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Wikipedia

Cuban Americans

Cuban Americans (Spanish: cubanoestadounidenses[8] or cubanoamericanos[9]) are Americans who immigrated from or are descended from immigrants from Cuba, regardless of racial or ethnic origin. As of 2023, Cuban Americans were the third largest Hispanic and Latino American group in the United States after Mexican Americans and Stateside Puerto Ricans.[citation needed]

Cuban Americans
Americans with Cuban ancestry by state as of the 2010 US census
Total population
2,435,573[1][2]
0.73% of the U.S. population (2022)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Over 70% concentrated in Florida: especially South Florida/Miami area, also Tampa Bay area

Significant longstanding numbers in California, Texas, New Jersey, New York and Georgia. Growing populations in Nevada (especially in Las Vegas) and Kentucky (especially in Louisville),[3][4][5][6] as well as smaller growing populations in North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Ohio, Illinois, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.
Languages
Spanish (Cuban Spanish) • EnglishCubonicsSpanglishLucumí
Religion
Predominantly:
Roman Catholicism (49%)
Minority:
Protestantism (16%), irreligion (26%)[7]
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards, Afro-Cubans, Latino Americans, Cuban Jews, White Hispanic and Latino Americans, West Indian Americans, Spanish Americans, Floridanos, Isleños

Many metropolitan areas throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations.[10] Florida (2 Million in 2023) has the highest concentration of Cuban Americans in the United States. Over 1,200,000 Cuban-Americans reside in Miami-Dade County, where they are the largest single ethnic group and constitute a majority of the population in many municipalities.[11][12][13] Florida is followed by Texas (140,482), California (100,619), New Jersey (97,842), and New York (74,523).[11]

Greater Miami has by far the highest concentration of Cuban Americans of any metropolitan area, followed by New York City; Tampa, Florida; Union County and North Hudson, New Jersey areas, particularly Union City, Elizabeth, West New York, Houston, Texas, and Chicago, Illinois.[10] With a population of 181,250, the New York metropolitan area's Cuban community is the largest outside Florida. Nearly 70% of all Cuban Americans live in Florida.[13]

Immigration edit

Early migrations edit

Before the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Spanish Florida and other possessions of Spain on the Gulf Coast west of the Mississippi River were provinces of the Captaincy General of Cuba. Consequently, Cuban immigration to regions that would eventually form the United States have a long history, beginning in the Spanish colonial period in 1565 when the settlement of St. Augustine was established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and hundreds of Spanish soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish new lives.[14]

Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and Texas during the period of Spanish rule.[citation needed] Since 1820, the Cuban presence was more than 1,000 people. In 1870 the number of Cuban immigrants increased to almost 12,000, of which about 4,500 resided in New York City, about 3,000 in New Orleans and 2,000 in Key West. The causes of these movements were both economic and political, which intensified after 1860, when political factors played the predominant role in emigration, as a result of deteriorating relations with the Spanish metropolis.[15]

1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States, again centered on Key West. The exodus of hundreds of workers and businessmen was linked to the manufacture of tobacco. The reasons are many: the introduction of more modern techniques of elaboration of snuff, the most direct access to its main market, the United States, the uncertainty about the future of the island, which had suffered years of economic, political and social unrest during the beginning of the Ten Years' War against Spanish rule. It was an exodus of skilled workers, precisely the class in the island that had succeeded in establishing a free labor sector amid a slave economy.[16]

The manufacture of snuff by the Cuban labor force, became the most important source of income for Key West between 1869 and 1900.[citation needed]

Tampa was added to such efforts, with a strong migration of Cubans, which went from 720 inhabitants in 1880 to 5,532 in 1890. However, the second half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population, as an important part of it returned to the island to fight for independence. The War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society, whose numbers were significant: more than 12,000 people.[17]

 
Statue of Jose Martí at the Circulo Cubano (Cuban Club), Ybor City

The population of Cuban Americans has experienced a surge in growth once again with the arrival of the 2021–23 Cuban migration wave to the United States, where Cubans were intercepted at the Southern border over 300 thousand times.[18]

Key West and Tampa, Florida edit

In the mid- to late 19th century, several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to Key West to get away from growing laboral and political problems.[19] Many Cuban cigar workers followed. The Cuban government had even established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture. There, children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as "La Bayamesa", the Cuban national anthem.[citation needed]

In 1885, Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of Tampa, Florida to escape labor strife. Ybor City was designed as a modified company town, and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba with Spanish and Italian immigrant workers. West Tampa, another new cigar manufacturing community, was founded nearby in 1892 and also grew quickly. Between these communities, the Tampa Bay area's Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade, and the city as a whole grew from a village of approximately 1000 residents in 1885 to over 16,000 by 1900.[20]

Both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cuba's eventual independence.[21] Inspired by revolutionaries such as Jose Martí, who visited Florida several times, Tampa-area Cubans and their sympathetic neighbors donated money, equipment, and sometimes their lives to the cause of Cuba Libre.[22] After the Spanish–American War, some Cubans returned to their native land, but many chose to stay in the U.S. due to the physical and economic devastation caused by years of fighting on the island.[23]

Other early waves (1900–1959) edit

Several other small waves of Cuban emigration to the U.S. occurred in the early 20th century (1900–1959). Most settled in Florida and the northeast U.S. The majority of an estimated 100,000 Cubans arriving in that time period usually came for economic reasons (the Great Depression of 1929, volatile sugar prices and migrant farm labor contracts),[24] but included anti-Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship, which had pro-U.S. diplomatic ties. During the '20s and '30s, emigration from Cuba to U.S. territory, basically comprised workers looking for jobs, mainly in New York and New Jersey. They were classified as labor migrants and workers, much like other immigrants in the area at that time. Thus migrated more than 40,149 in the first decade, encouraged by U.S. immigration facilities at the time and more than 43,400 by the end of the 30s.[citation needed]

Subsequently, the flow of Cubans to the United States fluctuated, due to both the domestic situation in the 40s and 50s in Cuba, and U.S. immigration policies, plus intermittent anti-immigrant sentiment. Cuban Migration in those years included, in addition to workers, a small mass of the population who could afford to leave the country and live abroad. The U.S. was considered a favored destination by the Cuban bourgeoisie and the middle classes of society, to send their children to school, take vacations and bring some of their capital to establish small and medium-sized businesses.[citation needed]

The Cuban population officially registered in the United States for 1958 was around 125,000 people including descendants. Of these, more than 50,000 remained in the United States after the revolution of 1959.[17]

Post-1959 revolution (since 1959) edit

After the Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959, a Cuban exodus began as the new government allied itself with the Soviet Union and began to introduce communism. The first Cubans to come to America after the revolution were those affiliated with former dictator Fulgencio Batista, next were Cuba's professionals. Most Cuban Americans that arrived in the United States initially came from Cuba's educated upper and middle classes centered in Cuba's capital Havana. This middle class arose in the period after the Platt Amendment when Cuba became one of the most successful countries in Latin America. Between December 1960 and October 1962 more than 14,000 Cuban children arrived alone in the U.S. Their parents were afraid that their children were going to be sent to some Soviet bloc countries to be educated[citation needed] and they decided to send them to the States as soon as possible.[citation needed]

This program was called Operation Peter Pan (Operacion Pedro Pan). When the children arrived in Miami they were met by representatives of Catholic Charities and they were sent to live with relatives if they had any or were sent to foster homes, orphanages or boarding schools until their parents could leave Cuba. From 1965 to 1973, there was another wave of immigration known as the Freedom Flights. In order to provide aid to recently arrived Cuban immigrants, the United States Congress passed the Cuban Adjustment Act in 1966. The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than $1.3 billion of direct financial assistance. They also were eligible for public assistance, Medicare, free English courses, scholarships and low-interest college loans.[citation needed]

Some banks pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan. These loans enabled many Cuban Americans to secure funds and start up their own businesses. With their Cuban-owned businesses and low cost of living, Miami, Florida and Union City, New Jersey (dubbed Havana on the Hudson)[25][26] were the preferred destinations for many immigrants and soon became the main centers for Cuban-American culture. According to author Lisandro Perez, Miami was not particularly attractive to Cubans prior to the 1960s.[27]

It was not until the exodus of the Cuban exiles in 1959 that Miami started to become a preferred destination. Westchester within Miami-Dade County, was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States, followed by Hialeah in second.[28]

Communities like Miami, Tampa and Union City, which Cuban Americans have made their home, have experienced a profound cultural impact as a result, as seen in such aspects of their local culture as cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and cigar-making.[29][30]

1980s edit

Another large wave (an estimated 125,000 people) of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the Mariel boatlifts. Most of the "Marielitos" were people wanting to escape from economic stagnation.[citation needed]

Fidel Castro sent some 20,000 criminals directly from Cuban prisons, as well as mentally ill persons from Cuban mental institutions, with the alleged double purpose of cleaning up Cuban society and poisoning the USA. Those people were labeled "inadmissible" by the US government, and with time, through many negotiations, have been returned to Cuba.[citation needed]

Mid-1990s to 2000s edit

Since the mid-1990s, after the implementation of the "Wet feet, dry feet" policy immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico; many landed on Isla Mujeres. From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the Texas-Mexico border and found asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in Houston; this has caused Houston's Cuban-American community to increase in size. The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans emigrating to the U.S. through Mexico. In 2005 the Department of Homeland Security had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole.[31]

Jorge Ferragut, a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba, an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas, said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the first decade of the 21st century left due to economic instead of political issues.[32] By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico.[33][34]

In recent years,[when?] Puerto Rico has become a major drop-off point for Cubans trying to reach the United States illegally. As a U.S. Commonwealth, Puerto Rico is seen as a stepping stone for Cubans trying to get to the continental U.S., though Puerto Rico itself is home to a number of Cubans.[35]

The population of Cuban Americans has experienced a surge in growth once again with the arrival of the 2021–23 Cuban migration wave to the United States, where Cubans were intercepted at the Southern border over 300 thousand times.[citation needed]

Immigration policy edit

Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the "wet foot, dry foot policy". While representing a tightening of U.S. immigration policy, the wet foot, dry foot policy still affords Cubans a privileged position relative to other immigrants to the U.S. This privileged position is the source of a certain friction between Cuban Americans and other Latino citizens and residents in the United States, adding to the tension caused by the divergent foreign policy interests pursued by conservative Cuban Americans. Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans (20,000 per year) provided legal U.S. visas.[citation needed]

According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban Americans were present in all fifty states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in Miami-Dade County. Emigration from Cuba began to slow down in the late 1990s. Meanwhile, second-generation Cuban Americans increasingly moved out of urban enclaves like Little Havana and settled in suburban areas like Westchester, while those urban areas came to be inhabited by immigrants from other Latin American nations.[36]

In late 1999, U.S. news media focused on the case of Elián González, the six-year-old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The boy's mother died trying to bring him to the United States. On April 22, 2000, immigration enforcement agents took Elián González into custody. González was returned to Cuba to live with his father.

On January 12, 2017, President Barack Obama announced the immediate cessation of the wet feet, dry feet policy.[37] The Cuban government agreed to accept the return of Cuban nationals.[38] Beginning with the United States–Cuban Thaw in 2014, anticipation of the end of the policy had led to increased numbers of Cuban immigrants.[39]

Demographics edit

In the census in 2023 there were 2,850,422 Cuban Americans, and in the 2010 census there were 1,785,547 (both native and foreign born), and represented 3.5% of all Latinos, and 0.58% of the US population. Of the 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, 983,147 were born abroad in Cuba and 628,331 were U.S. born. Of the 1.6 million, 415,212 were not U.S. citizens.[40] In the 2013 ACS, there were 2,013,155 Cuban Americans. The 2010 US Census shows that 85% of Cuban Americans self-identified as being white.[41] The most recent 2012 Cuban census has the island population at 64.12% white, 26.62% mulatto, 9.26% black, and 0.1% Asian.[42]

Ancestry edit

The ancestry of Cuban Americans is includes Spanish and African peoples,[43] as well as the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and those of Florida. During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, there were waves of Spanish immigration to Cuba (Castilians, Basques, Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Asturians and Galicians). Canarians immigrated to many countries along the Caribbean from Louisiana to Venezuela. But Cuba was the Latin American culture most influenced by the emigration of Canary Islanders (they developed the production of sugar in Cuba), and Cuban Spanish is closest to that of the Canary Islands. Canary Islanders were viewed by other Spanish-Cubans as superstitious but also hard-working. Some of Haiti's white population (French) migrated to Cuba after the Haitian War of Independence in the early 19th century. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from Middle East places such as Lebanon and Palestine.[citation needed]

There was also a significant influx of Jews, especially between the World Wars, from many countries, including Sephardi Jews from Turkey and Ashkenazi Jews from Poland, Germany and Russia. Other Europeans that have contributed include Britons, Italians, Germans, Swedes and Hungarians. Many Chinese also arrived in Cuba as indentured laborers and they formerly boasted the largest Chinatown in Western Hemisphere as most Chinese Cubans left for Florida.[citation needed]

U.S. states with largest Cuban-American populations edit

State or territory Cuban-American
population (2020 Census)[44][45]
Percentage (2020) 2010 census[46][47] Percentage (2010)[note 1][13]
  Alabama 6,289 0.1% 4,064 0.1%
  Alaska 1,105 0.1% 927 0.1%
  Arizona 17,635 0.2% 10,692 0.2%
  Arkansas 2,287 0.1% 1,493 0.1%
  California 97,083 0.2% 88,607 0.2%
  Colorado 13,260 0.1% 6,253 0.1%
  Connecticut 10,486 0.3% 9,490 0.3%
  Delaware 2,065 0.2% 1,443 0.2%
  District of Columbia 2,620 0.3% 1,789 0.3%
  Florida 1,455,289 6.7% 1,213,438 6.5%
  Georgia 36,875 0.3% 25,048 0.3%
  Hawaii 2,008 0.1% 1,544 0.1%
  Idaho 1,345 0.1% 825 0.1%
  Illinois 25,130 0.2% 22,541 0.2%
  Indiana 6,940 0.1% 4,042 0.1%
  Iowa 3,112 0.1% 1,226 0.0%
  Kansas 4,174 0.1% 2,723 0.1%
  Kentucky 21,269 0.4% 16,824 0.2%
  Louisiana 15,340 0.3% 10,330 0.2%
  Maine 1,312 0.1% 783 0.1%
  Maryland 12,830 0.2% 10,366 0.2%
  Massachusetts 14,024 0.2% 11,306 0.2%
  Michigan 14,142 0.1% 9,922 0.1%
  Minnesota 5,080 0.1% 3,661 0.1%
  Mississippi 2,425 0.1% 2,063 0.1%
  Missouri 7,620 0.1% 4,979 0.1%
  Montana 769 0.1% 421 0.0%
  Nebraska 6,331 0.2% 2,152 0.1%
  Nevada 33,028 1.0% 21,459 0.8%
  New Hampshire 1,912 0.1% 1,349 0.1%
  New Jersey 83,471 0.9% 83,362 0.9%
  New Mexico 5,351 0.2% 4,298 0.2%
  New York 75,115 0.3% 70,803 0.4%
  North Carolina 29,233 0.2% 18,079 0.2%
  North Dakota 682 0.1% 260 0.0%
  Ohio 10,895 0.1% 7,523 0.0%
  Oklahoma 4,376 0.1% 2,755 0.1%
  Oregon 7,770 0.1% 4,923 0.1%
  Pennsylvania 23,324 0.2% 17,930 0.1%
  Rhode Island 1,912 0.1% 1,640 0.1%
  South Carolina 10,586 0.2% 5,955 0.1%
  South Dakota 809 0.1% 265 0.0%
  Tennessee 13,889 0.2% 7,773 0.1%
  Texas 111,432 0.4% 46,541 0.2%
  Utah 3,240 0.1% 1,963 0.1%
  Vermont 721 0.1% 510 0.1%
  Virginia 20,964 0.2% 15,229 0.2%
  Washington 11,277 0.1% 6,744 0.1%
  West Virginia 1,096 0.0% 764 0.0%
  Wisconsin 5,436 0.1% 3,696 0.1%
  Wyoming 411 0.0% 275 0.0%
  United States 2,245,686 0.7% 1,785,547 0.6%

US metropolitan areas with largest Cuban populations edit

The largest populations of Cubans are situated in the following metropolitan areas (Source: Census 2023):[48]

  1. Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL MSA – 1,560,875
  2. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA – 200,621
  3. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA-CT MSA – 165,233
  4. Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA – 80,327
  5. Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA – 79,005
  6. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL MSA – 74,405
  7. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA – 47,331
  8. Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA – 44,634
  9. Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA – 35,896
  10. Naples, FL MSA – 34,535
  11. Jacksonville, FL MSA – 27,850
  12. Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA – 25,522
  13. Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA – 24,502
  14. Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ MSA – 20,384
  15. Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA – 19,300
  16. Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA – 17,097
  17. Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA – 16,527
  18. Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC MSA – 13,555
  19. Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL MSA – 13,538
  20. San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA MSA – 12,371

U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry edit

The top 25 US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Cuban ancestry are (all of which are in Florida while the top 22 are in Miami-Dade County):

  1. Hialeah, Florida 84.1%
  2. Westchester, Florida 81%
  3. Coral Terrace, Florida 79.7%
  4. West Miami, Florida 78.9%
  5. University Park, Florida 77.9%
  6. Olympia Heights, Florida 75.9%
  7. Hialeah Gardens, Florida 75.6%
  8. Tamiami, Florida 73.1%
  9. Medley, Florida 69.9%
  10. Sweetwater, Florida 68.5%
  11. Palm Springs North, Florida 67.2%
  12. Miami Lakes, Florida 65.2%
  13. Kendale Lakes, Florida 64.9%
  14. Fontainebleau, Florida 59.4%
  15. Miami, Florida 52%
  16. Miami Springs, Florida 45.5%
  17. Richmond West, Florida 44.4%
  18. Coral Gables, Florida 40.2%
  19. Virginia Gardens, Florida 39.1%
  20. South Miami Heights, Florida 38.70%
  21. Kendall, Florida 38%
  22. West Tampa, Florida 35%
  23. Miami Beach, Florida 32.5%
  24. Ybor City, Florida 30.2%
  25. Golden Gate, Florida 28.2%

U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba edit

For total 101 communities, see the reference given. Top 20 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba are (all of which are located within the Miami Florida area):[49]

  1. Hialeah, Florida 64.5%
  2. Westchester, Florida 60.8%
  3. Coral Terrace, Florida 56.9%
  4. West Miami, Florida 56.5%
  5. South Westside, FL 54.3%[50]
  6. University Park, Florida 53.1%
  7. Hialeah Gardens, Florida 52.5%
  8. Medley, Florida 50%
  9. Tamiami, Florida 49.7%
  10. Olympia Heights, Florida 48.2%
  11. Sweetwater, Florida 48.2%
  12. Westwood Lakes, Florida 44.9%
  13. Sunset, Florida 38.7%
  14. Fontainebleau, Florida 38.3%
  15. North Westside, FL 36.4%[51]
  16. Miami, Florida 36.3%
  17. Miami Lakes, Florida 34.1%
  18. Palm Springs North, Florida 32.8%
  19. Kendale Lakes, Florida 32.7%
  20. Kendale Lakes-Lindgren Acres, FL 31.3%[52]

According to the 2023 American Community Survey, there were 1,800,900 immigrants from Cuba in the US,[53] the top counties of residence being:

  1. Miami-Dade, Florida – 925,000
  2. Broward, Florida – 80,400
  3. Hillsborough, Florida – 75,000
  4. Palm Beach, Florida – 44,100
  5. Harris, Texas – 29,900
  6. Lee, Florida – 28,700
  7. Collier, Florida – 24,300
  8. Clark, Nevada – 23,300
  9. Orange, Florida – 23,100
  10. Hudson, New Jersey – 21,100
  11. Los Angeles, California – 19,300
  12. Jefferson, Kentucky –- 16,000
  13. Union, New Jersey – 9,600
  14. Maricopa, Arizona – 8,300
  15. Bergen, New Jersey – 8,000

According to the 2017-2021 American Community Survey,[54] there were 1,313,200 immigrants from Cuba in the US, the top counties of residence being:

  1. Miami-Dade, Florida – 683,800
  2. Hillsborough, Florida – 61,900
  3. Broward, Florida – 61,400
  4. Palm Beach, Florida – 37,000
  5. Lee, Florida – 29,000
  6. Harris, Texas –- 26,200
  7. Clark, Nevada – 21,700
  8. Collier, Florida – 20,400
  9. Orange, Florida – 19,800
  10. Hudson, New Jersey – 19,200
  11. Los Angeles, California – 16,200
  12. Jefferson, Kentucky – 11,900
  13. Duval, Florida – 7,700
  14. Pinellas, Florida – 7,600
  15. Union, New Jersey – 6,800

Culture edit

Assimilation edit

 
The Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana, Miami

Many Cuban Americans have assimilated themselves into the American culture, which includes Cuban influences.

Cuban Americans live in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico, which received thousands of anti-Castro refugees as well in the 1960s. Since the 1980s, Cuban Americans have moved out of "Little Havana" and Hialeah to middle-class suburbs of Miami such as Kendall and Doral, as well as to the more affluent Coral Gables and Miami Lakes.[citation needed] Many new South and Central Americans, along with new Cuban refugees, have replaced the Cuban Americans who have relocated elsewhere in Florida (Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Tampa Bay and West Palm Beach) and dispersed throughout the nation.[citation needed] Nevertheless, Cubans are still heavily concentrated in Florida, which slows assimilation; according to the 2010 Census, 68% of Cuban Americans still live in Florida.

More recently,[when?] there has been substantial growth of new Cuban American communities in places like Louisville, Kentucky, the Research Triangle area of North Carolina,[55] Katy, Texas, and Downey, California; the latter city now has the second-highest percentage of Cubans and Cuban Americans in the Western United States at 1.96% of the population.[28]

Cuban Americans have been very successful in establishing businesses and developing political clout in Miami. Cuban Americans have also contributed to and participated in many areas of American life including academia, business, acting, politics, and literature.[56][57]

In the last 15 years,[when?] due to the growth of interest around the world for genealogy, Cuban genealogy has become a major interest for Cuban Americans and a growing segment in the family research industry. This has complemented assimilation by preserving Cuban and colonial roots, while also adopting American culture and values.[58]

Religion edit

Cuban Americans are mostly Roman Catholic, but some Cubans practice syncretic religions (such as Santería or Ifá), which evolved from mixing the Catholic religion with the traditional African religion. There are also many Protestant (primarily Pentecostal) Cubans, with small numbers of syncretist, nonreligious or tiny communities of Jewish and Muslim Cuban Americans. The Protestant movement in Cuba started after the Spanish–American War when many Americans came to Cuba.

Language edit

Similar to the 67% of other Latinos, 69% of Cubans under 18 speak a language other than English at home. For Cubans over the age of 18, the percent speaking a language other than English at home climbs to 89%, which is higher than the 80% among other Latino groups.[59]

Only 12% of Cubans under the age of 18 speak English less than very well, which is much lower than the 20% among other Latino groups.[59] While roughly half of all Cuban-Americans indicate that they feel more proficient in Spanish, around 60% of all Cuban-Americans do speak English proficiently.[60] 36% of all Cuban-Americans consider themselves bilingual.[60] The choice of many Cuban-Americans to utilize Spanish in the home connects to the desire of Cuban-Americans to retain their ethnic heritage. While many Cuban-Americans are open to some assimilation into American culture, ultimately they still consider themselves a unique group of people who bear their own traditions and perspectives.[60]

Food and drink edit

 
A Cuban sandwich

Cuban food is varied, though rice is a staple and commonly served at lunch and dinner. Other common dishes are arroz con pollo (chicken and rice), pan con bistec (steak sandwich), platanos maduros (sweet plantains), lechon asado (pork), yuca (cassava root), flan, batido de mamey (mamey milkshake), papayas and guava paste.

A common lunch staple is the Cuban sandwich (sometimes called a mixto sandwich), which is built on Cuban bread and was created and standardized among cigar workers who traveled between Cuba and Florida (especially Ybor City) around the turn of the 20th century.[61][62][63]

Cuban versions of pizza contain bread, which is usually soft, and cheese, toppings, and sauce, which is made with spices such as Adobo and Goya onion. Picadillo, ground beef that has been sautéed with tomato, green peppers, green olives, and garlic is another popular Cuban dish. It can be served with black beans and rice, and a side of deep-fried, ripened plantains.

Beverages edit

Cuban coffee is popular in the Cuban-American community. Cubans often drink cafe cubano: a small cup of coffee called a cafecito (or a colada), which is traditional espresso coffee, sweetened with sugar, with a little foam on top called espumita. It is also popular to add milk, which is called a cortadito for a small cup or a cafe con leche for a larger cup. Also, a cortadito is 50% milk and 50% coffee, while a cafe con leche has more milk than coffee (about 75% to 25%)[64]

A common soft drink is Materva, a Cuban soda made of yerba mate. Jupiña, Ironbeer and Cawy lemon-lime are soft drinks that originated in Cuba. Since the Castro era, they are also produced in Miami. Other famous Cuban drinks include guarapo de caña.

A popular drink of Cuban origin is the Cuba Libre, a mix of Cuban rum and cola, usually Coca-Cola and mojitos.

Politics edit

 
Monument to the victims of Communism in Cuba in Miami

Until the early 2010s, Cuban Americans historically tended to be more Republican than Democratic, thanks to the anti-communist foreign policy platform of the Republican Party since the 1950s. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion left many Cubans distrustful of the Democratic Party, blaming John F. Kennedy for his handling of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion.[65] Cuban exiles began an alliance with the Republican Party of Florida. In Florida, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Republican, beginning with Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Joe Garcia, a Democrat, is an exception). The presence of Cubans in the Republican Party was highlighted by the 2016 presidential race, which featured U.S. Senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio as prominent candidates, both of whom are of Cuban descent. But in New Jersey, another state with many Cuban Americans, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Democrats, for example, Representative Albio Sires and Senator Bob Menendez. Ronald Reagan is particularly popular in the Cuban-American community for standing up to Soviet communism and Fidel Castro's so-called "exportation of revolution" to Central America and Africa (there is a street in Miami named for Reagan),[66][67][68] and George W. Bush received 75 and 78 percent (in 2000 and 2004 respectively) of the Cuban-American vote. The Cuban-American lobby has also lobbied both parties on causes important to Cuban Americans.

In recent years, the Cuban-American vote has become more contested between the parties. In the 2008 United States presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 47% of the Cuban-American vote in Florida.[69] According to Bendixen's exit polls, 84% of Miami-Dade Cuban-American voters 65 or older backed John McCain, while 55% of those 29 or younger backed Obama.[70] In 2012, Barack Obama received 49 percent of the Cuban-American vote in Florida, compared to 47 percent for Mitt Romney according to Edison Research exits polls.[71] By spring 2014, this trend increased among Cuban American voters having a preference for Democratic Party candidates increased particularly for younger voters aged 18–49, increasing to some 56% for the younger voter demographic, versus Cuban-American voters over 50 years of age having a 39% preference for Democratic candidates.[72] As in the 2012 United States presidential election, Mitt Romney got more support than Barack Obama.[citation needed] The 2016 United States presidential election saw Donald Trump garner about the same level support within the community, garnering 50–54 percent of the Floridian Cuban-American vote, as opposed to 41–48 percent for Hillary Clinton, as some Cuban Americans were dissatisfied with Obama's Cuba policy, which restored foreign relations with the Cuban government.[73][74]

In regards to the 2020 United States presidential election in Florida, Trump increased his level of support with younger Cuban Americans.[75] In the aftermath of Trump attempting to overturn the election and the subsequent storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, a report by Foreign Policy alleged that Cuban Americans within Miami were among the most ardent believers of his conspiracy theories.[76] Cuban-Americans were the 2nd largest ethnic minority group to have been arrested for the Jan 6, 2021 Capitol riot behind Filipino Americans.[76]

Socioeconomics edit

The median household income for U.S.-born Cuban Americans is $57,000, higher than the overall U.S. median household income of $52,000.[77]

However, the median annual personal earnings for foreign born Cuban Americans is $25,000, which is lower than that of US population at $30,000.[77] Around 20% of Cuban-Americans live in poverty, compared to 25% of Latinos generally and 16% of non-Hispanic Americans.[60] The ability of the average Cuban-American to out-earn the average Latino makes it easier for Cuban-Americans to avoid poverty.[60] Historically, Cuban-Americans have also enjoyed greater benefits due to their "refugee" status within U.S. immigration policy.[60] These benefits, such as those provided by the Cuban American Act of 1966, have allowed Cuban-Americans to enjoy an easier time of navigating economic obstacles.[60]

Education edit

Among U.S.-born Cuban Americans, 36% have a college degree or higher, compared to 30% for the overall U.S. population. Of foreign-born Cuban Americans, 27% have a college degree. This is higher than the U.S. Latino population (14%) but lower than that of the overall U.S. population.[77] According to the Pew Research Center, Cuban-Americans 25 or older who emigrated to the United States after 1990 have the highest graduation rate, at 26%.[78] According to this same data, Cuban-Americans 25 or older who entered the United States before 1980 had a graduation rate of 24%, while those entering between 1980 and 1990 had a graduation rate of 13%.[78] The decline in graduation rate from 1980 to 1990 can in part be attributed to the presence of Afro-Cubans among immigrants, who generally favor more poorly in multiple areas due to systemic inequalities in Cuba.[60] Almost half of all Cuban-Americans have at least a high school diploma.[78]

Notable Cuban Americans edit

In the United States Congress edit

Ten Cuban Americans currently serve in the United States Congress. There have been eleven Cuban-American US representatives elected from Florida, two from New Jersey and New York, and one each from Texas, Ohio and West Virginia.

Three United States Senators:

Seven are United States Representatives:

Former Congressmen:

In state government edit

Cuban Americans have had much success at the state level. In Florida, where Cuban-American legislators hold more seats than anywhere else in the nation, pro-democracy, anti-Castro, and anti-Chavez legislation is often promoted and passed even though states cannot dictate foreign policy. Even in states where Cuban Americans are not concentrated in large numbers they have had successes especially in New Jersey, where albeit a tiny minority concentrated in Union City, Elizabeth, and Newark, they have had enormous political successes.[citation needed]

In Florida:

  • Frank Artiles, Republican, former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th district
  • José Félix Díaz, Republican, former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 116th district
  • Manny Díaz, Jr., Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 103rd district
  • Miguel Díaz de la Portilla, former Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 40th district
  • Anitere Flores, Republican, former Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district
  • Erik Fresen, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 114th district
  • Ileana Garcia, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district (since 2020)
  • René García, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 38th district
  • Eduardo Gonzalez, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th
  • Carlos Lopez-Cantera, Republican, former Lieutenant Governor of Florida, (2014–2019)
  • Jeanette Núñez, Republican, Lieutenant Governor of Florida, (since 2019), Former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 119th district
  • José R. Oliva, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 110th district
  • Ana Maria Rodriguez, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 39th district (since 2020)
  • José Javier Rodríguez, Democrat, Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district (2016–2020), House of Representatives from the 112th district (2012–2016)
  • Mike La Rosa, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 42nd district
  • Carlos Trujillo, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 105th district

In Maryland:

In New Hampshire:

In New Jersey:

  • Marlene Caride. Democrat, New Jersey
  • Carmelo Garcia, Democrat, New Jersey
  • Angelica Jimenez, Democrat, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (since 2012)
  • Vincent Prieto, Democrat, Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly (since 2014), Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (since 2004)

In New York:

  • Nicole Malliotakis, Republican, Staten Island, Member of the New York General Assembly from the 64th district

In Connecticut:

  • Art Linares, Republican, Westbrook, Member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 33rd district

In Nevada:

  • Moises "Mo" Denis, Democrat, Member of the Nevada Senate from the 2nd district

In Virginia:

Eduardo Aguirre (R) served as Vice Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States in the George W. Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain. Cuban Americans have also served other high-profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu (R) Mauricio Claver-Carone serves as the President of the Inter-American Development Bank.

Florida-based businessman and Cuban exile Elviro Sanchez made his multimillion-dollar fortune by investing the proceeds of his family's fruit plantations. He is one of the most low-profile philanthropists in the Southern States.

Judicial positions:

Notable people edit

Television and entertainment edit

Singers, songwriters and musicians edit

Athletes edit

See also edit

General:

Notes edit

  1. ^ Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Cuban relative to the state/territory" population as a whole.

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Álvarez-Borland, Isabel. Cuban-American Literature and Art: Negotiating Identities (State University of New York Press, 2009).
  • Bishin BG, Klofstad CA. "The Political Incorporation of Cuban Americans: Why Won't Little Havana Turn Blue?" Political Research Quarterly. 2012;65(3):586-599.
  • Boswell, Thomas D., and James R. Curtis. The Cuban American Experience: Culture, Images, and Perspectives (Rowman and Allanheld, 1983).
  • Buffington, Sean T. "Cuban Americans". in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 591–605. online
  • De la Garza, Rodolfo O., et al. Latino Voices: Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Perspectives on American Politics (Westview Press, 1992).
  • De La Torre, Miguel A., La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami, (University of California Press, 2003).
  • Diaz, Carmen (2008). Siete jornadas en Miami (in Spanish) (1ra ed.). Miami, FL: Alexandria Library. ISBN 978-1-934804-26-1. Interviews with Cuban-American women in Miami about Cuban-American identity.
  • García, María Cristina. Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994 (U of California Press, 1996).
  • González-Pando, Miguel. The Cuban Americans (Greenwood Press, 1998).
  • Herrera, Andrea O'Reilly, ed. Remembering Cuba: Legacy of a Diaspora (U of Texas Press, 2001).
  • Kami, Hideaki, "Ethnic Community, Party Politics, and the Cold War: The Political Ascendancy of Miami Cubans, 1980–2000", Japanese Journal of American Studies (Tokyo), 23 (2012), 185–208.
  • Gustavo Pérez Firmat, Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and expanded edition, 2012.
  • Portes, Alejandro and Alex Stepick. City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (U of California Press, 1993).

External links edit

  • Cuban American National Foundation (CANF)
  • Cuban American National Council (CNC)
  • Andres Schipani, "Expats Flock to Cuba as U.S. Reforms Spark A Party", The Observer, May 31, 2009
  • at the University of Miami
  • "Cubans in Miami, an historical perspective"
  • Center for Cuban Studies (CCS), providing resource materials to educational and cultural institutions.

cuban, americans, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, january, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cuban Americans news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cuban Americans Spanish cubanoestadounidenses 8 or cubanoamericanos 9 are Americans who immigrated from or are descended from immigrants from Cuba regardless of racial or ethnic origin As of 2023 Cuban Americans were the third largest Hispanic and Latino American group in the United States after Mexican Americans and Stateside Puerto Ricans citation needed Cuban AmericansAmericans with Cuban ancestry by state as of the 2010 US censusTotal population2 435 573 1 2 0 73 of the U S population 2022 1 Regions with significant populationsOver 70 concentrated in Florida especially South Florida Miami area also Tampa Bay areaSignificant longstanding numbers in California Texas New Jersey New York and Georgia Growing populations in Nevada especially in Las Vegas and Kentucky especially in Louisville 3 4 5 6 as well as smaller growing populations in North Carolina South Carolina Louisiana Virginia Maryland Pennsylvania Connecticut Massachusetts Ohio Illinois Colorado New Mexico and Arizona LanguagesSpanish Cuban Spanish English Cubonics Spanglish LucumiReligionPredominantly Roman Catholicism 49 Minority Protestantism 16 irreligion 26 7 Related ethnic groupsSpaniards Afro Cubans Latino Americans Cuban Jews White Hispanic and Latino Americans West Indian Americans Spanish Americans Floridanos IslenosMany metropolitan areas throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations 10 Florida 2 Million in 2023 has the highest concentration of Cuban Americans in the United States Over 1 200 000 Cuban Americans reside in Miami Dade County where they are the largest single ethnic group and constitute a majority of the population in many municipalities 11 12 13 Florida is followed by Texas 140 482 California 100 619 New Jersey 97 842 and New York 74 523 11 Greater Miami has by far the highest concentration of Cuban Americans of any metropolitan area followed by New York City Tampa Florida Union County and North Hudson New Jersey areas particularly Union City Elizabeth West New York Houston Texas and Chicago Illinois 10 With a population of 181 250 the New York metropolitan area s Cuban community is the largest outside Florida Nearly 70 of all Cuban Americans live in Florida 13 Contents 1 Immigration 1 1 Early migrations 1 2 Key West and Tampa Florida 1 3 Other early waves 1900 1959 1 4 Post 1959 revolution since 1959 1 4 1 1980s 1 4 2 Mid 1990s to 2000s 2 Immigration policy 3 Demographics 3 1 Ancestry 3 2 U S states with largest Cuban American populations 3 3 US metropolitan areas with largest Cuban populations 3 4 U S communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry 3 5 U S communities with the most residents born in Cuba 4 Culture 4 1 Assimilation 4 2 Religion 4 3 Language 4 4 Food and drink 4 4 1 Beverages 5 Politics 6 Socioeconomics 6 1 Education 7 Notable Cuban Americans 7 1 In the United States Congress 7 2 In state government 7 3 Notable people 7 4 Television and entertainment 7 5 Singers songwriters and musicians 7 6 Athletes 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksImmigration editMain articles Cuban immigration to the United States and Cuban migration to Miami Early migrations edit Before the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams Onis Treaty of 1819 Spanish Florida and other possessions of Spain on the Gulf Coast west of the Mississippi River were provinces of the Captaincy General of Cuba Consequently Cuban immigration to regions that would eventually form the United States have a long history beginning in the Spanish colonial period in 1565 when the settlement of St Augustine was established by Pedro Menendez de Aviles and hundreds of Spanish soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St Augustine to establish new lives 14 Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and Texas during the period of Spanish rule citation needed Since 1820 the Cuban presence was more than 1 000 people In 1870 the number of Cuban immigrants increased to almost 12 000 of which about 4 500 resided in New York City about 3 000 in New Orleans and 2 000 in Key West The causes of these movements were both economic and political which intensified after 1860 when political factors played the predominant role in emigration as a result of deteriorating relations with the Spanish metropolis 15 1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States again centered on Key West The exodus of hundreds of workers and businessmen was linked to the manufacture of tobacco The reasons are many the introduction of more modern techniques of elaboration of snuff the most direct access to its main market the United States the uncertainty about the future of the island which had suffered years of economic political and social unrest during the beginning of the Ten Years War against Spanish rule It was an exodus of skilled workers precisely the class in the island that had succeeded in establishing a free labor sector amid a slave economy 16 The manufacture of snuff by the Cuban labor force became the most important source of income for Key West between 1869 and 1900 citation needed Tampa was added to such efforts with a strong migration of Cubans which went from 720 inhabitants in 1880 to 5 532 in 1890 However the second half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population as an important part of it returned to the island to fight for independence The War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society whose numbers were significant more than 12 000 people 17 nbsp Statue of Jose Marti at the Circulo Cubano Cuban Club Ybor CityThe population of Cuban Americans has experienced a surge in growth once again with the arrival of the 2021 23 Cuban migration wave to the United States where Cubans were intercepted at the Southern border over 300 thousand times 18 Key West and Tampa Florida edit In the mid to late 19th century several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to Key West to get away from growing laboral and political problems 19 Many Cuban cigar workers followed The Cuban government had even established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture There children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as La Bayamesa the Cuban national anthem citation needed In 1885 Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of Tampa Florida to escape labor strife Ybor City was designed as a modified company town and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba with Spanish and Italian immigrant workers West Tampa another new cigar manufacturing community was founded nearby in 1892 and also grew quickly Between these communities the Tampa Bay area s Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade and the city as a whole grew from a village of approximately 1000 residents in 1885 to over 16 000 by 1900 20 Both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cuba s eventual independence 21 Inspired by revolutionaries such as Jose Marti who visited Florida several times Tampa area Cubans and their sympathetic neighbors donated money equipment and sometimes their lives to the cause of Cuba Libre 22 After the Spanish American War some Cubans returned to their native land but many chose to stay in the U S due to the physical and economic devastation caused by years of fighting on the island 23 Other early waves 1900 1959 edit Several other small waves of Cuban emigration to the U S occurred in the early 20th century 1900 1959 Most settled in Florida and the northeast U S The majority of an estimated 100 000 Cubans arriving in that time period usually came for economic reasons the Great Depression of 1929 volatile sugar prices and migrant farm labor contracts 24 but included anti Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship which had pro U S diplomatic ties During the 20s and 30s emigration from Cuba to U S territory basically comprised workers looking for jobs mainly in New York and New Jersey They were classified as labor migrants and workers much like other immigrants in the area at that time Thus migrated more than 40 149 in the first decade encouraged by U S immigration facilities at the time and more than 43 400 by the end of the 30s citation needed Subsequently the flow of Cubans to the United States fluctuated due to both the domestic situation in the 40s and 50s in Cuba and U S immigration policies plus intermittent anti immigrant sentiment Cuban Migration in those years included in addition to workers a small mass of the population who could afford to leave the country and live abroad The U S was considered a favored destination by the Cuban bourgeoisie and the middle classes of society to send their children to school take vacations and bring some of their capital to establish small and medium sized businesses citation needed The Cuban population officially registered in the United States for 1958 was around 125 000 people including descendants Of these more than 50 000 remained in the United States after the revolution of 1959 17 Post 1959 revolution since 1959 edit Main article Cuban exile Further information Golden exile Operation Peter Pan and Freedom Flights After the Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959 a Cuban exodus began as the new government allied itself with the Soviet Union and began to introduce communism The first Cubans to come to America after the revolution were those affiliated with former dictator Fulgencio Batista next were Cuba s professionals Most Cuban Americans that arrived in the United States initially came from Cuba s educated upper and middle classes centered in Cuba s capital Havana This middle class arose in the period after the Platt Amendment when Cuba became one of the most successful countries in Latin America Between December 1960 and October 1962 more than 14 000 Cuban children arrived alone in the U S Their parents were afraid that their children were going to be sent to some Soviet bloc countries to be educated citation needed and they decided to send them to the States as soon as possible citation needed This program was called Operation Peter Pan Operacion Pedro Pan When the children arrived in Miami they were met by representatives of Catholic Charities and they were sent to live with relatives if they had any or were sent to foster homes orphanages or boarding schools until their parents could leave Cuba From 1965 to 1973 there was another wave of immigration known as the Freedom Flights In order to provide aid to recently arrived Cuban immigrants the United States Congress passed the Cuban Adjustment Act in 1966 The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than 1 3 billion of direct financial assistance They also were eligible for public assistance Medicare free English courses scholarships and low interest college loans citation needed Some banks pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan These loans enabled many Cuban Americans to secure funds and start up their own businesses With their Cuban owned businesses and low cost of living Miami Florida and Union City New Jersey dubbed Havana on the Hudson 25 26 were the preferred destinations for many immigrants and soon became the main centers for Cuban American culture According to author Lisandro Perez Miami was not particularly attractive to Cubans prior to the 1960s 27 It was not until the exodus of the Cuban exiles in 1959 that Miami started to become a preferred destination Westchester within Miami Dade County was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States followed by Hialeah in second 28 Communities like Miami Tampa and Union City which Cuban Americans have made their home have experienced a profound cultural impact as a result as seen in such aspects of their local culture as cuisine fashion music entertainment and cigar making 29 30 1980s edit Main article Mariel boatlift Another large wave an estimated 125 000 people of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the Mariel boatlifts Most of the Marielitos were people wanting to escape from economic stagnation citation needed Fidel Castro sent some 20 000 criminals directly from Cuban prisons as well as mentally ill persons from Cuban mental institutions with the alleged double purpose of cleaning up Cuban society and poisoning the USA Those people were labeled inadmissible by the US government and with time through many negotiations have been returned to Cuba citation needed Mid 1990s to 2000s edit Main article Balseros rafters Since the mid 1990s after the implementation of the Wet feet dry feet policy immigration patterns changed Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico many landed on Isla Mujeres From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the Texas Mexico border and found asylum Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in Houston this has caused Houston s Cuban American community to increase in size The term dusty foot refers to Cubans emigrating to the U S through Mexico In 2005 the Department of Homeland Security had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole 31 Jorge Ferragut a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the first decade of the 21st century left due to economic instead of political issues 32 By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico 33 34 In recent years when Puerto Rico has become a major drop off point for Cubans trying to reach the United States illegally As a U S Commonwealth Puerto Rico is seen as a stepping stone for Cubans trying to get to the continental U S though Puerto Rico itself is home to a number of Cubans 35 The population of Cuban Americans has experienced a surge in growth once again with the arrival of the 2021 23 Cuban migration wave to the United States where Cubans were intercepted at the Southern border over 300 thousand times citation needed Immigration policy editBefore the 1980s all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U S soil are granted refuge under the wet foot dry foot policy While representing a tightening of U S immigration policy the wet foot dry foot policy still affords Cubans a privileged position relative to other immigrants to the U S This privileged position is the source of a certain friction between Cuban Americans and other Latino citizens and residents in the United States adding to the tension caused by the divergent foreign policy interests pursued by conservative Cuban Americans Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans 20 000 per year provided legal U S visas citation needed According to a U S Census 1970 report Cuban Americans were present in all fifty states But as later Census reports demonstrated the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in Miami Dade County Emigration from Cuba began to slow down in the late 1990s Meanwhile second generation Cuban Americans increasingly moved out of urban enclaves like Little Havana and settled in suburban areas like Westchester while those urban areas came to be inhabited by immigrants from other Latin American nations 36 In late 1999 U S news media focused on the case of Elian Gonzalez the six year old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba The boy s mother died trying to bring him to the United States On April 22 2000 immigration enforcement agents took Elian Gonzalez into custody Gonzalez was returned to Cuba to live with his father On January 12 2017 President Barack Obama announced the immediate cessation of the wet feet dry feet policy 37 The Cuban government agreed to accept the return of Cuban nationals 38 Beginning with the United States Cuban Thaw in 2014 anticipation of the end of the policy had led to increased numbers of Cuban immigrants 39 Demographics editIn the census in 2023 there were 2 850 422 Cuban Americans and in the 2010 census there were 1 785 547 both native and foreign born and represented 3 5 of all Latinos and 0 58 of the US population Of the 1 241 685 Cuban Americans 983 147 were born abroad in Cuba and 628 331 were U S born Of the 1 6 million 415 212 were not U S citizens 40 In the 2013 ACS there were 2 013 155 Cuban Americans The 2010 US Census shows that 85 of Cuban Americans self identified as being white 41 The most recent 2012 Cuban census has the island population at 64 12 white 26 62 mulatto 9 26 black and 0 1 Asian 42 Ancestry edit Further information Cuban people The ancestry of Cuban Americans is includes Spanish and African peoples 43 as well as the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and those of Florida During the 18th 19th and early part of the 20th century there were waves of Spanish immigration to Cuba Castilians Basques Canarians Catalans Andalusians Asturians and Galicians Canarians immigrated to many countries along the Caribbean from Louisiana to Venezuela But Cuba was the Latin American culture most influenced by the emigration of Canary Islanders they developed the production of sugar in Cuba and Cuban Spanish is closest to that of the Canary Islands Canary Islanders were viewed by other Spanish Cubans as superstitious but also hard working Some of Haiti s white population French migrated to Cuba after the Haitian War of Independence in the early 19th century Also minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from Middle East places such as Lebanon and Palestine citation needed There was also a significant influx of Jews especially between the World Wars from many countries including Sephardi Jews from Turkey and Ashkenazi Jews from Poland Germany and Russia Other Europeans that have contributed include Britons Italians Germans Swedes and Hungarians Many Chinese also arrived in Cuba as indentured laborers and they formerly boasted the largest Chinatown in Western Hemisphere as most Chinese Cubans left for Florida citation needed U S states with largest Cuban American populations edit State or territory Cuban Americanpopulation 2020 Census 44 45 Percentage 2020 2010 census 46 47 Percentage 2010 note 1 13 nbsp Alabama 6 289 0 1 4 064 0 1 nbsp Alaska 1 105 0 1 927 0 1 nbsp Arizona 17 635 0 2 10 692 0 2 nbsp Arkansas 2 287 0 1 1 493 0 1 nbsp California 97 083 0 2 88 607 0 2 nbsp Colorado 13 260 0 1 6 253 0 1 nbsp Connecticut 10 486 0 3 9 490 0 3 nbsp Delaware 2 065 0 2 1 443 0 2 nbsp District of Columbia 2 620 0 3 1 789 0 3 nbsp Florida 1 455 289 6 7 1 213 438 6 5 nbsp Georgia 36 875 0 3 25 048 0 3 nbsp Hawaii 2 008 0 1 1 544 0 1 nbsp Idaho 1 345 0 1 825 0 1 nbsp Illinois 25 130 0 2 22 541 0 2 nbsp Indiana 6 940 0 1 4 042 0 1 nbsp Iowa 3 112 0 1 1 226 0 0 nbsp Kansas 4 174 0 1 2 723 0 1 nbsp Kentucky 21 269 0 4 16 824 0 2 nbsp Louisiana 15 340 0 3 10 330 0 2 nbsp Maine 1 312 0 1 783 0 1 nbsp Maryland 12 830 0 2 10 366 0 2 nbsp Massachusetts 14 024 0 2 11 306 0 2 nbsp Michigan 14 142 0 1 9 922 0 1 nbsp Minnesota 5 080 0 1 3 661 0 1 nbsp Mississippi 2 425 0 1 2 063 0 1 nbsp Missouri 7 620 0 1 4 979 0 1 nbsp Montana 769 0 1 421 0 0 nbsp Nebraska 6 331 0 2 2 152 0 1 nbsp Nevada 33 028 1 0 21 459 0 8 nbsp New Hampshire 1 912 0 1 1 349 0 1 nbsp New Jersey 83 471 0 9 83 362 0 9 nbsp New Mexico 5 351 0 2 4 298 0 2 nbsp New York 75 115 0 3 70 803 0 4 nbsp North Carolina 29 233 0 2 18 079 0 2 nbsp North Dakota 682 0 1 260 0 0 nbsp Ohio 10 895 0 1 7 523 0 0 nbsp Oklahoma 4 376 0 1 2 755 0 1 nbsp Oregon 7 770 0 1 4 923 0 1 nbsp Pennsylvania 23 324 0 2 17 930 0 1 nbsp Rhode Island 1 912 0 1 1 640 0 1 nbsp South Carolina 10 586 0 2 5 955 0 1 nbsp South Dakota 809 0 1 265 0 0 nbsp Tennessee 13 889 0 2 7 773 0 1 nbsp Texas 111 432 0 4 46 541 0 2 nbsp Utah 3 240 0 1 1 963 0 1 nbsp Vermont 721 0 1 510 0 1 nbsp Virginia 20 964 0 2 15 229 0 2 nbsp Washington 11 277 0 1 6 744 0 1 nbsp West Virginia 1 096 0 0 764 0 0 nbsp Wisconsin 5 436 0 1 3 696 0 1 nbsp Wyoming 411 0 0 275 0 0 nbsp United States 2 245 686 0 7 1 785 547 0 6 US metropolitan areas with largest Cuban populations edit The largest populations of Cubans are situated in the following metropolitan areas Source Census 2023 48 Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach FL MSA 1 560 875 Tampa St Petersburg Clearwater FL MSA 200 621 New York Northern New Jersey Long Island NY NJ PA CT MSA 165 233 Orlando Kissimmee Sanford FL MSA 80 327 Houston Sugar Land Baytown TX MSA 79 005 Cape Coral Fort Myers FL MSA 74 405 Los Angeles Long Beach Santa Ana CA MSA 47 331 Las Vegas Paradise NV MSA 44 634 Dallas Fort Worth Arlington TX MSA 35 896 Naples FL MSA 34 535 Jacksonville FL MSA 27 850 Chicago Joliet Naperville IL IN WI MSA 25 522 Louisville Jefferson County KY IN MSA 24 502 Phoenix Mesa Chandler AZ MSA 20 384 Atlanta Sandy Springs Marietta GA MSA 19 300 Philadelphia Camden Wilmington PA NJ DE MD MSA 17 097 Washington Arlington Alexandria DC VA MD WV MSA 16 527 Charlotte Concord Gastonia NC SC MSA 13 555 Lakeland Winter Haven FL MSA 13 538 San Francisco Oakland Berkeley CA MSA 12 371U S communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry edit The top 25 US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Cuban ancestry are all of which are in Florida while the top 22 are in Miami Dade County Hialeah Florida 84 1 Westchester Florida 81 Coral Terrace Florida 79 7 West Miami Florida 78 9 University Park Florida 77 9 Olympia Heights Florida 75 9 Hialeah Gardens Florida 75 6 Tamiami Florida 73 1 Medley Florida 69 9 Sweetwater Florida 68 5 Palm Springs North Florida 67 2 Miami Lakes Florida 65 2 Kendale Lakes Florida 64 9 Fontainebleau Florida 59 4 Miami Florida 52 Miami Springs Florida 45 5 Richmond West Florida 44 4 Coral Gables Florida 40 2 Virginia Gardens Florida 39 1 South Miami Heights Florida 38 70 Kendall Florida 38 West Tampa Florida 35 Miami Beach Florida 32 5 Ybor City Florida 30 2 Golden Gate Florida 28 2 U S communities with the most residents born in Cuba edit For total 101 communities see the reference given Top 20 U S communities with the most residents born in Cuba are all of which are located within the Miami Florida area 49 Hialeah Florida 64 5 Westchester Florida 60 8 Coral Terrace Florida 56 9 West Miami Florida 56 5 South Westside FL 54 3 50 University Park Florida 53 1 Hialeah Gardens Florida 52 5 Medley Florida 50 Tamiami Florida 49 7 Olympia Heights Florida 48 2 Sweetwater Florida 48 2 Westwood Lakes Florida 44 9 Sunset Florida 38 7 Fontainebleau Florida 38 3 North Westside FL 36 4 51 Miami Florida 36 3 Miami Lakes Florida 34 1 Palm Springs North Florida 32 8 Kendale Lakes Florida 32 7 Kendale Lakes Lindgren Acres FL 31 3 52 According to the 2023 American Community Survey there were 1 800 900 immigrants from Cuba in the US 53 the top counties of residence being Miami Dade Florida 925 000 Broward Florida 80 400 Hillsborough Florida 75 000 Palm Beach Florida 44 100 Harris Texas 29 900 Lee Florida 28 700 Collier Florida 24 300 Clark Nevada 23 300 Orange Florida 23 100 Hudson New Jersey 21 100 Los Angeles California 19 300 Jefferson Kentucky 16 000 Union New Jersey 9 600 Maricopa Arizona 8 300 Bergen New Jersey 8 000According to the 2017 2021 American Community Survey 54 there were 1 313 200 immigrants from Cuba in the US the top counties of residence being Miami Dade Florida 683 800 Hillsborough Florida 61 900 Broward Florida 61 400 Palm Beach Florida 37 000 Lee Florida 29 000 Harris Texas 26 200 Clark Nevada 21 700 Collier Florida 20 400 Orange Florida 19 800 Hudson New Jersey 19 200 Los Angeles California 16 200 Jefferson Kentucky 11 900 Duval Florida 7 700 Pinellas Florida 7 600 Union New Jersey 6 800Culture editAssimilation edit nbsp The Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana MiamiMany Cuban Americans have assimilated themselves into the American culture which includes Cuban influences Cuban Americans live in all 50 states Washington D C and Puerto Rico which received thousands of anti Castro refugees as well in the 1960s Since the 1980s Cuban Americans have moved out of Little Havana and Hialeah to middle class suburbs of Miami such as Kendall and Doral as well as to the more affluent Coral Gables and Miami Lakes citation needed Many new South and Central Americans along with new Cuban refugees have replaced the Cuban Americans who have relocated elsewhere in Florida Fort Lauderdale Orlando Tampa Bay and West Palm Beach and dispersed throughout the nation citation needed Nevertheless Cubans are still heavily concentrated in Florida which slows assimilation according to the 2010 Census 68 of Cuban Americans still live in Florida More recently when there has been substantial growth of new Cuban American communities in places like Louisville Kentucky the Research Triangle area of North Carolina 55 Katy Texas and Downey California the latter city now has the second highest percentage of Cubans and Cuban Americans in the Western United States at 1 96 of the population 28 Cuban Americans have been very successful in establishing businesses and developing political clout in Miami Cuban Americans have also contributed to and participated in many areas of American life including academia business acting politics and literature 56 57 In the last 15 years when due to the growth of interest around the world for genealogy Cuban genealogy has become a major interest for Cuban Americans and a growing segment in the family research industry This has complemented assimilation by preserving Cuban and colonial roots while also adopting American culture and values 58 Religion edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cuban Americans are mostly Roman Catholic but some Cubans practice syncretic religions such as Santeria or Ifa which evolved from mixing the Catholic religion with the traditional African religion There are also many Protestant primarily Pentecostal Cubans with small numbers of syncretist nonreligious or tiny communities of Jewish and Muslim Cuban Americans The Protestant movement in Cuba started after the Spanish American War when many Americans came to Cuba Language edit See also Cubonics Similar to the 67 of other Latinos 69 of Cubans under 18 speak a language other than English at home For Cubans over the age of 18 the percent speaking a language other than English at home climbs to 89 which is higher than the 80 among other Latino groups 59 Only 12 of Cubans under the age of 18 speak English less than very well which is much lower than the 20 among other Latino groups 59 While roughly half of all Cuban Americans indicate that they feel more proficient in Spanish around 60 of all Cuban Americans do speak English proficiently 60 36 of all Cuban Americans consider themselves bilingual 60 The choice of many Cuban Americans to utilize Spanish in the home connects to the desire of Cuban Americans to retain their ethnic heritage While many Cuban Americans are open to some assimilation into American culture ultimately they still consider themselves a unique group of people who bear their own traditions and perspectives 60 Food and drink edit See also Cuban cuisine nbsp A Cuban sandwichCuban food is varied though rice is a staple and commonly served at lunch and dinner Other common dishes are arroz con pollo chicken and rice pan con bistec steak sandwich platanos maduros sweet plantains lechon asado pork yuca cassava root flan batido de mamey mamey milkshake papayas and guava paste A common lunch staple is the Cuban sandwich sometimes called a mixto sandwich which is built on Cuban bread and was created and standardized among cigar workers who traveled between Cuba and Florida especially Ybor City around the turn of the 20th century 61 62 63 Cuban versions of pizza contain bread which is usually soft and cheese toppings and sauce which is made with spices such as Adobo and Goya onion Picadillo ground beef that has been sauteed with tomato green peppers green olives and garlic is another popular Cuban dish It can be served with black beans and rice and a side of deep fried ripened plantains Beverages edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cuban coffee is popular in the Cuban American community Cubans often drink cafe cubano a small cup of coffee called a cafecito or a colada which is traditional espresso coffee sweetened with sugar with a little foam on top called espumita It is also popular to add milk which is called a cortadito for a small cup or a cafe con leche for a larger cup Also a cortadito is 50 milk and 50 coffee while a cafe con leche has more milk than coffee about 75 to 25 64 A common soft drink is Materva a Cuban soda made of yerba mate Jupina Ironbeer and Cawy lemon lime are soft drinks that originated in Cuba Since the Castro era they are also produced in Miami Other famous Cuban drinks include guarapo de cana A popular drink of Cuban origin is the Cuba Libre a mix of Cuban rum and cola usually Coca Cola and mojitos Politics editSee also Cuban American lobby and Dialoguero nbsp Monument to the victims of Communism in Cuba in MiamiUntil the early 2010s Cuban Americans historically tended to be more Republican than Democratic thanks to the anti communist foreign policy platform of the Republican Party since the 1950s The failed Bay of Pigs invasion left many Cubans distrustful of the Democratic Party blaming John F Kennedy for his handling of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion 65 Cuban exiles began an alliance with the Republican Party of Florida In Florida Cuban American congressmen have tended to be Republican beginning with Representative Ileana Ros Lehtinen Joe Garcia a Democrat is an exception The presence of Cubans in the Republican Party was highlighted by the 2016 presidential race which featured U S Senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio as prominent candidates both of whom are of Cuban descent But in New Jersey another state with many Cuban Americans Cuban American congressmen have tended to be Democrats for example Representative Albio Sires and Senator Bob Menendez Ronald Reagan is particularly popular in the Cuban American community for standing up to Soviet communism and Fidel Castro s so called exportation of revolution to Central America and Africa there is a street in Miami named for Reagan 66 67 68 and George W Bush received 75 and 78 percent in 2000 and 2004 respectively of the Cuban American vote The Cuban American lobby has also lobbied both parties on causes important to Cuban Americans In recent years the Cuban American vote has become more contested between the parties In the 2008 United States presidential election Democrat Barack Obama received 47 of the Cuban American vote in Florida 69 According to Bendixen s exit polls 84 of Miami Dade Cuban American voters 65 or older backed John McCain while 55 of those 29 or younger backed Obama 70 In 2012 Barack Obama received 49 percent of the Cuban American vote in Florida compared to 47 percent for Mitt Romney according to Edison Research exits polls 71 By spring 2014 this trend increased among Cuban American voters having a preference for Democratic Party candidates increased particularly for younger voters aged 18 49 increasing to some 56 for the younger voter demographic versus Cuban American voters over 50 years of age having a 39 preference for Democratic candidates 72 As in the 2012 United States presidential election Mitt Romney got more support than Barack Obama citation needed The 2016 United States presidential election saw Donald Trump garner about the same level support within the community garnering 50 54 percent of the Floridian Cuban American vote as opposed to 41 48 percent for Hillary Clinton as some Cuban Americans were dissatisfied with Obama s Cuba policy which restored foreign relations with the Cuban government 73 74 In regards to the 2020 United States presidential election in Florida Trump increased his level of support with younger Cuban Americans 75 In the aftermath of Trump attempting to overturn the election and the subsequent storming of the U S Capitol on January 6 2021 a report by Foreign Policy alleged that Cuban Americans within Miami were among the most ardent believers of his conspiracy theories 76 Cuban Americans were the 2nd largest ethnic minority group to have been arrested for the Jan 6 2021 Capitol riot behind Filipino Americans 76 Socioeconomics editThe median household income for U S born Cuban Americans is 57 000 higher than the overall U S median household income of 52 000 77 However the median annual personal earnings for foreign born Cuban Americans is 25 000 which is lower than that of US population at 30 000 77 Around 20 of Cuban Americans live in poverty compared to 25 of Latinos generally and 16 of non Hispanic Americans 60 The ability of the average Cuban American to out earn the average Latino makes it easier for Cuban Americans to avoid poverty 60 Historically Cuban Americans have also enjoyed greater benefits due to their refugee status within U S immigration policy 60 These benefits such as those provided by the Cuban American Act of 1966 have allowed Cuban Americans to enjoy an easier time of navigating economic obstacles 60 Education edit Among U S born Cuban Americans 36 have a college degree or higher compared to 30 for the overall U S population Of foreign born Cuban Americans 27 have a college degree This is higher than the U S Latino population 14 but lower than that of the overall U S population 77 According to the Pew Research Center Cuban Americans 25 or older who emigrated to the United States after 1990 have the highest graduation rate at 26 78 According to this same data Cuban Americans 25 or older who entered the United States before 1980 had a graduation rate of 24 while those entering between 1980 and 1990 had a graduation rate of 13 78 The decline in graduation rate from 1980 to 1990 can in part be attributed to the presence of Afro Cubans among immigrants who generally favor more poorly in multiple areas due to systemic inequalities in Cuba 60 Almost half of all Cuban Americans have at least a high school diploma 78 Notable Cuban Americans editFor a more comprehensive list see List of Cuban Americans In the United States Congress edit Ten Cuban Americans currently serve in the United States Congress There have been eleven Cuban American US representatives elected from Florida two from New Jersey and New York and one each from Texas Ohio and West Virginia nbsp Marco Rubio U S Senator from Florida since 2011 nbsp Ted Cruz U S Senator from Texas since 2013 nbsp Bob Menendez U S Senator from New Jersey since 2006 nbsp Maria Elvira Salazar Congresswoman from Florida s 27th Congressional District since 2021 nbsp Carlos A Gimenez Congressman from Florida s 26th Congressional District since 2021 nbsp Albio Sires Congressman from New Jersey s 13th Congressional District 2006 2013 and 8th Congressional District since 2013 Three United States Senators Ted Cruz Republican Texas since 2013 Bob Menendez Democrat New Jersey since 2006 Member of the U S House of Representatives from New Jersey s 13th district 1993 2006 Marco Rubio Republican Florida since 2011 Seven are United States Representatives Mario Diaz Balart Republican Florida s 21st congressional district 2011 2013 and Florida s 25th congressional district 2003 2011 since 2013 Alex Mooney Republican West Virginia s 2nd district since 2015 Maria Elvira Salazar Republican Congresswoman from Florida s 27th Congressional District 2021 present Carlos A Gimenez Republican Congressman from Florida s 26th Congressional District 2021 present Nicole Malliotakis Republican Congresswoman from New York s 11th Congressional District 2021 present Maxwell Frost Democrat Congressman from Florida s 10th Congressional District 2023 present Rob Menendez Democrat Congressman from New Jersey s 8th Congressional District 2023 present Former Congressmen Carlos Curbelo Republican Florida s 26th district 2015 2019 Lincoln Diaz Balart Republican Miami U S House of Representatives 1993 2011 Joe Garcia Democrat Florida s 26th congressional district 2013 2015 Mel Martinez Republican U S Senator from Florida 2005 2009 David Rivera Republican Miami U S House of Representatives 2011 2013 Ileana Ros Lehtinen Republican Florida s 27th congressional district 1989 2019 first Cuban American elected to Congress Anthony Gonzalez Republican Ohio s 16th District 2019 2023 79 Albio Sires Democrat New Jersey s 13th congressional district 2006 2013 and New Jersey s 8th congressional district 2013 2023 In state government edit Cuban Americans have had much success at the state level In Florida where Cuban American legislators hold more seats than anywhere else in the nation pro democracy anti Castro and anti Chavez legislation is often promoted and passed even though states cannot dictate foreign policy Even in states where Cuban Americans are not concentrated in large numbers they have had successes especially in New Jersey where albeit a tiny minority concentrated in Union City Elizabeth and Newark they have had enormous political successes citation needed nbsp Lieutenant Governor of Florida Carlos Lopez Cantera 2014 2019 nbsp Jeanette Nunez Lieutenant Governor of Florida since 2019 nbsp U S House of Representatives from Ohio s 16th district Anthony Gonzalez since 2019 nbsp Florida Supreme Court Justice John Couriel since 2020 nbsp Florida State Senator Ana Maria Rodriguez since 2020 In Florida Frank Artiles Republican former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th district Jose Felix Diaz Republican former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 116th district Manny Diaz Jr Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 103rd district Miguel Diaz de la Portilla former Republican Member of the Florida Senate from the 40th district Anitere Flores Republican former Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district Erik Fresen Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 114th district Ileana Garcia Republican Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district since 2020 Rene Garcia Republican Member of the Florida Senate from the 38th district Eduardo Gonzalez Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th Carlos Lopez Cantera Republican former Lieutenant Governor of Florida 2014 2019 Jeanette Nunez Republican Lieutenant Governor of Florida since 2019 Former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 119th district Jose R Oliva Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 110th district Ana Maria Rodriguez Republican Member of the Florida Senate from the 39th district since 2020 Jose Javier Rodriguez Democrat Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district 2016 2020 House of Representatives from the 112th district 2012 2016 Mike La Rosa Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 42nd district Carlos Trujillo Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 105th districtIn Maryland Wes Moore 80 Democrat 63rd Governor of Maryland since 2023 In New Hampshire John H Sununu Republican Governor of New Hampshire 1983 1989 Christopher T Sununu Republican Governor of New Hampshire since 2017 In New Jersey Marlene Caride Democrat New Jersey Carmelo Garcia Democrat New Jersey Angelica Jimenez Democrat Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District since 2012 Vincent Prieto Democrat Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly since 2014 Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District since 2004 In New York Nicole Malliotakis Republican Staten Island Member of the New York General Assembly from the 64th districtIn Connecticut Art Linares Republican Westbrook Member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 33rd districtIn Nevada Moises Mo Denis Democrat Member of the Nevada Senate from the 2nd districtIn Virginia Jason Miyares Republican Virginia Beach Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from the 82nd district and Attorney General of Virginia since 2022 Eduardo Aguirre R served as Vice Chairman of the Export Import Bank of the United States in the George W Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security In 2006 Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain Cuban Americans have also served other high profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H Sununu R Mauricio Claver Carone serves as the President of the Inter American Development Bank Florida based businessman and Cuban exile Elviro Sanchez made his multimillion dollar fortune by investing the proceeds of his family s fruit plantations He is one of the most low profile philanthropists in the Southern States Judicial positions Danny Boggs is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit since 1986 Barbara Lagoa is currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit since 2019 Jorge Labarga is currently a judge on the Florida Supreme Court since 2009 John D Couriel is currently a judge on the Florida Supreme Court since 2020 Raoul G Cantero III served as a justice on the Florida Supreme Court 2002 2008 Notable people edit nbsp Jose Marti nbsp Jose Raul Capablanca nbsp Carlos Finlay nbsp Maria Teresa Grand Duchess of Luxembourg nbsp Consuelo Montagu Duchess of Manchester nbsp Richard Blanco nbsp Alfred Maurice de Zayas nbsp Oscar Hijuelos nbsp Ambrosio Jose Gonzales nbsp Alicia Alonso nbsp Calixto Garcia nbsp Alejandro MayorkasTelevision and entertainment edit nbsp Desi Arnaz nbsp Mel Ferrer nbsp Andy Garcia nbsp Eva Mendes nbsp Cameron Diaz nbsp Cesar Romero nbsp JoAnna Garcia nbsp Gina Torres nbsp Bella Thorne nbsp William Levy nbsp Christina Milian nbsp Cesar Evora nbsp Enrique Murciano nbsp Nestor Carbonell nbsp Danny Pino nbsp Marilyn Milian nbsp Ana de Armas nbsp David Gallagher nbsp Cristina Saralegui nbsp Raul De Molina nbsp Lili Estefan nbsp Raul Esparza nbsp Daisy Fuentes nbsp Estelita RodriguezSingers songwriters and musicians edit nbsp Celia Cruz nbsp Gloria Estefan nbsp Camila Cabello nbsp Arturo Sandoval nbsp Emilio Estefan nbsp Sammy Davis Jr nbsp Pitbull nbsp B Real nbsp Willy Chirino nbsp Ernesto Lecuona nbsp Bebo Valdes nbsp Cris Cab nbsp Jencarlos Canela nbsp Fat Joe nbsp Olga Guillot nbsp Jon Secada nbsp Paquito D Rivera nbsp Sen DogAthletes edit nbsp Al Montoya nbsp Dara Torres nbsp Ryan Lochte nbsp Amy Rodriguez nbsp Kiko Alonso nbsp Tino Martinez nbsp Luis Gonzalez nbsp Dolf Luque nbsp Aric Almirola nbsp Willy Miranda nbsp Reggie Otero nbsp J D Martinez nbsp Bronson Arroyo nbsp Aroldis Chapman nbsp Brook Lopez nbsp Robin Lopez nbsp John Carlos nbsp Monica Puig nbsp Luis Tiant nbsp J P Arencibia nbsp Alex Avila nbsp Frank Mir nbsp Jose Canseco nbsp Tony Perez nbsp Yoenis Cespedes nbsp Jose Fernandez nbsp Orlando Hernandez nbsp Livan Hernandez nbsp Jorge PosadaSee also edit nbsp United States portal nbsp Cuba portal nbsp Hispanic and Latino Americans portalAfro Cubans Canarian people Caribbean Americans Chinese Cubans Ciboney Cuban American lobby Cuban exile Cuban Canadians Cuban immigration to the United States Cubans Cubans in Miami CubaOne Foundation Cuba United States relations El Bloqueo Filipino Cubans Guanahatabey Haitian Americans Haitian Cubans History of Cuban Americans History of Ybor City Islenos List of Cuban Americans Mayaimi Nationalities and regions of Spain Spanish immigration to Cuba Taino TequestaGeneral Diaspora politics in the United States Hyphenated AmericanNotes edit Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Cuban relative to the state territory population as a whole References edit a b B03001 Hispanic Or Latino Origin by Specific Origin United States 2022 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates U S Census Bureau 2022 Retrieved September 20 2023 Explore Census Data full citation needed Kentubano One of Many Cuban American Communities Outside Miami March 8 2021 Over the Past Decade a Vibrant Little Havana Has Developed in This City And It s Not in Florida June 22 2021 Misra Tanvi The Heartland Wants More New Americans Citylab Retrieved January 16 2017 Kenning Chris Why Cubans Numbers are surging in Louisville The Courier Journal Retrieved March 18 2016 Krogstad Jens Manuel Mexicans Dominicans are more Catholic than most other Hispanics Comunidad cubano estadounidense pide la aplicacion total de ley Helms Burton Cubanoamericano Lopez Cantera es el nuevo vicegobernador de Florida ElNuevoHerald com Retrieved August 26 2017 a b Cuban Ancestry Maps Archived November 22 2012 at the Wayback Machine epodunk com accessed March 31 2011 a b Explore Census Data data census gov full citation needed Cuban Americans Politics culture and shifting demographics Journalistsresource org December 18 2014 Archived from the original on March 20 2015 Retrieved June 5 2015 a b c Hispanic or Latino by Type 2010 Census Summary File 1 factfinder census gov 2010 Archived from the original on December 18 2014 Retrieved June 5 2015 Minahan James B March 14 2013 Ethnic Groups of the Americas An Encyclopedia Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN 9798216081357 via Google Books Barkan Elliott Robert January 17 2013 Immigrants in American History 4 volumes Arrival Adaptation and Integration 4 volumes Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN 9781598842203 via Google Books Cortes Carlos E August 15 2013 Multicultural America A Multimedia Encyclopedia SAGE Publications ISBN 9781452276267 via Google Books a b LA EMIGRACION CUBANA HACIA ESTADOS UNIDOS a LA LUZ DE SU POLITICA INMIGRATORIA Fragmento Archived from the original on February 10 2013 Retrieved September 6 2012 Cuba vs Bloqueo In Spanish Posted by Dr Antonio Aja Diaz CEMI Centro de Estudios de la Migracion Internacional Center for the Study of International Migration July 2000 Article Cuban Immigrants in the United States migrationpolicy org Shifting from Cuba cigar industry reached from Key West to Tampa Sarasota Herald Tribune Engfer Lee January 1 2005 Cubans in America Lerner Publications ISBN 9780822548706 via Google Books Westfall Loy G 2000 Tampa Bay Cradle of Cuban Liberty Key West Cigar City USA ISBN 978 0 9668948 2 0 Ybor City Cigar Capital of the World Reading 3 Nps gov Archived from the original on July 17 2007 Retrieved August 8 2010 Lastra Frank 2006 Ybor City The Making of a Landmark Town University of Tampa Press ISBN 978 1 59732 003 0 Hispanic Americans Cubans Britannica www britannica com Gettleman Jeffrey February 5 2006 On Politics A Cuban Revolution Only It s in New Jersey The New York Times Bartlett Kay Little Havana on the Hudson Pittsburgh Post Gazette June 28 1977 Archived at Google News accessed March 31 2011 Grenier Guillermo J Miami Now Immigration Ethnicity and Social Change Archived at Google Books Retrieved March 31 2011 a b Ancestry 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and County migrationpolicy org February 4 2014 Retrieved September 21 2021 U S Immigrant Population by State and County migrationpolicy org February 4 2014 Retrieved January 16 2023 Matt Saldana Raleigh s Cuban community Their stories their views on Obama s new diplomacy Indy Week 15 Famous Cuban Americans Time December 17 2014 Retrieved October 29 2017 Ancestry in the United States StatisticalAtlas com April 28 2015 Retrieved April 3 2017 The Cuba Connection Articles Sun Sentinel com January 10 2007 Retrieved August 26 2017 a b Sonya Tafoya December 6 2004 Shades of Belonging PDF Pew Hispanic Center Archived from the original PDF on May 28 2008 Retrieved May 7 2008 a b c d e f g h Castellanos Jeanett Gloria Alberta M 2018 Cuban Americans From Golden Exiles to Dusty Feet Freedom Hope Endurance and the American Dream International and Cultural Psychology Cham Springer International Publishing pp 75 94 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 95738 8 5 ISBN 978 3 319 95737 1 retrieved April 1 2022 Andrew Huse Welcome to Cuban Sandwich City Cigar City Magazine Archived from the original on July 4 2007 Linda Stradley 2004 History of Cuban Sandwich Cubano Sandwich What s Cooking America website Archived from the original on April 21 2005 Enrique Fernandez August 9 2007 Our search for a good Cuban sandwich takes a surprising turn PDF The Miami Herald Archived from the original PDF on July 31 2009 Cafe Con Leche the Best Latte You ve Never Had February 22 2021 Benjamin G Bishin Casey A Klofstad 2011 The Political Incorporation of Cuban Americans Why Won t Little Havana Turn Blue PDF Political Research Quarterly XX X 1 14 University of Utah doi 10 1177 1065912911414589 S2CID 20038544 Archived from the original PDF on February 7 2016 Retrieved September 14 2015 Stuart Reginald May 20 1983 Miami s Community of Republican Cubans Awaits Reagan with Excitement The New York Times Weinraub Bernard May 22 1987 Wooing Cuban Americans in G o p The New York Times Miami s Cuban Exi p 9les Mourn Ronald Reagan 2004 06 09 Voice of America English www voanews com Cave Damien April 21 2009 U S Overtures Find Support Among Cuban Americans The New York Times Casey Woods November 6 2008 Presidential and Congressional Candidate Cuba Watch Analysis of Cuban American vote Candidatecubawatch blogspot com Retrieved June 5 2015 Marc Caputo November 8 2012 Poll Obama got big share of Cuban American vote won among other Hispanics in Florida Miamiherald com Archived from the original on March 20 2015 Retrieved June 5 2015 More U S Cubans Are Shifting To Democratic Party NBC News June 24 2014 Retrieved June 25 2014 Kelly Riddell November 15 2016 Trump won over Cubans in Florida in possible backlash against Obama s Cuba detente The Washington Times Retrieved September 23 2017 Cristina Lopez Gottardi November 16 2016 The Complex Cuban Vote Trump won the Cuban American vote in Florida but the constituency hasn t shown stable party allegiance usnews com Retrieved October 6 2020 The Cuban revolution explains why younger Cuban Americans supported Trump The Washington Post November 6 2020 Retrieved November 12 2020 a b San Martin Nancy January 12 2021 Miami s Spanish Language Media Is Overrun With Trumpist Conspiracies Foreign Policy Retrieved February 17 2021 a b c Lopez Gustavo September 15 2015 Hispanics of Cuban Origin in the United States 2013 Statistical Profile Pew Research Center Retrieved April 3 2017 a b c Cubans in the United States Pew Research Center s Hispanic Trends Project August 25 2006 Retrieved April 1 2022 Wehrman Jessica Former Ohio State NFL Football player joins Congress Dayton Daily News Retrieved January 6 2019 iamwesmoore November 9 2022 Last week I lost my grandmother Tweet via Twitter Further reading editAlvarez Borland Isabel Cuban American Literature and Art Negotiating Identities State University of New York Press 2009 Bishin BG Klofstad CA The Political Incorporation of Cuban Americans Why Won t Little Havana Turn Blue Political Research Quarterly 2012 65 3 586 599 Boswell Thomas D and James R Curtis The Cuban American Experience Culture Images and Perspectives Rowman and Allanheld 1983 Buffington Sean T Cuban Americans in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America edited by Thomas Riggs 3rd ed vol 1 Gale 2014 pp 591 605 online De la Garza Rodolfo O et al Latino Voices Mexican Puerto Rican and Cuban Perspectives on American Politics Westview Press 1992 De La Torre Miguel A La Lucha for Cuba Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami University of California Press 2003 Diaz Carmen 2008 Siete jornadas en Miami in Spanish 1ra ed Miami FL Alexandria Library ISBN 978 1 934804 26 1 Interviews with Cuban American women in Miami about Cuban American identity Garcia Maria Cristina Havana USA Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida 1959 1994 U of California Press 1996 Gonzalez Pando Miguel The Cuban Americans Greenwood Press 1998 Herrera Andrea O Reilly ed Remembering Cuba Legacy of a Diaspora U of Texas Press 2001 Kami Hideaki Ethnic Community Party Politics and the Cold War The Political Ascendancy of Miami Cubans 1980 2000 Japanese Journal of American Studies Tokyo 23 2012 185 208 Gustavo Perez Firmat Life on the Hyphen The Cuban American Way Austin The University of Texas Press 1994 Rpt 1996 1999 Revised and expanded edition 2012 Portes Alejandro and Alex Stepick City on the Edge The Transformation of Miami U of California Press 1993 External links editCuban American National Foundation CANF Cuban American National Council CNC Andres Schipani Expats Flock to Cuba as U S Reforms Spark A Party The Observer May 31 2009 The Cuban Heritage Collection at the University of Miami Cubans in Miami an historical perspective Center for Cuban Studies CCS providing resource materials to educational and cultural institutions Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cuban Americans amp oldid 1206728630, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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