state armed groups[c] have about 1.4 million firearms.[d][9] Finally, gang members hold between 2 and 10 million small arms.[9] Together, the small arms arsenals of non-state armed groups and gangs account for, at most, 1.4% of the global total.[10]

Regulation of civilian firearms

Barring a few exceptions,[e] most countries in the world allow civilians to purchase firearms subject to certain restrictions.[13] A 2011 survey of 28 countries over five continents[f] found that a major distinction between different national regimes of firearm regulation is whether civilian gun ownership is seen as a right or a privilege.[16] The study concluded that both the United States and Yemen were distinct from the other countries surveyed in viewing firearm ownership as a basic right of civilians and in having more permissive regimes of civilian gun ownership.[16] In the remaining countries included in the sample, civilian firearm ownership is considered a privilege and the legislation governing possession of firearms is correspondingly more restrictive.[16]

International and regional civilian firearm regulation

At the international and regional level, diplomatic attention has tended to focus on the cross-border illegal trade in small arms as an area of particular concern rather than the regulation of civilian-held firearms.[17] During the mid-1990s, however, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) adopted a series of resolutions relating to the civilian ownership of small arms.[17] These called for an exchange of data on national systems of firearm regulation and for the initiation of an international study of the issue.[17] In July 1997, ECOSOC issued a resolution that underlined the responsibility of UN member states to competently regulate civilian ownership of small arms and which urged them to ensure that their regulatory frameworks encompassed the following aspects: firearm safety and storage; penalties for the unlawful possession and misuse of firearms; a licensing system to prevent undesirable persons from owning firearms; exemption from criminal liability to promote the surrender by citizens of illegal, unsafe or unwanted guns; and, a record-keeping system to track civilian firearms.[17]

In 1997, the UN published a study based on member state survey data titled the United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation which was updated in 1999.[g][17] This study was meant to initiate the establishment of a database on civilian firearm regulations which would be run by the Centre for International Crime Prevention, located in Vienna. who were to report on national systems of civilian firearm regulation every two years.[17] These plans never reached fruition and further UN-led efforts to establish international norms for the regulation of civilian-held firearms were stymied.[18] Responding to pressure from the U.S. government,[h][20] any mention of the regulation of civilian ownership of small arms was removed from the draft proposals for the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms.[17]

Although the issue is no longer part of the UN policy debate, since 1991 there have been eight regional agreements involving 110 countries concerning aspects of civilian firearm possession.[17] The Bamako Declaration,[i] was adopted in Bamako, Mali, on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the member states of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).[21] The provisions of this declaration recommend that the signatories would establish the illegal possession of small arms and light weapons as a criminal offence under national law in their respective countries.[22]

Studies

High rates of gun mortality and injury are often cited as a primary impetus for gun control policies.[23] A 2004 National Research Council critical review found that while some strong conclusions are warranted from current research, the state of our knowledge is generally poor.[24] The result of the scarcity of relevant data is that gun control is one of the most fraught topics in American politics,[25] and scholars remain deadlocked on a variety of issues.[25] Notably, since 1996, when the Dickey Amendment was first inserted into the federal spending bill, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been prohibited from using its federal funding "to advocate or promote gun control", thwarting gun violence research at the agency at the time. The funding provision's author has said that this was an over-interpretation,[26] but the amendment still had a chilling effect, effectively halting federally funded firearm-related research.[27] Since the amendment, the CDC has continued to research gun violence and publish studies about it,[28] although their funding for such research has fallen by 96% since 1996, according to Mayors Against Illegal Guns.[29] According to a spokesman, the CDC has limited funding and has not produced any comprehensive study aimed at reducing gun violence since 2001.[30]

General

A 1998 review found that suicide rates generally declined after gun control laws were enacted, and concluded, "The findings support gun control measures as a strategy for reducing suicide rates."[31] A 2016 review found that laws banning people under restraining orders due to domestic violence convictions from accessing guns were associated with "reductions in intimate partner homicide".[32] Another 2016 review identified 130 studies regarding restrictive gun laws and found that the implementation of multiple such laws simultaneously was associated with a decrease in gun-related deaths.[33] According to Vox, "The authors are careful to note that their findings do not conclusively prove that gun restrictions reduce gun deaths. However, they did find a compelling trend whereby new restrictions on gun purchasing and ownership tended to be followed by a decline in gun deaths."[34]

According to a 2011 UN study, after identifying a number of methodological problems, it stated "notwithstanding such challenges, a significant body of literature tends to suggest that firearm availability predominantly represents a risk factor rather than a protective factor for homicide. In particular, a number of quantitative studies tend towards demonstrating a firearm prevalence–homicide association."[35]

United States

Main articles: Gun law in the United States, Gun politics in the United States, Gun culture in the United States, and Gun violence in the United States

Gun control activists argue that current gun policies are too permissive, while gun rights advocates argue that most gun policies are ineffective at reducing gun-related deaths.[36]

 
Multiple studies show that where people have easy access to firearms, gun-related deaths tend to be more frequent, including by suicide, homicide and unintentional injuries.[37]

Cross-sectional studies

In 1983, a cross-sectional study of all 50 U.S. states found that the six states with the strictest gun laws (according to the National Rifle Association) had suicide rates that were approximately 3/100,000 people lower than in other states, and that these states' suicide rates were 4/100,000 people lower than those of states with the least restrictive gun laws.[38] A 2003 study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine looked at the restrictiveness of gun laws and suicide rates in men and women in all 50 U.S. states and found that states whose gun laws were more restrictive had lower suicide rates among both sexes.[39] In 2004, another study found that the effect of state gun laws on gun-related homicides was "limited".[40] A 2005 study looked at all 50 states in the U.S. and the District of Columbia, and found that no gun laws were associated with reductions in firearm homicide or suicide, but that a "shall-issue" concealed carry law (mandatory issue of a license when legal criteria met) may be associated with increased firearm homicide rates.[41] A 2011 study found that firearm regulation laws in the United States have "a significant deterrent effect on male suicide".[42]

A 2013 study found that in the United States, "A higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in the state."[43] A 2016 study published in The Lancet found that of 25 laws studied, and in the time period examined (2008–2010), nine were associated with reduced firearm mortality (including both homicide and suicide), nine were associated with increased mortality, and seven had an inconclusive association. The three laws most strongly associated with reduced firearm mortality were laws requiring universal background checks, background checks for ammunition sales, and identification for guns.[44] In an accompanying commentary, David Hemenway noted that this study had multiple limitations, such as not controlling for all factors that may influence gun-related deaths aside from gun control laws, and the use of 29 explanatory variables in the analysis.[45]

Other studies comparing gun control laws in different U.S. states include a 2015 study which found that in the United States, "stricter state firearm legislation is associated with lower discharge rates" for nonfatal gun injuries.[46] A 2014 study that also looked at the United States found that children living in states with stricter gun laws were safer.[47] Another study looking specifically at suicide rates in the United States found that the four handgun laws examined (waiting periods, universal background checks, gun locks, and open carrying regulations) were associated with "significantly lower firearm suicide rates and the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms." The study also found that all four of these laws (except the waiting-period one) were associated with reductions in the overall suicide rate.[48]

Another study, published the same year, found that states with permit to purchase, registration, and/or license laws for handguns had lower overall suicide rates, as well as lower firearm suicide rates.[49] A 2014 study found that states that required licensing and inspections of gun dealers tended to have lower rates of gun homicides.[50] Another study published the same year, analyzing panel data from all 50 states, found that stricter gun laws may modestly reduce gun deaths.[51] A 2016 study found that U.S. military veterans tend to commit suicide with guns more often than the general population, thereby possibly increasing state suicide rates, and that "the tendency for veterans to live in states without handgun legislation may exacerbate this phenomenon."[52] California has exceptionally strict gun sales laws, and a 2015 study found that it also had the oldest guns recovered in crimes of any states in the U.S. The same study concluded that "These findings suggest that more restrictive gun sales laws and gun dealer regulations do make it more difficult for criminals to acquire new guns first purchased at retail outlets."[53]

 
A New York Times study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker, the police (42% of total incidents), and bystanders (including a "good guy with a gun" outcome in 5.1% of total incidents).[54]

Another 2016 study found that stricter state gun laws in the United States reduced suicide rates.[55] Another 2016 study found that U.S. states with lenient gun control laws had more gun-related child injury hospital admissions than did states with stricter gun control laws.[56] A 2017 study found that suicide rates declined more in states with universal background check and mandatory waiting period laws than in states without these laws.[57] Another 2017 study found that states without universal background check and/or waiting period laws had steeper increases in their suicide rates than did states with these laws.[58] A third 2017 study found that "waiting period laws that delay the purchase of firearms by a few days reduce gun homicides by roughly 17%."[59] A 2017 study in the Economic Journal found that mandatory handgun purchase delays reduced "firearm related suicides by between 2 to 5 percent with no statistically significant increase in non-firearm suicides," and were "not associated with statistically significant changes in homicide rates."[60] Another 2017 study showed that laws banning gun possession by people subject to intimate partner violence restraining orders, and requiring such people to give up any guns they have, were associated with lower intimate partner homicide rates.[61] A 2021 study found that firearm purchase delay laws reduced homicide – the authors suggested that it was driven by reductions in gun purchases by impulsive customers.[62]

Reviews

A review of published studies of gun control released in October 2003 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was unable to determine any statistically significant effect resulting from such laws, although the authors suggest that further study may provide more conclusive information, and noted that "insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness should not be interpreted as evidence of ineffectiveness".[63]

In 2015, Daniel Webster and Garen Wintemute reviewed studies examining the effectiveness of gun laws aimed at keeping guns out of the hands of high-risk individuals in the United States. They found that some laws prohibiting gun possession by people under domestic violence restraining orders or who had been convicted of violent misdemeanors were associated with lower violence rates, as were laws establishing more procedures to see if people were prohibited from owning a gun under these laws. They also found that multiple other gun regulations intended to prevent prohibited individuals from obtaining guns, such as "rigorous permit-to-purchase" laws and "comprehensive background checks", were "negatively associated with the diversion of guns to criminals."[64]

A 2016 systematic review found that restrictive gun licensing laws were associated with lower gun injury rates, while concealed carry laws were not significantly associated with rates of such injuries.[65] Another systematic review found that stricter gun laws were associated with lower gun homicide rates; this association was especially strong for background check and permit-to-purchase laws.[66]

A 2020 review of almost 13,000 studies by RAND Corporation found only 123 that met their criteria of methodological rigor, "a surprisingly limited base of rigorous scientific evidence...". Only 2 of the 18 gun policies examined had supporting evidence. Among the policies for which RAND found supporting evidence were that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm injuries and deaths among children and that "stand-your-ground" laws increase firearm homicides. RAND also noted that the limited evidence currently available "does not mean that these policies are ineffective ... Instead, it partly reflects shortcomings in the contributions that science has made to policy debates."[67]

Studies of individual laws

Other studies have examined trends in firearm-related deaths before and after gun control laws are either enacted or repealed. A 2004 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found evidence that child access prevention laws were "associated with a modest reduction in suicide rates among youth aged 14 to 17 years."[68] Two 2015 studies found that the permit-to-purchase law passed in Connecticut in 1995 was associated with a reduction in firearm suicides and homicides.[69][70] One of these studies also found that the repeal of Missouri's permit-to-purchase law was associated with "a 16.1% increase in firearm suicide rates,"[69] and a 2014 study by the same research team found that the repeal of this law was associated with a 16% increase in homicide rates.[71] A 2000 study designed to assess the effectiveness of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act found that the law was not associated with reductions in overall homicide or suicide rates, but that it was associated with a reduction in the firearm suicide rate among individuals aged 55 or older.[72] A 1991 study looked at Washington, D.C.'s Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, which banned its residents from owning all guns except certain shotguns and sporting rifles, which were also required to be unloaded, disassembled, or stored with a trigger lock in their owners' homes.[73] The study found that the law's enactment was associated with "a prompt decline in homicides and suicides by firearms in the District of Columbia."[74] A 1996 study reanalyzed this data and reached a significantly different conclusion as to the effectiveness of this law.[75]

Other studies and debate

In 1993, Kleck and Patterson analyzed the impact of 18 major types of gun control laws on every major type of gun-involved crime or violence (including suicide) in 170 U.S. cities, and found that gun laws generally had no significant effect on violent crime rates or suicide rates.[76][needs update] Similarly, a 1997 study found that gun control laws had only a small influence on the rate of gun deaths in U.S. states compared to socioeconomic variables like poverty and unemployment.[77][needs update]

Philosophy professor Michael Huemer argues that gun control may be morally wrong, even if its outcomes would be positive, because individuals have a prima facie right to own a gun for self-defense and recreation.[78]

RAND Corporation did a study that demonstrates that background checks may decrease suicides and violent crime; child-access prevention laws may decrease the number of suicides and unintentional injuries and deaths; minimum age requirements may decrease suicides; and prohibitions associated with mental illness may decrease suicides and violent crimes. On the other hand, concealed-carry laws may increase violent crimes and suicides, while stand-your-ground laws may increase violent crime. Bans on the sale of assault weapons and high-capacity magazines may increase the sale price for these items.[79] An August 2019 article entitled, "Gun control really works" published by Business Insider looks at a dozen studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Journal of the American Medical Association, Rand Corporation, the journal Preventive Medicine, Everytown for Gun Safety, Johns Hopkins University, and others. They conclude that mirroring the firearms regulations in Switzerland such as banning the sale of new assault weapons, denying concealed-carry licenses to some individuals, and prohibiting firearm sales to people convicted of multiple alcohol-related offenses will decrease gun-related deaths and injuries.[80]

Canada

Main article: Gun laws in Canada

Rifles and shotguns are relatively easy to obtain, while handguns and some semi-automatic rifles are restricted.[81]

With respect to the Criminal Law Amendment Act, a gun control law passed in Canada in 1977, some studies have found that it was ineffective at reducing homicide or robbery rates.[82][83] One study even found that the law may have actually increased robberies involving firearms.[83] A 1993 study found that after this law was passed, gun suicides decreased significantly, as did the proportion of suicides committed in the country with guns.[84] A 2003 study found that this law "may have had an impact on suicide rates, even after controls for social variables,"[85] while a 2001 study by the same research team concluded that the law "may have had an impact on homicide rates, at least for older victims."[86] A 1994 study found that after this law came into force in 1978, suicide rates decreased over time in Ontario, and that there was no evidence of method substitution. The same study found that "These decreases may be only partly due to the legislation."[87]

In 1991, Canada implemented the gun control law Bill C-17. According to a 2004 study, after this law was passed, firearm-related suicides and homicides, as well as the percentage of suicides involving firearms, declined significantly in that country.[88] A 2010 study found that after this law was passed, firearm suicides declined in Quebec among men, but acknowledged that this may not represent a causal relationship.[89] In 1992, Canada promulgated the Canadian Firearms Act, which aimed at ensuring that guns were stored safely. A 2004 study found that although firearm suicide rates declined in the Quebec region Abitibi-Témiscamingue after the law was passed, overall suicide rates did not.[90] A study in 2005 also found that overall suicide rates did not change after passage of Bill C-17.[91] A 2008 study reached similar conclusions with regard to the entire Quebec province; this study also found that C-17 did not seem to increase the rate at which the firearm suicide rate was declining.[92] Other researchers have criticized this 2008 study for looking at too short a time period and not taking account of the fact that the regulations in C-17 were implemented gradually.[89]

A 1990 study compared suicide rates in the Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada metropolitan area (where gun control laws were more restrictive) with those in the Seattle, Washington area in the United States. The overall suicide rate was essentially the same in the two locations, but the suicide rate among 15 to 24 year olds was about 40 percent higher in Seattle than in Vancouver. The authors concluded that "restricting access to handguns might be expected to reduce the suicide rate in persons 15 to 24 years old, but ... it probably would not reduce the overall suicide rate."[93] A study that looked at provincial gun ownership rates, and associated suicide rates found no significant correlations with overall suicide rates.[94]

A 2011 study looked at gun control passed in Canada between 1974 and 2004 and found that gun laws were responsible for 5 to 10 percent drops in homicides. The study found that the homicide reduction effects of Canadian gun legislation remained even after accounting for sociodemographic and economic factors associated with homicide rates.[95]

A 2012 study looked at gun control laws passed in Canada from 1974 to 2008 and found no evidence that these laws had a beneficial effect on firearm homicide rates in that country. According to the study, "other factors found to be associated with homicide rates were median age, unemployment, immigration rates, percentage of population in low-income bracket, Gini index of income equality, population per police officer, and incarceration rate."[96]

A 2013 study of the 1995 Canadian gun control law Firearms Act, 1995 reported little evidence that this law significantly reduced rates of lethal gun violence against women.[97]

On May 1, 2020, after deadly shootings in Nova Scotia, Justin Trudeau's Liberal government banned 1,500 kinds of military-style semi-automatic rifles, including the popular AR-15 and its variants. The ban was enacted via an Order In Council.[98]

A 2020 study examining laws passed from 1981-2016 found no significant changes in overall homicide or suicide rates following changes in legislation. In addition, it also found that firearm ownership by province was not correlated to overall suicide rates by province.[99]

Australia

Main article: Gun laws in Australia

In 1988 and 1996, gun control laws were enacted in the Australian state of Victoria, both times following mass shootings. A 2004 study found that in the context of these laws, overall firearm-related deaths, especially suicides, declined dramatically.[100] A 1995 study found preliminary evidence that gun control legislation enacted in Queensland, Australia, reduced suicide rates there.[101]

A 2006 study by gun lobby-affiliated researchers Jeanine Baker and Samara McPhedran found that after Australia enacted the National Firearms Agreement (NFA), a gun control law, in 1996, gun-related suicides may have been affected, but no other parameter appeared to have been.[102] Another 2006 study, led by Simon Chapman, found that after this law was enacted in 1996 in Australia, the country went more than a decade without any mass shootings, and gun-related deaths (especially suicides) declined dramatically.[103] The latter of these studies also criticized the former for using a time-series analysis despite the fact that, according to Chapman et al., "calculating mortality rates and then treating them as a number in a time series ignores the natural variability inherent in the counts that make up the numerator of the rate." Chapman et al. also said that Baker and McPhedran used the Box–Jenkins model inappropriately.[103]

A 2010 study looking at the effect of the NFA on gun-related deaths found that the law "did not have any large effects on reducing firearm homicide or suicide rates,"[104] although David Hemenway has criticized this study for using a structural break test despite the fact that such tests can miss the effects of policies in the presence of lags, or when the effect occurs over several years.[105] Another study, published the same year, found that Australia's gun buyback program reduced gun-related suicide rates by almost 80%, while non-gun death rates were not significantly affected.[106] Other research has argued that although gun suicide rates fell after the NFA was enacted, the NFA may not have been responsible for this decrease and "a change in social and cultural attitudes" may have instead been at least partly responsible.[107] A 2011 study found that "Australia's prohibition of certain types of firearms" has not prevented mass shootings.[108] In 2016, Chapman co-authored another study that found that after the NFA was passed, there were no mass shootings in the country (as of May 2016), and that gun-related death rates declined more quickly after the NFA than they did before it. The study also found, however, that non-gun suicide and homicide rates declined even more quickly after the NFA, leading the authors to conclude that "it is not possible to determine whether the change in firearm deaths can be attributed to the gun law reforms."[109]

Other countries

Further information: Overview of gun laws by nation
 
Possession of long guns by country:
  No permit required for both repeating and semi-automatic long guns
  Partially licensed – repeating long guns permitless, semi-automatic with permit
  Allowed with permit – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason1
  Allowed with permit – good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life) required1
  Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice – few licenses are issued
  Prohibited – civilians are banned from obtaining long guns
  Different rules regarding shotguns and rifles
1Some countries in these categories may place additional restrictions or ban semi-automatic long guns
 
Possession of handguns by country:
  No permit required – permits or licenses are not required to obtain handguns
  Allowed with permit – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason
  Allowed with permit – good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life) required
  Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice – few licenses are issued
  Prohibited – civilians are banned from obtaining handguns
Notes:

- Map describes policy regarding obtaining new firearms regardless whether firearms that were produced before ban were grandfathered.

A 2007 study found evidence that gun control laws passed in Austria in 1997 reduced the rates of firearm suicide and homicide in that country.[110] In Brazil, after disarmament laws were passed in 2003,[111] gun-related mortality declined by 8% in 2004 relative to the previous year, the first decline observed in a decade. Gun-related hospitalizations also reversed their previous trend by decreasing 4.6% from 2003 to 2004.[112] A 2006 study found that after gun control laws were passed in New Zealand in 1992, suicides committed with guns declined significantly, especially among youth. This study however found that overall suicide rates did not change significantly.[113] A case-control study conducted in New Zealand found that gun ownership was significantly associated with a greater risk of gun suicides, but not suicides overall.[114]

A 2010 study looked at the effect of a policy adopted by the Israeli Defense Forces that restricted access to guns among adolescents on suicide rates, and found that "Following the policy change, suicide rates decreased significantly by 40%." The authors concluded that "The results of this study illustrate the ability of a relatively simple change in policy to have a major impact on suicide rates."[115] A 2013 study showed that after the Military of Switzerland adopted the Army XXI reform, which restricted gun availability, in 2003, suicide rates – both overall and firearm-related – decreased.[116] Another 2013 study looking at four restrictive gun laws passed in Norway found that two of them may have reduced firearm mortality among men, but that the evidence was more inconclusive with respect to all of the laws they studied.[117] A 2014 study found that after South Africa's Firearm Control Act was passed in 2000, homicide rates in the country declined, and concluded that "stricter gun control mediated by the FCA accounted for a significant decrease in homicide overall, and firearm homicide in particular, during the study period [2001–2005]."[118] A 2000 study found that a ban on carrying guns in Colombia was associated with reductions in homicide rates in two cities in the country, namely, Cali and Bogotá.[119]

See also

International

United States

Notes

  1. ^ a b As of April 2022, the only countries with permissive gun legislation are: Chad, Republic of Congo, Honduras, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Switzerland, Tanzania, the United States, Yemen, and Zambia.
  2. ^ This figure excludes older, pre-automatic small arms from military and law enforcement stockpiles or 'craft-produced' civilian firearms.[8]
  3. ^ Composed of 'insurgents and militias, including dormant and state-related groups'.[10]
  4. ^ However, as of 2009, active non-state armed groups, numbering about 285,000 combatants, control only about 350,000 small arms.[11]
  5. ^ Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, and Taiwan (Republic of China) prohibit civilian ownership of firearms in almost all instances. Eritrea and Somalia also prohibit civilian possession of firearms as part of their implementation of the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms. In the Solomon Islands, civilian firearm ownership is restricted to members of the Regional Assistance Mission.[12]
  6. ^ The survey, carried out by the Small Arms Survey included 28 countries (42 jurisdictions in total). The countries included in the sample were:
    • Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda;
    • Americas: Belize, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, United States, Venezuela;
    • Asia: India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Turkey, Yemen;
    • Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Switzerland, United Kingdom;
    • Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.[14]
    The study states that "while the sample is diverse and balanced, it may not be representative of the systems in place in countries outside the sample".[15]
  7. ^ The impetus behind this study was twofold: firstly, there were concerns over the incidence of firearm-related crimes, accidents and suicides; secondly, there was the apprehension that existing regulatory instruments administering the ownership, storage and training in the use of firearms held by civilians might be inadequate.[17]
  8. ^ The US government was opposed to a section of the draft proposal calling on countries 'to seriously consider the prohibition of unrestricted trade and private ownership of small arms and light weapons'.[19]
  9. ^ The full title is 'The Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons (2000)'.[21]

References

  1. ^ Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (2005). Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide (PDF). 2021-04-24 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved: January 3, 2016.
  2. ^ "Firearms-Control Legislation and Policy". Library of Congress. from the original on 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  3. ^ Alpers, Philip; Wilson, Marcus (9 June 2020). "Guns in the United Nations: Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy". Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2016-08-27 – via GunPolicy.org.
  4. ^ "International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapon" (PDF). unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 25 February 2013. (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  5. ^ . Small Arms Survey. 15 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2011-06-19. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
  6. ^ LaFrance, Adrienne (11 January 2016). "How 'Gun Control' Became a Taboo Phrase". The Atlantic. from the original on 2017-01-17. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
  7. ^ Ball, Molly (January 2013). Don't Call It 'Gun Control' 2021-04-17 at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic. Retrieved: September 24, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d Karp 2007, p. 39.
  9. ^ a b c d Karp 2010, p. 102
  10. ^ a b Karp 2010, p. 101
  11. ^ Karp 2010, p. 121
  12. ^ Parker 2011, p. 62 n. 1
  13. ^ Parker 2011, p. 1
  14. ^ Parker 2011, p. 2
  15. ^ Parker 2011, p. 62 n. 4
  16. ^ a b c Parker 2011, p. 36
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Parker 2011, p. 3
  18. ^ Parker 2011, pp. 3–4
  19. ^ Alley 2004, p. 54
  20. ^ Alley 2004, pp. 53–54
  21. ^ a b Juma 2006, p. 39
  22. ^ Parker 2011, p. 4
  23. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (December 2012). "The Case for More Guns (and More Gun Control)". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  24. ^ National Research Council 2005, pp. 3, 6.
  25. ^ a b Branas et al. 2009.
  26. ^ Stein, Sam (6 October 2015). "The Congressman Who Restricted Gun Violence Research Has Regrets". The Huffington Post. from the original on 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  27. ^ Betz, Ranney & Wintemute 2016.
  28. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013.
  29. ^ Jamieson, Christine (February 2013). "Gun violence research: History of the federal funding freeze". Psychological Science Agenda. from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  30. ^ Barzilay, Julie (16 June 2016). "Why the CDC Hasn't Launched a Comprehensive Gun Study in 15 Years". ABC News. from the original on 2020-06-27. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  31. ^ Lambert & Silva 1998.
  32. ^ Zeoli, Malinski & Turchan 2016.
  33. ^ Santaella-Tenorio et al. 2016.
  34. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (29 February 2016). "A huge international study of gun control finds strong evidence that it actually works". Vox. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
  35. ^ "2011 Global Study on Homicide" (PDF). unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011. p. 43. (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-09. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
  36. ^ Peeples, Lynne (1 July 2022). "US gun policies: what researchers know about their effectiveness". Nature. 607 (7919): 434–435. Bibcode:2022Natur.607..434P. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01791-z. PMID 35778495. S2CID 250218456.
  37. ^ Fox, Kara; Shveda, Krystina; Croker, Natalie; Chacon, Marco (26 November 2021). "How US gun culture stacks up with the world". CNN. from the original on 2021-11-26. CNN's attribution: Developed countries are defined based on the UN classification, which includes 36 countries. Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Global Burden of Disease 2019), Small Arms Survey (Civilian Firearm Holdings 2017)
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Further reading

  • Rakoff, Jed S., "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years, Little, Brown, 549 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. John Paul Stevens, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican [U.S. Supreme Court] appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the U.S. Supreme Court to most meaningful forms of gun control" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)

External links

  • Gun control at Curlie
  • GunPolicy.org

National groups

  • Coalition for Gun Control – Canada
  • Coalition to Stop Gun Violence – U.S.
  • Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence – U.S.
  • Giffords – U.S.

January 18, 2023
control, international, arms, restrictions, arms, control, techniques, safe, handling, possession, storage, firearms, safety, debate, about, control, politics, united, states, firearms, regulation, laws, policies, that, regulate, manufacture, sale, transfer, p. For international arms restrictions see Arms control For techniques for the safe handling possession and storage of firearms see Gun safety For the debate about gun control in the U S see Gun politics in the United States Gun control or firearms regulation 1 2 is the set of laws or policies that regulate the manufacture sale transfer possession modification or use of firearms by civilians Firearm guiding policy by country according to the University of Sydney a Permissive Restrictive Not included Most countries have a restrictive firearm guiding policy with only a few legislations being categorized as permissive a 3 Jurisdictions that regulate access to firearms typically restrict access to only certain categories of firearms and then to restrict the categories of persons who will be granted a license to have access to a firearm In some countries such as the United States gun control may be legislated at either a federal level or a local state level Contents 1 Terminology and context 2 Regulation of civilian firearms 2 1 International and regional civilian firearm regulation 3 Studies 3 1 General 3 2 United States 3 2 1 Cross sectional studies 3 2 2 Reviews 3 2 3 Studies of individual laws 3 2 4 Other studies and debate 3 3 Canada 3 4 Australia 3 5 Other countries 4 See also 4 1 International 4 2 United States 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links 9 1 National groupsTerminology and contextSee also Small arms trade and Small arms and light weapons Gun control refers to domestic regulation of firearm manufacture trade possession use and transport specifically with regard to the class of weapons referred to as small arms revolvers and self loading pistols rifles and carbines assault rifles submachine guns and light machine guns 4 5 Usage of the term gun control is sometimes politicized 6 Some of those in favor of legislation instead prefer to use terms such as gun violence prevention gun safety firearms regulation illegal guns or criminal access to guns 7 In 2007 it was estimated that globally there were about 875 million small arms in the hands of civilians law enforcement agencies and armed forces b 8 Of these firearms 650 million or 75 are held by civilians 8 U S civilians account for 270 million of this total 8 A further 200 million are controlled by state military forces 9 Law enforcement agencies have some 26 million small arms 9 Non state armed groups c have about 1 4 million firearms d 9 Finally gang members hold between 2 and 10 million small arms 9 Together the small arms arsenals of non state armed groups and gangs account for at most 1 4 of the global total 10 Regulation of civilian firearmsBarring a few exceptions e most countries in the world allow civilians to purchase firearms subject to certain restrictions 13 A 2011 survey of 28 countries over five continents f found that a major distinction between different national regimes of firearm regulation is whether civilian gun ownership is seen as a right or a privilege 16 The study concluded that both the United States and Yemen were distinct from the other countries surveyed in viewing firearm ownership as a basic right of civilians and in having more permissive regimes of civilian gun ownership 16 In the remaining countries included in the sample civilian firearm ownership is considered a privilege and the legislation governing possession of firearms is correspondingly more restrictive 16 International and regional civilian firearm regulation At the international and regional level diplomatic attention has tended to focus on the cross border illegal trade in small arms as an area of particular concern rather than the regulation of civilian held firearms 17 During the mid 1990s however the United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC adopted a series of resolutions relating to the civilian ownership of small arms 17 These called for an exchange of data on national systems of firearm regulation and for the initiation of an international study of the issue 17 In July 1997 ECOSOC issued a resolution that underlined the responsibility of UN member states to competently regulate civilian ownership of small arms and which urged them to ensure that their regulatory frameworks encompassed the following aspects firearm safety and storage penalties for the unlawful possession and misuse of firearms a licensing system to prevent undesirable persons from owning firearms exemption from criminal liability to promote the surrender by citizens of illegal unsafe or unwanted guns and a record keeping system to track civilian firearms 17 In 1997 the UN published a study based on member state survey data titled the United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation which was updated in 1999 g 17 This study was meant to initiate the establishment of a database on civilian firearm regulations which would be run by the Centre for International Crime Prevention located in Vienna who were to report on national systems of civilian firearm regulation every two years 17 These plans never reached fruition and further UN led efforts to establish international norms for the regulation of civilian held firearms were stymied 18 Responding to pressure from the U S government h 20 any mention of the regulation of civilian ownership of small arms was removed from the draft proposals for the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms 17 Although the issue is no longer part of the UN policy debate since 1991 there have been eight regional agreements involving 110 countries concerning aspects of civilian firearm possession 17 The Bamako Declaration i was adopted in Bamako Mali on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the member states of the Organisation of African Unity OAU 21 The provisions of this declaration recommend that the signatories would establish the illegal possession of small arms and light weapons as a criminal offence under national law in their respective countries 22 StudiesThe neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met October 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message High rates of gun mortality and injury are often cited as a primary impetus for gun control policies 23 A 2004 National Research Council critical review found that while some strong conclusions are warranted from current research the state of our knowledge is generally poor 24 The result of the scarcity of relevant data is that gun control is one of the most fraught topics in American politics 25 and scholars remain deadlocked on a variety of issues 25 Notably since 1996 when the Dickey Amendment was first inserted into the federal spending bill the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC has been prohibited from using its federal funding to advocate or promote gun control thwarting gun violence research at the agency at the time The funding provision s author has said that this was an over interpretation 26 but the amendment still had a chilling effect effectively halting federally funded firearm related research 27 Since the amendment the CDC has continued to research gun violence and publish studies about it 28 although their funding for such research has fallen by 96 since 1996 according to Mayors Against Illegal Guns 29 According to a spokesman the CDC has limited funding and has not produced any comprehensive study aimed at reducing gun violence since 2001 30 General A 1998 review found that suicide rates generally declined after gun control laws were enacted and concluded The findings support gun control measures as a strategy for reducing suicide rates 31 A 2016 review found that laws banning people under restraining orders due to domestic violence convictions from accessing guns were associated with reductions in intimate partner homicide 32 Another 2016 review identified 130 studies regarding restrictive gun laws and found that the implementation of multiple such laws simultaneously was associated with a decrease in gun related deaths 33 According to Vox The authors are careful to note that their findings do not conclusively prove that gun restrictions reduce gun deaths However they did find a compelling trend whereby new restrictions on gun purchasing and ownership tended to be followed by a decline in gun deaths 34 According to a 2011 UN study after identifying a number of methodological problems it stated notwithstanding such challenges a significant body of literature tends to suggest that firearm availability predominantly represents a risk factor rather than a protective factor for homicide In particular a number of quantitative studies tend towards demonstrating a firearm prevalence homicide association 35 United States Main articles Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States Gun culture in the United States and Gun violence in the United StatesGun control activists argue that current gun policies are too permissive while gun rights advocates argue that most gun policies are ineffective at reducing gun related deaths 36 Multiple studies show that where people have easy access to firearms gun related deaths tend to be more frequent including by suicide homicide and unintentional injuries 37 Cross sectional studies In 1983 a cross sectional study of all 50 U S states found that the six states with the strictest gun laws according to the National Rifle Association had suicide rates that were approximately 3 100 000 people lower than in other states and that these states suicide rates were 4 100 000 people lower than those of states with the least restrictive gun laws 38 A 2003 study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine looked at the restrictiveness of gun laws and suicide rates in men and women in all 50 U S states and found that states whose gun laws were more restrictive had lower suicide rates among both sexes 39 In 2004 another study found that the effect of state gun laws on gun related homicides was limited 40 A 2005 study looked at all 50 states in the U S and the District of Columbia and found that no gun laws were associated with reductions in firearm homicide or suicide but that a shall issue concealed carry law mandatory issue of a license when legal criteria met may be associated with increased firearm homicide rates 41 A 2011 study found that firearm regulation laws in the United States have a significant deterrent effect on male suicide 42 A 2013 study found that in the United States A higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in the state 43 A 2016 study published in The Lancet found that of 25 laws studied and in the time period examined 2008 2010 nine were associated with reduced firearm mortality including both homicide and suicide nine were associated with increased mortality and seven had an inconclusive association The three laws most strongly associated with reduced firearm mortality were laws requiring universal background checks background checks for ammunition sales and identification for guns 44 In an accompanying commentary David Hemenway noted that this study had multiple limitations such as not controlling for all factors that may influence gun related deaths aside from gun control laws and the use of 29 explanatory variables in the analysis 45 Other studies comparing gun control laws in different U S states include a 2015 study which found that in the United States stricter state firearm legislation is associated with lower discharge rates for nonfatal gun injuries 46 A 2014 study that also looked at the United States found that children living in states with stricter gun laws were safer 47 Another study looking specifically at suicide rates in the United States found that the four handgun laws examined waiting periods universal background checks gun locks and open carrying regulations were associated with significantly lower firearm suicide rates and the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms The study also found that all four of these laws except the waiting period one were associated with reductions in the overall suicide rate 48 Another study published the same year found that states with permit to purchase registration and or license laws for handguns had lower overall suicide rates as well as lower firearm suicide rates 49 A 2014 study found that states that required licensing and inspections of gun dealers tended to have lower rates of gun homicides 50 Another study published the same year analyzing panel data from all 50 states found that stricter gun laws may modestly reduce gun deaths 51 A 2016 study found that U S military veterans tend to commit suicide with guns more often than the general population thereby possibly increasing state suicide rates and that the tendency for veterans to live in states without handgun legislation may exacerbate this phenomenon 52 California has exceptionally strict gun sales laws and a 2015 study found that it also had the oldest guns recovered in crimes of any states in the U S The same study concluded that These findings suggest that more restrictive gun sales laws and gun dealer regulations do make it more difficult for criminals to acquire new guns first purchased at retail outlets 53 A New York Times study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker the police 42 of total incidents and bystanders including a good guy with a gun outcome in 5 1 of total incidents 54 Another 2016 study found that stricter state gun laws in the United States reduced suicide rates 55 Another 2016 study found that U S states with lenient gun control laws had more gun related child injury hospital admissions than did states with stricter gun control laws 56 A 2017 study found that suicide rates declined more in states with universal background check and mandatory waiting period laws than in states without these laws 57 Another 2017 study found that states without universal background check and or waiting period laws had steeper increases in their suicide rates than did states with these laws 58 A third 2017 study found that waiting period laws that delay the purchase of firearms by a few days reduce gun homicides by roughly 17 59 A 2017 study in the Economic Journal found that mandatory handgun purchase delays reduced firearm related suicides by between 2 to 5 percent with no statistically significant increase in non firearm suicides and were not associated with statistically significant changes in homicide rates 60 Another 2017 study showed that laws banning gun possession by people subject to intimate partner violence restraining orders and requiring such people to give up any guns they have were associated with lower intimate partner homicide rates 61 A 2021 study found that firearm purchase delay laws reduced homicide the authors suggested that it was driven by reductions in gun purchases by impulsive customers 62 Reviews A review of published studies of gun control released in October 2003 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was unable to determine any statistically significant effect resulting from such laws although the authors suggest that further study may provide more conclusive information and noted that insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness should not be interpreted as evidence of ineffectiveness 63 In 2015 Daniel Webster and Garen Wintemute reviewed studies examining the effectiveness of gun laws aimed at keeping guns out of the hands of high risk individuals in the United States They found that some laws prohibiting gun possession by people under domestic violence restraining orders or who had been convicted of violent misdemeanors were associated with lower violence rates as were laws establishing more procedures to see if people were prohibited from owning a gun under these laws They also found that multiple other gun regulations intended to prevent prohibited individuals from obtaining guns such as rigorous permit to purchase laws and comprehensive background checks were negatively associated with the diversion of guns to criminals 64 A 2016 systematic review found that restrictive gun licensing laws were associated with lower gun injury rates while concealed carry laws were not significantly associated with rates of such injuries 65 Another systematic review found that stricter gun laws were associated with lower gun homicide rates this association was especially strong for background check and permit to purchase laws 66 A 2020 review of almost 13 000 studies by RAND Corporation found only 123 that met their criteria of methodological rigor a surprisingly limited base of rigorous scientific evidence Only 2 of the 18 gun policies examined had supporting evidence Among the policies for which RAND found supporting evidence were that child access prevention laws reduce firearm injuries and deaths among children and that stand your ground laws increase firearm homicides RAND also noted that the limited evidence currently available does not mean that these policies are ineffective Instead it partly reflects shortcomings in the contributions that science has made to policy debates 67 Studies of individual laws Other studies have examined trends in firearm related deaths before and after gun control laws are either enacted or repealed A 2004 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found evidence that child access prevention laws were associated with a modest reduction in suicide rates among youth aged 14 to 17 years 68 Two 2015 studies found that the permit to purchase law passed in Connecticut in 1995 was associated with a reduction in firearm suicides and homicides 69 70 One of these studies also found that the repeal of Missouri s permit to purchase law was associated with a 16 1 increase in firearm suicide rates 69 and a 2014 study by the same research team found that the repeal of this law was associated with a 16 increase in homicide rates 71 A 2000 study designed to assess the effectiveness of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act found that the law was not associated with reductions in overall homicide or suicide rates but that it was associated with a reduction in the firearm suicide rate among individuals aged 55 or older 72 A 1991 study looked at Washington D C s Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 which banned its residents from owning all guns except certain shotguns and sporting rifles which were also required to be unloaded disassembled or stored with a trigger lock in their owners homes 73 The study found that the law s enactment was associated with a prompt decline in homicides and suicides by firearms in the District of Columbia 74 A 1996 study reanalyzed this data and reached a significantly different conclusion as to the effectiveness of this law 75 Other studies and debate In 1993 Kleck and Patterson analyzed the impact of 18 major types of gun control laws on every major type of gun involved crime or violence including suicide in 170 U S cities and found that gun laws generally had no significant effect on violent crime rates or suicide rates 76 needs update Similarly a 1997 study found that gun control laws had only a small influence on the rate of gun deaths in U S states compared to socioeconomic variables like poverty and unemployment 77 needs update Philosophy professor Michael Huemer argues that gun control may be morally wrong even if its outcomes would be positive because individuals have a prima facie right to own a gun for self defense and recreation 78 RAND Corporation did a study that demonstrates that background checks may decrease suicides and violent crime child access prevention laws may decrease the number of suicides and unintentional injuries and deaths minimum age requirements may decrease suicides and prohibitions associated with mental illness may decrease suicides and violent crimes On the other hand concealed carry laws may increase violent crimes and suicides while stand your ground laws may increase violent crime Bans on the sale of assault weapons and high capacity magazines may increase the sale price for these items 79 An August 2019 article entitled Gun control really works published by Business Insider looks at a dozen studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Journal of the American Medical Association Rand Corporation the journal Preventive Medicine Everytown for Gun Safety Johns Hopkins University and others They conclude that mirroring the firearms regulations in Switzerland such as banning the sale of new assault weapons denying concealed carry licenses to some individuals and prohibiting firearm sales to people convicted of multiple alcohol related offenses will decrease gun related deaths and injuries 80 Canada Main article Gun laws in Canada Rifles and shotguns are relatively easy to obtain while handguns and some semi automatic rifles are restricted 81 With respect to the Criminal Law Amendment Act a gun control law passed in Canada in 1977 some studies have found that it was ineffective at reducing homicide or robbery rates 82 83 One study even found that the law may have actually increased robberies involving firearms 83 A 1993 study found that after this law was passed gun suicides decreased significantly as did the proportion of suicides committed in the country with guns 84 A 2003 study found that this law may have had an impact on suicide rates even after controls for social variables 85 while a 2001 study by the same research team concluded that the law may have had an impact on homicide rates at least for older victims 86 A 1994 study found that after this law came into force in 1978 suicide rates decreased over time in Ontario and that there was no evidence of method substitution The same study found that These decreases may be only partly due to the legislation 87 In 1991 Canada implemented the gun control law Bill C 17 According to a 2004 study after this law was passed firearm related suicides and homicides as well as the percentage of suicides involving firearms declined significantly in that country 88 A 2010 study found that after this law was passed firearm suicides declined in Quebec among men but acknowledged that this may not represent a causal relationship 89 In 1992 Canada promulgated the Canadian Firearms Act which aimed at ensuring that guns were stored safely A 2004 study found that although firearm suicide rates declined in the Quebec region Abitibi Temiscamingue after the law was passed overall suicide rates did not 90 A study in 2005 also found that overall suicide rates did not change after passage of Bill C 17 91 A 2008 study reached similar conclusions with regard to the entire Quebec province this study also found that C 17 did not seem to increase the rate at which the firearm suicide rate was declining 92 Other researchers have criticized this 2008 study for looking at too short a time period and not taking account of the fact that the regulations in C 17 were implemented gradually 89 A 1990 study compared suicide rates in the Vancouver British Columbia Canada metropolitan area where gun control laws were more restrictive with those in the Seattle Washington area in the United States The overall suicide rate was essentially the same in the two locations but the suicide rate among 15 to 24 year olds was about 40 percent higher in Seattle than in Vancouver The authors concluded that restricting access to handguns might be expected to reduce the suicide rate in persons 15 to 24 years old but it probably would not reduce the overall suicide rate 93 A study that looked at provincial gun ownership rates and associated suicide rates found no significant correlations with overall suicide rates 94 A 2011 study looked at gun control passed in Canada between 1974 and 2004 and found that gun laws were responsible for 5 to 10 percent drops in homicides The study found that the homicide reduction effects of Canadian gun legislation remained even after accounting for sociodemographic and economic factors associated with homicide rates 95 A 2012 study looked at gun control laws passed in Canada from 1974 to 2008 and found no evidence that these laws had a beneficial effect on firearm homicide rates in that country According to the study other factors found to be associated with homicide rates were median age unemployment immigration rates percentage of population in low income bracket Gini index of income equality population per police officer and incarceration rate 96 A 2013 study of the 1995 Canadian gun control law Firearms Act 1995 reported little evidence that this law significantly reduced rates of lethal gun violence against women 97 On May 1 2020 after deadly shootings in Nova Scotia Justin Trudeau s Liberal government banned 1 500 kinds of military style semi automatic rifles including the popular AR 15 and its variants The ban was enacted via an Order In Council 98 A 2020 study examining laws passed from 1981 2016 found no significant changes in overall homicide or suicide rates following changes in legislation In addition it also found that firearm ownership by province was not correlated to overall suicide rates by province 99 Australia Main article Gun laws in Australia In 1988 and 1996 gun control laws were enacted in the Australian state of Victoria both times following mass shootings A 2004 study found that in the context of these laws overall firearm related deaths especially suicides declined dramatically 100 A 1995 study found preliminary evidence that gun control legislation enacted in Queensland Australia reduced suicide rates there 101 A 2006 study by gun lobby affiliated researchers Jeanine Baker and Samara McPhedran found that after Australia enacted the National Firearms Agreement NFA a gun control law in 1996 gun related suicides may have been affected but no other parameter appeared to have been 102 Another 2006 study led by Simon Chapman found that after this law was enacted in 1996 in Australia the country went more than a decade without any mass shootings and gun related deaths especially suicides declined dramatically 103 The latter of these studies also criticized the former for using a time series analysis despite the fact that according to Chapman et al calculating mortality rates and then treating them as a number in a time series ignores the natural variability inherent in the counts that make up the numerator of the rate Chapman et al also said that Baker and McPhedran used the Box Jenkins model inappropriately 103 A 2010 study looking at the effect of the NFA on gun related deaths found that the law did not have any large effects on reducing firearm homicide or suicide rates 104 although David Hemenway has criticized this study for using a structural break test despite the fact that such tests can miss the effects of policies in the presence of lags or when the effect occurs over several years 105 Another study published the same year found that Australia s gun buyback program reduced gun related suicide rates by almost 80 while non gun death rates were not significantly affected 106 Other research has argued that although gun suicide rates fell after the NFA was enacted the NFA may not have been responsible for this decrease and a change in social and cultural attitudes may have instead been at least partly responsible 107 A 2011 study found that Australia s prohibition of certain types of firearms has not prevented mass shootings 108 In 2016 Chapman co authored another study that found that after the NFA was passed there were no mass shootings in the country as of May 2016 update and that gun related death rates declined more quickly after the NFA than they did before it The study also found however that non gun suicide and homicide rates declined even more quickly after the NFA leading the authors to conclude that it is not possible to determine whether the change in firearm deaths can be attributed to the gun law reforms 109 Other countries Further information Overview of gun laws by nation Possession of long guns by country No permit required for both repeating and semi automatic long guns Partially licensed repeating long guns permitless semi automatic with permit Allowed with permit no good reason required or simple declaration of reason1 Allowed with permit good reason like sport shooting license or proving danger to life required1 Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice few licenses are issued Prohibited civilians are banned from obtaining long guns Different rules regarding shotguns and rifles 1Some countries in these categories may place additional restrictions or ban semi automatic long guns Possession of handguns by country No permit required permits or licenses are not required to obtain handguns Allowed with permit no good reason required or simple declaration of reason Allowed with permit good reason like sport shooting license or proving danger to life required Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice few licenses are issued Prohibited civilians are banned from obtaining handgunsNotes Map describes policy regarding obtaining new firearms regardless whether firearms that were produced before ban were grandfathered A 2007 study found evidence that gun control laws passed in Austria in 1997 reduced the rates of firearm suicide and homicide in that country 110 In Brazil after disarmament laws were passed in 2003 111 gun related mortality declined by 8 in 2004 relative to the previous year the first decline observed in a decade Gun related hospitalizations also reversed their previous trend by decreasing 4 6 from 2003 to 2004 112 A 2006 study found that after gun control laws were passed in New Zealand in 1992 suicides committed with guns declined significantly especially among youth This study however found that overall suicide rates did not change significantly 113 A case control study conducted in New Zealand found that gun ownership was significantly associated with a greater risk of gun suicides but not suicides overall 114 A 2010 study looked at the effect of a policy adopted by the Israeli Defense Forces that restricted access to guns among adolescents on suicide rates and found that Following the policy change suicide rates decreased significantly by 40 The authors concluded that The results of this study illustrate the ability of a relatively simple change in policy to have a major impact on suicide rates 115 A 2013 study showed that after the Military of Switzerland adopted the Army XXI reform which restricted gun availability in 2003 suicide rates both overall and firearm related decreased 116 Another 2013 study looking at four restrictive gun laws passed in Norway found that two of them may have reduced firearm mortality among men but that the evidence was more inconclusive with respect to all of the laws they studied 117 A 2014 study found that after South Africa s Firearm Control Act was passed in 2000 homicide rates in the country declined and concluded that stricter gun control mediated by the FCA accounted for a significant decrease in homicide overall and firearm homicide in particular during the study period 2001 2005 118 A 2000 study found that a ban on carrying guns in Colombia was associated with reductions in homicide rates in two cities in the country namely Cali and Bogota 119 See alsoConcealed carry Gun violence List of most produced firearms Right to keep and bear armsInternational Game law Hunting license List of countries by gun ownership Overview of gun laws by nationUnited States Assault weapons legislation in the United States Federal Assault Weapons Ban Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting Gun politics in the United States Gun show loophole Public opinion on gun control in the United States 2018 United States gun violence protestsNotes a b As of April 2022 update the only countries with permissive gun legislation are Chad Republic of Congo Honduras Micronesia Namibia Nigeria Pakistan Senegal Switzerland Tanzania the United States Yemen and Zambia This figure excludes older pre automatic small arms from military and law enforcement stockpiles or craft produced civilian firearms 8 Composed of insurgents and militias including dormant and state related groups 10 However as of 2009 active non state armed groups numbering about 285 000 combatants control only about 350 000 small arms 11 Brunei Darussalam Cambodia and Taiwan Republic of China prohibit civilian ownership of firearms in almost all instances Eritrea and Somalia also prohibit civilian possession of firearms as part of their implementation of the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms In the Solomon Islands civilian firearm ownership is restricted to members of the Regional Assistance Mission 12 The survey carried out by the Small Arms Survey included 28 countries 42 jurisdictions in total The countries included in the sample were Africa Egypt Kenya South Africa Uganda Americas Belize Brazil Canada Colombia Dominican Republic United States Venezuela Asia India Israel Japan Kazakhstan Singapore Turkey Yemen Europe Croatia Estonia Finland Lithuania Russian Federation Switzerland United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea 14 The study states that while the sample is diverse and balanced it may not be representative of the systems in place in countries outside the sample 15 The impetus behind this study was twofold firstly there were concerns over the incidence of firearm related crimes accidents and suicides secondly there was the apprehension that existing regulatory instruments administering the ownership storage and training in the use of firearms held by civilians might be inadequate 17 The US government was opposed to a section of the draft proposal calling on countries to 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PMID 15292085 Webster Daniel Crifasi Cassandra Kercher Vernick Jon S 7 March 2014 Effects of the Repeal of Missouri s Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides Journal of Urban Health 91 2 293 302 doi 10 1007 s11524 014 9865 8 PMC 3978146 PMID 24604521 Webster Daniel W Wintemute Garen J 18 March 2015 Effects of Policies Designed to Keep Firearms from High Risk Individuals Annual Review of Public Health 36 1 21 37 doi 10 1146 annurev publhealth 031914 122516 PMID 25581152 Winkler A 2013 Gunfight the battle over the right to bear arms in America New York W W Norton amp Co ISBN 9780393345834 Archived from the original on 2022 05 31 Retrieved 2020 12 17 Zeoli April M Malinski Rebecca Turchan Brandon 5 January 2016 Risks and Targeted Interventions Firearms in Intimate Partner Violence Epidemiologic Reviews 38 1 125 39 doi 10 1093 epirev mxv007 PMID 26739680 Further readingRakoff Jed S The Last of His Kind review of John Paul Stevens The Making of a Justice Reflections on My First 94 Years Little Brown 549 pp The New York Review of Books vol LXVI no 14 26 September 2019 pp 20 22 24 John Paul Stevens a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican U S Supreme Court appointees questioned the validity of the doctrine of sovereign immunity which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency or any of its officers or employees for any wrong they may have committed against you unless the state or federal government consents to being sued p 20 the propriety of the increasing resistance of the U S Supreme Court to most meaningful forms of gun control p 22 and the constitutionality of the death penalty because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death pp 22 24 External linksGun control at Curlie GunPolicy orgNational groups Gun Control Australia Supporting Gun Control in Australia Coalition for Gun Control Canada Stop Gun Caravan Japan Gun Free South Africa Coalition to Stop Gun Violence U S Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence U S Giffords U S Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gun control amp oldid 1128419155, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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