Salix viminalis is a multistemmed shrub growing to between 3 and 6 m (9.8 and 19.7 ft) (rarely to 10 m (33 ft)) tall. It has long, erect, straight branches with greenish-grey bark. The leaves long and slender, 10–25 cm long but only 0.5–2 cm broad; they are dark green above, with a silky grey-haired underside. The flowers are catkins, produced in early spring before the leaves; they are dioecious, with male and female catkins on separate plants. The male catkins are yellow and oval-shaped; the female catkins are longer and more cylindrical; they mature in early summer when the fruitcapsules split open to release the numerous minute seeds.[3][4]
Distribution and habitatEdit
It is commonly found by streams and other wet places. The exact native range is uncertain due to extensive historical cultivation; it is certainly native from central Europe east to western Asia, but may also be native as far west as southeastern England. As a cultivated or naturalised plant, it is widespread throughout both Britain and Ireland, but only at lower altitudes. It is one of the least variable willows, but it will hybridise with several other species.[3][4]
UsesEdit
Along with other related willows, the flexible twigs (called withies) are commonly used in basketry, giving rise to its alternative common name of "basket willow". Cultivation and use of the common osier was common in England in the 18th and 19th century, with osier beds lining many rivers and streams. In the Chilean village of Chimbarongo, it is used to fashion their renowned baskets.
Salix viminalis(basket willow) at Krems an der Donau, Austria
Among the most common pathogens on S. viminalis are Melampsora spp. Female plants are more severely infected than male plants.[9][10]
ReferencesEdit
^"Common Osier Willow, Salix viminalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61960656A61960676. 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61960656A61960676.en. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Salix viminalis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
^ abcdMeikle, R. D. (1984). Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN0-901158-07-0.
^ abcRushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN0-00-220013-9.
^ abPerttu, K. L. and Kowalik, P. J. (1997). Salix vegetation filters for purification of waters and soils. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 12, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 9-19. Elsevier Science Ltd.
^"Wastewater Gardens® - Biosphere Foundation". Retrieved 18 September 2018.
^Phytoremediation. By McCutcheon & Schnoor. 2003, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, page 19.
^Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals. 2007-02-25 at the Wayback Machine By Ulrich Schmidt. In J. Environ. Qual. 32:1939-1954 (2003)
^Moritz, Kim K.; Björkman, Christer; Parachnowitsch, Amy L.; Stenberg, Johan A. (2016-02-01). "Female Salix viminalis are more severely infected by Melampsora spp. but neither sex experiences associational effects". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (4): 1154–1162. doi:10.1002/ece3.1923. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC4725332. PMID 26839685.
^Åhman, Inger (1997). "Growth, herbivory and disease in relation to gender in Salix viminalis L.". Oecologia. 111 (1): 61–68. Bibcode:1997Oecol.111...61A. doi:10.1007/s004420050208. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28307506. S2CID 2962435.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salix viminalis.
salix, viminalis, basket, willow, common, osier, osier, species, willow, native, europe, western, asia, himalayas, common, osier, foliageconservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, scientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, tracheophytesclade, angiospermsc. Salix viminalis the basket willow 2 common osier or osier is a species of willow native to Europe Western Asia and the Himalayas 3 4 5 Salix viminalisCommon osier foliageConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MalpighialesFamily SalicaceaeGenus SalixSpecies S viminalisBinomial nameSalix viminalisL Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Uses 4 Ecology 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditSalix viminalis is a multistemmed shrub growing to between 3 and 6 m 9 8 and 19 7 ft rarely to 10 m 33 ft tall It has long erect straight branches with greenish grey bark The leaves long and slender 10 25 cm long but only 0 5 2 cm broad they are dark green above with a silky grey haired underside The flowers are catkins produced in early spring before the leaves they are dioecious with male and female catkins on separate plants The male catkins are yellow and oval shaped the female catkins are longer and more cylindrical they mature in early summer when the fruit capsules split open to release the numerous minute seeds 3 4 Distribution and habitat EditIt is commonly found by streams and other wet places The exact native range is uncertain due to extensive historical cultivation it is certainly native from central Europe east to western Asia but may also be native as far west as southeastern England As a cultivated or naturalised plant it is widespread throughout both Britain and Ireland but only at lower altitudes It is one of the least variable willows but it will hybridise with several other species 3 4 Uses EditAlong with other related willows the flexible twigs called withies are commonly used in basketry giving rise to its alternative common name of basket willow Cultivation and use of the common osier was common in England in the 18th and 19th century with osier beds lining many rivers and streams In the Chilean village of Chimbarongo it is used to fashion their renowned baskets Another increasing use is in energy forestry 3 effluent treatment in wastewater gardens 6 and in cadmium phytoremediation for water purification 5 Salix viminalis is a known hyperaccumulator of cadmium chromium lead mercury petroleum hydrocarbons organic solvents MTBE TCE and byproducts selenium silver uranium and zinc 7 8 and as such is a prime candidate for phytoremediation For more information see the list of hyperaccumulators Ecology Edit nbsp Salix viminalis basket willow at Krems an der Donau AustriaAmong the most common pathogens on S viminalis are Melampsora spp Female plants are more severely infected than male plants 9 10 References Edit Common Osier Willow Salix viminalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T61960656A61960676 2017 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T61960656A61960676 en Retrieved 1 March 2022 USDA NRCS n d Salix viminalis The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 27 October 2015 a b c d Meikle R D 1984 Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland BSBI Handbook No 4 ISBN 0 901158 07 0 a b c Rushforth K 1999 Trees of Britain and Europe Collins ISBN 0 00 220013 9 a b Perttu K L and Kowalik P J 1997 Salix vegetation filters for purification of waters and soils Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 12 Issue 1 1997 Pages 9 19 Elsevier Science Ltd Wastewater Gardens Biosphere Foundation Retrieved 18 September 2018 Phytoremediation By McCutcheon amp Schnoor 2003 New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons page 19 Enhancing Phytoextraction The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility Plant Accumulation and Leaching of Heavy Metals Archived 2007 02 25 at the Wayback Machine By Ulrich Schmidt In J Environ Qual 32 1939 1954 2003 Moritz Kim K Bjorkman Christer Parachnowitsch Amy L Stenberg Johan A 2016 02 01 Female Salix viminalis are more severely infected by Melampsora spp but neither sex experiences associational effects Ecology and Evolution 6 4 1154 1162 doi 10 1002 ece3 1923 ISSN 2045 7758 PMC 4725332 PMID 26839685 Ahman Inger 1997 Growth herbivory and disease in relation to gender in Salix viminalis L Oecologia 111 1 61 68 Bibcode 1997Oecol 111 61A doi 10 1007 s004420050208 ISSN 0029 8549 PMID 28307506 S2CID 2962435 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salix viminalis Salix viminalis Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Salix viminalis amp oldid 1180156235, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
