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Wikipedia

Al Gore

Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician, businessman, and environmentalist who served as the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Gore was the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, losing to George W. Bush in a very close race after a Florida recount.

Al Gore
Official portrait, 1994
45th Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byDan Quayle
Succeeded byDick Cheney
United States Senator
from Tennessee
In office
January 3, 1985 – January 2, 1993
Preceded byHoward Baker
Succeeded byHarlan Mathews
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee
In office
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1985
Preceded byJoe L. Evins
Succeeded byBart Gordon
Constituency4th district (1977–1983)
6th district (1983–1985)
Personal details
Born
Albert Arnold Gore Jr.

(1948-03-31) March 31, 1948 (age 74)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
(m. 1970; sep. 2010)
Children
Parent(s)Albert Gore Sr.
Pauline LaFon
Education
Occupation
  • Politician
  • environmentalist
  • lawyer
  • businessman
  • journalist
  • author
Civilian awardsList of honors and awards
Signature
Websitewww.algore.com
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnited States Army
Years of service1969–1971
RankSpecialist 4
Unit20th Engineer Brigade
Battles/warsVietnam War
Military awardsNational Defense Service Medal
Vietnam Service Medal

Gore was an elected official for 24 years. He was a representative from Tennessee (1977–1985) and from 1985 to 1993 served as a senator from that state. He served as vice president during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001, defeating incumbents George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle in 1992, and Bob Dole and Jack Kemp in 1996. The 2000 presidential election was one of the closest presidential races in history. Gore and his running mate Joe Lieberman won the popular vote, but after a controversial election dispute over a Florida recount (settled by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled 5–4 in favor of Bush), he lost the election to Republican opponent George W. Bush in the Electoral College. As of 2023, Gore’s 1990 re-election remains the last time Democrats won a Senate election in Tennessee.

After his term as vice-president ended in 2001, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him (jointly with the IPCC) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore is the founder and current chair of The Climate Reality Project, the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management, the now-defunct Current TV network, a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc. and a senior adviser to Google.[1] Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins, heading its climate change solutions group.[2][3] He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University and the University of California, Los Angeles.[1][4][5][6] He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute.[7]

Gore has received a number of awards that include the Nobel Peace Prize (joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album (2009) for his book An Inconvenient Truth,[8] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV (2007), and a Webby Award (2005). Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award winning (2007) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006, as well as its 2017 sequel An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Time's 2007 Person of the Year.[9] In 2008, Gore won the Dan David Prize for Social Responsibility.[10][11]

Early life and education

 
Gore in St. Albans School's 1965 yearbook

Gore was born on March 31, 1948, in Washington, D.C.,[12] the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr., a U.S. Representative who later served for 18 years as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline (LaFon) Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School.[13] Gore is a descendant of Scots Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War.[14] His older sister Nancy LaFon Gore died of lung cancer.[15]

During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D.C.[16] During the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay[17][18] and raised cattle.[19]

Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D.C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League.[20][21] He was the captain of the football team, threw discus for the track and field team and participated in basketball, art, and government.[13][16][22] He graduated 25th in a class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard University, and was accepted.[20][21]

Harvard, the Vietnam War, journalism, and Vanderbilt (1965–1976)

Harvard

Gore enrolled in Harvard College in 1965; he initially planned to major in English and write novels but later decided to major in government.[20][21] On his second day on campus, he began campaigning for the freshman student government council and was elected its president.[21]

Gore was an avid reader who fell in love with scientific and mathematical theories,[21] but he did not do well in science classes and avoided taking math.[20] During his first two years, his grades placed him in the lower one-fifth of his class. During his second year, he reportedly spent much of his time watching television, shooting pool and occasionally smoking marijuana.[20][21] In his junior and senior years, he became more involved with his studies, earning As and Bs.[20] In his senior year, he took a class with oceanographer and global warming theorist Roger Revelle, who sparked Gore's interest in global warming and other environmental issues.[21][23] Gore earned an A on his thesis, "The Impact of Television on the Conduct of the Presidency, 1947–1969", and graduated with an A.B. cum laude in June 1969.[20][24]

 
Albert Gore Sr. delivering a speech to the 1968 Democratic National Convention which the younger Gore helped him write

Gore was in college during the era of anti Vietnam War protests. He was against that war, but he disagreed with the tactics of the student protest movement. He thought that it was silly and juvenile to use a private university as a venue to vent anger at the war.[21] He and his friends did not participate in Harvard demonstrations. John Tyson, a former roommate, recalled that "We distrusted these movements a lot ... We were a pretty traditional bunch of guys, positive for civil rights and women's rights but formal, transformed by the social revolution to some extent but not buying into something we considered detrimental to our country."[21][25] Gore helped his father write an anti war address to the Democratic National Convention of 1968 but stayed with his parents in their hotel room during the violent protests.[21]

Military service

 
Tipper and Al Gore on their wedding day, May 19, 1970, at the Washington National Cathedral
 
Gore with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Biên Hòa as a journalist with the paper The Castle Courier

When Gore graduated in 1969, he immediately became eligible for the military draft. His father, a vocal anti Vietnam War critic, was facing re-election in 1970. Gore eventually decided that enlisting in the Army would be the best course between serving his country, his personal values and interests. Although nearly all of his Harvard classmates avoided the draft and service in Vietnam,[26] Gore believed if he found a way around military service, he would be handing an issue to his father's Republican opponent.[27] According to Gore's Senate biography, "He appeared in uniform in his father's campaign commercials, one of which ended with his father advising: 'Son, always love your country'."[28] Despite this, Gore Sr. lost the election to an opponent who vastly out-fundraised him. This opponent was later found by the Watergate commission to have accepted illegal money from Nixon's operatives.[27]

Gore has said that his other reason for enlisting was that he did not want someone with fewer options than he to go in his place.[29] Actor Tommy Lee Jones, a former college housemate, recalled Gore saying that "if he found a fancy way of not going, someone else would have to go in his place".[21][30] His Harvard advisor, Richard Neustadt, also stated that Gore decided, "that he would have to go as an enlisted man because, he said, 'In Tennessee, that's what most people have to do.' " In addition, Michael Roche, Gore's editor for The Castle Courier, stated that "anybody who knew Al Gore in Vietnam knows he could have sat on his butt and he didn't."[27]

After enlisting in August 1969, Gore returned to the anti war Harvard campus in his military uniform to say goodbye to his adviser and was "jeered" at by students.[15][21] He later said he was astonished by the "emotional field of negativity and disapproval and piercing glances that ... certainly felt like real hatred".[21]

Gore had basic training at Fort Dix from August to October, and then was assigned to be a journalist at Fort Rucker, Alabama.[27] In April 1970, he was named Rucker's "Soldier of the Month".[15]

His orders to be sent to Vietnam were "held up" for some time and the Gore family suspected that this was due to a fear by the Nixon administration that if something happened to him, his father would gain sympathy votes.[27] He was finally shipped to Vietnam on January 2, 1971, after his father had lost his seat in the Senate during the 1970 Senate election, becoming one "of only about a dozen of the 1,115 Harvard graduates in the Class of '69 who went to Vietnam".[27][31][32] Gore was stationed with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Biên Hòa and was a journalist with The Castle Courier.[33] He received an honorable discharge from the Army in May 1971.[15]

Of his time in the Army, Gore later stated, "I didn't do the most, or run the gravest danger. But I was proud to wear my country's uniform."[30] He also later stated that his experience in Vietnam

didn't change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for.[34]

Vanderbilt and journalism

Gore was "dispirited" after his return from Vietnam.[28] NashvillePost.com noted that, "his father's defeat made service in a conflict he deeply opposed even more abhorrent to Gore. His experiences in the war zone don't seem to have been deeply traumatic in themselves; although the engineers were sometimes fired upon, Gore has said he didn't see full-scale combat. Still, he felt that his participation in the war was wrong."[31]

Although his parents wanted him to go to law school, Gore first attended Vanderbilt University Divinity School (1971–72) on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for people planning secular careers. He later said he went there in order to explore "spiritual issues",[35] and that "he had hoped to make sense of the social injustices that seemed to challenge his religious beliefs".[36]

In 1971, Gore also began to work the night shift for The Tennessean as an investigative reporter.[37] His investigations of corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.[31]

In 1974, he took a leave of absence from The Tennessean to attend Vanderbilt University Law School. His decision to become an attorney was a partial result of his time as a journalist, as he realized that, while he could expose corruption, he could not change it.[35] Gore did not complete law school, deciding abruptly, in 1976, to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives when he found out that his father's former seat in the House was about to be vacated.[35][38]

Congress (1977–1993)

Gore began serving in the U.S. Congress at the age of 28 and stayed there for the next 16 years, serving in both the House (1977–1985) and the Senate (1985–1993).[37] Gore spent many weekends in Tennessee, working with his constituents.[13][28]

House and Senate

 
Gore in 1977

At the end of February 1976, U.S. Representative Joe L. Evins unexpectedly announced his retirement from Congress, making Tennessee's 4th congressional district seat, to which he had succeeded Albert Gore Sr. in 1953 open. Within hours after The Tennessean publisher John Seigenthaler Sr. called him to tell him the announcement was forthcoming,[38] Gore decided to quit law school and run for the House of Representatives:

Gore's abrupt decision to run for the open seat surprised even himself; he later said that "I didn't realize myself I had been pulled back so much to it." The news came as a "bombshell" to his wife. Tipper Gore held a job in The Tennessean's photo lab and was working on a master's degree in psychology, but she joined in her husband's campaign (with assurance that she could get her job at The Tennessean back if he lost). By contrast, Gore asked his father to stay out of his campaign: "I must become my own man," he explained. "I must not be your candidate."[28]

Gore won the 1976 Democratic primary for the district with "32 percent of the vote, three percentage points more than his nearest rival", and was opposed only by an independent candidate in the election, recording 94 percent of the overall vote.[39] He went on to win the next three elections, in 1978, 1980 and 1982, where "he was unopposed twice and won 79 percent of the vote the other time".[39] In 1984, Gore successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate, which had been vacated by Republican Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker. He was "unopposed in the Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election going away", despite the fact that Republican President Ronald Reagan swept Tennessee in his reelection campaign the same year.[39] Gore defeated Republican senatorial nominee Victor Ashe, subsequently the mayor of Knoxville, and the Republican-turned-Independent, Ed McAteer, founder of the Christian right Religious Roundtable organization that had worked to elect Reagan as president in 1980.[40]

 
Gore during his congressional years

During his time in Congress, Gore was considered a "moderate" once referring to himself as a "raging moderate"[41] opposing federal funding of abortion, voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment of silence in schools, and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns.[42] In 1981, Gore was quoted as saying with regard to homosexuality, "I think it is wrong", and "I don't pretend to understand it, but it is not just another normal optional life style." In his 1984 Senate race, Gore said when discussing homosexuality, "I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm." He also said that he would not take campaign funds from gay rights groups.[43] Although he maintained a position against homosexuality and gay marriage in the 1980s, Gore said in 2008 that he thinks "gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women...to join together in marriage."[44] His position as a moderate (and on policies related to that label) shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000.[45]

During his tenure in the House, Gore voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday.[46] While Gore initially did not vote on the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in January 1988,[47] he voted to override President Reagan's veto the following March.[48] Gore voted against the nomination of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States,[49] as well as the nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court.

During his time in the House, Gore sat on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees, chairing the Science Committee's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations for four years.[39] He also sat on the House Intelligence Committee and, in 1982, introduced the Gore Plan for arms control, to "reduce chances of a nuclear first strike by cutting multiple warheads and deploying single-warhead mobile launchers".[28] While in the Senate, he sat on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Rules and Administration, and the Armed Services Committees.[28] In 1991, Gore was one of ten Democrats who supported the Gulf War.[28]

Gore was considered one of the Atari Democrats, given this name due to their "passion for technological issues, from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect".[28] On March 19, 1979, he had become the first member of Congress to appear on C-SPAN.[50] During this time, Gore co-chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future with Newt Gingrich.[51] In addition, he has been described as having been a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House. Before computers were comprehensible, let alone sexy, the poker-faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues."[28][52] Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn noted that,

as far back as the 1970s, Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high-speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship ... the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication.[53]

Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986.[54] He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises.[53]

As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).[55][56][57] The bill was passed on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway".[58]

After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming".[59][60] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s.[28][61][62] In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment".[63]

Son's 1989 accident and first book

On April 3, 1989, Al, Tipper and their six-year-old son Albert were leaving a baseball game. Albert ran across the street to see his friend and was hit by a car. He was thrown 30 feet (9 m) and then traveled along the pavement for another 20 feet (6 m).[13] Gore later recalled: "I ran to his side and held him and called his name, but he was motionless, limp and still, without breath or pulse.... His eyes were open with the nothingness stare of death, and we prayed, the two of us, there in the gutter, with only my voice."[13] Albert was tended to by two nurses who happened to be present during the accident. The Gores spent the next month in the hospital with Albert. Gore also commented: "Our lives were consumed with the struggle to restore his body and spirit."[13] This event was "a trauma so shattering that [Gore] views it as a moment of personal rebirth", a "key moment in his life" which "changed everything".[13]

In August 1991, Gore announced that his son's accident was a factor in his decision not to run for president in 1992.[64] Gore stated: "I would like to be President.... But I am also a father, and I feel deeply about my responsibility to my children.... I didn't feel right about tearing myself away from my family to the extent that is necessary in a Presidential campaign."[64] During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text that became the first book written by a sitting U.S. Senator to make The New York Times Best Seller list since John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.[28]

First presidential run (1988)

In 1988, Gore sought the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States. Gore carried seven states in the primaries, finishing third overall in a field that included Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, then Senator, future Vice President and current President Joe Biden, Gary Hart, Congressman Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon and Jesse Jackson. Dukakis eventually won the Democratic nomination and went on to lose in a landslide to George H. W. Bush in the general election.

Although Gore initially denied that he intended to run, his candidacy was the subject of speculation: "National analysts make Sen. Gore a long-shot for the Presidential nomination, but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates: a young, attractive, moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South. He currently denies any interest, but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand."[16] At the time, he was 39 years old, making him the "youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F. Kennedy".[16]

CNN noted that, "in 1988, for the first time, 12 southern states would hold their primaries on the same day, dubbed "Super Tuesday". Gore thought he would be the only serious Southern contender; he had not counted on Jesse Jackson."[65] Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina primary, winning, "more than half the total vote, three times that of his closest rival here, Senator Albert Gore Jr. of Tennessee".[66] Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote: Jackson winning Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia; Gore winning Arkansas, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nevada, Tennessee, and Oklahoma.[28][65][67] Gore was later endorsed by New York City Mayor Ed Koch who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson. These statements cast Gore in a negative light,[65] leading voters away from Gore who received only 10% of the vote in the New York primary. Gore then dropped out of the race.[28] The New York Times said that Gore also lost support due to his attacks against Jackson, Dukakis, and others.[68]

Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson, who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election.[69][70] Gore's policies changed substantially in 2000, reflecting his eight years as vice president.[71]

1992 presidential election

Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.[28] Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience, work with the environment, and commitment to his family.[72][73]

Clinton's choice was criticized as unconventional because rather than picking a running mate who would diversify the ticket, Clinton chose a fellow Southerner who shared his political ideologies and who was nearly the same age as Clinton.[28][72][74] The Washington Bureau Chief for The Baltimore Sun, Paul West, later suggested that, "Al Gore revolutionized the way Vice Presidents are made. When he joined Bill Clinton's ticket, it violated the old rules. Regional diversity? Not with two Southerners from neighboring states. Ideological balance? A couple of left-of-center moderates. ... And yet, Gore has come to be regarded by strategists in both parties as the best vice presidential pick in at least 20 years."[75]

Clinton and Gore accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention on July 17, 1992.[76][77] Known as the Baby Boomer Ticket and the Fortysomething Team, The New York Times noted that if elected, Clinton and Gore, at ages 45 and 44 respectively, would be the "youngest team to make it to the White House in the country's history".[72][78]. Gore called the ticket "a new generation of leadership".

 
1992 electoral vote results. The Clinton-Gore ticket won 370–168.

[72][79]

The ticket increased in popularity after the candidates traveled with their wives, Hillary and Tipper, on a "six-day, 1,000-mile bus ride, from New York to St. Louis".[80] Al Gore would participate in one vice-presidential debate against Vice President Dan Quayle, and Admiral James Stockdale. That debate, as of 2023, was the only televised Vice-Presidential debate with more than two participating candidates. The Clinton-Gore ticket beat the Bush-Quayle and Perot-Stockdale tickets with 43% of the popular vote, versus their 38% and 19%, respectively. Clinton and Gore received 370 electoral votes, versus the incumbent ticket's 168, and Perot's 0. [28]

Vice presidency (1993–2001)

 
The Clintons and the Gores as Chelsea Clinton rings a replica of the Liberty Bell, 1993
 
Gore being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice Byron White on January 20, 1993
 
Gore and President Bill Clinton on the South Lawn, August 10, 1993

Al Gore served as vice president during the Clinton administration. Clinton and Gore were inaugurated on January 20, 1993. At the beginning of the first term, they developed a "two-page agreement outlining their relationship". Clinton committed himself to regular lunch meetings; he recognized Gore as a principal adviser on nominations and appointed some of Gore's chief advisers to key White House staff positions. Clinton involved Gore in decision-making to an unprecedented degree for a vice president. Through their weekly lunches and daily conversations, Gore became the president's "indisputable chief adviser".[28]

However, Gore had to compete with First Lady Hillary for President Clinton's influence, starting when she was appointed to the health-care task force without Gore's consultation. Vanity Fair wrote that President Clinton's "failure to confide in his vice president was a telling sign of the real pecking order", and reported "it was an open secret that some of Hillary's advisers...nurtured dreams that Hillary, not Gore, would follow Bill in the presidency".[81][82]

Gore had a particular interest in reducing "waste, fraud, and abuse in the federal government and advocated trimming the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations".[28] During the Clinton Administration, the U.S. economy expanded, according to David Greenberg (professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University) who said that "by the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged."[83]

According to Leslie Budd, author of E-economy: Rhetoric or Business Reality, this economic success was due, in part, to Gore's continued role as an Atari Democrat, promoting the development of information technology, which led to the dot-com boom (c. 1995–2001).[84] Clinton and Gore entered office planning to finance research that would "flood the economy with innovative goods and services, lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry".[85] Their overall aim was to fund the development of, "robotics, smart roads, biotechnology, machine tools, magnetic-levitation trains, fiber-optic communications and national computer networks. Also earmarked [were] a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage."[85] Critics claimed that the initiatives would "backfire, bloating Congressional pork and creating whole new categories of Federal waste".[85]

During the election and his term as vice president, Gore popularized the term Information Superhighway, which became synonymous with the Internet, and he was involved in the creation of the National Information Infrastructure.[85] Gore first discussed his plans to emphasize information technology at UCLA on January 11, 1994, in a speech at The Superhighway Summit. On March 29, 1994, Gore made the inaugural keynote to a Georgetown University symposium on governmental reform[a] with a lecture entitled, "The new job of the federal executive". Gore spoke on how technology was changing the nature of government, public administration, and management in general, noting that while in the past deep hierarchical structures were necessary to manage large organizations, technology was offering more accurate and streamlined access to information, thus facilitating flatter management structures.[86][87] He was involved in a number of projects including NetDay '96 and 24 Hours in Cyberspace. The Clinton–Gore administration also launched the first official White House website in 1994 and subsequent versions through 2000.[88] During 1993 and early 1994, Gore was tapped by the administration to advocate for the adoption of the Clipper Chip, a technology developed by the National Security Agency designed to provide for law enforcement access to encrypted communications. After political and technical objections, the initiative was essentially dropped.[89][90][91]

 
President Bill Clinton installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay at Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, CA. March 9, 1996
 
Glenn T. Seaborg with Gore in the White House during a visit of the 1993 Science Talent Search (STS) finalists on March 4, 1993

Gore was also involved in environmental initiatives. He launched the GLOBE program on Earth Day '94, an education and science activity that, according to Forbes magazine, "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment".[92] In 1998, Gore began promoting a NASA satellite (Deep Space Climate Observatory) that would provide a constant view of the Earth, marking the first time such an image would have been made since The Blue Marble photo from the 1972 Apollo 17 mission.[93] During this time, he also became associated with Digital Earth.[94]

Gore negotiated and strongly supported the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gasses, but said upon his return that the administration would not submit the treaty to the Senate for ratification until it was amended to include "meaningful participation by key developing nations",[95][96][97] The Senate had previously passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98), which declared opposition to any greenhouse gas treaty which would limit US emissions without similar limits on third-world countries such as China.[98][99] The Clinton administration left office three years later without having submitted the treaty for ratification.

 
Vice President Gore and President Clinton during the second inauguration of Bill Clinton, January 20, 1997

In 1996, Gore became involved in a "Chinagate" campaign finance controversy over his attendance at an event at the Buddhist Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California.[28] In an interview on NBC's Today the following year, Gore said, "I did not know that it was a fund-raiser. I knew it was a political event, and I knew there were finance people that were going to be present, and so that alone should have told me, 'This is inappropriate and this is a mistake; don't do this.' And I take responsibility for that. It was a mistake."[100] A U.S. Department of Justice investigation into the fund-raising activities had uncovered evidence that Chinese agents sought to direct contributions from foreign sources to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) before the 1996 presidential campaign. The Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C. was used for coordinating contributions to the DNC.[101][102] FBI agents were denied the opportunity to ask President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore questions during Justice Department interviews in 1997 and 1998 and were only allowed to take notes.[103] In March 1997, Gore had to explain phone calls which he made to solicit funds for Democratic Party for the 1996 election.[104] In a news conference, Gore stated that, "all calls that I made were charged to the Democratic National Committee. I was advised there was nothing wrong with that. My counsel tells me there is no controlling legal authority that says that is any violation of any law."[105] The phrase "no controlling legal authority" was criticized by columnist Charles Krauthammer, who stated: "Whatever other legacies Al Gore leaves behind between now and retirement, he forever bequeaths this newest weasel word to the lexicon of American political corruption."[106] Robert Conrad Jr. was the head of a Justice Department task force appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno to investigate Gore's fund-raising controversies. In Spring 2000, Conrad asked Reno to appoint an independent counsel to continue the investigation. After looking into the matter, Reno judged that the appointment of an independent counsel was unwarranted.[107]

During the 1990s, Gore spoke out on a number of issues. In a 1992 speech on the Gulf War, Gore stated that he twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations.[108] In 1998, at a conference of APEC hosted by Malaysia, Gore objected to the indictment, arrest and jailing of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's longtime second-in-command Anwar Ibrahim, a move which received a negative response from leaders there.[109] Ten years later, Gore again protested when Ibrahim was arrested a second time,[110] a decision condemned by Malaysian foreign minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim.[110]

 
1996 electoral vote results. The Clinton-Gore ticket won 379–179.

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton and Gore both ran for re-election for President and Vice-President. This time, they faced Republican Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole, with his running mate, Jack Hemp, a former member of House republican leadership and George H. W. Bush's secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Gore and Kemp debated once, in one of the lowest rated debates in history. Gore held his own against Kemp, and kept President Clinton's large lead against Dole stable. On November 5, 1996, Clinton and Gore were re-elected as President and Vice-President with 379 electoral votes and an 8% margin of victory in the popular vote.

Soon afterward, Gore also had to contend with the Lewinsky scandal, which involved an affair between President Clinton and a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Gore initially defended Clinton, whom he believed to be innocent, stating, "He is the president of the country! He is my friend ... I want to ask you now, every single one of you, to join me in supporting him."[28] After Clinton was impeached, Gore continued to defend him stating, "I've defined my job in exactly the same way for six years now ... to do everything I can to help him be the best president possible."[28][81][82]

Second presidential run (2000)

There was talk of a potential run in the 2000 presidential race by Gore as early as January 1998.[111] Gore discussed the possibility of running during a March 9, 1999, interview with CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. In response to Wolf Blitzer's question: "Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley", Gore responded:

I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be. But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.[112]

 
In Manchester, New Hampshire, campaigning for President of the United States in 2000

Former UCLA professor of information studies Philip E. Agre and journalist Eric Boehlert argued that three articles in Wired News led to the creation of the widely spread urban legend that Gore claimed to have "invented the Internet", which followed this interview.[113][114][115][116] In addition, computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued in his defense. Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn stated that "we don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he 'invented' the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet."[53][114] Cerf would later state: "Al Gore had seen what happened with the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956, which his father introduced as a military bill. It was very powerful. Housing went up, suburban boom happened, everybody became mobile. Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues. His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the Internet. So he really does deserve credit."[117] In a speech to the American Political Science Association, former Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Newt Gingrich also stated: "In all fairness, it's something Gore had worked on a long time. Gore is not the Father of the Internet, but in all fairness, Gore is the person who, in the Congress, most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet, and the truth is—and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got [to Congress], we were both part of a "futures group"—the fact is, in the Clinton administration, the world we had talked about in the '80s began to actually happen."[118] Finally, Wolf Blitzer (who conducted the original 1999 interview) stated in 2008 that: "I didn't ask him about the Internet. I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley ... Honestly, at the time, when he said it, it didn't dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having, because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what he said, which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative and creating the Internet to—I invented the Internet. And that was the sort of shorthand, the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him, as I'm sure he acknowledges to this very day."[119]

Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy. In 2000, while on the Late Show with David Letterman he read Letterman's Top 10 List (which for this show was called, "Top Ten Rejected Gore – Lieberman Campaign Slogans") to the audience. Number nine on the list was: "Remember, America, I gave you the Internet, and I can take it away!"[120] In 2005 when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award "for three decades of contributions to the Internet" at the Webby Awards[121][122] he joked in his acceptance speech (limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules): "Please don't recount this vote." He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to joke: "We all invented the Internet." Gore, who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech, stated: "It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy."[122]

During a speech that he gave on June 16, 1999, in Carthage, Tennessee, Gore formally announced his candidacy for president. His major theme was the need to strengthen the American family.[123] He was introduced by his eldest daughter, Karenna Gore Schiff.[123] In making the speech, Gore also distanced himself from Bill Clinton, who he stated had lied to him.[123] Gore was "briefly interrupted" by AIDS protesters claiming Gore was working with the pharmaceutical industry to prevent access to generic medicines for poor nations and chanting "Gore's greed kills."[123] Additional speeches were also interrupted by the protesters. Gore responded, "I love this country. I love the First Amendment ... Let me say in response to those who may have chosen an inappropriate way to make their point, that actually the crisis of AIDS in Africa is one that should command the attention of people in the United States and around the world." Gore also issued a statement saying that he supported efforts to lower the cost of the AIDS drugs, provided that they "are done in a way consistent with international agreements".[124][125]

While Bill Clinton's job-approval ratings were around 60%, an April 1999 study by the Pew Research Center for the People found that respondents suffered from "Clinton fatigue" where they were "tired of all the problems associated with the Clinton administration" including the Lewinsky scandal and impeachment. Texas Governor and likely Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush was leading Gore 54% to 41% in polls during that time. Gore's advisers believed that the "Lewinsky scandal and Bill's past womanizing...alienated independent voters—especially the soccer moms, who stood for traditional values". Consequently, Gore's presidential campaign "veered too far in differentiating himself from Bill and his record and had difficulty taking advantage of the Clinton administration's legitimate successes". In addition, Hillary's candidacy for the open Senate seat in New York exacerbated the "three-way tensions evident in the White House since 1993", as "not only was Hillary unavailable as a campaigner, she was poaching top Democratic fund-raisers and donors who would normally concentrate on the vice president". In one instance "Hillary insisted on being invited [to a Los Angeles fundraiser for the vice president]—over the objections of the event's organizers", where the First Lady "shocked the vice president's supporters by soliciting donations for herself in front of Tipper".[81]

Gore faced an early challenge by former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley.[123] Bradley was the only candidate to oppose Gore and was considered a "fresh face" for the White House.[126][127] Gore challenged Bradley to a series of debates which took the form of "town hall" meetings.[128] Gore went on the offensive during these debates leading to a drop in the polls for Bradley.[129][130] In the Iowa caucus the unions pledged their support to Gore, despite Bradley spending heavily in that state, and Bradley was much embarrassed by his two to one defeat there. Gore went on to capture the New Hampshire primary 53-47%, which had been a must-win state for Bradley. Gore then swept all of the primaries on Super Tuesday while Bradley finished a distant second in each state. On March 9, 2000, after failing to win any of the first 20 primaries and caucuses in the election process, Bradley withdrew his campaign and endorsed Gore. Gore eventually went on to win every primary and caucus and, in March 2000 even won the first primary election ever held over the Internet, the Arizona Presidential Primary.[131] By then, he secured the Democratic nomination.[132] As of 2023, Al Gore remains the only presidential candidate in American history who was not the incumbent President to win every single contest in his or her party primary.

On August 13, 2000, Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate. Lieberman became "the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation's second-highest office". Many pundits saw Gore's choice of Lieberman as further distancing him from the scandals of the Clinton White House.[133] Gore's daughter, Karenna, together with her father's former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones,[134] officially nominated Gore as the Democratic presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, California.[135] Gore accepted his party's nomination and spoke about the major themes of his campaign, stating in particular his plan to extend Medicare to pay for prescription drugs and to work for a sensible universal health-care system.[135] Soon after the convention, Gore hit the campaign trail with running mate Joe Lieberman. Gore and Bush were deadlocked in the polls.[136] They participated in three televised debates. While both sides claimed victory after each, Gore was critiqued as either too stiff, too reticent, or too aggressive in contrast to Bush.[137][138]

Recount

On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well.[139] Florida's Republican Secretary of State, Katherine Harris, eventually certified Florida's vote count.[140] This led to the Florida election recount, a move to further examine the Florida results.[141]

The Florida recount was stopped a few weeks later by the U.S. Supreme Court. In the ruling, Bush v. Gore, the Justices held that the Florida recount was unconstitutional and that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline, effectively ending the recounts. This 7–2 vote ruled that the standards the Florida Supreme Court provided for a recount were unconstitutional due to violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and further ruled 5–4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline. This case ordered an end to recounting underway in selected Florida counties, effectively giving George W. Bush a 537[142] vote victory in Florida and consequently Florida's 25 electoral votes and the presidency.[143] The results of the decision led to Gore winning the popular vote by approximately 500,000 votes nationwide, but receiving 266 electoral votes to Bush's 271 (one District of Columbia elector abstained).[144] On December 13, 2000, Gore conceded the election.[145] Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but in his concession speech stated that, "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."[146]

Post-vice presidency (2001–present)

 
Gore in 2000

Bill Clinton and Gore had maintained an informal public distance for eight years, but they reunited for the media in August 2009. Clinton had arranged for the release of two female journalists who were being held hostage in North Korea. The women were employees of Gore's Current TV.[147] In May 2018, he was included as a member of the Indian Government committee to coordinate year long celebrations of Mahatma Gandhi's 150th birth anniversary from October 2, 2019.[148]

Criticism of Bush

Beginning in 2002, Gore began to publicly criticize the Bush administration. In a September 23 speech that he gave before the Commonwealth Club of California, Gore criticized Bush and Congress for the rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq. He compared this decision to the Persian Gulf War (which Gore had voted for) stating, "Back in 1991, I was one of a handful of Democrats in the United States Senate to vote in favor of the resolution endorsing the Persian Gulf War ... But look at the differences between the resolution that was voted on in 1991 and the one this administration is proposing that the Congress vote on in 2002. The circumstances are really completely different [...] in 1991, Iraq had crossed an international border, invaded a neighboring sovereign nation and annexed its territory. Now by contrast in 2002, there has been no such invasion."[149][150] In a speech given in 2004, during the presidential election, Gore accused George W. Bush of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq.[151] The next year, Gore gave a speech which covered many topics, including what he called "religious zealots" who claim special knowledge of God's will in American politics. Gore stated: "They even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith."[152] After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Gore chartered two planes to evacuate 270 people from New Orleans and criticized the Bush administration's response to the hurricane.[153] In 2006, Gore criticized Bush's use of domestic wiretaps without a warrant.[154] One month later, in a speech given at the Jeddah Economic Forum, Gore criticized the treatment of Arabs in the U.S. after 9/11 stating, "Unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it's wrong ... I do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the citizens of my country."[155] Gore's 2007 book, The Assault on Reason, is an analysis of what Gore refers to as the "emptying out of the marketplace of ideas" in civic discourse during the Bush administration. He attributes this phenomenon to the influence of television and argues that it endangers American democracy. By contrast, Gore argues, the Internet can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy".[156] In 2008, Gore argued against the ban of same-sex marriage on his Current TV website, stating, "I think that gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to make contracts, have hospital visiting rights, and join together in marriage."[157] In a 2009 interview with CNN, Gore commented on former Vice President Dick Cheney's criticism of the Obama administration. Referring to his own previous criticism of the Bush administrations, Gore stated: "I waited two years after I left office to make statements that were critical, and then of the policy ... You know, you talk about somebody that shouldn't be talking about making the country less safe, invading a country that did not attack us and posed no serious threat to us at all."[158]

While Gore has criticized Bush for his Katrina response, he has not spoken publicly about his part in the evacuation of 270 patients on September 3 & 4, 2005, from Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Tennessee. On September 1, Gore was contacted by Charity Hospital's Neurosurgeon Dr. David Kline, who had operated on his son Albert, through Greg Simon of FasterCures. Kline informed Gore and Simon of the desperate conditions at the hospital and asked Gore and Simon to arrange relief. On Gore's personal financial commitment, two airlines each provided a plane with one flight later underwritten by Larry Flax. The flights were flown by volunteer airline crews and medically staffed by Gore's cousin, retired Col. Dar LaFon, and family physician Dr. Anderson Spickard and were accompanied by Gore and Albert III. Gore used his political influence to expedite landing rights in New Orleans.[153][159][160]

Presidential run speculation

 
Chris Anderson asks: "Will you run again?"
Gore replies, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!"

People were speculating that Gore would be a candidate for the 2004 presidential election (a bumper sticker, "Re-elect Gore in 2004!" was popular).[161] On December 16, 2002, however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004.[162] While Gore seriously considered challenging Bush in 2004, the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent stratospheric rise in President Bush's popularity as a result of his response to these attacks were strong factors in Gore's December 2002 decision not to run again in 2004.[163] Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running. The draft movement, however, failed to convince Gore to run.[164]

The prospect of a Gore candidacy arose again between 2006 and early 2008 in light of the upcoming 2008 presidential election. Although Gore frequently stated that he had "no plans to run", he did not reject the possibility of future involvement in politics which led to speculation that he might run.[165][166][167] This was due in part to his increased popularity after the release of the 2006 documentary, An Inconvenient Truth.[168] The director of the film, Davis Guggenheim, stated that after the release of the film, "Everywhere I go with him, they treat him like a rock star."[169] After An Inconvenient Truth was nominated for an Academy Award, Donna Brazile (Gore's campaign chairwoman from his 2000 campaign) speculated that Gore might announce a possible presidential candidacy during the Oscars.[170] During the 79th Academy Awards ceremony, Gore and actor Leonardo DiCaprio shared the stage to speak about the "greening" of the ceremony itself. Gore began to give a speech that appeared to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying that it was a rehearsed gag, which he later acknowledged.[171][172] After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, speculation increased about a possible presidential run.[173] Gore's popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running, he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards.[174] Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage Gore to run.[175][176][177] Gore, however, remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency.[178]

Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015, although he did not declare any intention to do so.[179][180]

Involvement in presidential campaigns

 
Gore speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Gore endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December 2003, weeks before the first primary of the election cycle.[181] He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman (Gore preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and Gore did not).[45][182][183] Dean's campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed, with Gore's early endorsement being credited as a factor. In The New York Times, Dean stated: "I actually do think the endorsement of Al Gore began the decline." The Times further noted that "Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr. Gore, a powerhouse of the establishment, so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it."[184] Dean's former campaign manager, Joe Trippi, also stated that after Gore's endorsement of Dean, "alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country, in every other campaign in the country", indicating that if something did not change, Dean would be the nominee.[185] Later, in March 2004, Gore endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry $6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid.[186] Gore also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[187]

During the 2008 primaries, Gore remained neutral toward all of the candidates[188] which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a "compromise candidate" if the party decided it could not nominate one.[189][190] Gore responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process.[191][192] Senator Ted Kennedy had urged Gore to endorse Senator Barack Obama though Gore declined.[82] When Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3, 2008, speculation began that Gore might be tapped for the vice presidency.[193][194] On June 16, 2008, one week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign, Gore endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit, Michigan[195][196][197] which renewed speculation of an Obama-Gore ticket.[198] Gore stated, however, that he was not interested in being vice president again.[199][200][201][202] On the timing and nature of Gore's endorsement, some argued that Gore waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 presidential election.[203][204] On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address, Gore gave a speech offering his full support.[205][206] Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected president during the 2008 presidential election that Gore would be named a member of the Obama administration. This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama, Gore, and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9, 2008. However, Democratic officials and Gore's spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis, and Gore would not be joining the Obama administration.[207][208] On December 19, 2008, Gore described Obama's environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner, Steven Chu, and Lisa Jackson as "an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis".[209]

Gore repeated his neutrality eight years later during the Democratic presidential primaries of 2016 until endorsing Hillary Clinton on July 25, 2016, the first day of that year's Democratic National Convention.[210] Gore appeared with her at a rally on Miami Dade College's Kendall Campus on October 11, 2016.[211][212]

Environmentalism

 
Gore receives the Nobel Peace Prize in the city hall of Oslo, 2007.
 
President George W. Bush meets with Al Gore and the other 2007 Nobel Award recipients, November 26, 2007.

Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976 when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming".[59][60] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s,[61] and is still prevalent in the environmental community. He was known as one of the Atari Democrats,[213] later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party".[62]

In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment".[214] In the late 1990s, Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.[215][216] He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98),[98] which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".[217]

In 2004, Gore co-launched Generation Investment Management, a company for which he serves as chair.[218] A few years later, Gore would also found the Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign. Gore would also become a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading that firm's climate change solutions group.[2][3] He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts.[219] In 2010, he attended WE Day (Vancouver, Canada), a WE Charity event.[220]

 
Gore's speech on Global Warming at the University of Miami BankUnited Center, February 28, 2007

In 2013, Gore became a vegan.[221] He had earlier admitted that "it's absolutely correct that the growing meat intensity of diets across the world is one of the issues connected to this global crisis – not only because of the [carbon dioxide] involved, but also because of the water consumed in the process"[222] and some speculate that his adoption of the new diet is related to his environmentalist stance.[222] In a 2014 interview, Gore said "Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet, really just to experiment to see what it was like. ... I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life."[223]

Gore's An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, a sequel to his 2006 film, An Inconvenient Truth, premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. The film documents his continuing efforts to battle climate change.[224]

A "Climate and Health Summit" which was originally going to be held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was cancelled without warning in late January 2017.[225] A few days later, Gore revived the summit, which was held by the Climate Reality Project without the support of the CDC.[226][227] In 2020 he helped to launch Climate TRACE to independently monitor global greenhouse gas emissions.[228]

In November 2021, Gore spoke at the early stages of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, Scotland.[229] He later criticised the Morrison Government for failing to increase Australia's 2030 emissions reduction target.[230]

Criticism

In the late 1980s and 1990s, Gore was criticized for his involvement in asking the EPA for less strict pollution controls for the Pigeon River, which had long been polluted by a paper mill in Canton, North Carolina.[231]

A number of people and organizations, including Marsha Blackburn, a current U.S. Senator and former Congresswoman from Tennessee, and a conservative Washington, D.C. think tank, have claimed that Gore has a conflict of interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green-energy technologies in which he has a personal investment.[232][233] Additionally, he has been criticized for his above-average energy consumption in using private jets, and in owning multiple, very large homes,[234] one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity.[235][236] Gore's spokesperson responded by stating that the Gores use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy efficient.[237][238]

Data in An Inconvenient Truth have been questioned. In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research",[239] he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. Gore's spokesperson responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film's fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool.[240] In 2009, Gore described the British court ruling as being "in my favor".[241]

Gore was also criticized when in 2012 he sold his television channel Current TV for around $100 million to Al Jazeera, a media company funded by the government of Qatar, a nation largely dependent on income from the fossil fuel industry.[242]

Allegations of aggrandizement

"Inventing the internet"

Critics of Gore have jumped on a statement he made in a 1999 interview on CNN with Wolf Blitzer by misquoting him as claiming he was instrumental in "inventing the internet". In reality, Gore stated: "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system. During a quarter century of public service, including most of it long before I came into my current job, I have worked to try to improve the quality of life in our country and in our world. And what I've seen during that experience is an emerging future that's very exciting, about which I'm very optimistic, and toward which I want to lead."[243]

It is easy to misinterpret the claim of "creating" with "inventing" the internet. Gore has been characterized as having either misspoke, or failed to clarify his important part in the transition of the internet from a defense network to a public network. Gore spent years promoting the internet and high-speed telecommunications as being important to the world as far back as the 1970s. A spirited defense of Gore’s statement penned by Internet pioneers Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf (the latter often referred to as the “father of the Internet”) in 2000 noted that “Al Gore was the first political leader to recognize the importance of the Internet and to promote and support its development” and that “No other elected official, to our knowledge, has made a greater contribution [to the Internet] over a longer period of time”.[244]

"Protagonists of Love Story"

In 1997, Gore was having a late-night conversation with two reporters aboard Air Force Two when he casually mentioned that he had either read or was told that he and Tipper's early pre-marital relationship in Boston while Gore was at Harvard was the basis for Oliver and Jenny Barrett, the protagonists of Erich Segal's novel Love Story and its film adaptation. One of the reporters present, New York Times reporter Rick Berke, stated that Gore didn't offer it as a fact and that it was just second-hand info from a Nashville Tennessean article or reporter who had interviewed Segal. Berke decided not to mention it in his article since it was not offered as a fact by Gore. However, the other reporter present, Karen Tumulty (who was with Time and is with The Washington Post as of 2022) included the quote in her own article and presented it as though Gore claimed it as fact, which claim was picked up by numerous publications afterward as being another example of Gore bragging about an incident that was either a lie or misleading. Segal then went public to clarify that Gore was half of the basis for Oliver Barrett, which was the familial emotional baggage part, while the other half (athletic and poetic) was based on actor Tommy Lee Jones, and that he knew Tipper then, but that she was not a basis for the book and movie at all, nor was the Gores' relationship, and offered that the Tennessee reporter either misquoted him or exaggerated the story. Segal had also attended Harvard, but had done so mostly a decade or so earlier between 1954 to 1959, then later obtained his doctorate at Harvard in 1965. Segal met both the Gores and Jones while on sabbatical at Harvard in 1968 just after his college years.[245]

Personal life

Gore met Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965. She was from the nearby St. Agnes School.[16] Tipper followed Gore to Boston to attend college,[15] and they married at the Washington National Cathedral on May 19, 1970.[15][246][247][248]

They have four children; Karenna Gore (b. 1973), Kristin Carlson Gore (b. 1977), Sarah LaFon Gore (b. 1979) and Albert Arnold Gore III (b. 1982).[35]

In June 2010 the Gores announced in an e-mail to friends that after "long and careful consideration" they had made a mutual decision to separate.[249][250] In May 2012, it was reported that Gore started dating Elizabeth Keadle of Rancho Santa Fe,[251] California.[252]

He is Baptist,[253] member of Georgetown Baptist Church in Washington, D.C..[254]

He is possibly related to the Albert "Al" N. Gore who ran in the 2012 Mississippi Senate election. In some interviews, the candidate described how he might be distantly related to the vice-president by saying the Gore family split into two factions in the 1800s, with one going to Tennessee (and later giving rise to the vice-president and his Tennessee Senator father), and the other going to Mississippi (giving rise to that state's Democratic Senate candidate).[255][256] Despite the speculation, it has never officially been confirmed if the two are in fact distant relatives.

Awards and honors

Gore is the recipient of a number of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize (together with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007,[257][258][259] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007, a Webby Award in 2005, the Dan David Prize in 2008[260] and the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for International Cooperation.[261] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2008.[262] He also starred in the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth, which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2007 and wrote the book An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, which won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2009.[8][263]

Selected publications

Books

  • The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change. Random House. 2013. ISBN 978-0-8129-9294-6.
  • Our Choice. Rodale Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59486-734-7.
  • Know Climate Change and 101 Q and A on Climate Change from 'Save Planet Earth Series', 2008 (children's books)
  • Our Purpose: The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture 2007. Rodale Books. 2008. ISBN 978-1-60529-990-7.
  • The Assault on Reason. New York: Penguin. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59420-122-6.
  • An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. New York: Rodale Books. 2006. ISBN 978-1-59486-567-1.
  • Joined at the Heart: The Transformation of the American Family- (with Tipper Gore). New York: Owl Henry Holt. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8050-7450-5.
  • The Spirit of Family (with Tipper Gore). New York: H. Holt. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8050-6894-8.
  • From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less. Amsterdam: Fredonia Books. 2001. ISBN 978-1-58963-571-5.
  • Gore, Al (1998). Common Sense Government: Works Better & Costs Less: National Performance Review (3rd Report). ISBN 978-0-7881-3908-6.
  • Gore, Albert (1997). Businesslike Government: lessons learned from America's best companies (with Scott Adams). ISBN 978-0-7881-7053-9.
  • Earth in the Balance: Forging a New Common Purpose. Earthscan. 1992. ISBN 978-0-618-05664-4.
  • Putting People First: How We Can All Change America. (with William J. Clinton). New York: Times Books, 1992 .

Articles

Notes

  1. ^ The annual Marver H. Bernstein Symposium on Governmental Reform was established by Georgetown University in memory of Marver Bernstein, a professor at their School of Foreign Service, former president of Brandeis University, expert on public administration and author of research on the role of the federal executive.

References

  1. ^ a b Gore, Al. "Al's Bio". AlGore.com. from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Coile, Zachary (November 13, 2007). "Gore joins Valley's Kleiner Perkins to push green business". San Francisco Chronicle. from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  3. ^ a b . Kleiner Perkins. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  4. ^ Office of Public Affairs (January 25, 2001). "Former Vice President Al Gore to Teach at Columbia's School of Journalism". Columbia News: the Public Affairs and Record Home Page. Columbia University. from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  5. ^ . Jet. February 19, 2001. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
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Bibliography

External links

gore, this, article, about, former, vice, president, united, states, other, uses, disambiguation, albert, gore, redirects, here, father, albert, gore, albert, arnold, gore, born, march, 1948, american, politician, businessman, environmentalist, served, 45th, v. This article is about the former vice president of the United States For other uses see Al Gore disambiguation Albert Gore redirects here For his father see Albert Gore Sr Albert Arnold Gore Jr born March 31 1948 is an American politician businessman and environmentalist who served as the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton Gore was the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election losing to George W Bush in a very close race after a Florida recount Al GoreOfficial portrait 199445th Vice President of the United StatesIn office January 20 1993 January 20 2001PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byDan QuayleSucceeded byDick CheneyUnited States Senatorfrom TennesseeIn office January 3 1985 January 2 1993Preceded byHoward BakerSucceeded byHarlan MathewsMember of theU S House of Representativesfrom TennesseeIn office January 3 1977 January 3 1985Preceded byJoe L EvinsSucceeded byBart GordonConstituency4th district 1977 1983 6th district 1983 1985 Personal detailsBornAlbert Arnold Gore Jr 1948 03 31 March 31 1948 age 74 Washington D C U S Political partyDemocraticSpouseTipper Aitcheson m 1970 sep 2010 wbr ChildrenKarennaKristinSarahAlbert IIIParent s Albert Gore Sr Pauline LaFonEducationHarvard University BA Vanderbilt University no degree OccupationPoliticianenvironmentalistlawyerbusinessmanjournalistauthorCivilian awardsList of honors and awardsSignatureWebsitewww wbr algore wbr comMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited StatesBranch serviceUnited States ArmyYears of service1969 1971RankSpecialist 4Unit20th Engineer BrigadeBattles warsVietnam WarMilitary awardsNational Defense Service MedalVietnam Service MedalAl Gore s voice source source Gore delivering remarks on the 1999 budgetRecorded February 2 1998Gore was an elected official for 24 years He was a representative from Tennessee 1977 1985 and from 1985 to 1993 served as a senator from that state He served as vice president during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001 defeating incumbents George H W Bush and Dan Quayle in 1992 and Bob Dole and Jack Kemp in 1996 The 2000 presidential election was one of the closest presidential races in history Gore and his running mate Joe Lieberman won the popular vote but after a controversial election dispute over a Florida recount settled by the U S Supreme Court which ruled 5 4 in favor of Bush he lost the election to Republican opponent George W Bush in the Electoral College As of 2023 Gore s 1990 re election remains the last time Democrats won a Senate election in Tennessee After his term as vice president ended in 2001 Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist whose work in climate change activism earned him jointly with the IPCC the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 Gore is the founder and current chair of The Climate Reality Project the co founder and chair of Generation Investment Management the now defunct Current TV network a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc and a senior adviser to Google 1 Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins heading its climate change solutions group 2 3 He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism Fisk University and the University of California Los Angeles 1 4 5 6 He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute 7 Gore has received a number of awards that include the Nobel Peace Prize joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 2009 for his book An Inconvenient Truth 8 a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV 2007 and a Webby Award 2005 Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award winning 2007 documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006 as well as its 2017 sequel An Inconvenient Sequel Truth to Power In 2007 he was named a runner up for Time s 2007 Person of the Year 9 In 2008 Gore won the Dan David Prize for Social Responsibility 10 11 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Harvard the Vietnam War journalism and Vanderbilt 1965 1976 2 1 Harvard 2 2 Military service 2 3 Vanderbilt and journalism 3 Congress 1977 1993 3 1 House and Senate 3 2 Son s 1989 accident and first book 4 First presidential run 1988 5 1992 presidential election 6 Vice presidency 1993 2001 7 Second presidential run 2000 7 1 Recount 8 Post vice presidency 2001 present 8 1 Criticism of Bush 8 2 Presidential run speculation 8 3 Involvement in presidential campaigns 8 4 Environmentalism 8 5 Criticism 9 Allegations of aggrandizement 9 1 Inventing the internet 9 2 Protagonists of Love Story 10 Personal life 11 Awards and honors 12 Selected publications 12 1 Books 12 2 Articles 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External linksEarly life and education Gore in St Albans School s 1965 yearbook Gore was born on March 31 1948 in Washington D C 12 the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr a U S Representative who later served for 18 years as a U S Senator from Tennessee and Pauline LaFon Gore one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School 13 Gore is a descendant of Scots Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid 17th century and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War 14 His older sister Nancy LaFon Gore died of lung cancer 15 During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D C 16 During the summer months he worked on the family farm in Carthage Tennessee where the Gores grew tobacco and hay 17 18 and raised cattle 19 Gore attended St Albans School an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington D C from 1956 to 1965 a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League 20 21 He was the captain of the football team threw discus for the track and field team and participated in basketball art and government 13 16 22 He graduated 25th in a class of 51 applied to one college Harvard University and was accepted 20 21 Harvard the Vietnam War journalism and Vanderbilt 1965 1976 Harvard Gore enrolled in Harvard College in 1965 he initially planned to major in English and write novels but later decided to major in government 20 21 On his second day on campus he began campaigning for the freshman student government council and was elected its president 21 Gore was an avid reader who fell in love with scientific and mathematical theories 21 but he did not do well in science classes and avoided taking math 20 During his first two years his grades placed him in the lower one fifth of his class During his second year he reportedly spent much of his time watching television shooting pool and occasionally smoking marijuana 20 21 In his junior and senior years he became more involved with his studies earning As and Bs 20 In his senior year he took a class with oceanographer and global warming theorist Roger Revelle who sparked Gore s interest in global warming and other environmental issues 21 23 Gore earned an A on his thesis The Impact of Television on the Conduct of the Presidency 1947 1969 and graduated with an A B cum laude in June 1969 20 24 Albert Gore Sr delivering a speech to the 1968 Democratic National Convention which the younger Gore helped him write Gore was in college during the era of anti Vietnam War protests He was against that war but he disagreed with the tactics of the student protest movement He thought that it was silly and juvenile to use a private university as a venue to vent anger at the war 21 He and his friends did not participate in Harvard demonstrations John Tyson a former roommate recalled that We distrusted these movements a lot We were a pretty traditional bunch of guys positive for civil rights and women s rights but formal transformed by the social revolution to some extent but not buying into something we considered detrimental to our country 21 25 Gore helped his father write an anti war address to the Democratic National Convention of 1968 but stayed with his parents in their hotel room during the violent protests 21 Military service Tipper and Al Gore on their wedding day May 19 1970 at the Washington National Cathedral Gore with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa as a journalist with the paper The Castle Courier When Gore graduated in 1969 he immediately became eligible for the military draft His father a vocal anti Vietnam War critic was facing re election in 1970 Gore eventually decided that enlisting in the Army would be the best course between serving his country his personal values and interests Although nearly all of his Harvard classmates avoided the draft and service in Vietnam 26 Gore believed if he found a way around military service he would be handing an issue to his father s Republican opponent 27 According to Gore s Senate biography He appeared in uniform in his father s campaign commercials one of which ended with his father advising Son always love your country 28 Despite this Gore Sr lost the election to an opponent who vastly out fundraised him This opponent was later found by the Watergate commission to have accepted illegal money from Nixon s operatives 27 Gore has said that his other reason for enlisting was that he did not want someone with fewer options than he to go in his place 29 Actor Tommy Lee Jones a former college housemate recalled Gore saying that if he found a fancy way of not going someone else would have to go in his place 21 30 His Harvard advisor Richard Neustadt also stated that Gore decided that he would have to go as an enlisted man because he said In Tennessee that s what most people have to do In addition Michael Roche Gore s editor for The Castle Courier stated that anybody who knew Al Gore in Vietnam knows he could have sat on his butt and he didn t 27 After enlisting in August 1969 Gore returned to the anti war Harvard campus in his military uniform to say goodbye to his adviser and was jeered at by students 15 21 He later said he was astonished by the emotional field of negativity and disapproval and piercing glances that certainly felt like real hatred 21 Gore had basic training at Fort Dix from August to October and then was assigned to be a journalist at Fort Rucker Alabama 27 In April 1970 he was named Rucker s Soldier of the Month 15 His orders to be sent to Vietnam were held up for some time and the Gore family suspected that this was due to a fear by the Nixon administration that if something happened to him his father would gain sympathy votes 27 He was finally shipped to Vietnam on January 2 1971 after his father had lost his seat in the Senate during the 1970 Senate election becoming one of only about a dozen of the 1 115 Harvard graduates in the Class of 69 who went to Vietnam 27 31 32 Gore was stationed with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa and was a journalist with The Castle Courier 33 He received an honorable discharge from the Army in May 1971 15 Of his time in the Army Gore later stated I didn t do the most or run the gravest danger But I was proud to wear my country s uniform 30 He also later stated that his experience in Vietnam didn t change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake but it struck me that opponents to the war including myself really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for 34 Vanderbilt and journalism Gore was dispirited after his return from Vietnam 28 NashvillePost com noted that his father s defeat made service in a conflict he deeply opposed even more abhorrent to Gore His experiences in the war zone don t seem to have been deeply traumatic in themselves although the engineers were sometimes fired upon Gore has said he didn t see full scale combat Still he felt that his participation in the war was wrong 31 Although his parents wanted him to go to law school Gore first attended Vanderbilt University Divinity School 1971 72 on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for people planning secular careers He later said he went there in order to explore spiritual issues 35 and that he had hoped to make sense of the social injustices that seemed to challenge his religious beliefs 36 In 1971 Gore also began to work the night shift for The Tennessean as an investigative reporter 37 His investigations of corruption among members of Nashville s Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses 31 In 1974 he took a leave of absence from The Tennessean to attend Vanderbilt University Law School His decision to become an attorney was a partial result of his time as a journalist as he realized that while he could expose corruption he could not change it 35 Gore did not complete law school deciding abruptly in 1976 to run for a seat in the U S House of Representatives when he found out that his father s former seat in the House was about to be vacated 35 38 Congress 1977 1993 See also Electoral history of Al Gore Al Gore and information technology and Environmental activism of Al Gore Gore began serving in the U S Congress at the age of 28 and stayed there for the next 16 years serving in both the House 1977 1985 and the Senate 1985 1993 37 Gore spent many weekends in Tennessee working with his constituents 13 28 House and Senate Gore in 1977 At the end of February 1976 U S Representative Joe L Evins unexpectedly announced his retirement from Congress making Tennessee s 4th congressional district seat to which he had succeeded Albert Gore Sr in 1953 open Within hours after The Tennessean publisher John Seigenthaler Sr called him to tell him the announcement was forthcoming 38 Gore decided to quit law school and run for the House of Representatives Gore s abrupt decision to run for the open seat surprised even himself he later said that I didn t realize myself I had been pulled back so much to it The news came as a bombshell to his wife Tipper Gore held a job in The Tennessean s photo lab and was working on a master s degree in psychology but she joined in her husband s campaign with assurance that she could get her job at The Tennessean back if he lost By contrast Gore asked his father to stay out of his campaign I must become my own man he explained I must not be your candidate 28 Gore won the 1976 Democratic primary for the district with 32 percent of the vote three percentage points more than his nearest rival and was opposed only by an independent candidate in the election recording 94 percent of the overall vote 39 He went on to win the next three elections in 1978 1980 and 1982 where he was unopposed twice and won 79 percent of the vote the other time 39 In 1984 Gore successfully ran for a seat in the U S Senate which had been vacated by Republican Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker He was unopposed in the Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election going away despite the fact that Republican President Ronald Reagan swept Tennessee in his reelection campaign the same year 39 Gore defeated Republican senatorial nominee Victor Ashe subsequently the mayor of Knoxville and the Republican turned Independent Ed McAteer founder of the Christian right Religious Roundtable organization that had worked to elect Reagan as president in 1980 40 Gore during his congressional years During his time in Congress Gore was considered a moderate once referring to himself as a raging moderate 41 opposing federal funding of abortion voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment of silence in schools and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns 42 In 1981 Gore was quoted as saying with regard to homosexuality I think it is wrong and I don t pretend to understand it but it is not just another normal optional life style In his 1984 Senate race Gore said when discussing homosexuality I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm He also said that he would not take campaign funds from gay rights groups 43 Although he maintained a position against homosexuality and gay marriage in the 1980s Gore said in 2008 that he thinks gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to join together in marriage 44 His position as a moderate and on policies related to that label shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000 45 During his tenure in the House Gore voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr Day as a federal holiday 46 While Gore initially did not vote on the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in January 1988 47 he voted to override President Reagan s veto the following March 48 Gore voted against the nomination of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States 49 as well as the nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas to the U S Supreme Court During his time in the House Gore sat on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees chairing the Science Committee s Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations for four years 39 He also sat on the House Intelligence Committee and in 1982 introduced the Gore Plan for arms control to reduce chances of a nuclear first strike by cutting multiple warheads and deploying single warhead mobile launchers 28 While in the Senate he sat on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs the Rules and Administration and the Armed Services Committees 28 In 1991 Gore was one of ten Democrats who supported the Gulf War 28 Gore was considered one of the Atari Democrats given this name due to their passion for technological issues from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the greenhouse effect 28 On March 19 1979 he had become the first member of Congress to appear on C SPAN 50 During this time Gore co chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future with Newt Gingrich 51 In addition he has been described as having been a genuine nerd with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House Before computers were comprehensible let alone sexy the poker faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber optic networks to sleepy colleagues 28 52 Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn noted that as far back as the 1970s Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship the Internet as we know it today was not deployed until 1983 When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication 53 Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986 54 He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises 53 As a Senator Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 commonly referred to as The Gore Bill after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science Leonard Kleinrock one of the central creators of the ARPANET the ARPANET first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969 is the predecessor of the Internet 55 56 57 The bill was passed on December 9 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure NII which Gore referred to as the information superhighway 58 After joining the House of Representatives Gore held the first congressional hearings on the climate change and co sponsor ed hearings on toxic waste and global warming 59 60 He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s 28 61 62 In 1990 Senator Gore presided over a three day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment 63 Son s 1989 accident and first book On April 3 1989 Al Tipper and their six year old son Albert were leaving a baseball game Albert ran across the street to see his friend and was hit by a car He was thrown 30 feet 9 m and then traveled along the pavement for another 20 feet 6 m 13 Gore later recalled I ran to his side and held him and called his name but he was motionless limp and still without breath or pulse His eyes were open with the nothingness stare of death and we prayed the two of us there in the gutter with only my voice 13 Albert was tended to by two nurses who happened to be present during the accident The Gores spent the next month in the hospital with Albert Gore also commented Our lives were consumed with the struggle to restore his body and spirit 13 This event was a trauma so shattering that Gore views it as a moment of personal rebirth a key moment in his life which changed everything 13 In August 1991 Gore announced that his son s accident was a factor in his decision not to run for president in 1992 64 Gore stated I would like to be President But I am also a father and I feel deeply about my responsibility to my children I didn t feel right about tearing myself away from my family to the extent that is necessary in a Presidential campaign 64 During this time Gore wrote Earth in the Balance a text that became the first book written by a sitting U S Senator to make The New York Times Best Seller list since John F Kennedy s Profiles in Courage 28 First presidential run 1988 Main article Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign In 1988 Gore sought the Democratic Party s nomination for President of the United States Gore carried seven states in the primaries finishing third overall in a field that included Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis then Senator future Vice President and current President Joe Biden Gary Hart Congressman Dick Gephardt Paul Simon and Jesse Jackson Dukakis eventually won the Democratic nomination and went on to lose in a landslide to George H W Bush in the general election Although Gore initially denied that he intended to run his candidacy was the subject of speculation National analysts make Sen Gore a long shot for the Presidential nomination but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates a young attractive moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South He currently denies any interest but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand 16 At the time he was 39 years old making him the youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F Kennedy 16 CNN noted that in 1988 for the first time 12 southern states would hold their primaries on the same day dubbed Super Tuesday Gore thought he would be the only serious Southern contender he had not counted on Jesse Jackson 65 Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina primary winning more than half the total vote three times that of his closest rival here Senator Albert Gore Jr of Tennessee 66 Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote Jackson winning Alabama Georgia Louisiana Mississippi and Virginia Gore winning Arkansas North Carolina Kentucky Nevada Tennessee and Oklahoma 28 65 67 Gore was later endorsed by New York City Mayor Ed Koch who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson These statements cast Gore in a negative light 65 leading voters away from Gore who received only 10 of the vote in the New York primary Gore then dropped out of the race 28 The New York Times said that Gore also lost support due to his attacks against Jackson Dukakis and others 68 Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson who supported the Clinton Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996 and campaigned for the Gore Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election 69 70 Gore s policies changed substantially in 2000 reflecting his eight years as vice president 71 1992 presidential electionSee also 1992 United States presidential election and Presidential transition of Bill Clinton Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton s running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election but after clashing with the George H W Bush administration over global warming issues he decided to accept the offer 28 Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience work with the environment and commitment to his family 72 73 Clinton s choice was criticized as unconventional because rather than picking a running mate who would diversify the ticket Clinton chose a fellow Southerner who shared his political ideologies and who was nearly the same age as Clinton 28 72 74 The Washington Bureau Chief for The Baltimore Sun Paul West later suggested that Al Gore revolutionized the way Vice Presidents are made When he joined Bill Clinton s ticket it violated the old rules Regional diversity Not with two Southerners from neighboring states Ideological balance A couple of left of center moderates And yet Gore has come to be regarded by strategists in both parties as the best vice presidential pick in at least 20 years 75 Clinton and Gore accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention on July 17 1992 76 77 Known as the Baby Boomer Ticket and the Fortysomething Team The New York Times noted that if elected Clinton and Gore at ages 45 and 44 respectively would be the youngest team to make it to the White House in the country s history 72 78 Gore called the ticket a new generation of leadership 1992 electoral vote results The Clinton Gore ticket won 370 168 72 79 The ticket increased in popularity after the candidates traveled with their wives Hillary and Tipper on a six day 1 000 mile bus ride from New York to St Louis 80 Al Gore would participate in one vice presidential debate against Vice President Dan Quayle and Admiral James Stockdale That debate as of 2023 was the only televised Vice Presidential debate with more than two participating candidates The Clinton Gore ticket beat the Bush Quayle and Perot Stockdale tickets with 43 of the popular vote versus their 38 and 19 respectively Clinton and Gore received 370 electoral votes versus the incumbent ticket s 168 and Perot s 0 28 Vice presidency 1993 2001 Main article Vice presidency of Al Gore See also Al Gore and information technology and Environmental activism of Al Gore The Clintons and the Gores as Chelsea Clinton rings a replica of the Liberty Bell 1993 Gore being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice Byron White on January 20 1993 Gore and President Bill Clinton on the South Lawn August 10 1993 Al Gore served as vice president during the Clinton administration Clinton and Gore were inaugurated on January 20 1993 At the beginning of the first term they developed a two page agreement outlining their relationship Clinton committed himself to regular lunch meetings he recognized Gore as a principal adviser on nominations and appointed some of Gore s chief advisers to key White House staff positions Clinton involved Gore in decision making to an unprecedented degree for a vice president Through their weekly lunches and daily conversations Gore became the president s indisputable chief adviser 28 However Gore had to compete with First Lady Hillary for President Clinton s influence starting when she was appointed to the health care task force without Gore s consultation Vanity Fair wrote that President Clinton s failure to confide in his vice president was a telling sign of the real pecking order and reported it was an open secret that some of Hillary s advisers nurtured dreams that Hillary not Gore would follow Bill in the presidency 81 82 Gore had a particular interest in reducing waste fraud and abuse in the federal government and advocated trimming the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations 28 During the Clinton Administration the U S economy expanded according to David Greenberg professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University who said that by the end of the Clinton presidency the numbers were uniformly impressive Besides the record high surpluses and the record low poverty rates the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers black Americans and the aged 83 According to Leslie Budd author of E economy Rhetoric or Business Reality this economic success was due in part to Gore s continued role as an Atari Democrat promoting the development of information technology which led to the dot com boom c 1995 2001 84 Clinton and Gore entered office planning to finance research that would flood the economy with innovative goods and services lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry 85 Their overall aim was to fund the development of robotics smart roads biotechnology machine tools magnetic levitation trains fiber optic communications and national computer networks Also earmarked were a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage 85 Critics claimed that the initiatives would backfire bloating Congressional pork and creating whole new categories of Federal waste 85 During the election and his term as vice president Gore popularized the term Information Superhighway which became synonymous with the Internet and he was involved in the creation of the National Information Infrastructure 85 Gore first discussed his plans to emphasize information technology at UCLA on January 11 1994 in a speech at The Superhighway Summit On March 29 1994 Gore made the inaugural keynote to a Georgetown University symposium on governmental reform a with a lecture entitled The new job of the federal executive Gore spoke on how technology was changing the nature of government public administration and management in general noting that while in the past deep hierarchical structures were necessary to manage large organizations technology was offering more accurate and streamlined access to information thus facilitating flatter management structures 86 87 He was involved in a number of projects including NetDay 96 and 24 Hours in Cyberspace The Clinton Gore administration also launched the first official White House website in 1994 and subsequent versions through 2000 88 During 1993 and early 1994 Gore was tapped by the administration to advocate for the adoption of the Clipper Chip a technology developed by the National Security Agency designed to provide for law enforcement access to encrypted communications After political and technical objections the initiative was essentially dropped 89 90 91 President Bill Clinton installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay at Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord CA March 9 1996 Glenn T Seaborg with Gore in the White House during a visit of the 1993 Science Talent Search STS finalists on March 4 1993 Gore was also involved in environmental initiatives He launched the GLOBE program on Earth Day 94 an education and science activity that according to Forbes magazine made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment 92 In 1998 Gore began promoting a NASA satellite Deep Space Climate Observatory that would provide a constant view of the Earth marking the first time such an image would have been made since The Blue Marble photo from the 1972 Apollo 17 mission 93 During this time he also became associated with Digital Earth 94 Gore negotiated and strongly supported the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gasses but said upon his return that the administration would not submit the treaty to the Senate for ratification until it was amended to include meaningful participation by key developing nations 95 96 97 The Senate had previously passed unanimously 95 0 the Byrd Hagel Resolution S Res 98 which declared opposition to any greenhouse gas treaty which would limit US emissions without similar limits on third world countries such as China 98 99 The Clinton administration left office three years later without having submitted the treaty for ratification Vice President Gore and President Clinton during the second inauguration of Bill Clinton January 20 1997 In 1996 Gore became involved in a Chinagate campaign finance controversy over his attendance at an event at the Buddhist Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights California 28 In an interview on NBC s Today the following year Gore said I did not know that it was a fund raiser I knew it was a political event and I knew there were finance people that were going to be present and so that alone should have told me This is inappropriate and this is a mistake don t do this And I take responsibility for that It was a mistake 100 A U S Department of Justice investigation into the fund raising activities had uncovered evidence that Chinese agents sought to direct contributions from foreign sources to the Democratic National Committee DNC before the 1996 presidential campaign The Chinese embassy in Washington D C was used for coordinating contributions to the DNC 101 102 FBI agents were denied the opportunity to ask President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore questions during Justice Department interviews in 1997 and 1998 and were only allowed to take notes 103 In March 1997 Gore had to explain phone calls which he made to solicit funds for Democratic Party for the 1996 election 104 In a news conference Gore stated that all calls that I made were charged to the Democratic National Committee I was advised there was nothing wrong with that My counsel tells me there is no controlling legal authority that says that is any violation of any law 105 The phrase no controlling legal authority was criticized by columnist Charles Krauthammer who stated Whatever other legacies Al Gore leaves behind between now and retirement he forever bequeaths this newest weasel word to the lexicon of American political corruption 106 Robert Conrad Jr was the head of a Justice Department task force appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno to investigate Gore s fund raising controversies In Spring 2000 Conrad asked Reno to appoint an independent counsel to continue the investigation After looking into the matter Reno judged that the appointment of an independent counsel was unwarranted 107 During the 1990s Gore spoke out on a number of issues In a 1992 speech on the Gulf War Gore stated that he twice attempted to get the U S government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein citing Hussein s use of poison gas support of terrorism and his burgeoning nuclear program but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations 108 In 1998 at a conference of APEC hosted by Malaysia Gore objected to the indictment arrest and jailing of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad s longtime second in command Anwar Ibrahim a move which received a negative response from leaders there 109 Ten years later Gore again protested when Ibrahim was arrested a second time 110 a decision condemned by Malaysian foreign minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim 110 1996 electoral vote results The Clinton Gore ticket won 379 179 In the 1996 presidential election Clinton and Gore both ran for re election for President and Vice President This time they faced Republican Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole with his running mate Jack Hemp a former member of House republican leadership and George H W Bush s secretary of Housing and Urban Development Gore and Kemp debated once in one of the lowest rated debates in history Gore held his own against Kemp and kept President Clinton s large lead against Dole stable On November 5 1996 Clinton and Gore were re elected as President and Vice President with 379 electoral votes and an 8 margin of victory in the popular vote Soon afterward Gore also had to contend with the Lewinsky scandal which involved an affair between President Clinton and a White House intern Monica Lewinsky Gore initially defended Clinton whom he believed to be innocent stating He is the president of the country He is my friend I want to ask you now every single one of you to join me in supporting him 28 After Clinton was impeached Gore continued to defend him stating I ve defined my job in exactly the same way for six years now to do everything I can to help him be the best president possible 28 81 82 Second presidential run 2000 Main article Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign Further information 2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries 2000 United States presidential election 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida Bush v Gore and Al Gore and information technology There was talk of a potential run in the 2000 presidential race by Gore as early as January 1998 111 Gore discussed the possibility of running during a March 9 1999 interview with CNN s Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer In response to Wolf Blitzer s question Why should Democrats looking at the Democratic nomination process support you instead of Bill Bradley Gore responded I ll be offering my vision when my campaign begins And it will be comprehensive and sweeping And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it I feel that it will be But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people I ve traveled to every part of this country during the last six years During my service in the United States Congress I took the initiative in creating the Internet I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country s economic growth and environmental protection improvements in our educational system 112 In Manchester New Hampshire campaigning for President of the United States in 2000 Former UCLA professor of information studies Philip E Agre and journalist Eric Boehlert argued that three articles in Wired News led to the creation of the widely spread urban legend that Gore claimed to have invented the Internet which followed this interview 113 114 115 116 In addition computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued in his defense Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn stated that we don t think as some people have argued that Gore intended to claim he invented the Internet Moreover there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator Gore s initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still evolving Internet 53 114 Cerf would later state Al Gore had seen what happened with the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956 which his father introduced as a military bill It was very powerful Housing went up suburban boom happened everybody became mobile Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the Internet So he really does deserve credit 117 In a speech to the American Political Science Association former Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Newt Gingrich also stated In all fairness it s something Gore had worked on a long time Gore is not the Father of the Internet but in all fairness Gore is the person who in the Congress most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet and the truth is and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got to Congress we were both part of a futures group the fact is in the Clinton administration the world we had talked about in the 80s began to actually happen 118 Finally Wolf Blitzer who conducted the original 1999 interview stated in 2008 that I didn t ask him about the Internet I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley Honestly at the time when he said it it didn t dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what he said which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative and creating the Internet to I invented the Internet And that was the sort of shorthand the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him as I m sure he acknowledges to this very day 119 Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy In 2000 while on the Late Show with David Letterman he read Letterman s Top 10 List which for this show was called Top Ten Rejected Gore Lieberman Campaign Slogans to the audience Number nine on the list was Remember America I gave you the Internet and I can take it away 120 In 2005 when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for three decades of contributions to the Internet at the Webby Awards 121 122 he joked in his acceptance speech limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules Please don t recount this vote He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to joke We all invented the Internet Gore who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech stated It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy 122 During a speech that he gave on June 16 1999 in Carthage Tennessee Gore formally announced his candidacy for president His major theme was the need to strengthen the American family 123 He was introduced by his eldest daughter Karenna Gore Schiff 123 In making the speech Gore also distanced himself from Bill Clinton who he stated had lied to him 123 Gore was briefly interrupted by AIDS protesters claiming Gore was working with the pharmaceutical industry to prevent access to generic medicines for poor nations and chanting Gore s greed kills 123 Additional speeches were also interrupted by the protesters Gore responded I love this country I love the First Amendment Let me say in response to those who may have chosen an inappropriate way to make their point that actually the crisis of AIDS in Africa is one that should command the attention of people in the United States and around the world Gore also issued a statement saying that he supported efforts to lower the cost of the AIDS drugs provided that they are done in a way consistent with international agreements 124 125 While Bill Clinton s job approval ratings were around 60 an April 1999 study by the Pew Research Center for the People found that respondents suffered from Clinton fatigue where they were tired of all the problems associated with the Clinton administration including the Lewinsky scandal and impeachment Texas Governor and likely Republican presidential nominee George W Bush was leading Gore 54 to 41 in polls during that time Gore s advisers believed that the Lewinsky scandal and Bill s past womanizing alienated independent voters especially the soccer moms who stood for traditional values Consequently Gore s presidential campaign veered too far in differentiating himself from Bill and his record and had difficulty taking advantage of the Clinton administration s legitimate successes In addition Hillary s candidacy for the open Senate seat in New York exacerbated the three way tensions evident in the White House since 1993 as not only was Hillary unavailable as a campaigner she was poaching top Democratic fund raisers and donors who would normally concentrate on the vice president In one instance Hillary insisted on being invited to a Los Angeles fundraiser for the vice president over the objections of the event s organizers where the First Lady shocked the vice president s supporters by soliciting donations for herself in front of Tipper 81 Gore faced an early challenge by former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley 123 Bradley was the only candidate to oppose Gore and was considered a fresh face for the White House 126 127 Gore challenged Bradley to a series of debates which took the form of town hall meetings 128 Gore went on the offensive during these debates leading to a drop in the polls for Bradley 129 130 In the Iowa caucus the unions pledged their support to Gore despite Bradley spending heavily in that state and Bradley was much embarrassed by his two to one defeat there Gore went on to capture the New Hampshire primary 53 47 which had been a must win state for Bradley Gore then swept all of the primaries on Super Tuesday while Bradley finished a distant second in each state On March 9 2000 after failing to win any of the first 20 primaries and caucuses in the election process Bradley withdrew his campaign and endorsed Gore Gore eventually went on to win every primary and caucus and in March 2000 even won the first primary election ever held over the Internet the Arizona Presidential Primary 131 By then he secured the Democratic nomination 132 As of 2023 Al Gore remains the only presidential candidate in American history who was not the incumbent President to win every single contest in his or her party primary On August 13 2000 Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate Lieberman became the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation s second highest office Many pundits saw Gore s choice of Lieberman as further distancing him from the scandals of the Clinton White House 133 Gore s daughter Karenna together with her father s former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones 134 officially nominated Gore as the Democratic presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles California 135 Gore accepted his party s nomination and spoke about the major themes of his campaign stating in particular his plan to extend Medicare to pay for prescription drugs and to work for a sensible universal health care system 135 Soon after the convention Gore hit the campaign trail with running mate Joe Lieberman Gore and Bush were deadlocked in the polls 136 They participated in three televised debates While both sides claimed victory after each Gore was critiqued as either too stiff too reticent or too aggressive in contrast to Bush 137 138 Recount On election night news networks first called Florida for Gore later retracted the projection and then called Florida for Bush before finally retracting that projection as well 139 Florida s Republican Secretary of State Katherine Harris eventually certified Florida s vote count 140 This led to the Florida election recount a move to further examine the Florida results 141 The Florida recount was stopped a few weeks later by the U S Supreme Court In the ruling Bush v Gore the Justices held that the Florida recount was unconstitutional and that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline effectively ending the recounts This 7 2 vote ruled that the standards the Florida Supreme Court provided for a recount were unconstitutional due to violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and further ruled 5 4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline This case ordered an end to recounting underway in selected Florida counties effectively giving George W Bush a 537 142 vote victory in Florida and consequently Florida s 25 electoral votes and the presidency 143 The results of the decision led to Gore winning the popular vote by approximately 500 000 votes nationwide but receiving 266 electoral votes to Bush s 271 one District of Columbia elector abstained 144 On December 13 2000 Gore conceded the election 145 Gore strongly disagreed with the Court s decision but in his concession speech stated that for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy I offer my concession 146 Post vice presidency 2001 present Gore in 2000 Bill Clinton and Gore had maintained an informal public distance for eight years but they reunited for the media in August 2009 Clinton had arranged for the release of two female journalists who were being held hostage in North Korea The women were employees of Gore s Current TV 147 In May 2018 he was included as a member of the Indian Government committee to coordinate year long celebrations of Mahatma Gandhi s 150th birth anniversary from October 2 2019 148 Criticism of Bush Beginning in 2002 Gore began to publicly criticize the Bush administration In a September 23 speech that he gave before the Commonwealth Club of California Gore criticized Bush and Congress for the rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq He compared this decision to the Persian Gulf War which Gore had voted for stating Back in 1991 I was one of a handful of Democrats in the United States Senate to vote in favor of the resolution endorsing the Persian Gulf War But look at the differences between the resolution that was voted on in 1991 and the one this administration is proposing that the Congress vote on in 2002 The circumstances are really completely different in 1991 Iraq had crossed an international border invaded a neighboring sovereign nation and annexed its territory Now by contrast in 2002 there has been no such invasion 149 150 In a speech given in 2004 during the presidential election Gore accused George W Bush of betraying the country by using the 9 11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq 151 The next year Gore gave a speech which covered many topics including what he called religious zealots who claim special knowledge of God s will in American politics Gore stated They even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith 152 After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 Gore chartered two planes to evacuate 270 people from New Orleans and criticized the Bush administration s response to the hurricane 153 In 2006 Gore criticized Bush s use of domestic wiretaps without a warrant 154 One month later in a speech given at the Jeddah Economic Forum Gore criticized the treatment of Arabs in the U S after 9 11 stating Unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it s wrong I do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the citizens of my country 155 Gore s 2007 book The Assault on Reason is an analysis of what Gore refers to as the emptying out of the marketplace of ideas in civic discourse during the Bush administration He attributes this phenomenon to the influence of television and argues that it endangers American democracy By contrast Gore argues the Internet can revitalize and ultimately redeem the integrity of representative democracy 156 In 2008 Gore argued against the ban of same sex marriage on his Current TV website stating I think that gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to make contracts have hospital visiting rights and join together in marriage 157 In a 2009 interview with CNN Gore commented on former Vice President Dick Cheney s criticism of the Obama administration Referring to his own previous criticism of the Bush administrations Gore stated I waited two years after I left office to make statements that were critical and then of the policy You know you talk about somebody that shouldn t be talking about making the country less safe invading a country that did not attack us and posed no serious threat to us at all 158 While Gore has criticized Bush for his Katrina response he has not spoken publicly about his part in the evacuation of 270 patients on September 3 amp 4 2005 from Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Tennessee On September 1 Gore was contacted by Charity Hospital s Neurosurgeon Dr David Kline who had operated on his son Albert through Greg Simon of FasterCures Kline informed Gore and Simon of the desperate conditions at the hospital and asked Gore and Simon to arrange relief On Gore s personal financial commitment two airlines each provided a plane with one flight later underwritten by Larry Flax The flights were flown by volunteer airline crews and medically staffed by Gore s cousin retired Col Dar LaFon and family physician Dr Anderson Spickard and were accompanied by Gore and Albert III Gore used his political influence to expedite landing rights in New Orleans 153 159 160 Presidential run speculation Chris Anderson asks Will you run again Gore replies Ohh you aren t going to get me on this one People were speculating that Gore would be a candidate for the 2004 presidential election a bumper sticker Re elect Gore in 2004 was popular 161 On December 16 2002 however Gore announced that he would not run in 2004 162 While Gore seriously considered challenging Bush in 2004 the 9 11 attacks and the subsequent stratospheric rise in President Bush s popularity as a result of his response to these attacks were strong factors in Gore s December 2002 decision not to run again in 2004 163 Despite Gore taking himself out of the race a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running The draft movement however failed to convince Gore to run 164 The prospect of a Gore candidacy arose again between 2006 and early 2008 in light of the upcoming 2008 presidential election Although Gore frequently stated that he had no plans to run he did not reject the possibility of future involvement in politics which led to speculation that he might run 165 166 167 This was due in part to his increased popularity after the release of the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth 168 The director of the film Davis Guggenheim stated that after the release of the film Everywhere I go with him they treat him like a rock star 169 After An Inconvenient Truth was nominated for an Academy Award Donna Brazile Gore s campaign chairwoman from his 2000 campaign speculated that Gore might announce a possible presidential candidacy during the Oscars 170 During the 79th Academy Awards ceremony Gore and actor Leonardo DiCaprio shared the stage to speak about the greening of the ceremony itself Gore began to give a speech that appeared to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president However background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage implying that it was a rehearsed gag which he later acknowledged 171 172 After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary speculation increased about a possible presidential run 173 Gore s popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton Barack Obama and John Edwards 174 Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage Gore to run 175 176 177 Gore however remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency 178 Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015 although he did not declare any intention to do so 179 180 Involvement in presidential campaigns Gore speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver Colorado After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U S presidential election Gore endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December 2003 weeks before the first primary of the election cycle 181 He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman Gore preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and Gore did not 45 182 183 Dean s campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed with Gore s early endorsement being credited as a factor In The New York Times Dean stated I actually do think the endorsement of Al Gore began the decline The Times further noted that Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr Gore a powerhouse of the establishment so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it 184 Dean s former campaign manager Joe Trippi also stated that after Gore s endorsement of Dean alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country in every other campaign in the country indicating that if something did not change Dean would be the nominee 185 Later in March 2004 Gore endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry 6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid 186 Gore also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention 187 During the 2008 primaries Gore remained neutral toward all of the candidates 188 which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a compromise candidate if the party decided it could not nominate one 189 190 Gore responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process 191 192 Senator Ted Kennedy had urged Gore to endorse Senator Barack Obama though Gore declined 82 When Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3 2008 speculation began that Gore might be tapped for the vice presidency 193 194 On June 16 2008 one week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign Gore endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit Michigan 195 196 197 which renewed speculation of an Obama Gore ticket 198 Gore stated however that he was not interested in being vice president again 199 200 201 202 On the timing and nature of Gore s endorsement some argued that Gore waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 presidential election 203 204 On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address Gore gave a speech offering his full support 205 206 Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected president during the 2008 presidential election that Gore would be named a member of the Obama administration This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama Gore and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9 2008 However Democratic officials and Gore s spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis and Gore would not be joining the Obama administration 207 208 On December 19 2008 Gore described Obama s environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner Steven Chu and Lisa Jackson as an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis 209 Gore repeated his neutrality eight years later during the Democratic presidential primaries of 2016 until endorsing Hillary Clinton on July 25 2016 the first day of that year s Democratic National Convention 210 Gore appeared with her at a rally on Miami Dade College s Kendall Campus on October 11 2016 211 212 Environmentalism Main article Environmental activism of Al Gore Gore receives the Nobel Peace Prize in the city hall of Oslo 2007 President George W Bush meets with Al Gore and the other 2007 Nobel Award recipients November 26 2007 Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976 when as a freshman congressman he held the first congressional hearings on the climate change and co sponsor ed hearings on toxic waste and global warming 59 60 He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s 61 and is still prevalent in the environmental community He was known as one of the Atari Democrats 213 later called the Democrats Greens politicians who see issues like clean air clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party 62 In 1990 Senator Gore presided over a three day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment 214 In the late 1990s Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol which called for the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions 215 216 He was opposed by the Senate which passed unanimously 95 0 the Byrd Hagel Resolution S Res 98 98 which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States 217 In 2004 Gore co launched Generation Investment Management a company for which he serves as chair 218 A few years later Gore would also found the Alliance for Climate Protection an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign Gore would also become a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield amp Byers heading that firm s climate change solutions group 2 3 He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts 219 In 2010 he attended WE Day Vancouver Canada a WE Charity event 220 Gore s speech on Global Warming at the University of Miami BankUnited Center February 28 2007 In 2013 Gore became a vegan 221 He had earlier admitted that it s absolutely correct that the growing meat intensity of diets across the world is one of the issues connected to this global crisis not only because of the carbon dioxide involved but also because of the water consumed in the process 222 and some speculate that his adoption of the new diet is related to his environmentalist stance 222 In a 2014 interview Gore said Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet really just to experiment to see what it was like I felt better so I ve continued with it and I m likely to continue it for the rest of my life 223 Gore s An Inconvenient Sequel Truth to Power a sequel to his 2006 film An Inconvenient Truth premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival The film documents his continuing efforts to battle climate change 224 A Climate and Health Summit which was originally going to be held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was cancelled without warning in late January 2017 225 A few days later Gore revived the summit which was held by the Climate Reality Project without the support of the CDC 226 227 In 2020 he helped to launch Climate TRACE to independently monitor global greenhouse gas emissions 228 In November 2021 Gore spoke at the early stages of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference COP26 in Glasgow Scotland 229 He later criticised the Morrison Government for failing to increase Australia s 2030 emissions reduction target 230 Criticism This article s Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article s neutrality by separating out potentially negative information Please integrate the section s contents into the article as a whole or rewrite the material August 2021 In the late 1980s and 1990s Gore was criticized for his involvement in asking the EPA for less strict pollution controls for the Pigeon River which had long been polluted by a paper mill in Canton North Carolina 231 A number of people and organizations including Marsha Blackburn a current U S Senator and former Congresswoman from Tennessee and a conservative Washington D C think tank have claimed that Gore has a conflict of interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green energy technologies in which he has a personal investment 232 233 Additionally he has been criticized for his above average energy consumption in using private jets and in owning multiple very large homes 234 one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity 235 236 Gore s spokesperson responded by stating that the Gores use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy efficient 237 238 Data in An Inconvenient Truth have been questioned In a 2007 court case a British judge said that while he had no doubt the film was broadly accurate and its four main scientific hypotheses are supported by a vast quantity of research 239 he upheld nine of a long schedule of alleged errors presented to the court He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film s one sided political views Gore s spokesperson responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film s fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool 240 In 2009 Gore described the British court ruling as being in my favor 241 Gore was also criticized when in 2012 he sold his television channel Current TV for around 100 million to Al Jazeera a media company funded by the government of Qatar a nation largely dependent on income from the fossil fuel industry 242 Allegations of aggrandizement Inventing the internet Critics of Gore have jumped on a statement he made in a 1999 interview on CNN with Wolf Blitzer by misquoting him as claiming he was instrumental in inventing the internet In reality Gore stated During my service in the United States Congress I took the initiative in creating the Internet I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country s economic growth and environmental protection improvements in our educational system During a quarter century of public service including most of it long before I came into my current job I have worked to try to improve the quality of life in our country and in our world And what I ve seen during that experience is an emerging future that s very exciting about which I m very optimistic and toward which I want to lead 243 It is easy to misinterpret the claim of creating with inventing the internet Gore has been characterized as having either misspoke or failed to clarify his important part in the transition of the internet from a defense network to a public network Gore spent years promoting the internet and high speed telecommunications as being important to the world as far back as the 1970s A spirited defense of Gore s statement penned by Internet pioneers Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf the latter often referred to as the father of the Internet in 2000 noted that Al Gore was the first political leader to recognize the importance of the Internet and to promote and support its development and that No other elected official to our knowledge has made a greater contribution to the Internet over a longer period of time 244 Protagonists of Love Story In 1997 Gore was having a late night conversation with two reporters aboard Air Force Two when he casually mentioned that he had either read or was told that he and Tipper s early pre marital relationship in Boston while Gore was at Harvard was the basis for Oliver and Jenny Barrett the protagonists of Erich Segal s novel Love Story and its film adaptation One of the reporters present New York Times reporter Rick Berke stated that Gore didn t offer it as a fact and that it was just second hand info from a Nashville Tennessean article or reporter who had interviewed Segal Berke decided not to mention it in his article since it was not offered as a fact by Gore However the other reporter present Karen Tumulty who was with Time and is with The Washington Post as of 2022 included the quote in her own article and presented it as though Gore claimed it as fact which claim was picked up by numerous publications afterward as being another example of Gore bragging about an incident that was either a lie or misleading Segal then went public to clarify that Gore was half of the basis for Oliver Barrett which was the familial emotional baggage part while the other half athletic and poetic was based on actor Tommy Lee Jones and that he knew Tipper then but that she was not a basis for the book and movie at all nor was the Gores relationship and offered that the Tennessee reporter either misquoted him or exaggerated the story Segal had also attended Harvard but had done so mostly a decade or so earlier between 1954 to 1959 then later obtained his doctorate at Harvard in 1965 Segal met both the Gores and Jones while on sabbatical at Harvard in 1968 just after his college years 245 Personal lifeGore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson at his St Albans senior prom in 1965 She was from the nearby St Agnes School 16 Tipper followed Gore to Boston to attend college 15 and they married at the Washington National Cathedral on May 19 1970 15 246 247 248 They have four children Karenna Gore b 1973 Kristin Carlson Gore b 1977 Sarah LaFon Gore b 1979 and Albert Arnold Gore III b 1982 35 In June 2010 the Gores announced in an e mail to friends that after long and careful consideration they had made a mutual decision to separate 249 250 In May 2012 it was reported that Gore started dating Elizabeth Keadle of Rancho Santa Fe 251 California 252 He is Baptist 253 member of Georgetown Baptist Church in Washington D C 254 He is possibly related to the Albert Al N Gore who ran in the 2012 Mississippi Senate election In some interviews the candidate described how he might be distantly related to the vice president by saying the Gore family split into two factions in the 1800s with one going to Tennessee and later giving rise to the vice president and his Tennessee Senator father and the other going to Mississippi giving rise to that state s Democratic Senate candidate 255 256 Despite the speculation it has never officially been confirmed if the two are in fact distant relatives Awards and honorsMain article List of awards received by Al Gore Gore is the recipient of a number of awards including the Nobel Peace Prize together with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007 257 258 259 a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007 a Webby Award in 2005 the Dan David Prize in 2008 260 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for International Cooperation 261 He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2008 262 He also starred in the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2007 and wrote the book An Inconvenient Truth The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It which won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2009 8 263 Selected publicationsBooks The Future Six Drivers of Global Change Random House 2013 ISBN 978 0 8129 9294 6 Our Choice Rodale Books 2009 ISBN 978 1 59486 734 7 Know Climate Change and 101 Q and A on Climate Change from Save Planet Earth Series 2008 children s books Our Purpose The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture 2007 Rodale Books 2008 ISBN 978 1 60529 990 7 The Assault on Reason New York Penguin 2007 ISBN 978 1 59420 122 6 An Inconvenient Truth The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It New York Rodale Books 2006 ISBN 978 1 59486 567 1 Joined at the Heart The Transformation of the American Family with Tipper Gore New York Owl Henry Holt 2002 ISBN 978 0 8050 7450 5 The Spirit of Family with Tipper Gore New York H Holt 2002 ISBN 978 0 8050 6894 8 From Red Tape to Results Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less Amsterdam Fredonia Books 2001 ISBN 978 1 58963 571 5 Gore Al 1998 Common Sense Government Works Better amp Costs Less National Performance Review 3rd Report ISBN 978 0 7881 3908 6 Gore Albert 1997 Businesslike Government lessons learned from America s best companies with Scott Adams ISBN 978 0 7881 7053 9 Earth in the Balance Forging a New Common Purpose Earthscan 1992 ISBN 978 0 618 05664 4 Putting People First How We Can All Change America with William J Clinton New York Times Books 1992 Articles Toward Sustainable Capitalism Long term incentives are the antidote to the short term greed that caused our current economic woes Archived July 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Wall Street Journal June 24 2010 With David Blood We Can t Wish Away Climate Change Archived February 9 2017 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times February 27 2010 The Climate for Change Archived March 29 2017 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times November 9 2008 Vice President Al Gore s introduction to Earthwatch 24 Hours In Cyberspace February 8 1996 24 Hours in Cyberspace Foreword by Vice President Al Gore Archived June 16 2007 at the Wayback Machine In The Internet Companion A Beginner s Guide to Global Networking 2nd edition Archived August 7 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Tracy LaQuey 1994 Introduction In Silent Spring by Rachel Carson 1994 New York Houghton Mifflin The Climate Change Action Plan Washington D C The White House October 1993 with William J Clinton Infrastructure for the global village computers networks and public policy Scientific American Special Issue on Communications Computers and Networks September 1991 265 3 150 153 Notes The annual Marver H Bernstein Symposium on Governmental Reform was established by Georgetown University in memory of Marver Bernstein a professor at their School of Foreign Service former president of Brandeis University expert on public administration and author of 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p 270 Gore Al January 17 2008 Current TV video Gay men and women should have the same rights Current TV Archived from the original on November 8 2008 Retrieved June 30 2010 Mooney Alexander May 15 2009 Gore takes aim at Cheney Political Ticker CNN Archived from the original on January 12 2012 Retrieved June 30 2010 Gore at NOLA People For Change Forums Peopleforchange net Archived from the original on March 2 2013 Retrieved February 23 2012 DUers Katrina Research Thread August 10 2012 Archived from the original on August 10 2012 Calling the Great Mentioner The New York Times December 2000 Archived from the original on September 21 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Gore Says He Won t Run in 2004 CNN December 16 2002 Archived from the original on August 21 2013 Retrieved June 30 2010 Al Gore s Golden Years New York Magazine Archived from the original on February 21 2020 Retrieved February 21 2020 Richman Josh March 31 2003 Oaklander leads effort to draft Gore in 04 Oakland Tribune Archived from the original on August 8 2013 Retrieved July 18 2008 Alexovich Ariel December 10 2007 Gore Leaves the Door Open The New York Times Archived from the original on July 12 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Hirsh Michael December 13 2007 Why Isn t Gore Running Newsweek Archived from the original on October 26 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 The Last Temptation Of Al Gore Cover May 28 2007 Archived from the original on June 23 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Breznican Anthony Nichols Bill May 21 2006 Al Gore s coming back but how far USA Today Archived from the original on November 17 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Booth William February 25 2007 Al Gore Rock Star Oscar Hopeful May Be America s Coolest Ex Vice President Ever The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 6 2008 Retrieved June 30 2010 Wheaton Sarah February 2 2007 2008 Democrats in Town The Caucus Archived from the original on May 20 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Frei Matt February 28 2007 Washington diary Al meets Oscar BBC News Archived from the original on March 27 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Malone Jim February 26 2007 Will Al s Oscar Bounce Put Him in the Race ABC News Associated Press Archived from the original on August 15 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Mike Allen February 26 2007 Gore s Oscar Success Fuels 08 Speculation Politico CBS News Archived from the original on May 11 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Tisdall Simon June 29 2007 Poll of Democrats reveals Gore could still steal the show The Guardian London Archived from the original on August 31 2013 Retrieved August 15 2013 Rutenberg Jim October 11 2007 Gore Supporters Movement Lacks a Candidate The New York Times Archived from the original on May 13 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 AlGore org home page AlGore org Archived from the original on September 22 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Al Gore President 2008 DraftGore com Archived from the original on July 4 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Kilgannon Corey December 4 2007 The Draft Gore Movement Sidelined The New York Times City Room Archived from the original on July 27 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Thompson Catherine July 3 2014 Mark Halperin Is Dead Serious About Al Gore In 2016 VIDEO Talking Points Memo Archived from the original on August 7 2014 Retrieved August 10 2014 Rozsa Matthew July 19 2014 Al Gore is the single issue candidate we need Salon Archived from the original on July 28 2014 Retrieved August 10 2014 King John Wallace Kelly December 10 2003 Al Gore endorses Howard Dean CNN Archived from the original on March 26 2010 Retrieved July 5 2010 Gore s endorsement stirs debate CNN December 10 2003 Archived from the original on December 11 2003 Retrieved June 30 2010 Kornacki Steve June 20 2008 Look Who s Back It s Gore and Lieberman in 08 The New York Observer Archived from the original on May 11 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Bumiller Elisabeth February 8 2004 Endorsement From Gore Became a Dubious Prize Political Memo Archived from the original on May 13 2011 Retrieved July 5 2010 Shachtman Noah February 10 2004 Trippi Net Politics Here to Stay Wired Archived from the original on September 10 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Justice Glen Seelye Katharine Q April 29 2004 Gore Giving Leftover Cash of 6 Million to Back Kerry The New York Times Archived from the original on May 13 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Gore Al July 26 2004 Vice President Al Gore at the 2004 Democratic National Convention Online NewsHour PBS Archived from the original on October 30 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Jeffrey Heller Avida Landu May 20 2008 Gore says undecided on U S candidate endorsement Reuters Archived from the original on March 27 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Klein Joe March 26 2008 Is Al Gore the Answer Time Archived from the original on July 8 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Clift Eleanor February 15 2008 Al Gore to the Rescue Newsweek Archived from the original on October 27 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Al Gore s New Campaign 60 Minutes CBS News March 30 2008 Archived from the original on November 14 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Al Gore Assault on Reason Endangers Democracy Excerpt NPR May 6 2008 Archived from the original on January 27 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Al Gore for Vice President Yahoo News June 5 2008 Archived from the original on June 8 2008 Retrieved June 16 2008 Rhee Foon June 11 2008 Gore for VP again Political Intelligence Archived from the original on May 12 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Al s Journal Monday Night AlGore com June 18 2008 Archived from the original on August 22 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Former Vice President Al Gore Endorses Sen Obama Transcript The Washington Post June 17 2008 Archived from the original on November 8 2012 Retrieved June 30 2010 Gore Al June 16 2008 Al s Journal My Endorsement AlGore com Archived from the original on June 17 2008 Retrieved June 30 2010 Kornblut Anne June 17 2008 Gore backing for Obama revives joint ticket talk Melbourne The Age Australia Archived from the original on June 26 2022 Retrieved June 30 2010 Couric Katie July 17 2008 Al Gore Energy Crisis Can Be Fixed transcript CBS Archived from the original on May 11 2011 Retrieved July 30 2010 Alexander Mooney July 18 2008 No Obama Gore ticket CNN Archived from the original on June 20 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Franke Ruta Garance Vargas Jose Antonio July 19 2008 Gore Speaks at Netroots Nation The Trail Archived from the original on July 28 2011 Retrieved July 30 2010 Davis Susan July 19 2008 Gore Working in an Obama Administration Not the Best Idea The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on December 5 2008 Retrieved June 30 2010 Schor Elana June 16 2008 US elections Al Gore endorses Barack Obama for president The Guardian UK London Archived from the original on July 7 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Cillizza Chris June 17 2008 What Does the Goreacle s Endorsement Mean The Fix Archived from the original on January 12 2012 Retrieved June 30 2010 Gore Al August 28 2008 Remarks at the Democratic National Convention AlGore com Archived from the original on June 23 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Gore invokes spirits of 2000 election ElectionCenter2008 CNN August 28 2008 Archived from the original on June 10 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Mooney Alexander December 9 2008 Obama and Gore Time to deal with climate change The 44th President Transition to Power CNN Archived from the original on April 24 2009 Retrieved June 30 2010 Zito Kelly December 10 2008 Gore has Obama s ear on climate change San Francisco Chronicle Archived from the original on May 11 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Barack Obama s Team AlGore com December 21 2008 Archived from the original on December 5 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Schleifer Theodore July 25 2016 Al Gore endorses Hillary Clinton CNN Archived from the original on July 25 2016 Retrieved July 25 2016 Gore and Clinton Hold a Wonkfest Politico Archived from the original on November 12 2016 Retrieved November 11 2016 Al Gore Returns to Florida for Hillary Clinton The Atlantic October 11 2016 Archived from the original on November 12 2016 Retrieved November 11 2016 Albert A Gore Jr 45th Vice President 1993 2001 Senate gov Archived from the original on August 4 2010 Retrieved July 30 2010 Shabecoff Philip May 3 1990 World s Legislators Urge Marshall Plan For the Environment The New York Times Archived from the original on May 13 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 Remarks By Al Gore Climate Change Conference Kyoto Japan AlGore com December 8 1997 Archived from the original on December 7 2000 Retrieved June 30 2010 Vice President Gore Strong Environmental Leadership for the New Millennium Archived from the original on May 28 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Text of the Byrd Hagel Resolution July 25 1997 Archived from the original on July 2 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Fishman Steve May 3 2013 Al Gore s Golden Years New York Archived from the original on February 21 2020 Retrieved February 24 2020 Partners The Climate Project Live Earth April 18 2010 Archived from the original on June 19 2010 Retrieved June 28 2010 Wintonyk Darcy October 15 2010 We Day brings rock star cred to social activism CTV News Channel Canadian TV channel Archived from the original on February 20 2020 Retrieved February 24 2020 Eilperin Juliet November 25 2013 Al Gore goes vegan with little fanfare The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 26 2013 Retrieved February 24 2020 a b Altman Ashley November 25 2013 Al Gore Goes Vegan HuffPost Archived from the original on October 2 2017 Retrieved February 24 2020 Gore Al March 7 2014 Al Gore on Medicine s Inconvenient Truths Interview Interviewed by Eric Topol Medscape Archived from the original on December 3 2019 Retrieved March 14 2014 Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet really just to experiment to see what it was like I felt better so I ve continued with it and I m likely to continue it for the rest of my life Chang Justin January 20 2017 Sundance An Inconvenient Sequel marks a welcome return to the spotlight for Al Gore Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 20 2017 Retrieved January 21 2017 CDC abruptly cancels long planned conference on climate change and health The Washington Post Archived from the original on February 23 2017 Retrieved May 18 2017 CDC s canceled climate change conference is back on thanks to Al Gore The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 18 2017 Retrieved May 18 2017 Climate and Health Meeting February 26 2017 Atlanta Georgia The Climate Reality Project Climate Reality Action Fund January 26 2017 Archived from the original on November 11 2020 Retrieved November 24 2020 How a New Effort to Trace Emissions Led by Al Gore Could Reshape Climate Talks Time Archived from the original on January 16 2022 Retrieved January 12 2022 Honour your climate promises or face the consequences Al Gore Reuters November 5 2021 Archived from the original on November 17 2021 Retrieved November 17 2021 Al Gore disappointed Scott Morrison didn t cut Australia s 2030 emissions target The Guardian November 16 2021 Archived from the original on November 17 2021 Retrieved November 17 2021 Isikoff Michael November 23 1997 Gore s Pollution Problem Newsweek Archived from the original on September 14 2015 Retrieved July 20 2015 Allen Nick November 3 2009 Al Gore profiting from climate change agenda London The Daily Telegraph UK Archived from the original on November 5 2009 Retrieved November 5 2009 Lucas Fred July 24 2008 Al Gore s Carbon Empire Cashing in on Climate Change PDF Capital Research Center Archived from the original PDF on February 15 2012 Indisputable Gore buys Montecito villa Los Angeles Times May 8 2010 Archived from the original on June 19 2010 Retrieved July 1 2010 Cillizza Chris Mosk Matthew March 1 2007 War on Warming Begins at Al Gore s Home The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 6 2012 Retrieved July 5 2010 Leonard Tom June 18 2008 Al Gore s electricity bill goes through the insulated roof London The Telegraph UK Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved July 5 2010 FactCheck org Al Gore s Mansion Archived October 14 2016 at the Wayback Machine June 21 2009 Associated Press Gore gets green kudos for home renovation NBC News Archived from the original on May 23 2021 Retrieved May 23 2021 Dimmock v Secretary of State for Education amp Skills 2007 EWHC 2288 Admin 10 October 2007 full text of judgment Baram Marcus October 12 2007 An Inconvenient Verdict for Al Gore ABC News Archived from the original on February 11 2010 Retrieved June 28 2010 Heather Ewart reporter July 13 2009 Al Gore urges Australia to move on carbon emissions trading Interview transcript The 730 Report Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on April 13 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Estes Adam Clark January 29 2013 100 Million in Oil Money Richer Al Gore s Unsure Why Critics Are Being So Critical The Atlantic Archived from the original on June 7 2020 Retrieved June 7 2020 Wiggins Richard 2000 Al Gore and the creation of the internet First Monday 5 10 doi 10 5210 fm v5i10 799 Retrieved August 14 2022 Did Al Gore Say I Invented the Internet May 5 2005 Retrieved August 14 2022 Zorn Eric August 28 2000 Gore Connection to Love Story a Muddled Affair Chicago Tribune Retrieved August 14 2022 Family photo December 31 1999 Sen Albert Gore and Pauline Gore share words with their son Al Jr and his bride The Washington Post The Life of Al Gore Path to Politics Archived from the original on February 16 2012 Retrieved June 28 2010 Family photo December 31 1999 The Life of Al Gore Growing up The Washington Post Archived from the original on February 16 2012 Retrieved June 28 2010 Howd Aimee August 23 1999 Next First Lady Will Recast Role Tipper Gore and Laura Bush Insight on the News Archived from the original on August 8 2013 Retrieved June 28 2010 Schelzig Erik June 1 2010 After 40 years of marriage Tipper and Al Gore part ways The Christian Science Monitor Associated Press Archived from the original on December 21 2013 Retrieved December 30 2013 Schelzig Erik June 1 2010 Al and Tipper Gore to separate after 40 years Nashville TN Yahoo News Associated Press Archived from the original on June 18 2010 Retrieved June 28 2010 Jenkins Logan May 22 2012 Al Gore s Flame Rancho Santa Fe Woman San Diego Union Tribune Archived from the original on May 25 2021 Retrieved May 25 2021 Al Gore has a girlfriend California donor and activist Elizabeth Keadle The Washington Post May 17 2012 Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved February 8 2016 Sara Fritz Gore declares In God I trust tampabay com USA May 29 1999 William H Brackney Historical Dictionary of the Baptists Scarecrow Press USA 2009 p 455 Al Gore running for Senate on green platform March 14 2012 Will the Real al Gore Please Stand Up Business Insider The Nobel Prize in Peace 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Al Gore NobelPrize org 2007 Archived from the original on July 25 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Gore Al December 10 2007 Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech AlGore com Archived from the original on December 5 2010 Retrieved June 30 2010 Peace Prize winners issue urgent calls for action Aftenposten December 10 2007 Archived from the original on August 4 2007 Retrieved July 30 2010 Prize Dan David Al Gore www dandavidprize org Archived from the original on April 13 2021 Retrieved November 26 2020 Cue Elena December 15 2019 Al Gore Los lideres empresariales estan haciendo mas contra el cambio climatico que los lideres politicos ABC in Spanish Archived from the original on December 16 2019 Retrieved September 19 2020 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Archived from the original on June 9 2021 Retrieved June 9 2021 Nagourney Adam February 25 2007 Gore Wins Hollywood in a Landslide The Caucus Archived from the original on May 20 2011 Retrieved June 30 2010 BibliographyAgre Phil Who Invented Invented Tracing the Real Story of the Al Gore Invented the Internet Hoax October 17 2000 Campbell Kelly Martin Aspray William Chapter 12 Computer A History of the Information Machine New York BasicBooks 1996 Chapman Gary and Marc Rotenberg The National Information Infrastructure A Public Interest Opportunity Archived September 30 2007 at the Wayback Machine In Computers Ethics amp Social Values Deborah G Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum eds Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall 1995 628 644 Cockburn Alexander Al Gore A User s Manual 2000 with Jeffrey St Clair ISBN 978 1 85984 803 6 Kirk Andrew G Counterculture Green The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism Lawrence Univ of Kansas Press 2007 Rheingold Howard Afterword to the 1994 edition The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier revised edition Cambridge MIT 2000 Stix Gary Gigabit Gestalt Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy Archived March 17 2008 at the Wayback Machine Scientific American May 1993 Turque Bill Inventing Al Gore Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2000 ISBN 978 0 618 13160 0External linksAl Gore at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Board of Trustees at World Economic Forum Official website Al Gore at IMDb Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Financial information federal office at the Federal Election Commission Al Gore at TED Appearances on C SPAN Al Gore on Nobelprize org including his Nobel Lecture December 10 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Al Gore amp oldid 1144064032, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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