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Pelham Bay Park

January 19, 2024

Pelham Bay Park is a municipal park located in the northeast corner of the New York City borough of the Bronx. It is, at 2,772 acres (1,122 ha),[a] the largest public park in New York City. The park is more than three times the size of Manhattan's Central Park. The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks).

Pelham Bay Park
Northern tip of Hunter Island in Pelham Bay Park
TypeMunicipal
LocationThe Bronx, New York, US
Coordinates40°51′56″N 73°48′30″W / 40.86556°N 73.80833°W / 40.86556; -73.80833
Area2,772 acres (1,122 ha)[a]
Created1888
Operated byNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Public transit accessSubway: Pelham Bay Park (​)
MTA New York City Bus: Bx29
Bee-Line Bus: 45

Pelham Bay Park contains many geographical features, both natural and man-made. The park includes several peninsulas, including Rodman's Neck, Tallapoosa Point, and the former Hunter and Twin Islands. A lagoon runs through the center of Pelham Bay Park, and Eastchester Bay splits the southwestern corner from the rest of the park. There are also several recreational areas within the park. Orchard Beach runs along Pelham Bay on the park's eastern shore. Two golf courses and various nature trails are located within the park's central section. Other landmarks include the Bartow-Pell Mansion, a city landmark, as well as the Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove.

Before its creation, the land comprising the current Pelham Bay Park was part of Anne Hutchinson's short-lived dissident colony. Part of New Netherland, it was destroyed in 1643 by a Siwanoy attack in reprisal for the unrelated massacres carried out under Willem Kieft's direction of the Dutch West India Company's New Amsterdam colony. In 1654 an Englishman named Thomas Pell purchased 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) from the Siwanoy, land which would become known as Pelham Manor after Charles II's 1666 charter. During the American Revolutionary War, the land was a buffer between British-held New York City and rebel-held Westchester, serving as the site of the Battle of Pell's Point, where Massachusetts militia hiding behind stone walls (still visible at one of the park's golf courses) stopped a British advance.

The park was created in 1888, under the auspices of the Bronx Parks Department, largely inspired by the vision of John Mullaly, and passed to New York City when the part of the Bronx east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895. Orchard Beach, one of the city's most popular, was created through the efforts of Robert Moses in the 1930s.

History edit

Pre-colonial times edit

Before the colonization of what is now New York State in the 17th century, Pelham Bay Park comprised an archipelago of islands separated by salt marshes and peninsular beaches.[6] Geologically, most of the park's land first formed during the end of the last ice age, the Wisconsin glaciation, which occurred 10,000 to 15,000 years before the first colonists arrived. The melting of the glaciers caused the formation of the current marshes. Sea level rise from the melting glaciers caused sedimentation along the shore, creating sand and mud flats. Gradually, saltwater cordgrass started to retain sediment, causing some of the inland marshes to flood only during high tide.[7]

The Siwanoy (transliterated as "southern people") were the first Native American tribe to inhabit the Long Island Sound's northern shoreline east to Connecticut. They lived a mostly hunter-gatherer existence.[8][9] The Siwanoy used the modern-day park site as a ceremonial and burial site, as evidenced by the wampum belts found in the area,[10] which were used for diplomatic purposes among local Native American tribes.[11] Two glacial erratics in the park, deposited during the end of the last ice age, were used ceremonially by the Siwanoy: the "Gray Mare" on Hunter Island, and Mishow near the Theodore Kazimiroff Nature Trail.[8]

17th and 18th centuries edit

 
Aerial view of the park (pictured in the center left)

The Dutch West India Company purchased the land in 1639.[11] They called it Vreedelandt, which roughly translates to "land of freedom",[9][12] and alternatively Oostdorp, meaning "east village".[12] Oostdorp became the area known as Westchester Square, to the southwest of the current park.[13][14]

In 1642, Anne Hutchinson and her family moved from Rhode Island to Split Rock, along the Hutchinson River in what is now Pelham Bay Park. Although the family was English, the land was part of New Netherland under Dutch authority.[15] The exact location of the Hutchinson house is unknown, with one scholar saying that the house was in the modern-day park on the east side of the Hutchinson River,[16]: 231  and another saying that the house was on the west side of the river in now Baychester.[17] The Siwanoy destroyed the Hutchinson settlement and killed the family in August 1643,[16]: 239 [18] in reprisal for the unrelated massacres carried out under Willem Kieft's direction of the Dutch West India Company's New Amsterdam colony.[19][16]: 237 [15]

In 1654 an Englishman named Thomas Pell purchased 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) from the Siwanoy, comprising the land of the current Pelham Bay Park as well as the nearby town of Pelham, New York, and made his estate on 9,188 acres (3,718 ha) of that land.[20][21] The current park consists of the southernmost portion of Pell's estate, excluding Hart Island and City Island.[22] Pell's land became known as Pelham Manor after Charles II's 1666 charter,[21][23] and parts of Pell's land claim were in conflict with that of other nearby settlers.[13] Pell died in 1669, willing his property to his nephew John,[13][24] who sold off City Island in 1685.[13] The land grant was renewed in 1687.[21] The next year, Jacob Leisler bought 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) of the remaining property on behalf of the Huguenots, and with that land, founded the town of New Rochelle for the Huguenots.[13][22] Upon John Pell's death in 1700, he willed the property to his son Joseph, who in turn transferred ownership to his own son, John. Ownership of the manor then went to the Bartow family,[25] who were maternal descendants of the Pell family.[12] The Pell family burial plot faced the Pelham Bay waterfront on the eastern side of the manor.[26][27]

 
Map of Pelham Bay Park's future site at the time of the Battle of Pell's Point

The land was the site of the Battle of Pell's Point during the American Revolutionary War.[28] After the British forces unsuccessfully attempted to trap the main body of the Continental Army on the island of Manhattan, British Army commander-in-chief General Sir William Howe looked for another location along Long Island Sound to disembark his troops.[29]: 246, 255  On October 18, 1776, he landed 4,000 men at Pelham, close to the current park.[30]: 5  A brigade of 750 men under the command of the American Colonel John Glover were already inland, and they attacked the British advance units from behind a series of stone walls.[30]: 14–17  After a series of attacks, the British broke off, and the Americans retreated.[29]: 255 [20][31]

In 1836, Robert Bartow, a descendant of Thomas Pell,[3] bought 30 acres (12 ha) of his ancestor's old estate. By 1842, construction was complete on the Bartow-Pell Mansion, the family's manor.[32] Bartow died in 1868, and his family sold the mansion to the city in the 1880s.[32] The mansion was vacant until 1915, when the city and International Garden Club assumed joint maintenance of the building.[32][33]

1870s and 1880s: Creation edit

In the 1870s, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted envisioned a greenbelt across the Bronx, consisting of parks and parkways that would align more with existing geography than a grid system similar to the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 in Manhattan. That grid had given rise to Central Park, a park with mostly artificial features within the bounds of the grid.[34][35] However, in 1877, the city declined to act upon his plan.[36] Around the same time, New York Herald editor John Mullaly pushed for the creation of parks in New York City, particularly lauding the Van Cortlandt and Pell families' properties in the western and eastern Bronx respectively. He formed the New York Park Association in November 1881.[37][38] There were objections to the system, which would apparently be too far from Manhattan, in addition to precluding development on the site.[39][40] However, newspapers and prominent lobbyists, who supported such a park system, were able to petition the bill into the New York State Senate, and later, the New York State Assembly (the legislature's lower house).[41][42] In June 1884, Governor Grover Cleveland signed the New Parks Act into law, authorizing the creation of the park system.[41][43]

 
Mouth of Hutchinson River, in the park

Legal disputes carried on for years. Opponents argued that building a park system would divert funds from more important infrastructure, and that everyone in the city would need to pay taxes to pay for the parks' construction, regardless of whether they lived near the parks. In particular, Pelham Bay Park was located within Westchester County at the time, out of city limits.[44] The city was reluctant to pay to buy the parkland because of the cost and locations.[45] Supporters argued that the parks were for the benefit of all the city's citizens; that the value of properties near the parks would appreciate greatly over time; that the Pelham Bay Park site could easily be converted into a park; and that Pelham Bay Park would soon be annexed to the city. Ultimately, the parks were established, owing to efforts from supporters.[44]

After much litigation, the city acquired the land for the park.[45] Although the residents of Pelham had initially supported the park's creation, they came to oppose it when they found that the park's creation would decrease the town's tax revenue.[46] The 1,700 acres of land for the park were part of the town's 3,000-acre (1,200 ha) area at that time, but could not be taxed, nearly halving the town's tax revenues from land area. One Pelham resident's letter to New York City Mayor Abram Hewitt, asking for financial assistance to supplement the town's growing tax rate, was published in The New York Times in February 1887.[47] A month later, a group of Pelham residents petitioned Hewitt to oppose the park plan.[48][46] The government of New York City also did not want to pay taxes to the town of Pelham if it bought the land for the park, which had been one of the reasons for its initial opposition to acquiring the land.[49] There was a proposal to have New York City pay taxes to Pelham if it acquired the land, which the city's Tax Department called "entirely novel, and of course, wrong".[50]

Despite Pelham residents' opposition to the park, the city acquired the land for Pelham Bay Park in 1887, and it officially became a park in 1888.[51]: 693 [45] Pelham Bay Park became a recreation area under the auspices of the Bronx Parks Department,[52] which bought the land for $2,746,688, equivalent to $89,460,645 in 2022.[9] The park used land from multiple estates spread out over an excess of 1,700 acres (690 ha).[9][45][53] Some of the old estates' mansions were still standing twenty years later.[54] To alleviate the concerns of Westchester property owners who lost land during the park system's acquisition, the New York City Commissioners of Estimate distributed compensation payments.[51]: 694  The Commissioners of Estimate paid a combined $9 million (equivalent to $293,133,333 in 2022), but some land owners sued for more compensation in 1889.[55]

1890s to 1920s: Early years edit

 
Rock outcropping in Pelham Bay Park

In 1890, Mullaly proposed using the site for the 1893 World's Fair due to its size;[56] however, the fair was eventually awarded to Chicago instead.[57] The Pell family's burial vault was also marked for preservation that year,[58]: 34 (PDF p.135)  and in July 1891, the descendants of the Pell family were given permission to maintain and restore the plot.[59]: 70 (PDF p.128)  After the park opened, several individuals were allowed to reside in the mansions within the park. In 1892, the New York City Department of Public Parks separately allowed the occupation of the Hunter, Hoyt, and Twin Island houses.[60]: 9 (PDF p.67), 32 (PDF p.89), 109 (PDF p.193)  The next year, two buildings near Pelham Bridge were auctioned off.[61]: 404 (PDF p.471) 

Pelham Bay Park's ownership was passed to New York City when the part of the Bronx east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895.[53] Despite the park being for public use, some of the old estates remained standing, with a few occupied by private families. Due to its distance from the city, NYC Parks decided to keep 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) of Pelham Bay and Van Cortlandt Parks in their natural state, unlike some of the other parks closer to Manhattan, which were being extensively landscaped.[62]: PDF pp.442–443  None of the houses were rented in 1899,[63]: 23  but by 1900, thirty-six houses in the park were being used as private residences, comprising 75% of houses rented within parks in the Bronx.[64]: 20  This number dropped to thirty-three the next year.[65]: 65 

In spring 1902, NYC Parks destroyed two houses in the park and used the remaining wood to build free bathhouses, which were used by about 700 bathers per day during that summer.[66]: 116 (PDF p.85)  Around 1903, Hunter Island became a popular summer vacation destination.[67][68] Due to overcrowding on Hunter Island, NYC Parks opened a campsite two years later at Rodman's Neck on the south tip of the island, with 100 bathhouses.[68][45][53][69] Orchard Beach, at the time a tiny recreational area on the northeast tip of Rodman's Neck,[70] was expanded that year.[69] In 1904, an athletic field was opened within Pelham Bay Park.[71]

By 1917, Hunter Island saw half a million seasonal visitors.[68] Orchard Beach also became popular, with an average of 2,000 visitors on summer weekdays and 5,000 visitors on summer weekends in 1912.[45] However, the park's condition started to decline in the 1920s as the surrounding areas were developed. The park facilities were dirty and deteriorating due to overuse, and there was a lot of vandalism.[45][53] Hunter Island was closed and camping was banned, so some park patrons began camping illegally.[72]

1930s–1960s: Moses renovation projects edit

The current Orchard Beach recreational area and Split Rock golf course was created through the efforts of New York City park commissioner Robert Moses.[73][3][74] Immediately after assuming his position in 1934, Moses ordered engineers to inventory every park in the city to see what needed renovating.[75] He devised plans for a new Orchard Beach recreation area after he saw the popularity of the Hunter Island campsite.[68] On February 11, 1934, Moses announced a plan for the new golf course.[73] Two weeks later, he announced another plan for the upgraded beach, which had been inspired by the design of Jones Beach on Long Island.[76] The beach and existing golf course would be reconstructed through the Works Progress Administration (WPA) under the 1930s New Deal program.[3][77][73][78]

 
Orchard Beach promenade, built in the 1930s

Moses canceled 625 leases for the project, and after campers unsuccessfully sued the city,[79] the site was cleared of campers in June.[80] Moses decided to connect Hunter Island and the Twin Islands to Rodman's Neck by filling in most of LeRoy's Bay.[70] The deteriorated Hunter Mansion was demolished with the construction of the beach.[81] The golf courses were reopened in June 1935, sixteen months after construction commenced. John van Kleek designed the brand-new Split Rock golf course as part of the city's program to upgrade or build ten golf courses around the city.[82][83]

A final design for the beach was unveiled in July 1935.[84][85][86] The beach project involved filling in approximately 110 acres (45 ha) of LeRoy's and Pelham Bays with landfill,[3] followed by a total of 4,000,000 cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of sand.[87][88] Moses thought that waste from the New York City Department of Sanitation would be cheaper than sand.[87] In early 1935, workers began placing the garbage fill[89] around Rodman's Neck, Twin Island, and Hunter Island.[89][90] After the garbage began washing onto the beach, the rest of the site was filled-in using sand starting in 1936.[87][91] The beach, designed by Gilmore David Clarke and Aymar Embury II, was dedicated in July 1936[74][90] despite only being partially complete.[92][93] The beach officially opened on June 25, 1937.[94] Soon after Orchard Beach opened, it was expanded, starting with the southern locker room in 1939.[95][96] The water between Hunter and Twin Islands was filled in during 1946 and 1947, with new jetties at each end of the beach. The promenade was extended over the fill and opened in 1947,[97][72][68][98] Further improvements were made to the bathhouse pavilion in 1952 and to the northern jetty in 1955. A new concession stand was added north of the pavilion in 1962,[97] and a privately funded Golf driving range was also added that year.[99] The beach was renovated starting in 1964.[100]

In 1959, after the Rodman's Neck section of the park had been used for various purposes, the New York City Police Department used land from the park to create the Rodman's Neck Firing Range at the southern tip of the peninsula. Previously, the parkland at Rodman's Neck had been underused, with the NYPD and United States Army using the land at various times.[101][102]

1960s-present: Cleanup and restoration edit

 
Aerial view of Orchard Beach

The City began landfill operations on Tallapoosa Point in Pelham Bay Park in 1963.[103][104] Plans to expand the landfills in Pelham Bay Park in 1966, which would have created the City's second-largest refuse disposal site next to Fresh Kills in Staten Island, were met with widespread community opposition.[103] The landfill expansion was seen as a way to alleviate the city's accumulations of waste, and Tallapoosa was seen as the only suitable location to put the landfill.[105] The preservation effort was headed by Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff, a Bronx historian and head of The Bronx County Historical Society. It suffered setbacks in August 1967 when the New York City Board of Estimate voted against an initial effort to create to protected area in the proposed landfill expansion site.[106][107] However, the state and federal governments did not favor the landfill being located at Tallapoosa.[108] In October, Mayor John Lindsay signed a law authorizing in the creation of two wildlife refuges, the Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary and the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary, on the site where the landfill was planned to be expanded.[103] Tallapoosa West continued to be used as a landfill until May 1968, when the landfill permit was revoked.[105] In November of that year, Tallapoosa West was made a part of the Pell refuge.[109] The dump was still operating as late as 1975, when the garbage there was described as being ten stories high.[110] The landfill closed in 1978.[104] However, a report published in 1983 claimed that the Tallapoosa landfill, as well as five others throughout the city, was heavily contaminated with "toxic wastes" dumped from 1964 to 1979.[111][112] The waste from the landfill reportedly led to health problems for residents of nearby communities such as Country Club. The Tallapoosa landfill at Pelham Bay Park was designated a hazardous-waste site in 1988, and cleanup began in 1989.[104]

In 1983, the Theodore Kazimiroff Environmental Center was proposed for the park, alongside a nature trail that would wind through the park's terrain.[113] It would be named out of respect to the late historian,[113] who had died in 1980.[114] The Kazimiroff Nature Trail and the Pelham Bay Park Environmental Center opened in June 1986.[115][114][72] A $1 million renovation of the Orchard Beach pavilions (equivalent to $2,670,000 in 2022) was completed by 1986.[116] By the end of the decade, large numbers of human and animal remains were being dumped in Pelham Bay Park, including 65 human bodies that were dumped in the park from 1986 to 1995. Pelham Bay Park was also very dirty, and discarded trash from several decades prior was still visible.[117] NYPD officers on these cases theorized that the frequency of body dumpings might be attributable to two things: the park's remote location near highways, as well as a belief that the parkland is haunted by the remains of the Siwanoy buried there.[118]

In 1990, NYC Parks received a $6.3 million gift for improvements to Pelham Bay Park and twenty other parks around the city. NYC Parks used the money to renovate trails and clean up weeds.[119] A renovation of Orchard Beach started in 1995.[120] A water park for the beach was proposed, but ultimately canceled in 1999.[121] A few years later, as part of the city's ultimately unsuccessful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, several facilities in Pelham Bay Park were proposed for upgrades. The new facilities would have included a shooting center at Rodman's Neck; a 350-meter (1,150 ft) horseback riding track; and a fencing, swimming, and water polo facility in the Orchard Beach pavilion.[122] The bid ultimately was awarded to London instead.[123]

In 2010, construction began on extending the jetty at Orchard Beach at a cost of $13 million.[124][125] Soon after, work started on a $2.9 million project to restore Pelham Bay Park's shoreline, which entailed renovating the seawall, adding a dog run, and creating a new walking trail.[126] In 2012, Native American shell middens were found at Tallapoosa Point, prompting an archaeological investigation.[127] Further digs at the site uncovered more than a hundred artifacts, some of which dated to the third century CE. Work on the restoration project was paused in June 2015 as a result of the finds.[126][128] The restoration project was restarted in September 2015.[129]

Geography edit

Geographical Features of Pelham Bay Park
 
[Interactive fullscreen map + nearby articles]
Geographical features of Pelham Bay Park:
1
Eastchester Bay
2
Golf courses
3
Hunter Island
4
Lagoon
5
Orchard Beach/Pelham Bay
6
Rodman's Neck
7
Tallapoosa Point
8
Turtle Cove
9
Twin Island

At 2,772 acres (1,122 ha),[a] Pelham Bay Park is the city's largest,[5][130] being slightly more than three times the size of the 843-acre (341 ha) Central Park.[131][5] Pelham Bay Park includes 13 miles (21 km) of shoreline[131] as well as land on both sides of the Hutchinson River. Hunter Island, Twin Island, and Two-Trees Island, all formerly true islands in Pelham Bay, are now connected to the mainland by fill, and are part of the park.[2] Several islands in the Long Island Sound (including the Chimney Sweeps Islands),[132] as well as Goose Island in the Hutchinson River, are also part of Pelham Bay Park.[133] The park is divided into several sections, including two main sections roughly divided by Eastchester Bay.[134][135]

In the eastern section of Pelham Bay Park is Orchard Beach and its parking lot. The eastern section also contains the Hunter Island Wildlife Sanctuary on Twin and Hunter Islands. The Kazimiroff Nature Trail winds through this section.[135] The northwestern section, divided from the eastern section via the Lagoon. It contains both golf courses, as well as the Thomas Pell Sanctuary; the Bartow-Pell Woods; Goose Creek Marsh; and the Siwanoy, Bridle, and Split Rock Trails. The park is crossed by Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad at this location, as well as by the Hutchinson River Parkway and New England Thruway.[135] A central section contains a Central Woodland, where the Siwanoy Trail and Turtle Cove Driving Range is present. It also includes Rodman's Neck as well as a portion of the park known as "The Meadow".[135] The Pelham Bridge carries traffic across the Eastchester Bay between the southwest section and the rest of the park.[135]

The park contains many different habitats. The largest habitat is the 782-acre (316 ha) forests, followed by the 195-acre (79 ha) salt marshes, the 161-acre (65 ha) salt flats, the 83-acre (34 ha) meadows, the 751-acre (304 ha) mixed scrub, and the 3-acre (1.2 ha) fresh water marsh.[136] In total, about 67% of the park is estimated to be in its natural state, while 33% of the park is estimated to be developed.[137]: 129  In the latter half of the 20th century, Pelham Bay Park's biodiversity decreased: in that time, the park was observed to have lost 25% of its 569 native species of plants as well as 12.5% of its 321 non-native species.[137]: 132 

Land features edit

Hunter Island edit

 
Hunter mansion
Main article: Hunter Island (Bronx)

Hunter Island (40°52′36″N 73°47′24″W / 40.876773°N 73.789866°W / 40.876773; -73.789866 (Hunter Island)) is a 166-acre (67 ha) peninsula filled with woodlands; it had previously been 215 acres (87 ha) until Robert Moses extended Orchard Beach in the 1930s.[81] A former island, it was part of the Pelham Islands, the historical name for a group of islands in western Long Island Sound that once belonged to Thomas Pell. The Siwanoy referred to the island as "Laap-Ha-Wach King", or "place of stringing beads".[81][138] The island was then renamed after John Hunter, a successful businessman and politician, who purchased the property in 1804[139] and moved his family to the island in 1813.[140] They built a mansion in the English Georgian style[138][141] at the highest point on the island (90 feet above sea level).[81] The mansion was destroyed in 1937 during the construction of Orchard Beach.[81][140] In 1967, the island became part of the Hunter Island Wildlife Sanctuary.[81]

Twin Island edit

Twin Island, at 40°52′16″N 73°47′04″W / 40.871186°N 73.784389°W / 40.871186; -73.784389 (Twin Island), is wooded with exposed bedrock with glacial grooves. The East and West Twin Islands (or the "Twins") were once true islands in Pelham Bay but are now connected to each other and to Orchard Beach and nearby Rodman's Neck by a landfill created in 1937.[138][142][143] East Twin Island, a rocky formation with "ribbons of color" caused by sedimentary erosion, is connected to neighboring Two Trees Island via a thin mudflat land bridge. Two Trees Island itself consists of a rocky plateau upon which one can see Orchard Beach and the environmental center.[142] West Twin Island was at one time connected to neighboring Hunter Island via a man-made stone bridge,[144][145] which now lies in ruins in one of the city's last remaining salt marshes.[146]

The two islands that are now combined as Twin Island have been owned by NYC Parks since the 1888 acquisition of Pelham Bay Park.[145] A tennis court was built on the island in 1899.[63]: 26  Twin Island was restored in 1995 as part of the Twin Islands Salt Marsh Restoration Project, which cost $850,000.[146]

Rodman's Neck edit

 
Former private mansion on Rodman's Neck
Main article: Rodman's Neck

Rodman's Neck is a peninsula located in the central section of the park (at 40°51′09″N 73°48′02″W / 40.852501°N 73.800556°W / 40.852501; -73.800556 (Rodman's Neck)). The southern third of the peninsula is used as a firing range by the New York City Police Department (NYPD); the remaining wooded section is part of Pelham Bay Park.[135][147] The north side, which is joined to the rest of Pelham Bay Park near Orchard Beach, contains several baseball fields.[135][148] Two small land berms between Rodman's Neck and City Island consist of the island's only connecting road to the mainland.[2]

Rodman's Neck was part of the historic Pell property,[149] and since the city acquired the peninsula in 1888, it has been used for multiple purposes.[102] It was used as a United States Army training location during World War I,[101] and was converted to under-utilized parkland in the 1920s.[101][102] From 1930 to 1936, the peninsula was incorporated as part of Camp Mulrooney, a summer camp for the NYPD.[101][102] The Army used Rodman's Neck again in the 1950s during the Cold War.[101] and the NYPD built the current firing range at the peninsula's southern tip in 1959.[101]

Tallapoosa Point edit

Tallapoosa Point is located in the southwest of Pelham Bay Park, near the Pelham Bridge.[135] It used to be a separate island south of Eastchester Bay, having been private property, but was connected to the mainland during the colonial period. The point then became a popular fishing spot.[150] In 1879, the Tallapoosa Club political group started leasing part of the peninsula from the city during the summer, hosting activities there. The club's presence gave the peninsula its current name, and in turn, the club's name was derived from Tallapoosa, Georgia, where some of its members had fought during the American Civil War.[151] The Tallapoosa Club used a mansion originally built by the Lorillard family.[152] They used the mansion until October 1, 1895.[153]: 50 (PDF p.138) 

Tallapoosa Point was used as a dump from 1963[103] until 1968, when landfill operations ceased[105] and it became a part of the Wildlife Refuge.[109] Since then it has been a part of the park, but there was an obscure proposal in the 1970s to make Tallapoosa into a ski slope.[150] Tallapoosa Point was later re-planted and serves as a bird habitat.[154]

Waterways edit

Pelham Bay edit

"Pelham Bay" redirects here. For other uses, see Pelham Bay (disambiguation).

Between City Island and Orchard Beach is a sound named Pelham Bay (40°51′59″N 73°47′25″W / 40.866335°N 73.790321°W / 40.866335; -73.790321 (Pelham Bay)), but contrary to its name, it is not a bay, but rather a sound since it is open to larger bodies of water at both ends. It connects to Eastchester Bay at the south, and opens onto Long Island Sound and City Island Harbor at the east.[135] Approximately one third of the original bay was filled in to create Orchard Beach from 1934 to 1938.[3]

Eastchester Bay edit

Main article: Eastchester Bay

Eastchester Bay is a body of water that separates City Island and most of the park from the park's southwest portion and the rest of the Bronx.[135][155] It is crossed by the Pelham Bridge, which connects the two parts of the park.[155] It is technically also a sound, and the northern end connects via a narrow channel to Pelham Bay. The Hutchinson River empties into Eastchester Bay near the northern end. The lower portion of the bay opens onto the East River, Little Neck Bay, and Long Island Sound.[156]

Lagoon edit

A lagoon within the park was once part of Pelham Bay, separating Hunter and Twin Islands from the mainland, and was called LeRoy's Bay until the mid-20th century. It was popular for rowing regattas,[157] but could not be used for regulation rowing races as it was blocked by the causeway to Hunter Island.[158] By 1902, there were calls to remove the causeway so LeRoy's Bay could be used as a raceway.[158] The New York City Department of Public Parks decided to create a "temporary" wooden bridge and remove the causeway to allow the bay's tides to flow freely.[159]

Most of the lagoon was filled in during the mid-1930s reconstruction of Orchard Beach, and the bay became known as the "Orchard Beach Lagoon", or the Lagoon for short.[91][160] The lagoon between Orchard Beach and the Westchester border had been popular for regattas, or boat races, for decades, but it was neglected through the 1940s and 1950s. Rocks, weeds, and unwanted cars were tossed into the lagoon regularly.[161]

The lagoon was chosen as the site of the 1964 Summer Olympics rowing trials,[2] at which point it was widened and dredged, becoming a four-lane, 2,000-meter (6,600 ft) rowing track.[162][163][164] The track, which cost $630,000,[162] was hosted jointly by the city and the organizers of the 1964 New York World's Fair. New York City hosted several of the 1964 Olympic trials at various locations as part of the World's Fair the same year.[163] Afterward, the now-unnamed lagoon was used by New York-area colleges for boating regattas, since it had been determined to be one of the most suitable locations for boat racing in the United States. Multiple colleges, including Columbia, Manhattan, St. John's, Fordham, Iona, and Yale, utilized the lagoon for collegiate rowing practice.[161]

Turtle Cove edit

Turtle Cove is a small cove along the north side of City Island Road west of Orchard Beach Road.[135] Around the early 1900s, a land berm was created across Turtle Cove for rails for horsecars. This berm caused the north end of Turtle Cove to become mostly freshwater, which attracted freshwater drinking rare birds in the meadow. A 3-foot (0.91 m) diameter concrete culvert was placed across the berm to allow salt water from Eastchester Bay, but leaves and vegetation blocked this culvert.[133] Starting in June 2009, NYC Parks started a restoration project for the cove, removing the old culvert and digging a canal to flood the north end of the cove with salt water. NYC Parks then placed a foot bridge across the canal. Some 11 acres (4.5 ha) of forest were also restored, with 10,000 trees being replaced.[165] The cove also contains a batting cage and a golf center with miniature golf, PGA simulators, and grass tees.[166]

Notable natural features edit

Glover's Rock edit

 
Glover's Rock: "Near this site on October 12, 1776 Col. John Glover and 600 patriots held off British and Hessian forces under Gen Howe long enough to save Washington's troops from destruction, enabling them to withdraw to Westchester and ultimate victory."

Glover's Rock (40°51′54″N 73°48′19″W / 40.86507°N 73.805244°W / 40.86507; -73.805244 (Glover's Rock)), a giant granite glacial erratic, has a bronze plaque commemorating the Battle of Pell's Point.[20] However, contrary to popular belief, the rock had nothing to do with the battle.[167] In their respective books, Henry B. Dawson (1886) and William Abbatt (1901) both wrote that Colonel John Glover reputedly stood on the rock and watched the British forces land during the battle.[168][30]: 255  This claim is erroneous, as these distances were computed based on an inaccurate map using estimates recorded by Glover in his "Letter from Mile Square" on October 24, 1776.[167] The actual location where Glover watched British forces land is closer to the second tee of the current Split Rock Golf Course.[167] The rock is only known as such today because Abbatt includes a labeled photograph of it in his book.[30]: 4 

Split Rock edit

Split Rock (40°53′11″N 73°48′54″W / 40.88648°N 73.81492°W / 40.88648; -73.81492 (Split Rock)), a large dome-shaped granite boulder measuring approximately 25 feet (7.6 m) from north to south and 15 feet (4.6 m) from east to west, is located at the intersection of the New England Thruway and Hutchinson River Parkway, on a triangular parcel of land formed by these roads and a ramp that leads from the northbound Parkway to the northbound Thruway.[169] The only public access to the rock is by a pedestrian trail that begins on Eastchester Place, outside the park. The Bridle Trail passes close to the rock, but is separated from the rock by the parkway's exit ramp.[135] Another park trail, called the Split Rock Trail, leads from the Bartow Circle to the rock.[170]

 
Split Rock

The Split Rock Golf Course was named after the rock.[2] Split Rock also gives its name to Split Rock Road in Pelham Manor,[171] which used to extend into the park itself.[172] The rock appears to be a glacial erratic and derives its name from a large crevice dividing the stone into two half domes. The huge rock broke in half about 10,000 years ago under the stress of glacial movements.[173][174]

Split Rock is also the location near where, in 1643, Anne Hutchinson and members of her family were massacred by Native Americans of the Siwanoy Tribe. Her daughter, Susanna, the only member of the family to survive the massacre, was at the rock during the time of the attack, which took place at the house, a distance away.[16]: 237  In 1904, the New York State Legislature approved the placement of a bronze tablet on Split Rock in honor of Anne Hutchinson.[175] The tablet was installed in 1911 by the Colonial Dames of New York.[176][177] However, it was stolen in 1914.[178][179] The plaque reads:[179][180]

ANNE HUTCHINSON

Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638[b]

Because of her Devotion to Religious Liberty This Courageous Woman

Sought Freedom from Persecution in New Netherland

Near this Rock in 1643 She and her Household

were Massacred by Indians

This Tablet is placed here by the Colonial Dames of the State of New York

ANNO DOMINI MCMXI Virtutes Majorum Filiae Conservant[180]

The boulder is of enough historic importance that in the 1950s, Theodore Kazimiroff of the Bronx Historical Society convinced officials to move the planned Interstate 95 (New England Thruway) a few feet north to save Split Rock from being dynamited.[181][182]

Treaty Oak edit

Treaty Oak (40°52′16″N 73°48′14″W / 40.871°N 73.804°W / 40.871; -73.804 (Treaty Oak)) is located on the Pell estate near the Bartow-Pell Mansion. A treaty was reportedly signed under this oak tree in 1654 between Siwanoy Chief Wampage and colonist Thomas Pell, in which Pell purchased all land east of the Bronx River in what was then Westchester County, New York.[13] The Society of the Daughters of the Revolution erected a protective fence and a plaque near the tree, but it was destroyed by lightning in 1906[183][13] and toppled in a storm in March 1909.[184] Parts of the original tree were donated to museums and historical societies.[185]

A replacement tree was planted in 1915,[186] and the current tree at the location is an elm.[187]

Wildlife sanctuaries edit

Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary and the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary consist of a total of 489 acres (1.98 km2) of marshes and forests within Pelham Bay Park. They were created in 1967 as a result to opposition to a planned landfill on the site of the current sanctuaries.[188] Much of the forests in these sanctuaries are estimated to be at least three centuries old, dating to colonial times.[189] The park also has two nature centers at Orchard Beach and in the southwestern section of the park.[133][190]

Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary edit

The Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary, named for Thomas Pell, makes up the westerly part of Pelham Bay Park.[191] Included within its bounds are Goose Creek Marsh, which once formed part of a 5,000-acre (2,000 ha) wetland that covered what is now Co-op City and the southern part of Pelham Bay Park,[192] as well as the saltwater wetlands adjoining the Hutchinson River.[135] The sanctuary also includes Goose Island, Split Rock, and the oak–hickory forests in tidal marshes bordering the Split Rock Golf Course.[193] The area is home to a variety of wildlife including raccoon, egrets, hawks, and coyotes.[133]

Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary edit

Located north of Orchard Beach, the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary encompasses all of Twin Islands, Cat Briar Island, Two Trees Island, and the northeastern shoreline of Hunter Island.[194][195] It contains many glacial erratics, large boulders that were deposited during the last ice age,[194][193] as well as the largest continuous oak forest in Pelham Bay Park. The sanctuary supports a unique intertidal marine ecosystem that is rare in New York State.[133][81][146]

Wildlife-related activities edit

 
Bird watching is a popular activity in the park

The park is a popular spot for bird watching, with up to 264 species having been spotted. Common bird species observed within the park include great horned owl, northern saw-whet owl, barn owl, red-tailed hawk, and warblers on Hunter Island;[196] American woodcock, willow flycatcher, northern harrier, woodpeckers, black-capped chickadee, tufted titmouse, and white-breasted nuthatch in the meadow west of Orchard Beach;[197] and various songbirds and sparrows north of the Pelham Bay Golf Course.[198] Birds in the park's waters include loons, grebes, cormorants, anseriformes, and gulls from the Twin Island coasts;[199] greater yellowlegs, lesser yellowlegs, loons, hooded merganser, Canada goose, mallard, and egrets in Eastchester Bay and Turtle Cove;[198] and osprey and waterbirds in the lagoon.[200] This is a result of Pelham Bay Park's location within one of the major seasonal bird migration corridors. The National Audubon Society has designated the park as one of four "Important Bird Areas" within the city.[201][202]

Saltwater fishing is also popular within the park, but is prohibited on Orchard Beach when the beach is open during the summer.[202] There are two major areas where fishing is allowed: in the southern part of Pelham Bay Park near Eastchester Bay; and in the northern part near the Lagoon, Turtle Cove, and northern beach jetty.[203]

South of Orchard Beach is a 25-acre (10 ha) meadow that hosts the only known population of the moth species Amphipoea erepta ryensis.[133][204][205] Another population used to exist in Rye, Westchester County.[206][207]

Surroundings edit

Pelham Bay Park is bounded by the town of Pelham, New York, to the north; City Island and Long Island Sound to the east; Watt Avenue and Bruckner Expressway to the south; and the Hutchinson River Parkway to the west.[2][135]

North of the park is the village of Pelham Manor in Westchester County, and a 250-foot-wide (76 m) strip of land that is part of New York City due to a boundary error. Owners of the several dozen houses on the strip have a Pelham Manor zip code and phone numbers and their children attend Pelham public schools, but as Bronx residents pay much lower property taxes than their Westchester County neighbors.[208]

To the southeast, the City Island Bridge connects the park to City Island.[209][210]

Landmarks, attractions, and recreational features edit

Orchard Beach edit

Main article: Orchard Beach (Bronx)
 
Panoramic view of Orchard Beach, facing from the bathhouse pavilion

Orchard Beach (40°52′02″N 73°47′45″W / 40.867304°N 73.795946°W / 40.867304; -73.795946 (Orchard Beach)), a public beach, is part of Pelham Bay Park[68] and comprises the borough's only beach.[92] The 1.1-mile-long (1.8 km), 115-acre (47 ha)[211] beach faces the Long Island Sound and is laid out in a crescent shape with a width of 200 feet (61 m) during high tide.[212] An icon of the Bronx, Orchard Beach is sometimes called the Bronx Riviera,[92][213][214][215] the Riviera of New York City,[216] Hood Beach,[215] or the Working Class Riviera.[217] It contains a set of twin pavilions, which were both landmarked by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2006.[218]

Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove edit

 
South side of statue

The Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove is a 70-foot-tall (21 m) limestone column that supports a bronze statue of Winged Victory on Crimi Road in the park. The grove of trees that surround the statue were originally planted on the Grand Concourse in 1921 by the American Legion;[219] they were removed in 1928 when construction began on the IND Concourse Line (B and ​D trains).[220] In 1930, the American Legion revealed plans to relocate the grove to Pelham Bay Park, where there would be a new monument to honor Bronx servicemen. The monument was designed by John J. Sheridan and sculpted by Belle Kinney and Leopold Scholz.[220][219] On September 24, 1933, the monument and grove was dedicated to the 947 Bronxites who died in World War I.[220][221] The column is supported by a 18-foot-tall (5.5 m) pedestal. The statue itself is 18 feet tall and 3,700 pounds (1,700 kg), located atop a series of 14 discs. This brings the monument's aggregate height to more than 120 feet (37 m).[221] While officially a memorial to servicemen from the Bronx,[220] it is also a favorite location for wedding photography.[222]

Bartow-Pell Mansion edit

Main article: Bartow-Pell Mansion

A 19th-century plantation-style mansion called the Bartow–Pell Mansion (located at 40°52′18″N 73°48′21″W / 40.871611°N 73.805944°W / 40.871611; -73.805944 (Bartow-Pell Mansion)) is a colonial remnant done in Greek revival style.[223][32] The mansion, originally built in 1842, was sold to the city in 1880, which maintained it until 1914, when the city and International Garden Club assumed joint maintenance of the building.[32][33] Since 1975, it has been a National Historic Landmark.[224][33]

Pelham Bay and Split Rock Golf Courses edit

The Pelham Bay Golf Course opened in 1901, followed by the Split Rock Golf Course in 1935.[83] The courses, consisting of eighteen holes each, share an Art Deco clubhouse (located at 40°52′30″N 73°48′35″W / 40.874967°N 73.80972°W / 40.874967; -73.80972 (Golf Course Clubhouse)).[225] The courses are separated by the Northeast Corridor railroad tracks, with the Split Rock course to the northwest and the Pelham Bay course to the southeast.[135]

Plans for a golf course in Pelham Bay Park have existed since soon after the park was founded. In 1899, the New York Athletic Club approached Lawrence Van Etten, an architect renowned for designing golf courses, for a request to construct an 18-hole course within the park.[83] The proposed course would be bounded by Pelham Manor to the north; the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad (now Northeast Corridor) tracks to the west; and Shore Road to the southeast. The city was building Van Cortlandt Park's golf course at the time, but the Bronx district parks commissioner approved Van Etten's plan. Originally, the club wanted to construct a park on Hunter Island, but Van Etten felt that the island was too small for a full 18-hole course.[226] Once the Van Cortlandt Park course was opened, city officials started focusing on plans for the Pelham course.[227]

 
Clubhouse

In April 1900, surveyors began studying part of the park as a possible location for a golf course.[228][227] Later that month, workers began construction at the northwest course location. It was expected that the course would open in June or July of that year,[228][229] but that the work would not be fully complete until September.[227] New York City greenskeeper Val Flood later stated that he thought the course would open by August; however, by September 1900, work on the course had hardly started due to a lack of workers.[230] By the end of 1900, NYC Parks reported that seeds had been planted for nine greens, and two bunkers and one hazard had been created.[64]: 23  The course opened in 1901,[65]: 69  but did not gain popularity until 1903 when overcrowding at the Van Cortlandt course drove players to use the less crowded Pelham Bay course instead.[231]

In 1934, a new 18-hole course was announced for the north side of the park, along with a renovation to the Pelham Bay course under the WPA.[73][232] It was part of the rebuilding of 10 golf courses in the city.[233] The new course brought the total number of holes in the park's courses to 36, with each course being between 3,000 and 3,300 feet (910 and 1,010 m) between the first and last tees. This comprised two 18-hole courses or four 9-hole courses. There was also a new two-story brick Greek Revival clubhouse adjacent to both of the 18-hole courses, with a golf store, Pro Shop, cafeteria, lockers, restrooms, and showers. Construction started on the new course and clubhouse in September 1934.[234] The new Split Rock course, based on a plan from John van Kleek, opened in 1935[83] along with the rebuilt Pelham Bay course.[82]

Bronx Equestrian Center edit

The northern section of Pelham Bay Park is the home of the Bronx Equestrian Center on Shore Road, where visitors can ride horses and ponies through the parks' trails or obtain riding lessons.[235][131] The Bronx Equestrian Center also provides wagon rides and hosts wedding events.[131]

Southwestern section edit

The southwestern part of Pelham Bay Park contains several recreational facilities, but unlike the rest of the park, the southwestern section mainly serves the nearby neighborhoods.[4][236] The southwest park's largest point of interest is the Aileen B. Ryan Recreational Complex, which contains a running track, two baseball fields, and the Playground for All Children, a play area with special features for physically handicapped children.[237] Another playground, the Sweetgum Playground, is located near Bruckner Boulevard. The 0.25-mile (0.40 km) Pelham Track and Field includes an artificial turf football field as well as long jumping.[219] The southwest park also contains a dog run, four more baseball fields (for a total of six), two bocce courts, several basketball courts, and nine tennis courts.[238] This section of the park also includes the Pelham Bay Nature Center.[219] The neighborhood of Pelham Bay is across the Bruckner Expressway from this section of the park.[4]

A long and narrow 41-acre (17 ha) woodland called Huntington Woods, located on the southern border of this park, is named after the tract's last owners. Archer Milton Huntington, the founder of the Hispanic Society of America, and his wife, sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington, had acquired the property in 1896 after the park had been established. The city added 31.6 acres (12.8 ha) of Huntington's estate to the park in 1925 and annexed the remaining land in 1933.[239]

The southwestern park also contains two monuments. American Boy was commissioned in 1923 by French sculptor Louis St. Lannes and carved from one block of Indiana Limestone.[237] A tribute to the athletic body, it once stood outside the Rice Stadium and Recreation Building; the stadium, named and funded by the widow of Isaac Leopold Rice, stood at the site from the 1920s until 1989. The former stadium site is now the Pelham Track and Field.[237][240] The other is the Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove.[219][221][220]

Management edit

A nonprofit organization called Friends of Pelham Bay Park (founded in 1992) manages the park, while NYC Parks owns and operates the land and facilities.[241] Compared to the Central Park Conservancy, Friends of Pelham Bay Park does not receive as much funding.[242] Before 1992, there was no private maintenance of the park;[243] the earliest efforts for such a thing date to 1983, when an administrator was appointed to oversee both Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay Parks.[244]

Transportation edit

Bridges edit

 
The west end of the City Island Bridge (original bridge pictured) is located inside Pelham Bay Park.

As part of the city's acquisition of Pelham Bay Park in 1888, NYC Parks claimed responsibility for maintenance over the western end of the City Island Bridge, which was within the park.[245]: 433 (PDF p.502) [51]: 695  The City Island Bridge had been built by the 1870s.[246] By 1892, the bridge was in need of maintenance,[60]: PDF p.114  and a proposal for a replacement bridge was approved in 1895.[62]: 41 (PDF p.115)  The replacement bridge started construction in late 1898 and was completed in 1901.[247]

The Pelham Bridge, which had opened in 1871 on the site of two previous bridges,[248] was also incorporated into the park.[62]: PDF p.443 [51]: 695  Planning for a new bridge started in 1901,[65]: 64  and NYC Parks transferred the responsibility for constructing the new bridge to the Department of Bridges in 1902.[66]: 117 (PDF p.86)  A new stone bridge was opened in 1908 to accommodate higher volumes of traffic.[249][250]

The century-old City Island Bridge was subsequently replaced again in the 2010s. Planning for the new bridge started in 2005,[251] though a lack of funding delayed the start of construction to 2012.[252] The new bridge was completed in 2015, and the old one was demolished soon after.[253]

Roads edit

 
Street map

The park is traversed by the Hutchinson River Parkway on its west side.[3] The New England Thruway (I-95), a partial toll road, also has a short highway section in the park's northwest corner.[209][135] A partial interchange between the two roads is located within the park.[209] To the south, an exit from the Hutchinson River Parkway provides direct access to the park, Orchard Beach, and City Island. The exit and entrance ramps lead east to the Bartow Circle, where the ramps intersect with Shore Road, which runs roughly southwest-northeast, and with Orchard Beach Road, which leads southeast to the Orchard Beach parking lot.[209] Slightly to the southwest of Bartow Circle is the T intersection of Shore Road and City Island Road, which marks the northwest terminus of the latter road. Shore Road continues across the Pelham Bridge to the southwest corner of the park, then turns west and continues onto Pelham Parkway.[209] Meanwhile, City Island Road continues southeast to City Island Circle, where it intersects with Park Drive, a road that connects to Orchard Beach Road in the north and Rodman's Neck in the south. City Island Road then continues southeast across the City Island Bridge to the eponymous island.[209]

NYC Parks assumed responsibility for the park's roads in 1888 and gradually paved and expanded them over the following decades.[51]: 695  An expansion of Eastern Boulevard (later Shore Road) began in 1895.[62]: PDF p.175  In 1897, the city started extending Pelham Parkway through to Eastern Boulevard.[254]: 258 (PDF p.328)  By 1902, Eastern Boulevard was referred to as "the Shore drive" since it ran close to the LeRoy's Bay shore. The same year, NYC Parks built a 4,230-foot (1,290 m) dirt path, which connected Glover's Rock to Shore Road. Another 4,870-foot-long (1,480 m) dirt road to Pelham Bridge was also built, and a 6,485-foot (1,977 m) pedestrian path from City Island Bridge to Bartow Station was built.[66]: 116–117 (PDF pp.85–86) 

The Hutchinson River Parkway in Pelham Bay Park replaced the old Split Rock Road in the park. The original roadway was an undivided, limited-access parkway, designed with gently sloping curves, stone arch bridges, and wooden lightposts. The original 11-mile (18 km) section included bridle paths along the right-of-way. There was also a riding academy where the public could rent horses.[255] The parkway is named for Anne Hutchinson and her family, and passes through the part of the park near where the Hutchinsons were killed by the Siwanoy.[255] The modern-day parkway was extended south from Westchester through Pelham Bay Park in December 1937.[256][172]

The second highway through the park, the New England Thruway, opened in its entirety in October 1958, connecting the Bruckner Expressway in the south with the Connecticut Turnpike in the northeast.[257]

Public transport edit

 
Pedestrian overpass to the park's eponymous station

Pelham Bay Park is served by the New York City Subway at its eponymous station on the west side of the Bruckner Expressway,[258] which is served by the 6 and <6>​ trains.[259] The station is part of the former Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Pelham Line. The line's northern terminus is located at the southeast corner of Pelham Bay Park, and the IRT station there opened in December 1920.[260][261] An exit from the station leads onto a pedestrian bridge that crosses the expressway and leads directly to the park.[236][258]

MTA Regional Bus Operations' Bx29 route and Bee-Line Bus System's 45 route also stop at the park.[262] The southbound Bx29 makes three stops in the park: on Bruckner Boulevard near the subway station; at the intersection of Shore Road and City Island Road; and at City Island Circle.[263] Meanwhile, Bee-Line's 45 route stops near Bartow-Pell Mansion.[236] The Bx12 bus serves Orchard Beach during the summer only.[264]

Railroads edit

The Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad was chartered in 1866,[265] connecting the Harlem River in the south and Port Chester in the north. The railroad opened in 1873, with some portions passing through the current park.[266] The route, a branch of the New Haven Line operated by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, contained six stations. One of these stations, called alternatively City Island or Bartow, in Pelham (now part of the park).[267] In 1895, the railroad re-acquired some of the land from the park[153]: 205 (PDF p.297)  In 1906, ownership of the Shore Road overpass over the Harlem and Port Chester railroad line was transferred to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.[268]

A railroad of some sort also connected City Island and Pelham Bay Park from 1887 to 1919. Originally composed of the separate Pelham Park Railroad Company and the City Island Railroad, the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge horsecar route was operated by the former of the two companies, which ran service between the Bartow station of the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad and Brown's Hotel on City Island. The 3.2-mile (5.1 km) route was complete by 1892.[269] The IRT absorbed the two companies in 1902 and started designing its own monorail in 1908.[269][270] The monorail's first journey in July 1910 ended with the monorail toppling on its side,[271][272][270] and although service resumed in November 1910, the monorail went into receivership in December 1911.[273] The monorail ceased operation on April 3, 1914,[274][275][276] and was subsequently sold to the Third Avenue Railway,[277] which abandoned the line on August 9, 1919.[278]

The Harlem River and Port Chester tracks were maintained by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.[279]: 1092  New stations designed by Cass Gilbert were opened in 1908, but the line's stations were all closed by 1937, having suffered from low ridership.[276] During the late 20th century, the old Harlem River and Port Chester tracks went through a series of ownership changes, and in 1976, Amtrak bought the tracks and integrated the route into its Northeast Corridor.[279]: 81  The station house for the line's Bartow station still exists, albeit as a deteriorated shell;[280] the station's roof burned down after it was closed.[276] An overgrown path leads from the bridle trail to the former station site.[281]

The city renovated the Shore Road railroad overpass in the early 2000s. Citing the 1906 deed that transferred the bridge's maintenance to the company that owned the railroad below it, the city then filed a lawsuit to make Amtrak pay for the renovation. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in favor of Amtrak in 2013.[268][282]

Paths edit

Bicycle paths go to all parts of the park and west to Bronx Park, east to City Island, and north to Mount Vernon.[283] The bike trails within the park itself are of varying difficulties.[131]

Scenic trails edit

The Kazimiroff Nature Trail, a wildlife observation trail, opened in 1986.[115][114] It traverses 189 acres (76 ha) of Hunter Island. Much of the island's natural features are found along the trail.[284] It was opened in 1986[115] and comprises two overlapping lasso-shaped paths, one slightly longer than the other.[114][284]

The Siwanoy Trail consists of a trail system that originates in the Central Woodlands section of the park. Originating at City Island Road, it bears to the northeast before splitting into two spurs, one going east to the Rodman's Neck meadow and the other going north around Bartow Circle. At the circle's eastern side, the trail splits again. One spur goes northeast in a self-closing loop to the Bartow-Pell Mansion, and the other goes northwest to connect to Split Rock Trail before going around the Hutchinson River Parkway's interchange with Orchard Beach Road.[135]

Split Rock Trail originates at Bartow Circle and stretches for 1.5 miles (2.4 km) along the west side of the park.[135][170][194] First designated in 1938 along the path of the former Split Rock Road,[172] the path was renovated in summer 1987.[170]

The park is also traversed by a bridle path.[2] That path circumscribes both golf courses, with a spur to the Bronx Equestrian Center.[135]

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c The exact size is disputed, with some sources giving 2,764 acres (1,119 ha),[1][2] 2,765 acres (1,119 ha),[3] or 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[4] Recalculations of city park sizes in 2013 determined that Pelham Bay Park was 2,772 acres.[5]
  2. ^ The New York Times quotes this line as "Massachusetts Colonies" rather than "Massachusetts Bay Colony".[179]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 13.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Jackson 2010, p. 986.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Sarah Harrison (2013). "Exploring Sand and Architecture at Pelham Bay Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Gregor, Alison (April 27, 2014). "Pelham Bay, the Bronx: A Blend of Urban and Suburban". The New York Times. from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Foderaro, Lisa W. (May 31, 2013). "How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer". The New York Times. from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
  6. ^ O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 4.
  7. ^ New York City Parks Department 1987, p. 2.
  8. ^ a b O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 5.
  9. ^ a b c d "Pelham Bay Park Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. September 29, 2006. from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  10. ^ "Siwanoy Trail". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. March 20, 1989. from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  11. ^ a b Leslie Day (May 10, 2013). "Chapter 2: The Bronx". Field Guide to the Natural World of New York City. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1149-1.
  12. ^ a b c Stevens, J.A.; DeCosta, B.F.; Johnston, H.P.; Lamb, M.J.; Pond, N.G.; Abbatt, W. (1892). The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries. A. S. Barnes. p. 408. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Twomey 2007, p. 212.
  14. ^ "Owen F. Dolen Park Monuments". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. April 30, 1926. from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Champlin, John Denison (1913). "The Tragedy of Anne Hutchinson". Journal of American History. 5 (3): 11.
  16. ^ a b c d LaPlante, Eve (2004). American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans. San Francisco: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-056233-1. from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  17. ^ Barr 1946, p. 5.
  18. ^ Anderson, Robert Charles (2003). The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England 1634–1635. Vol. III G-H. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. pp. 479–481. ISBN 0-88082-158-2.
  19. ^ Darlene R. Stille (August 2006). Anne Hutchinson: Puritan Protester. Capstone. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-0-7565-1784-7.
  20. ^ a b c "War Record of Pelham Bay Park; War Record of Pelham Bay Park" (PDF). The New York Times. August 14, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  21. ^ a b c Pell 1917, p. 5.
  22. ^ a b Jenkins 2007, p. 35.
  23. ^ O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 12.
  24. ^ Pell 1917, p. 12.
  25. ^ Pell 1917, p. 16.
  26. ^ ASHPS Annual Report 1909, p. 63.
  27. ^ Jenkins 2007, p. 313.
  28. ^ McCullough, David (2006). 1776. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback. p. 209. ISBN 0-7432-2672-0.
  29. ^ a b Ward, Christopher (1952). The War of the Revolution, Volume 1. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  30. ^ a b c d Abbatt, William (1901). The Battle of Pell's Point. New York: University of California.
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Sources edit

Further reading edit

January 19, 2024
pelham, park, municipal, park, located, northeast, corner, york, city, borough, bronx, acres, largest, public, park, york, city, park, more, than, three, times, size, manhattan, central, park, park, operated, york, city, department, parks, recreation, parks, n. Pelham Bay Park is a municipal park located in the northeast corner of the New York City borough of the Bronx It is at 2 772 acres 1 122 ha a the largest public park in New York City The park is more than three times the size of Manhattan s Central Park The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation NYC Parks Pelham Bay ParkNorthern tip of Hunter Island in Pelham Bay ParkTypeMunicipalLocationThe Bronx New York USCoordinates40 51 56 N 73 48 30 W 40 86556 N 73 80833 W 40 86556 73 80833Area2 772 acres 1 122 ha a Created1888Operated byNew York City Department of Parks and RecreationPublic transit accessSubway Pelham Bay Park MTA New York City Bus Bx29Bee Line Bus 45Pelham Bay Park contains many geographical features both natural and man made The park includes several peninsulas including Rodman s Neck Tallapoosa Point and the former Hunter and Twin Islands A lagoon runs through the center of Pelham Bay Park and Eastchester Bay splits the southwestern corner from the rest of the park There are also several recreational areas within the park Orchard Beach runs along Pelham Bay on the park s eastern shore Two golf courses and various nature trails are located within the park s central section Other landmarks include the Bartow Pell Mansion a city landmark as well as the Bronx Victory Column amp Memorial Grove Before its creation the land comprising the current Pelham Bay Park was part of Anne Hutchinson s short lived dissident colony Part of New Netherland it was destroyed in 1643 by a Siwanoy attack in reprisal for the unrelated massacres carried out under Willem Kieft s direction of the Dutch West India Company s New Amsterdam colony In 1654 an Englishman named Thomas Pell purchased 50 000 acres 20 000 ha from the Siwanoy land which would become known as Pelham Manor after Charles II s 1666 charter During the American Revolutionary War the land was a buffer between British held New York City and rebel held Westchester serving as the site of the Battle of Pell s Point where Massachusetts militia hiding behind stone walls still visible at one of the park s golf courses stopped a British advance The park was created in 1888 under the auspices of the Bronx Parks Department largely inspired by the vision of John Mullaly and passed to New York City when the part of the Bronx east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895 Orchard Beach one of the city s most popular was created through the efforts of Robert Moses in the 1930s Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre colonial times 1 2 17th and 18th centuries 1 3 1870s and 1880s Creation 1 4 1890s to 1920s Early years 1 5 1930s 1960s Moses renovation projects 1 6 1960s present Cleanup and restoration 2 Geography 2 1 Land features 2 1 1 Hunter Island 2 1 2 Twin Island 2 1 3 Rodman s Neck 2 1 4 Tallapoosa Point 2 2 Waterways 2 2 1 Pelham Bay 2 2 2 Eastchester Bay 2 2 3 Lagoon 2 2 4 Turtle Cove 2 3 Notable natural features 2 3 1 Glover s Rock 2 3 2 Split Rock 2 3 3 Treaty Oak 2 4 Wildlife sanctuaries 2 4 1 Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary 2 4 2 Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary 2 5 Wildlife related activities 2 6 Surroundings 3 Landmarks attractions and recreational features 3 1 Orchard Beach 3 2 Bronx Victory Column amp Memorial Grove 3 3 Bartow Pell Mansion 3 4 Pelham Bay and Split Rock Golf Courses 3 5 Bronx Equestrian Center 3 6 Southwestern section 4 Management 5 Transportation 5 1 Bridges 5 2 Roads 5 3 Public transport 5 4 Railroads 5 5 Paths 5 6 Scenic trails 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory editPre colonial times edit Before the colonization of what is now New York State in the 17th century Pelham Bay Park comprised an archipelago of islands separated by salt marshes and peninsular beaches 6 Geologically most of the park s land first formed during the end of the last ice age the Wisconsin glaciation which occurred 10 000 to 15 000 years before the first colonists arrived The melting of the glaciers caused the formation of the current marshes Sea level rise from the melting glaciers caused sedimentation along the shore creating sand and mud flats Gradually saltwater cordgrass started to retain sediment causing some of the inland marshes to flood only during high tide 7 The Siwanoy transliterated as southern people were the first Native American tribe to inhabit the Long Island Sound s northern shoreline east to Connecticut They lived a mostly hunter gatherer existence 8 9 The Siwanoy used the modern day park site as a ceremonial and burial site as evidenced by the wampum belts found in the area 10 which were used for diplomatic purposes among local Native American tribes 11 Two glacial erratics in the park deposited during the end of the last ice age were used ceremonially by the Siwanoy the Gray Mare on Hunter Island and Mishow near the Theodore Kazimiroff Nature Trail 8 17th and 18th centuries edit nbsp Aerial view of the park pictured in the center left The Dutch West India Company purchased the land in 1639 11 They called it Vreedelandt which roughly translates to land of freedom 9 12 and alternatively Oostdorp meaning east village 12 Oostdorp became the area known as Westchester Square to the southwest of the current park 13 14 In 1642 Anne Hutchinson and her family moved from Rhode Island to Split Rock along the Hutchinson River in what is now Pelham Bay Park Although the family was English the land was part of New Netherland under Dutch authority 15 The exact location of the Hutchinson house is unknown with one scholar saying that the house was in the modern day park on the east side of the Hutchinson River 16 231 and another saying that the house was on the west side of the river in now Baychester 17 The Siwanoy destroyed the Hutchinson settlement and killed the family in August 1643 16 239 18 in reprisal for the unrelated massacres carried out under Willem Kieft s direction of the Dutch West India Company s New Amsterdam colony 19 16 237 15 In 1654 an Englishman named Thomas Pell purchased 50 000 acres 20 000 ha from the Siwanoy comprising the land of the current Pelham Bay Park as well as the nearby town of Pelham New York and made his estate on 9 188 acres 3 718 ha of that land 20 21 The current park consists of the southernmost portion of Pell s estate excluding Hart Island and City Island 22 Pell s land became known as Pelham Manor after Charles II s 1666 charter 21 23 and parts of Pell s land claim were in conflict with that of other nearby settlers 13 Pell died in 1669 willing his property to his nephew John 13 24 who sold off City Island in 1685 13 The land grant was renewed in 1687 21 The next year Jacob Leisler bought 6 000 acres 2 400 ha of the remaining property on behalf of the Huguenots and with that land founded the town of New Rochelle for the Huguenots 13 22 Upon John Pell s death in 1700 he willed the property to his son Joseph who in turn transferred ownership to his own son John Ownership of the manor then went to the Bartow family 25 who were maternal descendants of the Pell family 12 The Pell family burial plot faced the Pelham Bay waterfront on the eastern side of the manor 26 27 nbsp Map of Pelham Bay Park s future site at the time of the Battle of Pell s PointThe land was the site of the Battle of Pell s Point during the American Revolutionary War 28 After the British forces unsuccessfully attempted to trap the main body of the Continental Army on the island of Manhattan British Army commander in chief General Sir William Howe looked for another location along Long Island Sound to disembark his troops 29 246 255 On October 18 1776 he landed 4 000 men at Pelham close to the current park 30 5 A brigade of 750 men under the command of the American Colonel John Glover were already inland and they attacked the British advance units from behind a series of stone walls 30 14 17 After a series of attacks the British broke off and the Americans retreated 29 255 20 31 In 1836 Robert Bartow a descendant of Thomas Pell 3 bought 30 acres 12 ha of his ancestor s old estate By 1842 construction was complete on the Bartow Pell Mansion the family s manor 32 Bartow died in 1868 and his family sold the mansion to the city in the 1880s 32 The mansion was vacant until 1915 when the city and International Garden Club assumed joint maintenance of the building 32 33 1870s and 1880s Creation edit In the 1870s landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted envisioned a greenbelt across the Bronx consisting of parks and parkways that would align more with existing geography than a grid system similar to the Commissioners Plan of 1811 in Manhattan That grid had given rise to Central Park a park with mostly artificial features within the bounds of the grid 34 35 However in 1877 the city declined to act upon his plan 36 Around the same time New York Herald editor John Mullaly pushed for the creation of parks in New York City particularly lauding the Van Cortlandt and Pell families properties in the western and eastern Bronx respectively He formed the New York Park Association in November 1881 37 38 There were objections to the system which would apparently be too far from Manhattan in addition to precluding development on the site 39 40 However newspapers and prominent lobbyists who supported such a park system were able to petition the bill into the New York State Senate and later the New York State Assembly the legislature s lower house 41 42 In June 1884 Governor Grover Cleveland signed the New Parks Act into law authorizing the creation of the park system 41 43 nbsp Mouth of Hutchinson River in the parkLegal disputes carried on for years Opponents argued that building a park system would divert funds from more important infrastructure and that everyone in the city would need to pay taxes to pay for the parks construction regardless of whether they lived near the parks In particular Pelham Bay Park was located within Westchester County at the time out of city limits 44 The city was reluctant to pay to buy the parkland because of the cost and locations 45 Supporters argued that the parks were for the benefit of all the city s citizens that the value of properties near the parks would appreciate greatly over time that the Pelham Bay Park site could easily be converted into a park and that Pelham Bay Park would soon be annexed to the city Ultimately the parks were established owing to efforts from supporters 44 After much litigation the city acquired the land for the park 45 Although the residents of Pelham had initially supported the park s creation they came to oppose it when they found that the park s creation would decrease the town s tax revenue 46 The 1 700 acres of land for the park were part of the town s 3 000 acre 1 200 ha area at that time but could not be taxed nearly halving the town s tax revenues from land area One Pelham resident s letter to New York City Mayor Abram Hewitt asking for financial assistance to supplement the town s growing tax rate was published in The New York Times in February 1887 47 A month later a group of Pelham residents petitioned Hewitt to oppose the park plan 48 46 The government of New York City also did not want to pay taxes to the town of Pelham if it bought the land for the park which had been one of the reasons for its initial opposition to acquiring the land 49 There was a proposal to have New York City pay taxes to Pelham if it acquired the land which the city s Tax Department called entirely novel and of course wrong 50 Despite Pelham residents opposition to the park the city acquired the land for Pelham Bay Park in 1887 and it officially became a park in 1888 51 693 45 Pelham Bay Park became a recreation area under the auspices of the Bronx Parks Department 52 which bought the land for 2 746 688 equivalent to 89 460 645 in 2022 9 The park used land from multiple estates spread out over an excess of 1 700 acres 690 ha 9 45 53 Some of the old estates mansions were still standing twenty years later 54 To alleviate the concerns of Westchester property owners who lost land during the park system s acquisition the New York City Commissioners of Estimate distributed compensation payments 51 694 The Commissioners of Estimate paid a combined 9 million equivalent to 293 133 333 in 2022 but some land owners sued for more compensation in 1889 55 1890s to 1920s Early years edit nbsp Rock outcropping in Pelham Bay ParkIn 1890 Mullaly proposed using the site for the 1893 World s Fair due to its size 56 however the fair was eventually awarded to Chicago instead 57 The Pell family s burial vault was also marked for preservation that year 58 34 PDF p 135 and in July 1891 the descendants of the Pell family were given permission to maintain and restore the plot 59 70 PDF p 128 After the park opened several individuals were allowed to reside in the mansions within the park In 1892 the New York City Department of Public Parks separately allowed the occupation of the Hunter Hoyt and Twin Island houses 60 9 PDF p 67 32 PDF p 89 109 PDF p 193 The next year two buildings near Pelham Bridge were auctioned off 61 404 PDF p 471 Pelham Bay Park s ownership was passed to New York City when the part of the Bronx east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895 53 Despite the park being for public use some of the old estates remained standing with a few occupied by private families Due to its distance from the city NYC Parks decided to keep 3 000 acres 1 200 ha of Pelham Bay and Van Cortlandt Parks in their natural state unlike some of the other parks closer to Manhattan which were being extensively landscaped 62 PDF pp 442 443 None of the houses were rented in 1899 63 23 but by 1900 thirty six houses in the park were being used as private residences comprising 75 of houses rented within parks in the Bronx 64 20 This number dropped to thirty three the next year 65 65 In spring 1902 NYC Parks destroyed two houses in the park and used the remaining wood to build free bathhouses which were used by about 700 bathers per day during that summer 66 116 PDF p 85 Around 1903 Hunter Island became a popular summer vacation destination 67 68 Due to overcrowding on Hunter Island NYC Parks opened a campsite two years later at Rodman s Neck on the south tip of the island with 100 bathhouses 68 45 53 69 Orchard Beach at the time a tiny recreational area on the northeast tip of Rodman s Neck 70 was expanded that year 69 In 1904 an athletic field was opened within Pelham Bay Park 71 By 1917 Hunter Island saw half a million seasonal visitors 68 Orchard Beach also became popular with an average of 2 000 visitors on summer weekdays and 5 000 visitors on summer weekends in 1912 45 However the park s condition started to decline in the 1920s as the surrounding areas were developed The park facilities were dirty and deteriorating due to overuse and there was a lot of vandalism 45 53 Hunter Island was closed and camping was banned so some park patrons began camping illegally 72 1930s 1960s Moses renovation projects edit The current Orchard Beach recreational area and Split Rock golf course was created through the efforts of New York City park commissioner Robert Moses 73 3 74 Immediately after assuming his position in 1934 Moses ordered engineers to inventory every park in the city to see what needed renovating 75 He devised plans for a new Orchard Beach recreation area after he saw the popularity of the Hunter Island campsite 68 On February 11 1934 Moses announced a plan for the new golf course 73 Two weeks later he announced another plan for the upgraded beach which had been inspired by the design of Jones Beach on Long Island 76 The beach and existing golf course would be reconstructed through the Works Progress Administration WPA under the 1930s New Deal program 3 77 73 78 nbsp Orchard Beach promenade built in the 1930sMoses canceled 625 leases for the project and after campers unsuccessfully sued the city 79 the site was cleared of campers in June 80 Moses decided to connect Hunter Island and the Twin Islands to Rodman s Neck by filling in most of LeRoy s Bay 70 The deteriorated Hunter Mansion was demolished with the construction of the beach 81 The golf courses were reopened in June 1935 sixteen months after construction commenced John van Kleek designed the brand new Split Rock golf course as part of the city s program to upgrade or build ten golf courses around the city 82 83 A final design for the beach was unveiled in July 1935 84 85 86 The beach project involved filling in approximately 110 acres 45 ha of LeRoy s and Pelham Bays with landfill 3 followed by a total of 4 000 000 cubic yards 3 100 000 m3 of sand 87 88 Moses thought that waste from the New York City Department of Sanitation would be cheaper than sand 87 In early 1935 workers began placing the garbage fill 89 around Rodman s Neck Twin Island and Hunter Island 89 90 After the garbage began washing onto the beach the rest of the site was filled in using sand starting in 1936 87 91 The beach designed by Gilmore David Clarke and Aymar Embury II was dedicated in July 1936 74 90 despite only being partially complete 92 93 The beach officially opened on June 25 1937 94 Soon after Orchard Beach opened it was expanded starting with the southern locker room in 1939 95 96 The water between Hunter and Twin Islands was filled in during 1946 and 1947 with new jetties at each end of the beach The promenade was extended over the fill and opened in 1947 97 72 68 98 Further improvements were made to the bathhouse pavilion in 1952 and to the northern jetty in 1955 A new concession stand was added north of the pavilion in 1962 97 and a privately funded Golf driving range was also added that year 99 The beach was renovated starting in 1964 100 In 1959 after the Rodman s Neck section of the park had been used for various purposes the New York City Police Department used land from the park to create the Rodman s Neck Firing Range at the southern tip of the peninsula Previously the parkland at Rodman s Neck had been underused with the NYPD and United States Army using the land at various times 101 102 1960s present Cleanup and restoration edit nbsp Aerial view of Orchard BeachThe City began landfill operations on Tallapoosa Point in Pelham Bay Park in 1963 103 104 Plans to expand the landfills in Pelham Bay Park in 1966 which would have created the City s second largest refuse disposal site next to Fresh Kills in Staten Island were met with widespread community opposition 103 The landfill expansion was seen as a way to alleviate the city s accumulations of waste and Tallapoosa was seen as the only suitable location to put the landfill 105 The preservation effort was headed by Dr Theodore Kazimiroff a Bronx historian and head of The Bronx County Historical Society It suffered setbacks in August 1967 when the New York City Board of Estimate voted against an initial effort to create to protected area in the proposed landfill expansion site 106 107 However the state and federal governments did not favor the landfill being located at Tallapoosa 108 In October Mayor John Lindsay signed a law authorizing in the creation of two wildlife refuges the Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary and the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary on the site where the landfill was planned to be expanded 103 Tallapoosa West continued to be used as a landfill until May 1968 when the landfill permit was revoked 105 In November of that year Tallapoosa West was made a part of the Pell refuge 109 The dump was still operating as late as 1975 when the garbage there was described as being ten stories high 110 The landfill closed in 1978 104 However a report published in 1983 claimed that the Tallapoosa landfill as well as five others throughout the city was heavily contaminated with toxic wastes dumped from 1964 to 1979 111 112 The waste from the landfill reportedly led to health problems for residents of nearby communities such as Country Club The Tallapoosa landfill at Pelham Bay Park was designated a hazardous waste site in 1988 and cleanup began in 1989 104 In 1983 the Theodore Kazimiroff Environmental Center was proposed for the park alongside a nature trail that would wind through the park s terrain 113 It would be named out of respect to the late historian 113 who had died in 1980 114 The Kazimiroff Nature Trail and the Pelham Bay Park Environmental Center opened in June 1986 115 114 72 A 1 million renovation of the Orchard Beach pavilions equivalent to 2 670 000 in 2022 was completed by 1986 116 By the end of the decade large numbers of human and animal remains were being dumped in Pelham Bay Park including 65 human bodies that were dumped in the park from 1986 to 1995 Pelham Bay Park was also very dirty and discarded trash from several decades prior was still visible 117 NYPD officers on these cases theorized that the frequency of body dumpings might be attributable to two things the park s remote location near highways as well as a belief that the parkland is haunted by the remains of the Siwanoy buried there 118 In 1990 NYC Parks received a 6 3 million gift for improvements to Pelham Bay Park and twenty other parks around the city NYC Parks used the money to renovate trails and clean up weeds 119 A renovation of Orchard Beach started in 1995 120 A water park for the beach was proposed but ultimately canceled in 1999 121 A few years later as part of the city s ultimately unsuccessful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics several facilities in Pelham Bay Park were proposed for upgrades The new facilities would have included a shooting center at Rodman s Neck a 350 meter 1 150 ft horseback riding track and a fencing swimming and water polo facility in the Orchard Beach pavilion 122 The bid ultimately was awarded to London instead 123 In 2010 construction began on extending the jetty at Orchard Beach at a cost of 13 million 124 125 Soon after work started on a 2 9 million project to restore Pelham Bay Park s shoreline which entailed renovating the seawall adding a dog run and creating a new walking trail 126 In 2012 Native American shell middens were found at Tallapoosa Point prompting an archaeological investigation 127 Further digs at the site uncovered more than a hundred artifacts some of which dated to the third century CE Work on the restoration project was paused in June 2015 as a result of the finds 126 128 The restoration project was restarted in September 2015 129 Geography editGeographical Features of Pelham Bay Park nbsp Interactive fullscreen map nearby articles Geographical features of Pelham Bay Park 1 Eastchester Bay2 Golf courses3 Hunter Island4 Lagoon5 Orchard Beach Pelham Bay6 Rodman s Neck7 Tallapoosa Point8 Turtle Cove9 Twin Island At 2 772 acres 1 122 ha a Pelham Bay Park is the city s largest 5 130 being slightly more than three times the size of the 843 acre 341 ha Central Park 131 5 Pelham Bay Park includes 13 miles 21 km of shoreline 131 as well as land on both sides of the Hutchinson River Hunter Island Twin Island and Two Trees Island all formerly true islands in Pelham Bay are now connected to the mainland by fill and are part of the park 2 Several islands in the Long Island Sound including the Chimney Sweeps Islands 132 as well as Goose Island in the Hutchinson River are also part of Pelham Bay Park 133 The park is divided into several sections including two main sections roughly divided by Eastchester Bay 134 135 In the eastern section of Pelham Bay Park is Orchard Beach and its parking lot The eastern section also contains the Hunter Island Wildlife Sanctuary on Twin and Hunter Islands The Kazimiroff Nature Trail winds through this section 135 The northwestern section divided from the eastern section via the Lagoon It contains both golf courses as well as the Thomas Pell Sanctuary the Bartow Pell Woods Goose Creek Marsh and the Siwanoy Bridle and Split Rock Trails The park is crossed by Amtrak s Northeast Corridor railroad at this location as well as by the Hutchinson River Parkway and New England Thruway 135 A central section contains a Central Woodland where the Siwanoy Trail and Turtle Cove Driving Range is present It also includes Rodman s Neck as well as a portion of the park known as The Meadow 135 The Pelham Bridge carries traffic across the Eastchester Bay between the southwest section and the rest of the park 135 The park contains many different habitats The largest habitat is the 782 acre 316 ha forests followed by the 195 acre 79 ha salt marshes the 161 acre 65 ha salt flats the 83 acre 34 ha meadows the 751 acre 304 ha mixed scrub and the 3 acre 1 2 ha fresh water marsh 136 In total about 67 of the park is estimated to be in its natural state while 33 of the park is estimated to be developed 137 129 In the latter half of the 20th century Pelham Bay Park s biodiversity decreased in that time the park was observed to have lost 25 of its 569 native species of plants as well as 12 5 of its 321 non native species 137 132 Land features edit Hunter Island edit nbsp Hunter mansionMain article Hunter Island Bronx Hunter Island 40 52 36 N 73 47 24 W 40 876773 N 73 789866 W 40 876773 73 789866 Hunter Island is a 166 acre 67 ha peninsula filled with woodlands it had previously been 215 acres 87 ha until Robert Moses extended Orchard Beach in the 1930s 81 A former island it was part of the Pelham Islands the historical name for a group of islands in western Long Island Sound that once belonged to Thomas Pell The Siwanoy referred to the island as Laap Ha Wach King or place of stringing beads 81 138 The island was then renamed after John Hunter a successful businessman and politician who purchased the property in 1804 139 and moved his family to the island in 1813 140 They built a mansion in the English Georgian style 138 141 at the highest point on the island 90 feet above sea level 81 The mansion was destroyed in 1937 during the construction of Orchard Beach 81 140 In 1967 the island became part of the Hunter Island Wildlife Sanctuary 81 Twin Island edit Twin Island at 40 52 16 N 73 47 04 W 40 871186 N 73 784389 W 40 871186 73 784389 Twin Island is wooded with exposed bedrock with glacial grooves The East and West Twin Islands or the Twins were once true islands in Pelham Bay but are now connected to each other and to Orchard Beach and nearby Rodman s Neck by a landfill created in 1937 138 142 143 East Twin Island a rocky formation with ribbons of color caused by sedimentary erosion is connected to neighboring Two Trees Island via a thin mudflat land bridge Two Trees Island itself consists of a rocky plateau upon which one can see Orchard Beach and the environmental center 142 West Twin Island was at one time connected to neighboring Hunter Island via a man made stone bridge 144 145 which now lies in ruins in one of the city s last remaining salt marshes 146 The two islands that are now combined as Twin Island have been owned by NYC Parks since the 1888 acquisition of Pelham Bay Park 145 A tennis court was built on the island in 1899 63 26 Twin Island was restored in 1995 as part of the Twin Islands Salt Marsh Restoration Project which cost 850 000 146 Rodman s Neck edit nbsp Former private mansion on Rodman s NeckMain article Rodman s Neck Rodman s Neck is a peninsula located in the central section of the park at 40 51 09 N 73 48 02 W 40 852501 N 73 800556 W 40 852501 73 800556 Rodman s Neck The southern third of the peninsula is used as a firing range by the New York City Police Department NYPD the remaining wooded section is part of Pelham Bay Park 135 147 The north side which is joined to the rest of Pelham Bay Park near Orchard Beach contains several baseball fields 135 148 Two small land berms between Rodman s Neck and City Island consist of the island s only connecting road to the mainland 2 Rodman s Neck was part of the historic Pell property 149 and since the city acquired the peninsula in 1888 it has been used for multiple purposes 102 It was used as a United States Army training location during World War I 101 and was converted to under utilized parkland in the 1920s 101 102 From 1930 to 1936 the peninsula was incorporated as part of Camp Mulrooney a summer camp for the NYPD 101 102 The Army used Rodman s Neck again in the 1950s during the Cold War 101 and the NYPD built the current firing range at the peninsula s southern tip in 1959 101 Tallapoosa Point edit Tallapoosa Point is located in the southwest of Pelham Bay Park near the Pelham Bridge 135 It used to be a separate island south of Eastchester Bay having been private property but was connected to the mainland during the colonial period The point then became a popular fishing spot 150 In 1879 the Tallapoosa Club political group started leasing part of the peninsula from the city during the summer hosting activities there The club s presence gave the peninsula its current name and in turn the club s name was derived from Tallapoosa Georgia where some of its members had fought during the American Civil War 151 The Tallapoosa Club used a mansion originally built by the Lorillard family 152 They used the mansion until October 1 1895 153 50 PDF p 138 Tallapoosa Point was used as a dump from 1963 103 until 1968 when landfill operations ceased 105 and it became a part of the Wildlife Refuge 109 Since then it has been a part of the park but there was an obscure proposal in the 1970s to make Tallapoosa into a ski slope 150 Tallapoosa Point was later re planted and serves as a bird habitat 154 Waterways edit Pelham Bay edit Pelham Bay redirects here For other uses see Pelham Bay disambiguation Between City Island and Orchard Beach is a sound named Pelham Bay 40 51 59 N 73 47 25 W 40 866335 N 73 790321 W 40 866335 73 790321 Pelham Bay but contrary to its name it is not a bay but rather a sound since it is open to larger bodies of water at both ends It connects to Eastchester Bay at the south and opens onto Long Island Sound and City Island Harbor at the east 135 Approximately one third of the original bay was filled in to create Orchard Beach from 1934 to 1938 3 Eastchester Bay edit Main article Eastchester Bay Eastchester Bay is a body of water that separates City Island and most of the park from the park s southwest portion and the rest of the Bronx 135 155 It is crossed by the Pelham Bridge which connects the two parts of the park 155 It is technically also a sound and the northern end connects via a narrow channel to Pelham Bay The Hutchinson River empties into Eastchester Bay near the northern end The lower portion of the bay opens onto the East River Little Neck Bay and Long Island Sound 156 Lagoon edit A lagoon within the park was once part of Pelham Bay separating Hunter and Twin Islands from the mainland and was called LeRoy s Bay until the mid 20th century It was popular for rowing regattas 157 but could not be used for regulation rowing races as it was blocked by the causeway to Hunter Island 158 By 1902 there were calls to remove the causeway so LeRoy s Bay could be used as a raceway 158 The New York City Department of Public Parks decided to create a temporary wooden bridge and remove the causeway to allow the bay s tides to flow freely 159 Most of the lagoon was filled in during the mid 1930s reconstruction of Orchard Beach and the bay became known as the Orchard Beach Lagoon or the Lagoon for short 91 160 The lagoon between Orchard Beach and the Westchester border had been popular for regattas or boat races for decades but it was neglected through the 1940s and 1950s Rocks weeds and unwanted cars were tossed into the lagoon regularly 161 The lagoon was chosen as the site of the 1964 Summer Olympics rowing trials 2 at which point it was widened and dredged becoming a four lane 2 000 meter 6 600 ft rowing track 162 163 164 The track which cost 630 000 162 was hosted jointly by the city and the organizers of the 1964 New York World s Fair New York City hosted several of the 1964 Olympic trials at various locations as part of the World s Fair the same year 163 Afterward the now unnamed lagoon was used by New York area colleges for boating regattas since it had been determined to be one of the most suitable locations for boat racing in the United States Multiple colleges including Columbia Manhattan St John s Fordham Iona and Yale utilized the lagoon for collegiate rowing practice 161 Turtle Cove edit Turtle Cove is a small cove along the north side of City Island Road west of Orchard Beach Road 135 Around the early 1900s a land berm was created across Turtle Cove for rails for horsecars This berm caused the north end of Turtle Cove to become mostly freshwater which attracted freshwater drinking rare birds in the meadow A 3 foot 0 91 m diameter concrete culvert was placed across the berm to allow salt water from Eastchester Bay but leaves and vegetation blocked this culvert 133 Starting in June 2009 NYC Parks started a restoration project for the cove removing the old culvert and digging a canal to flood the north end of the cove with salt water NYC Parks then placed a foot bridge across the canal Some 11 acres 4 5 ha of forest were also restored with 10 000 trees being replaced 165 The cove also contains a batting cage and a golf center with miniature golf PGA simulators and grass tees 166 Notable natural features edit Glover s Rock edit nbsp Glover s Rock Near this site on October 12 1776 Col John Glover and 600 patriots held off British and Hessian forces under Gen Howe long enough to save Washington s troops from destruction enabling them to withdraw to Westchester and ultimate victory Glover s Rock 40 51 54 N 73 48 19 W 40 86507 N 73 805244 W 40 86507 73 805244 Glover s Rock a giant granite glacial erratic has a bronze plaque commemorating the Battle of Pell s Point 20 However contrary to popular belief the rock had nothing to do with the battle 167 In their respective books Henry B Dawson 1886 and William Abbatt 1901 both wrote that Colonel John Glover reputedly stood on the rock and watched the British forces land during the battle 168 30 255 This claim is erroneous as these distances were computed based on an inaccurate map using estimates recorded by Glover in his Letter from Mile Square on October 24 1776 167 The actual location where Glover watched British forces land is closer to the second tee of the current Split Rock Golf Course 167 The rock is only known as such today because Abbatt includes a labeled photograph of it in his book 30 4 Split Rock editSplit Rock 40 53 11 N 73 48 54 W 40 88648 N 73 81492 W 40 88648 73 81492 Split Rock a large dome shaped granite boulder measuring approximately 25 feet 7 6 m from north to south and 15 feet 4 6 m from east to west is located at the intersection of the New England Thruway and Hutchinson River Parkway on a triangular parcel of land formed by these roads and a ramp that leads from the northbound Parkway to the northbound Thruway 169 The only public access to the rock is by a pedestrian trail that begins on Eastchester Place outside the park The Bridle Trail passes close to the rock but is separated from the rock by the parkway s exit ramp 135 Another park trail called the Split Rock Trail leads from the Bartow Circle to the rock 170 nbsp Split RockThe Split Rock Golf Course was named after the rock 2 Split Rock also gives its name to Split Rock Road in Pelham Manor 171 which used to extend into the park itself 172 The rock appears to be a glacial erratic and derives its name from a large crevice dividing the stone into two half domes The huge rock broke in half about 10 000 years ago under the stress of glacial movements 173 174 Split Rock is also the location near where in 1643 Anne Hutchinson and members of her family were massacred by Native Americans of the Siwanoy Tribe Her daughter Susanna the only member of the family to survive the massacre was at the rock during the time of the attack which took place at the house a distance away 16 237 In 1904 the New York State Legislature approved the placement of a bronze tablet on Split Rock in honor of Anne Hutchinson 175 The tablet was installed in 1911 by the Colonial Dames of New York 176 177 However it was stolen in 1914 178 179 The plaque reads 179 180 ANNE HUTCHINSONBanished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 b Because of her Devotion to Religious Liberty This Courageous WomanSought Freedom from Persecution in New NetherlandNear this Rock in 1643 She and her Householdwere Massacred by IndiansThis Tablet is placed here by the Colonial Dames of the State of New YorkANNO DOMINI MCMXI Virtutes Majorum Filiae Conservant 180 The boulder is of enough historic importance that in the 1950s Theodore Kazimiroff of the Bronx Historical Society convinced officials to move the planned Interstate 95 New England Thruway a few feet north to save Split Rock from being dynamited 181 182 Treaty Oak edit Treaty Oak 40 52 16 N 73 48 14 W 40 871 N 73 804 W 40 871 73 804 Treaty Oak is located on the Pell estate near the Bartow Pell Mansion A treaty was reportedly signed under this oak tree in 1654 between Siwanoy Chief Wampage and colonist Thomas Pell in which Pell purchased all land east of the Bronx River in what was then Westchester County New York 13 The Society of the Daughters of the Revolution erected a protective fence and a plaque near the tree but it was destroyed by lightning in 1906 183 13 and toppled in a storm in March 1909 184 Parts of the original tree were donated to museums and historical societies 185 A replacement tree was planted in 1915 186 and the current tree at the location is an elm 187 Wildlife sanctuaries edit Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary and the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary consist of a total of 489 acres 1 98 km2 of marshes and forests within Pelham Bay Park They were created in 1967 as a result to opposition to a planned landfill on the site of the current sanctuaries 188 Much of the forests in these sanctuaries are estimated to be at least three centuries old dating to colonial times 189 The park also has two nature centers at Orchard Beach and in the southwestern section of the park 133 190 Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary edit The Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary named for Thomas Pell makes up the westerly part of Pelham Bay Park 191 Included within its bounds are Goose Creek Marsh which once formed part of a 5 000 acre 2 000 ha wetland that covered what is now Co op City and the southern part of Pelham Bay Park 192 as well as the saltwater wetlands adjoining the Hutchinson River 135 The sanctuary also includes Goose Island Split Rock and the oak hickory forests in tidal marshes bordering the Split Rock Golf Course 193 The area is home to a variety of wildlife including raccoon egrets hawks and coyotes 133 Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary edit Located north of Orchard Beach the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary encompasses all of Twin Islands Cat Briar Island Two Trees Island and the northeastern shoreline of Hunter Island 194 195 It contains many glacial erratics large boulders that were deposited during the last ice age 194 193 as well as the largest continuous oak forest in Pelham Bay Park The sanctuary supports a unique intertidal marine ecosystem that is rare in New York State 133 81 146 Wildlife related activities edit nbsp Bird watching is a popular activity in the parkThe park is a popular spot for bird watching with up to 264 species having been spotted Common bird species observed within the park include great horned owl northern saw whet owl barn owl red tailed hawk and warblers on Hunter Island 196 American woodcock willow flycatcher northern harrier woodpeckers black capped chickadee tufted titmouse and white breasted nuthatch in the meadow west of Orchard Beach 197 and various songbirds and sparrows north of the Pelham Bay Golf Course 198 Birds in the park s waters include loons grebes cormorants anseriformes and gulls from the Twin Island coasts 199 greater yellowlegs lesser yellowlegs loons hooded merganser Canada goose mallard and egrets in Eastchester Bay and Turtle Cove 198 and osprey and waterbirds in the lagoon 200 This is a result of Pelham Bay Park s location within one of the major seasonal bird migration corridors The National Audubon Society has designated the park as one of four Important Bird Areas within the city 201 202 Saltwater fishing is also popular within the park but is prohibited on Orchard Beach when the beach is open during the summer 202 There are two major areas where fishing is allowed in the southern part of Pelham Bay Park near Eastchester Bay and in the northern part near the Lagoon Turtle Cove and northern beach jetty 203 South of Orchard Beach is a 25 acre 10 ha meadow that hosts the only known population of the moth species Amphipoea erepta ryensis 133 204 205 Another population used to exist in Rye Westchester County 206 207 Surroundings edit Pelham Bay Park is bounded by the town of Pelham New York to the north City Island and Long Island Sound to the east Watt Avenue and Bruckner Expressway to the south and the Hutchinson River Parkway to the west 2 135 North of the park is the village of Pelham Manor in Westchester County and a 250 foot wide 76 m strip of land that is part of New York City due to a boundary error Owners of the several dozen houses on the strip have a Pelham Manor zip code and phone numbers and their children attend Pelham public schools but as Bronx residents pay much lower property taxes than their Westchester County neighbors 208 To the southeast the City Island Bridge connects the park to City Island 209 210 Landmarks attractions and recreational features editOrchard Beach edit Main article Orchard Beach Bronx nbsp Panoramic view of Orchard Beach facing from the bathhouse pavilionOrchard Beach 40 52 02 N 73 47 45 W 40 867304 N 73 795946 W 40 867304 73 795946 Orchard Beach a public beach is part of Pelham Bay Park 68 and comprises the borough s only beach 92 The 1 1 mile long 1 8 km 115 acre 47 ha 211 beach faces the Long Island Sound and is laid out in a crescent shape with a width of 200 feet 61 m during high tide 212 An icon of the Bronx Orchard Beach is sometimes called the Bronx Riviera 92 213 214 215 the Riviera of New York City 216 Hood Beach 215 or the Working Class Riviera 217 It contains a set of twin pavilions which were both landmarked by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2006 218 Bronx Victory Column amp Memorial Grove edit nbsp South side of statueThe Bronx Victory Column amp Memorial Grove is a 70 foot tall 21 m limestone column that supports a bronze statue of Winged Victory on Crimi Road in the park The grove of trees that surround the statue were originally planted on the Grand Concourse in 1921 by the American Legion 219 they were removed in 1928 when construction began on the IND Concourse Line B and D trains 220 In 1930 the American Legion revealed plans to relocate the grove to Pelham Bay Park where there would be a new monument to honor Bronx servicemen The monument was designed by John J Sheridan and sculpted by Belle Kinney and Leopold Scholz 220 219 On September 24 1933 the monument and grove was dedicated to the 947 Bronxites who died in World War I 220 221 The column is supported by a 18 foot tall 5 5 m pedestal The statue itself is 18 feet tall and 3 700 pounds 1 700 kg located atop a series of 14 discs This brings the monument s aggregate height to more than 120 feet 37 m 221 While officially a memorial to servicemen from the Bronx 220 it is also a favorite location for wedding photography 222 Bartow Pell Mansion edit Main article Bartow Pell Mansion A 19th century plantation style mansion called the Bartow Pell Mansion located at 40 52 18 N 73 48 21 W 40 871611 N 73 805944 W 40 871611 73 805944 Bartow Pell Mansion is a colonial remnant done in Greek revival style 223 32 The mansion originally built in 1842 was sold to the city in 1880 which maintained it until 1914 when the city and International Garden Club assumed joint maintenance of the building 32 33 Since 1975 it has been a National Historic Landmark 224 33 Pelham Bay and Split Rock Golf Courses edit The Pelham Bay Golf Course opened in 1901 followed by the Split Rock Golf Course in 1935 83 The courses consisting of eighteen holes each share an Art Deco clubhouse located at 40 52 30 N 73 48 35 W 40 874967 N 73 80972 W 40 874967 73 80972 Golf Course Clubhouse 225 The courses are separated by the Northeast Corridor railroad tracks with the Split Rock course to the northwest and the Pelham Bay course to the southeast 135 Plans for a golf course in Pelham Bay Park have existed since soon after the park was founded In 1899 the New York Athletic Club approached Lawrence Van Etten an architect renowned for designing golf courses for a request to construct an 18 hole course within the park 83 The proposed course would be bounded by Pelham Manor to the north the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad now Northeast Corridor tracks to the west and Shore Road to the southeast The city was building Van Cortlandt Park s golf course at the time but the Bronx district parks commissioner approved Van Etten s plan Originally the club wanted to construct a park on Hunter Island but Van Etten felt that the island was too small for a full 18 hole course 226 Once the Van Cortlandt Park course was opened city officials started focusing on plans for the Pelham course 227 nbsp ClubhouseIn April 1900 surveyors began studying part of the park as a possible location for a golf course 228 227 Later that month workers began construction at the northwest course location It was expected that the course would open in June or July of that year 228 229 but that the work would not be fully complete until September 227 New York City greenskeeper Val Flood later stated that he thought the course would open by August however by September 1900 work on the course had hardly started due to a lack of workers 230 By the end of 1900 NYC Parks reported that seeds had been planted for nine greens and two bunkers and one hazard had been created 64 23 The course opened in 1901 65 69 but did not gain popularity until 1903 when overcrowding at the Van Cortlandt course drove players to use the less crowded Pelham Bay course instead 231 In 1934 a new 18 hole course was announced for the north side of the park along with a renovation to the Pelham Bay course under the WPA 73 232 It was part of the rebuilding of 10 golf courses in the city 233 The new course brought the total number of holes in the park s courses to 36 with each course being between 3 000 and 3 300 feet 910 and 1 010 m between the first and last tees This comprised two 18 hole courses or four 9 hole courses There was also a new two story brick Greek Revival clubhouse adjacent to both of the 18 hole courses with a golf store Pro Shop cafeteria lockers restrooms and showers Construction started on the new course and clubhouse in September 1934 234 The new Split Rock course based on a plan from John van Kleek opened in 1935 83 along with the rebuilt Pelham Bay course 82 Bronx Equestrian Center edit The northern section of Pelham Bay Park is the home of the Bronx Equestrian Center on Shore Road where visitors can ride horses and ponies through the parks trails or obtain riding lessons 235 131 The Bronx Equestrian Center also provides wagon rides and hosts wedding events 131 Southwestern section edit The southwestern part of Pelham Bay Park contains several recreational facilities but unlike the rest of the park the southwestern section mainly serves the nearby neighborhoods 4 236 The southwest park s largest point of interest is the Aileen B Ryan Recreational Complex which contains a running track two baseball fields and the Playground for All Children a play area with special features for physically handicapped children 237 Another playground the Sweetgum Playground is located near Bruckner Boulevard The 0 25 mile 0 40 km Pelham Track and Field includes an artificial turf football field as well as long jumping 219 The southwest park also contains a dog run four more baseball fields for a total of six two bocce courts several basketball courts and nine tennis courts 238 This section of the park also includes the Pelham Bay Nature Center 219 The neighborhood of Pelham Bay is across the Bruckner Expressway from this section of the park 4 A long and narrow 41 acre 17 ha woodland called Huntington Woods located on the southern border of this park is named after the tract s last owners Archer Milton Huntington the founder of the Hispanic Society of America and his wife sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington had acquired the property in 1896 after the park had been established The city added 31 6 acres 12 8 ha of Huntington s estate to the park in 1925 and annexed the remaining land in 1933 239 The southwestern park also contains two monuments American Boy was commissioned in 1923 by French sculptor Louis St Lannes and carved from one block of Indiana Limestone 237 A tribute to the athletic body it once stood outside the Rice Stadium and Recreation Building the stadium named and funded by the widow of Isaac Leopold Rice stood at the site from the 1920s until 1989 The former stadium site is now the Pelham Track and Field 237 240 The other is the Bronx Victory Column amp Memorial Grove 219 221 220 Management editA nonprofit organization called Friends of Pelham Bay Park founded in 1992 manages the park while NYC Parks owns and operates the land and facilities 241 Compared to the Central Park Conservancy Friends of Pelham Bay Park does not receive as much funding 242 Before 1992 there was no private maintenance of the park 243 the earliest efforts for such a thing date to 1983 when an administrator was appointed to oversee both Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay Parks 244 Transportation editBridges edit nbsp The west end of the City Island Bridge original bridge pictured is located inside Pelham Bay Park As part of the city s acquisition of Pelham Bay Park in 1888 NYC Parks claimed responsibility for maintenance over the western end of the City Island Bridge which was within the park 245 433 PDF p 502 51 695 The City Island Bridge had been built by the 1870s 246 By 1892 the bridge was in need of maintenance 60 PDF p 114 and a proposal for a replacement bridge was approved in 1895 62 41 PDF p 115 The replacement bridge started construction in late 1898 and was completed in 1901 247 The Pelham Bridge which had opened in 1871 on the site of two previous bridges 248 was also incorporated into the park 62 PDF p 443 51 695 Planning for a new bridge started in 1901 65 64 and NYC Parks transferred the responsibility for constructing the new bridge to the Department of Bridges in 1902 66 117 PDF p 86 A new stone bridge was opened in 1908 to accommodate higher volumes of traffic 249 250 The century old City Island Bridge was subsequently replaced again in the 2010s Planning for the new bridge started in 2005 251 though a lack of funding delayed the start of construction to 2012 252 The new bridge was completed in 2015 and the old one was demolished soon after 253 Roads edit nbsp Street map The park is traversed by the Hutchinson River Parkway on its west side 3 The New England Thruway I 95 a partial toll road also has a short highway section in the park s northwest corner 209 135 A partial interchange between the two roads is located within the park 209 To the south an exit from the Hutchinson River Parkway provides direct access to the park Orchard Beach and City Island The exit and entrance ramps lead east to the Bartow Circle where the ramps intersect with Shore Road which runs roughly southwest northeast and with Orchard Beach Road which leads southeast to the Orchard Beach parking lot 209 Slightly to the southwest of Bartow Circle is the T intersection of Shore Road and City Island Road which marks the northwest terminus of the latter road Shore Road continues across the Pelham Bridge to the southwest corner of the park then turns west and continues onto Pelham Parkway 209 Meanwhile City Island Road continues southeast to City Island Circle where it intersects with Park Drive a road that connects to Orchard Beach Road in the north and Rodman s Neck in the south City Island Road then continues southeast across the City Island Bridge to the eponymous island 209 NYC Parks assumed responsibility for the park s roads in 1888 and gradually paved and expanded them over the following decades 51 695 An expansion of Eastern Boulevard later Shore Road began in 1895 62 PDF p 175 In 1897 the city started extending Pelham Parkway through to Eastern Boulevard 254 258 PDF p 328 By 1902 Eastern Boulevard was referred to as the Shore drive since it ran close to the LeRoy s Bay shore The same year NYC Parks built a 4 230 foot 1 290 m dirt path which connected Glover s Rock to Shore Road Another 4 870 foot long 1 480 m dirt road to Pelham Bridge was also built and a 6 485 foot 1 977 m pedestrian path from City Island Bridge to Bartow Station was built 66 116 117 PDF pp 85 86 The Hutchinson River Parkway in Pelham Bay Park replaced the old Split Rock Road in the park The original roadway was an undivided limited access parkway designed with gently sloping curves stone arch bridges and wooden lightposts The original 11 mile 18 km section included bridle paths along the right of way There was also a riding academy where the public could rent horses 255 The parkway is named for Anne Hutchinson and her family and passes through the part of the park near where the Hutchinsons were killed by the Siwanoy 255 The modern day parkway was extended south from Westchester through Pelham Bay Park in December 1937 256 172 The second highway through the park the New England Thruway opened in its entirety in October 1958 connecting the Bruckner Expressway in the south with the Connecticut Turnpike in the northeast 257 Public transport edit nbsp Pedestrian overpass to the park s eponymous stationPelham Bay Park is served by the New York City Subway at its eponymous station on the west side of the Bruckner Expressway 258 which is served by the 6 and lt 6 gt trains 259 The station is part of the former Interborough Rapid Transit Company IRT s Pelham Line The line s northern terminus is located at the southeast corner of Pelham Bay Park and the IRT station there opened in December 1920 260 261 An exit from the station leads onto a pedestrian bridge that crosses the expressway and leads directly to the park 236 258 MTA Regional Bus Operations Bx29 route and Bee Line Bus System s 45 route also stop at the park 262 The southbound Bx29 makes three stops in the park on Bruckner Boulevard near the subway station at the intersection of Shore Road and City Island Road and at City Island Circle 263 Meanwhile Bee Line s 45 route stops near Bartow Pell Mansion 236 The Bx12 bus serves Orchard Beach during the summer only 264 Railroads edit The Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad was chartered in 1866 265 connecting the Harlem River in the south and Port Chester in the north The railroad opened in 1873 with some portions passing through the current park 266 The route a branch of the New Haven Line operated by the New York New Haven and Hartford Railroad contained six stations One of these stations called alternatively City Island or Bartow in Pelham now part of the park 267 In 1895 the railroad re acquired some of the land from the park 153 205 PDF p 297 In 1906 ownership of the Shore Road overpass over the Harlem and Port Chester railroad line was transferred to the New York New Haven and Hartford Railroad 268 A railroad of some sort also connected City Island and Pelham Bay Park from 1887 to 1919 Originally composed of the separate Pelham Park Railroad Company and the City Island Railroad the 3 ft 6 in 1 067 mm narrow gauge horsecar route was operated by the former of the two companies which ran service between the Bartow station of the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad and Brown s Hotel on City Island The 3 2 mile 5 1 km route was complete by 1892 269 The IRT absorbed the two companies in 1902 and started designing its own monorail in 1908 269 270 The monorail s first journey in July 1910 ended with the monorail toppling on its side 271 272 270 and although service resumed in November 1910 the monorail went into receivership in December 1911 273 The monorail ceased operation on April 3 1914 274 275 276 and was subsequently sold to the Third Avenue Railway 277 which abandoned the line on August 9 1919 278 The Harlem River and Port Chester tracks were maintained by the New York New Haven and Hartford Railroad 279 1092 New stations designed by Cass Gilbert were opened in 1908 but the line s stations were all closed by 1937 having suffered from low ridership 276 During the late 20th century the old Harlem River and Port Chester tracks went through a series of ownership changes and in 1976 Amtrak bought the tracks and integrated the route into its Northeast Corridor 279 81 The station house for the line s Bartow station still exists albeit as a deteriorated shell 280 the station s roof burned down after it was closed 276 An overgrown path leads from the bridle trail to the former station site 281 The city renovated the Shore Road railroad overpass in the early 2000s Citing the 1906 deed that transferred the bridge s maintenance to the company that owned the railroad below it the city then filed a lawsuit to make Amtrak pay for the renovation The United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in favor of Amtrak in 2013 268 282 Paths edit Bicycle paths go to all parts of the park and west to Bronx Park east to City Island and north to Mount Vernon 283 The bike trails within the park itself are of varying difficulties 131 Scenic trails edit The Kazimiroff Nature Trail a wildlife observation trail opened in 1986 115 114 It traverses 189 acres 76 ha of Hunter Island Much of the island s natural features are found along the trail 284 It was opened in 1986 115 and comprises two overlapping lasso shaped paths one slightly longer than the other 114 284 The Siwanoy Trail consists of a trail system that originates in the Central Woodlands section of the park Originating at City Island Road it bears to the northeast before splitting into two spurs one going east to the Rodman s Neck meadow and the other going north around Bartow Circle At the circle s eastern side the trail splits again One spur goes northeast in a self closing loop to the Bartow Pell Mansion and the other goes northwest to connect to Split Rock Trail before going around the Hutchinson River Parkway s interchange with Orchard Beach Road 135 Split Rock Trail originates at Bartow Circle and stretches for 1 5 miles 2 4 km along the west side of the park 135 170 194 First designated in 1938 along the path of the former Split Rock Road 172 the path was renovated in summer 1987 170 The park is also traversed by a bridle path 2 That path circumscribes both golf courses with a spur to the Bronx Equestrian Center 135 References editNotes edit a b c The exact size is disputed with some sources giving 2 764 acres 1 119 ha 1 2 2 765 acres 1 119 ha 3 or 2 772 acres 1 122 ha 4 Recalculations of city park sizes in 2013 determined that Pelham Bay Park was 2 772 acres 5 The New York Times quotes this line as Massachusetts Colonies rather than Massachusetts Bay Colony 179 Citations edit Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 13 a b c d e f g Jackson 2010 p 986 a b c d e f g Smith Sarah Harrison 2013 Exploring Sand and Architecture at Pelham Bay Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 2 2017 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b c Gregor Alison April 27 2014 Pelham Bay the Bronx A Blend of Urban and Suburban The New York Times Archived from the original on October 6 2017 Retrieved October 5 2017 a b c Foderaro Lisa W May 31 2013 How Big Is That Park City Now Has the Answer The New York Times Archived from the original on June 1 2013 Retrieved May 31 2013 O Hea Anderson 1996 p 4 New York City Parks Department 1987 p 2 a b O Hea Anderson 1996 p 5 a b c d Pelham Bay Park Highlights NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks amp Recreation September 29 2006 Archived from the original on May 27 2016 Retrieved October 5 2017 Siwanoy Trail New York City Department of Parks and Recreation March 20 1989 Archived from the original on October 1 2017 Retrieved September 13 2017 a b Leslie Day May 10 2013 Chapter 2 The Bronx Field Guide to the Natural World of New York City JHU Press ISBN 978 1 4214 1149 1 a b c Stevens J A DeCosta B F Johnston H P Lamb M J Pond N G Abbatt W 1892 The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries A S Barnes p 408 Retrieved October 5 2017 a b c d e f g Twomey 2007 p 212 Owen F Dolen Park Monuments New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 30 1926 Archived from the original on October 6 2017 Retrieved October 6 2017 a b Champlin John Denison 1913 The Tragedy of Anne Hutchinson Journal of American History 5 3 11 a b c d LaPlante Eve 2004 American Jezebel the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson the Woman who Defied the Puritans San Francisco Harper Collins ISBN 0 06 056233 1 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 25 2016 Barr 1946 p 5 Anderson Robert Charles 2003 The Great Migration Immigrants to New England 1634 1635 Vol III G H Boston New England Historic Genealogical Society pp 479 481 ISBN 0 88082 158 2 Darlene R Stille August 2006 Anne Hutchinson Puritan Protester Capstone pp 85 88 ISBN 978 0 7565 1784 7 a b c War Record of Pelham Bay Park War Record of Pelham Bay Park PDF The New York Times August 14 1921 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b c Pell 1917 p 5 a b Jenkins 2007 p 35 O Hea Anderson 1996 p 12 Pell 1917 p 12 Pell 1917 p 16 ASHPS Annual Report 1909 p 63 Jenkins 2007 p 313 McCullough David 2006 1776 New York Simon and Schuster Paperback p 209 ISBN 0 7432 2672 0 a b Ward Christopher 1952 The War of the Revolution Volume 1 New York The Macmillan Company a b c d Abbatt William 1901 The Battle of Pell s Point New York University of California Jackson 2010 p 161 a b c d e Gray Christopher April 28 2002 STREETSCAPES THE BARTOW PELL MANSION IN THE BRONX 1842 Home Now a Museum in City s Largest Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b c Castellucci John March 18 1977 Garden club s mansion official landmark now PDF The Daily News Tarrytown New York p A5 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com Olmsted Frederick Law Vaux Calvert Croes John James Robertson 1968 Fein Albert ed Landscape into cityscape Frederick Law Olmsted s plans for a greater New York City Cornell University Press p 331 ISBN 9780442225391 Gonzalez 2004 p 47 Golan Michael 1975 Bronx Parks A Wonder From the Past Bronx County Historical Society Journal The Bronx County Historical Society 12 2 32 41 Gonzalez 2004 p 49 THE NEED OF MORE PARKS FIRST MEETING OF THE NEW YORK PARK ASSOCIATION YESTERDAY PDF The New York Times November 27 1881 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived PDF from the original on September 24 2021 Retrieved October 4 2017 New York City Parks Department amp Storch Associates 1986a p 3 The Albany Legislators PDF The New York Times Albany New York March 25 1884 Archived PDF from the original on September 24 2021 Retrieved January 8 2017 a b New York City Parks Department amp Storch Associates 1986a p 56 Mullaly John 1887 The New Parks Beyond the Harlem With Thirty Illustrations and Map Descriptions of Scenery Nearly 4 000 Acres of Free Playground for the People New York Nabu Press pp 117 138 ISBN 978 1 141 64293 9 Gov Cleveland and the Bills The Sun June 15 1884 p 4 Retrieved November 30 2023 a b New York City Parks Department amp Storch Associates 1986a pp 57 58 a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 3 a b Pelham as Sick of the Park as We Are New York Sun March 25 1887 p 4 Archived from the original on October 6 2017 Retrieved October 6 2017 via Library of Congress PELHAM IN DESPAIR FORESEEING BANKRUPTCY THROUGH THE PARK SCHEME PDF The New York Times February 5 1888 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 6 2017 THE PELHAM PARK WESTCHESTER PEOPLE ASK MAYOR HEWITT S AID TO KILL THE SCHEME PDF The New York Times March 25 1887 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 6 2017 Rough on Pelham but Must We Pay for It The Sun February 5 1888 p 11 ISSN 1940 7831 Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 via Library of Congress TO TAX PELHAM BAY PARK TRYING TO BLEED NEW YORK HEAVILY AN ALMOST USELESS PARK THAT MAY COME NIGH TWO SIDES TO THE STORY New York Tribune February 5 1888 ISSN 1941 0646 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 via Library of Congress a b c d e Laws of the State of New York Passed at the Session of the Legislature Laws of New York New York State Legislature 1888 pp 693 696 hdl 2027 nyp 33433090742036 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 16 2017 via HathiTrust Jackson 2010 p 987 a b c d Pelham Bay Park History Report New York City City of New York 1986 pp 2 11 12 ASHPS Annual Report 1909 pp 64 66 The Courts New York Tribune March 16 1889 p 4 Archived from the original on October 6 2017 Retrieved October 6 2017 via Library of Congress PELHAM BAY PARK PDF The New York Times August 30 1889 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 3 2017 Bolotin Norm Laing Christine 1992 The World s Coumbian Exposition The Chicago World s Fair of 1893 University of Illinois Press p 3 ISBN 9780252070815 Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks Minutes and Documents Minutes and Documents May 8 1889 April 30 1890 PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 30 1890 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved January 13 2017 Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks Minutes and Documents May 13 1891 April 28 1892 PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 30 1892 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved January 13 2017 a b Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks Minutes and Documents May 4 1892 April 26 1893 PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 30 1893 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved January 13 2017 Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks Minutes and Documents May 1 1893 April 25 1894 PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 30 1894 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved January 13 2017 a b c d Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks Minutes and Documents May 2 1894 April 25 1895 PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 30 1895 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved January 13 2017 a b 1899 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation December 31 1899 Archived PDF from the original on February 11 2017 Retrieved January 11 2017 a b 1900 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1900 Archived PDF from the original on February 1 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 a b c 1901 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1901 Archived PDF from the original on January 18 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 a b c 1902 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report Part 2 PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1902 Archived from the original PDF on January 16 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 1903 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1903 pp 88 89 Archived from the original PDF on January 16 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 a b c d e f Orchard Beach New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on November 20 2016 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b 1906 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1906 pp 87 88 Archived PDF from the original on February 11 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 a b Caro 1974 p 366 PUBLIC ATHLETIC FIELD PDF New York Evening Post July 16 1904 p 8 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved June 5 2018 via Fultonhistory com a b c Seitz amp Miller 2011 p 132 a b c d THE NEW DEAL FOR THE PARKS OUTLINED BY THEIR DIRECTOR Commissioner Moses Would Develop the City s Recreation Areas And Then Coordinate Them With the State Park System By DOROTHY DUNBAR BROMLEY The New York Times February 11 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b Forero Juan July 9 2000 Slice of the Riviera With a Familiar Bronx Twist The New York Times Archived from the original on August 23 2009 Retrieved August 15 2009 Caro 1974 p 364 NEW JONES BEACH PLANNED IN BRONX Moses Wants Model Resort at Pelham Bay Park Orders CWA Work Razed The New York Times February 28 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved October 7 2017 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 2 WORK RELIEF BOOMS PARKS Moses Pushes Program to Expand Greatly the Present Facilities for Recreation PDF The New York Times September 22 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 7 2017 MOSES IS UPHELD IN PARK CAMP BAN Court Refuses to Interfere in Razing of 625 Bungalows at Orchard Beach PDF The New York Times May 16 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 7 2017 Moses Wins Again in Row Over Camps Clearing of Orchard Beach Sites Is Begun PDF The New York Times June 12 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b c d e f g Hunter Island New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on April 30 2016 Retrieved October 5 2017 a b Britton A D June 2 1935 TAKING MENTAL HAZARD OUT OF CITY GOLF The Player on the Public Links Has a New Dispensation for Old Courses Have Been Improved and Others Built PDF The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b c d Cornish G S Whitten R E 1993 The architects of golf a survey of golf course design from its beginnings to the present with an encyclopedic listing of golf course architects and their courses HarperCollins p 422 ISBN 978 0 06 270082 7 Archived from the original on April 7 2022 Retrieved October 9 2017 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 7 Caro 1974 p 367 TO EXHIBIT MODEL OF ORCHARD BEACH Park Department Will Display Miniature Tomorrow at Bronx Court House The New York Times July 7 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved October 7 2017 a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 8 PARKS OWN POLAR CIRCLE The Daily Plant New York City Department of Parks and Recreation February 7 2001 Archived from the original on October 2 2017 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b REFUSE DUMPING OPPOSED Bronx Civic Leaders Criticize Pelham Bay Park Project PDF The New York Times May 28 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 7 2017 a b TWO NEW BEACHES TO OPEN SATURDAY Orchard in Pelham Bay Park Although Not Completed Will Be Ready for Bathers PDF The New York Times June 13 1937 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved September 4 2017 a b Pelham Bay Dam Approved PDF The New York Times April 14 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 7 2017 a b c Jackson 2010 p 958 PUBLIC IS GREETED AT ORCHARD BEACH Uncompleted Aquatic Center Dedicated Mayor Moses Exchange Thrusts FORMER DECRIES CENSURE Also Hails WPA as an American Relief System Park Head Defends Criticism PUBLIC IS GREETED AT ORCHARD BEACH PDF The New York Times July 26 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 2 2017 TWO CITY BEACHES OPEN FOR SEASON Jacob Riis Park on the Ocean Attracts 2 500 Few Bathers Brave the Chilly Water 3 000 AT ORCHARD BEACH At Least 1 000 Try Swimming in Long Island Sound Joint Capacity of 500 000 NEW YORK OPENS TWO NEW RECREATIONAL AREAS TO PUBLIC The New York Times June 26 1937 Archived from the original on June 15 2018 Retrieved September 4 2017 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 9 Historical and Modern Orchard Beach with a Brief Resume of the Surrounding Territory Report 1960 pp 17 19 a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 10 ORCHARD BEACH OPENS SHORE LINE EXTENSION PDF The New York Times May 31 1947 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 7 2017 30 Years of Progress 1934 1965 p 69 30 Years of Progress 1934 1965 p 36 a b c d e f Twomey 2007 p 103 a b c d Jackson 2010 p 1118 a b c d New York City Parks Department 1987 p 18 a b c Lorch Donatella November 14 1989 Residents Force Start of Cleanup At Bronx Dump The New York Times Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 a b c State Denies Permit For Landfill Project PDF Riverdale Press May 23 1968 p 12 Retrieved October 6 2017 via Fultonhistory com Tallapoosa Landfill Is Partial Defeat PDF Riverdale Press August 3 1967 p 20 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 6 2017 via Fultonhistory com Nature Lovers Lose Park Area To Landfill Forces in the Bronx PDF The New York Times July 28 1967 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 6 2017 STATE MAY OPPOSE BRONX PARK DUMP Official Says He May Deny Permit for Pelham Landfill PDF The New York Times August 29 1967 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 6 2017 a b Council Passes Bill to Protect Wildlife Park PDF Riverdale Press November 21 1968 p 8 Retrieved October 6 2017 via Fultonhistory com The Mountains of Waste PDF The New York Times May 16 1975 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 7 2017 Poust Mary Ann May 19 1983 Report Pelham Bay landfill contaminated with waste oils PDF Yonkers Herald Statesman p 3 Retrieved September 16 2018 via Fultonhistory com Blumenthal Ralph May 19 1983 Toxic Dumping in City Landfills Cited in a Study The New York Times Archived from the original on October 14 2018 Retrieved September 16 2018 a b Drive begins for Kazimiroff memorial that will preserve Pelham Bay Park PDF Riverdale Press November 11 1983 p 8 Retrieved October 6 2017 via Fultonhistory com a b c d Bryant Nelson June 19 1986 OUTDOORS KAZIMIROFF TRAIL TO OPEN IN BRONX The New York Times Archived from the original on October 7 2017 Retrieved October 6 2017 a b c Outdoors PDF Riverdale Press June 19 1986 p 23 Retrieved October 6 2017 via Fultonhistory com Heller Anderson Susan Dunlap David W July 10 1986 NEW YORK DAY BY DAY At Orchard Beach Updated Fare The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 Fernandez Manny April 13 2011 In New York Area No Shortage of Grisly Dumping Grounds The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 Fisher Ian November 28 1992 In Isolated Bronx Park Death Visits Frequently The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 7 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 Teltsch Kathleen November 17 1990 Urban Gift Wilderness Regained The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2018 Retrieved October 12 2017 Walker Andrea K March 30 1997 Orchard Beach May Be Getting Its Day in the Sun The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 Siegal Nina April 11 1999 NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT ORCHARD BEACH UPDATE Water Park Plan Isn t Gliding Forward Now The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 Ingrassia Michelle June 30 2002 GOING FOR THE GOLD CITY VISIONARIES HOPE THEIR OLYMPIAN DESIGNS BRING THE 2012 SUMMER GAMES TO NEW YORK NY Daily News Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 London beats Paris to 2012 Games BBC Sport July 6 2005 Archived from the original on February 13 2007 Retrieved October 7 2017 NYC Parks And U S Army Corps Of Engineers Launch 13 Million Orchard Beach Shoreline Protection Project New York City Department of Parks and Recreation October 29 2010 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 2 2017 FACT SHEET Orchard Beach gt New York District gt Fact Sheet Article View New York District United States Army Corps of Engineers June 26 2012 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 2 2017 a b Calder Rich July 20 2015 Waterfront construction unearths more than 100 ancient artifacts New York Post Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved October 9 2017 Sandy William Saunders Cece October 2012 Phase IB Archaeological Survey Reconstruction of the Pelham Bay Park South Waterfront NYC Parks contract X039 507M PDF nyc gov Historical Perspectives p 2 Archived PDF from the original on September 17 2017 Retrieved October 3 2017 Goodstein Steven July 31 2015 Native American artifacts discovered in Pelham Bay Park Bronx Times Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved October 9 2017 Pelham Bay Park Natural Shoreline Reconstruction New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved October 9 2017 Frequently Asked Questions New York City Department of Parks amp Recreation Archived from the original on February 20 2017 Retrieved February 19 2017 a b c d e Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 64 Pelham Bay Park Highlights The Islands of Pelham Bay NYC Parks April 29 1939 Archived from the original on March 9 2005 Retrieved June 18 2018 a b c d e f Overview Friends of Pelham Bay Park Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 11 2017 Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 p 8 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Pelham Bay Park Map PDF Map Friends of Pelham Bay Park February 2014 Archived from the original PDF on March 21 2021 Retrieved October 5 2017 USACE 2014 p 73 a b DeCandido Robert 2004 Recent changes in plant species diversity in urban Pelham Bay Park 1947 1998 Biological Conservation 120 1 129 136 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2004 02 005 a b c Seitz amp Miller 2011 p 130 ASHPS Annual Report 1909 p 64 a b Seitz amp Miller 2011 p 131 Twomey 2007 p 107 a b Gray Christopher February 2 1992 Sunday Outing Boulders Sand Treasure and Silence In That Faraway Land Called the Bronx The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 3 2017 Hiking Hunter Island in Pelham Bay Park USA TODAY May 23 2017 Archived from the original on October 7 2017 Retrieved October 7 2017 McNamara 1984 p 53 a b NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT BRONX UP CLOSE Islet Lore Soldiers Prisoners the Rich the Dead and Perhaps the Devil The New York Times July 9 1995 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 3 2017 a b c Twin Islands New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved October 4 2017 Jackson 2010 pp 986 1118 Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 67 Twomey 2007 p 102 a b Jackson 2010 p 1277 McNamara 1984 pp 512 513 ASHPS Annual Report 1909 p 65 a b Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks Minutes and Documents May 1 1895 April 27 1896 PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 30 1896 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved January 13 2017 Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 p 14 a b U S Coast and Geodetic Survey 1918 United States Coast Pilot Atlantic Coast Cape Cod to Sandy Hook U S Government Printing Office p 220 Retrieved October 7 2017 Jenkins 2007 p 19 Barr 1946 p 103 a b NEW COURSE FOR LOCAL OARSMEN PDF The New York Herald June 15 1902 p 2 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com 1904 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1904 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 Caro 1974 pp 366 367 a b Strauss Michael May 2 1982 SCULLING STILL THRIVES ON SHORELINE The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 9 2017 Retrieved October 8 2017 a b 30 Years of Progress 1934 1965 p 48 a b The United States Olympic Trials of 1964 In The City of New York PDF Report New York World s Fair 1964 1965 Corporation June 21 1962 p 2 Archived PDF from the original on May 10 2015 Retrieved October 11 2017 via World s Fair Photos The Lagoon New York City Department of Parks and Recreation September 29 2006 Archived from the original on March 2 2009 Retrieved October 3 2017 USACE 2014 p 71 Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 69 a b c Hufeland Otto 1926 Westchester County During the American Revolution 1775 1783 Publications Westchester County Historical Society Westchester County pp 118 119 Retrieved October 12 2017 Dawson Henry B 1886 Westchester County New York during the American Revolution pp 238 246 Retrieved October 12 2017 via Internet Archive Jenkins 2007 p 311 a b c New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Split Rock Split Rock Trail Archived from the original on April 8 2015 Retrieved April 19 2015 Google October 7 2017 Split Rock Rd New York Map Google Maps Google Retrieved October 7 2017 a b c Markers To Be Erected To Designate Route Of Historic Split Rock Trail PDF Pelham Sun Pelham New York February 4 1938 p 1 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 71 Places to Visit Friends of Pelham Bay Park Archived from the original on May 8 2015 Retrieved April 20 2015 American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society 1904 Annual Report to the Legislature of the State of New York p 26 ANNE HUTCHINSON TABLET To be Erected in Pelham Bay Park by Colonial Dames of New York PDF The New York Times March 29 1911 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 7 2017 TABLET TO ANNE HUTCHINSON Colonial Dames Unveil a Monument in Her Memory in Pelham Bay Park PDF The Yonkers Statesman Yonkers New York May 4 1911 p 5 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com HISTORIC TABLET STOLEN Thieves Pry Hutchinson Memorial from Pelham Rock PDF New York Tribune February 3 1914 p 1 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com a b c STEAL HUTCHINSON TABLET Bronze Memorial in Pelham Bay Park Forced from the Split Rock PDF The New York Times February 3 1914 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 7 2017 a b New York State Legislature Assembly 1914 Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York p 176 Retrieved October 7 2017 McNamara 1984 p 189 Kazimiroff Nature Trail Historical Sign New York City Department of Parks amp Recreation Archived from the original on September 29 2006 Retrieved August 21 2009 Historical Guide to the City of New York F A Stokes Company 1909 pp 404 BRONX BOOM TREE BLOWN DOWN Archived October 15 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post April 25 1909 Accessed September 6 2008 A Tree Grows in The Bronx The Fordham Ram January 17 2021 Retrieved June 8 2022 GOVERNOR PLANTS A NEW TREATY OAK Bartow Mansion in Pelham Bay Park Turned Over to the International Garden Club MANY NOTABLES TAKE PART Private Charles Vail of Battery D Is Crushed by Horse Frightened by a Salute PDF The New York Times May 2 1915 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 7 2017 Notable Trees in New York and Elsewhere Annual Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society to the Legislature of New York 1916 p 227 Archived from the original on March 22 2022 Retrieved March 22 2022 New York City Parks Department 1987 p 1 Stewart Barbara July 13 2002 Just Off the Expressway Ancient New York Remnants of Virgin Forests Still Stand Even in the Bronx and Queens The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved October 9 2017 Ultan amp Olson 2015 pp 70 73 New York City Parks Department 1987 pp 1 2 Raver Anne January 3 1992 In Rural New York City Where Wild Things Are The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 2 2023 a b Frank Dave May 3 2017 Pelham Bay Park United States Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved October 4 2017 a b c Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 70 New York City Parks Department 1987 p 1 4 Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 pp 9 10 Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 pp 10 11 a b Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 p 11 Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 p 10 Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 p 12 Fowle amp Kerlinger 2001 pp 8 9 a b Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 68 Finding a Fishing Site PDF New York State Department of Environmental Conservation pp 11 12 Archived PDF from the original on January 25 2017 Retrieved October 11 2017 New York City Parks Department 1987 p 4 Teltsch Kathleen November 17 1990 Urban Gift Wilderness Regained The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2018 Retrieved October 12 2017 Common Name A noctuid moth Scientific Name Amphipoea erepta ryensis PDF New York State Department of Environmental Conservation pp 1 2 Archived PDF from the original on March 20 2017 Retrieved October 12 2017 Online Conservation Guide for Amphipoea erepta ryensis New York Natural Heritage Program 2017 Archived from the original on October 13 2017 Retrieved October 12 2017 Gross Jane May 6 1997 A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs The New York Times Archived from the original on March 8 2021 Retrieved June 9 2012 a b c d e f Microsoft Nokia October 7 2017 overview map of Pelham Bay Park Map Bing Maps Microsoft Retrieved October 7 2017 Jackson 2010 p 258 Jackson 2010 p 957 958 Caro 1974 p 508 HuffPost Arts amp Culture Bronx Riviera Photos Perfectly Capture New York s Summer Spirit Huffington Post August 20 2013 Archived from the original on March 26 2014 Retrieved March 25 2014 Lawrence Wayne October 2013 Orchard Beach The Bronx Riviera Prestel Publishing a b The Bronx Riviera Life at the hood beach in pictures The Guardian October 14 2013 Archived from the original on January 27 2019 Retrieved July 3 2017 NYC Parks amp Recreation Orchard Beach Bronx Visit The Riviera of New York City New York City The Official Guide Archived from the original on May 17 2017 Retrieved July 3 2017 L Jonathan September 11 2016 The Working Class Riviera Orchard Beach and City Island Travel Gumbo Archived from the original on October 2 2017 Retrieved July 3 2017 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 p 1 a b c d e Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 73 a b c d e Bronx Victory Memorial New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on September 9 2016 Retrieved April 27 2008 a b c Twomey 2007 p 217 Douglas Martin May 1 1994 A Critical Tour of the Empire Battery Park to High Bridge The New York Times Retrieved April 27 2008 Jackson 2010 p 92 Bartow Pell Mansion National Historic Landmark summary listing National Park Service September 8 2007 Archived from the original on October 13 2007 Jackson 2010 p 515 ACTIVITY IN LOCAL GOLF Championship Tournament Will Be Played in May THE NASSAU CLUB MAY GET IT Golf Prospects in the New York Athletic Club Business Compels Forgan to Relinquish the Game The New York Times February 4 1900 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 26 2018 Retrieved October 8 2017 a b c GOLF COMING MATCHES AT RICHMOND HILL ANOTHER PUBLIC LINKS AT PELHAM BAY PARK PDF New York Daily Tribune April 18 1900 p 6 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com a b GOLF LINKS IN PELHAM PARK PDF The New York Times April 17 1900 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 8 2017 CITY S NEW LINKS AT PELHAM BAY PARK WILL OPEN IN JUNE PDF New York Daily Tribune May 7 1900 p 6 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com Pelham Links Chaotic State PDF The New York Times September 10 1900 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 8 2017 Public Links at Pelham Bay Popular Brooklyn Daily Eagle October 2 1903 p 12 Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved October 9 2017 via Newspapers com PARK CAMPS TO GO MOSES ANNOUNCES 625 Leases at Orchard Beach Will Be Canceled He Says to End Fine Mess There GOLF LINKS FOR PELHAM 18 Hole Course and Modern Clubhouse to Be Located at North Side of Park PDF The New York Times March 7 1934 Retrieved October 2 2017 CITY S NEW LINKS AT PELHAM BAY PARK WILL OPEN IN JUNE PDF New York Sun March 6 1935 p 20 Retrieved October 2 2017 via Fultonhistory com NEW GOLF COURSE BEGUN AT PELHAM Seeding for Turf Is Started Clubhouse to Stand at Shore Road and Split Rock PDF The New York Times September 30 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 2 2017 Jackson 2010 p 1227 a b c Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 65 a b c Ultan amp Olson 2015 p 72 Ultan amp Olson 2015 pp 72 73 Huntington Woods New York City Department of Parks and Recreation September 29 2006 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 11 2017 American Boy New York City Department of Parks and Recreation September 29 2006 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 12 2017 Our Team Friends of Pelham Bay Park Archived from the original on March 15 2017 Retrieved January 10 2017 A Critical Tour of the Empire Battery Park to High Bridge The New York Times May 1 1994 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 28 2017 Retrieved October 11 2017 Laskow Sarah June 30 2014 What donors do for some city parks Politico PRO Archived from the original on February 15 2017 Retrieved January 10 2017 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Present Day Heritage Books ISBN 978 0 7884 2338 3 Kazimiroff Nature Trail PDF Pelham Bay Park New York City Department of Parks and Recreation July 2003 Archived from the original PDF on September 2 2016 Retrieved October 3 2017 McNamara John 1984 History in Asphalt The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names The Bronx New York City Bronx County Historical Society ISBN 978 0 941980 16 6 Archived from the original on December 29 2021 Retrieved October 3 2017 O Hea Anderson Marianne June 1996 Native Americans PDF Administrator s Office Van Cortlandt amp Pelham Bay Parks City of New York Parks amp Recreation Archived from the original PDF on September 2 2016 Retrieved June 7 2018 ORCHARD BEACH BATHHOUSE AND PROMENADE PDF nyc gov New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission June 20 2006 Archived from the original PDF on June 12 2018 Retrieved October 3 2017 Pell Howland 1917 The Pell manor address prepared for the New York Branch of the Order of Colonial Lords of Manors in America 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of Parks and Recreation 1911 Archived PDF from the original on January 16 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 1912 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report Part 2 PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1912 Archived PDF from the original on January 16 2017 Retrieved January 15 2017 1914 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report Part 3 PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1913 Archived PDF from the original on February 22 2017 Retrieved January 11 2017 1914 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report Part 2 PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1914 Archived PDF from the original on February 22 2017 Retrieved January 11 2017 1915 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report Part 2 PDF nyc gov New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1915 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2017 Retrieved January 11 2017 span ti, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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