Wikipedia
Same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same legal sex. As of 2024,[update] marriage between same-sex couples is legally performed and recognized in 36 countries,[1][2][3] with a total population of 1.3 billion people (17% of the world's population). The most recent country to legalise same-sex marriage is Greece.[4]
Adoption rights are not necessarily covered, though most states with same-sex marriage allow those couples to jointly adopt as other married couples can. In contrast, 35 countries (as of 2023) have definitions of marriage in their constitutions that prevent marriage between couples of the same sex, most enacted in recent decades as a preventative measure. Some other countries have constitutionally mandated Islamic law, which is generally interpreted as prohibiting marriage between same-sex couples. In six of the former and most of the latter, homosexuality itself is criminalized. It is legally recognized in a large majority of the world's developed democracies; notable exceptions are Italy, Japan, South Korea and the Czech Republic. It is not yet recognized in any of the world's Islamic polities. Some countries, such as China and Russia, restrict advocacy for same-sex marriage.[5][6]
There are records of marriage between men dating back to the first century.[7] The first same-sex couple to be married legally in modern times were Michael McConnell and Jack Baker in 1971 in the United States; they were married in the county of Blue Earth County, Minnesota.[8] The first law providing for marriage equality between same-sex and opposite-sex couples was passed in the continental Netherlands in 2000 and took effect on 1 April 2001.[9] The application of marriage law equally to same-sex and opposite-sex couples has varied by jurisdiction, and has come about through legislative change to marriage law, court rulings based on constitutional guarantees of equality, recognition that marriage of same-sex couples is allowed by existing marriage law, and by direct popular vote, such as through referendums and initiatives.[10][11] The most prominent supporters of same-sex marriage are the world's major medical and scientific communities,[12][13][14] along with human rights and civil rights organizations,[15] while its most prominent opponents are religious fundamentalist groups.[16] Polls consistently show continually rising support for the recognition of same-sex marriage in all developed democracies and in many developing countries.
Scientific studies show that the financial, psychological, and physical well-being of gay people are enhanced by marriage, and that the children of same-sex parents benefit from being raised by married same-sex couples within a marital union that is recognized by law and supported by societal institutions. Social science research indicates that the exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage stigmatizes and invites public discrimination against gay and lesbian people, with research repudiating the notion that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon restricting marriage to heterosexuals.[17][18][19] Same-sex marriage can provide those in committed same-sex relationships with relevant government services and make financial demands on them comparable to that required of those in opposite-sex marriages, and also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights.[20] Opposition is based on claims such as that homosexuality is unnatural and abnormal, that the recognition of same-sex unions will promote homosexuality in society, and that children are better off when raised by opposite-sex couples. These claims are refuted by scientific studies, which show that homosexuality is a natural and normal variation in human sexuality, that sexual orientation is not a choice, and that children of same-sex couples fare just as well as the children of opposite-sex couples.[12]
Terminology
Alternative terms
Some proponents of the legal recognition of same-sex marriage—such as Marriage Equality USA (founded in 1998), Freedom to Marry (founded in 2003), Canadians for Equal Marriage, and Marriage for All Japan - used the terms marriage equality and equal marriage to signal that their goal was for same-sex marriage to be recognized on equal ground with opposite-sex marriage.[21][22][23][24][25][26] The Associated Press recommends the use of same-sex marriage over gay marriage.[27] In deciding whether to use the term gay marriage, it may also be noted that not everyone in a same-sex marriage is gay – for example, some are bisexual – and therefore using the term gay marriage is sometimes considered erasure of such people.[28][29]
Use of the term marriage
Anthropologists have struggled to determine a definition of marriage that absorbs commonalities of the social construct across cultures around the world.[30][31] Many proposed definitions have been criticized for failing to recognize the existence of same-sex marriage in some cultures, including those of more than 30 African peoples, such as the Kikuyu and Nuer.[31][32][33]
With several countries revising their marriage laws to recognize same-sex couples in the 21st century, all major English dictionaries have revised their definition of the word marriage to either drop gender specifications or supplement them with secondary definitions to include gender-neutral language or explicit recognition of same-sex unions.[34][35] The Oxford English Dictionary has recognized same-sex marriage since 2000.[36]
Opponents of same-sex marriage who want marriage to be restricted to pairings of a man and a woman, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Catholic Church, and the Southern Baptist Convention, use the term traditional marriage to mean opposite-sex marriage.[16]
History
Ancient
A reference to marriage between same-sex couples appears in the Sifra, which was written in the 3rd century CE. The Book of Leviticus prohibited homosexual relations, and the Hebrews were warned not to "follow the acts of the land of Egypt or the acts of the land of Canaan" (Lev. 18:22, 20:13). The Sifra clarifies what these ambiguous "acts" were, and that they included marriage between same-sex couples: "A man would marry a man and a woman a woman, a man would marry a woman and her daughter, and a woman would be married to two men."[37]
A few scholars believe that in the early Roman Empire some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites in the presence of friends. Male–male weddings are reported by sources that mock them; the feelings of the participants are not recorded.[38] Various ancient sources state that the emperor Nero celebrated two public weddings with males, once taking the role of the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras), and once the groom (with Sporus); there may have been a third in which he was the bride.[39] In the early 3rd century AD, the emperor Elagabalus is reported to have been the bride in a wedding to his male partner. Other mature men at his court had husbands, or said they had husbands in imitation of the emperor.[40] Roman law did not recognize marriage between males, but one of the grounds for disapproval expressed in Juvenal's satire is that celebrating the rites would lead to expectations for such marriages to be registered officially.[41] As the empire was becoming Christianized in the 4th century, legal prohibitions against marriage between males began to appear.[41]
Contemporary
The first same-sex couple to be married legally in modern times were Michael McConnell and Jack Baker in 1971, in Hennepin County, Minnesota.[42] Historians variously trace the beginning of the modern movement in support of same-sex marriage to anywhere from around the 1980s to the 1990s. During the 1980s in the United States, the AIDS epidemic led to increased attention on the legal aspects of same-sex relationships.[43] Andrew Sullivan made the first case for same sex marriage in a major American journal in 1989,[44] published in The New Republic.[45]
In 1989, Denmark became the first country to legally recognize a relationship for same-sex couples, establishing registered partnerships, which gave those in same-sex relationships "most rights of married heterosexuals, but not the right to adopt or obtain joint custody of a child".[46] In 2001, the continental Netherlands became the first country to broaden marriage laws to include same-sex couples.[9][47] Since then, same-sex marriage has been established by law in 34 other countries, including most of the Americas and Western Europe. Yet its spread has been uneven — South Africa is the only country in Africa to take the step; Taiwan the only one in Asia.[48][49]
Timeline
The summary table below lists in chronological order the sovereign states (the United Nations member states and Taiwan) that have legalized same-sex marriage. As of 2024, 36 states have legalized in some capacity (the status of same-sex marriage in Nepal is ambiguous).[50]
Dates are when marriages between same-sex couples began to be officially certified, or when local laws were passed if marriages were already legal under higher authority.
Same-sex marriage around the world
Same-sex marriage is legally performed and recognized in 36 countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia,[b] Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark,[c] Ecuador,[d] Estonia, Finland, France,[e] Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,[f] the Netherlands,[g] New Zealand,[h] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[i] the United States,[j] and Uruguay.[3] Same-sex marriage performed remotely or abroad is recognized with full marital rights by Israel.[51]
Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)
Civil unions or domestic partnerships
Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
Same-sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed remotely or abroad
Neither same-sex marriage nor civil unions allowed; allows unregistered cohabitation, legal guardianship
Nonbinding certification
Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)
Country subject to an international court ruling to recognize same-sex marriage
Same-sex unions not legally recognized
Same-sex marriage is under consideration by the legislature or the courts in Aruba, Curaçao, Honduras,[52] Japan,[53] Liechtenstein,[54] the Navajo Nation,[55] Nepal, Thailand[56] and Venezuela.[57]
Civil unions are being considered in a number of countries, including Lithuania,[58] Peru,[59] the Philippines,[60] Poland,[61] and Ukraine.[62][63]
On 12 March 2015, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution encouraging EU institutions and member states to "[reflect] on the recognition of same-sex marriage or same-sex civil union as a political, social and human and civil rights issue".[64][65] In 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that all signatory countries must allow same-sex marriage.
In response to the international spread of same-sex marriage, a number of countries have enacted preventative constitutional bans, with the most recent being Russia in 2020 and Mali and Tuvalu in 2023. In other countries, such restrictions and limitations are effected through legislation. Even before same-sex marriage was first legislated, some countries had constitutions that specified that marriage was between a man and a woman.
Same-sex marriage banned by secular constitution
Same-sex marriage banned by constitutionally mandated Islamic law or morality
Same-sex marriage banned for Muslims
No constitutional ban
International court rulings
European Court of Human Rights
In 2010, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled in Schalk and Kopf v Austria, a case involving an Austrian same-sex couple who were denied the right to marry.[66] The court found, by a vote of 4 to 3, that their human rights had not been violated.[67] The court further stated that same-sex unions are not protected under art. 12 of ECHR ("Right to marry"), which exclusively protects the right to marry of opposite-sex couples (without regard if the sex of the partners is the result of birth or of sex change), but they are protected under art. 8 of ECHR ("Right to respect for private and family life") and art. 14 ("Prohibition of discrimination").[68]
Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that: "Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family, according to the national laws governing the exercise of this right",[69] not limiting marriage to those in a heterosexual relationship. However, the ECHR stated in Schalk and Kopf v Austria that this provision was intended to limit marriage to heterosexual relationships, as it used the term "men and women" instead of "everyone".[66] Nevertheless, the court accepted and is considering cases concerning same-sex marriage recognition, e.g. Andersen v. Poland.[70] In 2021, the court ruled in Fedotova and Others v. Russia—followed by later judgements concerning other member states—that countries must provide some sort of legal recognition to same-sex couples, although not necessarily marriage.[71]
European Union
On 5 June 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled, in a case from Romania, that, under the specific conditions of the couple in question, married same-sex couples have the same residency rights as other married couples in an EU country, even if that country does not permit or recognize same-sex marriage.[72][73] However, the ruling was not implemented in Romania and on 14 September 2021 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European Commission to ensure that the ruling is respected across the EU.[74][75]
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in the other signatory countries. The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees recognizing same-sex marriage until new legislation is brought in. Among states without same-sex marriage, the ruling applies to Barbados, Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname.[citation needed] The Court said that governments "must recognize and guarantee all the rights that are derived from a family bond between people of the same sex". They also said that it was inadmissible and discriminatory for a separate legal provision to be established (such as civil unions) instead of same-sex marriage.[76] The ruling has directly led to the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Costa Rica and Ecuador.[citation needed]
Other arrangements
Civil unions
Civil union, civil partnership, domestic partnership, registered partnership, unregistered partnership, and unregistered cohabitation statuses offer varying legal benefits of marriage. As of 29 April 2024, countries that have an alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage on a national level are: Bolivia, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel (registered foreign marriage and domestic common-law marriage), Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro and San Marino.[78][79] Poland and Slovakia offer more limited rights. On a subnational level, the Dutch constituent country of Aruba allows same-sex couples to access civil unions or partnerships, but restrict marriage to couples of the opposite sex. Additionally, various cities and counties in Cambodia and Japan offer same-sex couples varying levels of benefits, which include hospital visitation rights and others.
Additionally, eighteen countries that have legally recognized same-sex marriage also have an alternative form of recognition for same-sex couples, usually available to heterosexual couples as well: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and Uruguay.[80][81][82][83]
They are also available in parts of the United States (Arizona,[k] California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, New Jersey, Nevada and Oregon) and Canada.[84][85]
Non-sexual same-sex marriage
Kenya
Female same-sex marriage is practiced among the Gikuyu, Nandi, Kamba, Kipsigis, and to a lesser extent neighboring peoples. About 5–10% of women are in such marriages. However, this is not seen as homosexual, but is instead a way for families without sons to keep their inheritance within the family.[86]
Nigeria
Among the Igbo people and probably other peoples in the south of the country, there are circumstances where a marriage between women is considered appropriate, such as when a woman has no child and her husband dies, and she takes a wife to perpetuate her inheritance and family lineage.[87]
Studies
The American Anthropological Association stated on 26 February 2004:
The results of more than a century of anthropological research on households, kinship relationships, and families, across cultures and through time, provide no support whatsoever for the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution. Rather, anthropological research supports the conclusion that a vast array of family types, including families built upon same-sex partnerships, can contribute to stable and humane societies.[19]
Research findings from 1998 to 2015 from the University of Virginia, Michigan State University, Florida State University, the University of Amsterdam, the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Stanford University, the University of California-San Francisco, the University of California-Los Angeles, Tufts University, Boston Medical Center, the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, and independent researchers also support the findings of this study.[88][vague]
The overall socio-economic and health effects of legal access to same-sex marriage around the world have been summarized by Badgett and co-authors. [89] The review found that sexual minority individuals took-up legal marriage when it became available to them (but at lower rates than different-sex couples). There is instead no evidence that same-sex marriage legalization affected different-sex marriages. On the health side, same-sex marriage legalization increased health insurance coverage for individuals in same-sex couples (in the US), and it led to improvements in sexual health among men who have sex with men, while there is mixed evidence on mental health effects among sexual minorities. In addition, the study found mixed evidence on a range of downstream social outcomes such as attitudes toward LGBTQ+ people and employment choices of sexual minorities.
Health
As of 2006[update], the data of current psychological and other social science studies on same-sex marriage in comparison to mixed-sex marriage indicate that same-sex and mixed-sex relationships do not differ in their essential psychosocial dimensions; that a parent's sexual orientation is unrelated to their ability to provide a healthy and nurturing family environment; and that marriage bestows substantial psychological, social, and health benefits. Same-sex parents and carers and their children are likely to benefit in numerous ways from legal recognition of their families, and providing such recognition through marriage will bestow greater benefit than civil unions or domestic partnerships.[90][91][needs update] Studies in the United States have correlated legalization of same-sex marriage to lower rates of HIV infection,[92][93] psychiatric disorders,[94][95] and suicide rate in the LGBT population.[96][97]
Issues
While few societies have recognized same-sex unions as marriages,[needs update] the historical and anthropological record reveals a large range of attitudes towards same-sex unions ranging from praise, through full acceptance and integration, sympathetic toleration, indifference, prohibition and discrimination, to persecution and physical annihilation.[citation needed] Opponents of same-sex marriages have argued that same-sex marriage, while doing good for the couples that participate in them and the children they are raising,[98] undermines a right of children to be raised by their biological mother and father.[99] Some supporters of same-sex marriages take the view that the government should have no role in regulating personal relationships,[100] while others argue that same-sex marriages would provide social benefits to same-sex couples.[l] The debate regarding same-sex marriages includes debate based upon social viewpoints as well as debate based on majority rules, religious convictions, economic arguments, health-related concerns, and a variety of other issues.[citation needed]
Parenting
Scientific literature indicates that parents' financial, psychological and physical well-being is enhanced by marriage and that children benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally recognized union (either a mixed-sex or same-sex union). As a result, professional scientific associations have argued for same-sex marriage to be legally recognized as it will be beneficial to the children of same-sex parents or carers.[13][14][101][102][103]
Scientific research has been generally consistent in showing that lesbian and gay parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as children reared by heterosexual parents.[14][103][104][105] According to scientific literature reviews, there is no evidence to the contrary.[90][106][107][108][needs update]
Compared to heterosexual couples, same-sex couples have a greater need for adoption or assisted reproductive technology to become parents. Lesbian couples often use artificial insemination to achieve pregnancy, and reciprocal in vitro fertilization (where one woman provides the egg and the other gestates the child) is becoming more popular in the 2020s, although many couples cannot afford it. Surrogacy is an option for wealthier gay male couples, but the cost is prohibitive. Other same-sex couples adopt children or raise the children from earlier opposite-sex relationships.[109][110]
Adoption
Joint adoption allowed
Second-parent (stepchild) adoption allowed
No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples and no same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage but adoption by married same-sex couples not allowed
All states that allow same-sex marriage also allow the joint adoption of children by those couples with the exceptions of Nepal, Ecuador and a third of states in Mexico, though such restrictions have been ruled unconstitutional in Mexico. In addition, Bolivia, Croatia, Israel and Liechtenstein, which do not recognize same-sex marriage nonetheless permit joint adoption by unmarried same-sex couples. Some additional states that do not recognize same-sex marriage allow stepchild adoption by couples in civil unions include Italy (on a case-by-case basis) and San Marino.[citation needed]
Transgender and intersex people
This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. (May 2017) |
The legal status of same-sex marriage may have implications for the marriages of couples in which one or both parties are transgender, depending on how sex is defined within a jurisdiction. Transgender and intersex individuals may be prohibited from marrying partners of the "opposite" sex or permitted to marry partners of the "same" sex due to legal distinctions.[citation needed] In any legal jurisdiction where marriages are defined without distinction of a requirement of a male and female, these complications do not occur. In addition, some legal jurisdictions recognize a legal and official change of gender, which would allow a transgender male or female to be legally married in accordance with an adopted gender identity.[111]
In the United Kingdom, the Gender Recognition Act 2004 allows a person who has lived in their chosen gender for at least two years to receive a gender recognition certificate officially recognizing their new gender. Because in the United Kingdom marriages were until recently only for mixed-sex couples and civil partnerships are only for same-sex couples, a person had to dissolve their civil partnership before obtaining a gender recognition certificate[citation needed], and the same was formerly true for marriages in England and Wales, and still is in other territories. Such people are then free to enter or re-enter civil partnerships or marriages in accordance with their newly recognized gender identity. In Austria, a similar provision requiring transsexual people to divorce before having their legal sex marker corrected was found to be unconstitutional in 2006.[112] In Quebec, prior to the legalization of same-sex marriage, only unmarried people could apply for legal change of gender. With the advent of same-sex marriage, this restriction was dropped. A similar provision including sterilization also existed in Sweden, but was phased out in 2013.[113] In the United States, transgender and intersex marriages was subject to legal complications.[114] As definitions and enforcement of marriage are defined by the states, these complications vary from state to state,[115] as some of them prohibit legal changes of gender.[116]
Divorce
In the United States before the case of Obergefell v. Hodges, couples in same-sex marriages could only obtain a divorce in jurisdictions that recognized same-sex marriages, with some exceptions.[117]
Judicial and legislative
There are differing positions regarding the manner in which same-sex marriage has been introduced into democratic jurisdictions. A "majority rules" position holds that same-sex marriage is valid, or void and illegal, based upon whether it has been accepted by a simple majority of voters or of their elected representatives.[118]
In contrast, a civil rights view holds that the institution can be validly created through the ruling of an impartial judiciary carefully examining the questioning and finding that the right to marry regardless of the gender of the participants is guaranteed under the civil rights laws of the jurisdiction.[15]
Public opinion
| 5⁄6+ 2⁄3+ | 1⁄2+ 1⁄3+ | 1⁄6+ <1⁄6 | no polls |
Numerous polls and studies on the issue have been conducted. A trend of increasing support for same-sex marriage has been revealed across many countries of the world, often driven in large part by a generational difference in support. Polling that was conducted in developed democracies in this century shows a majority of people in support of same-sex marriage. Support for same-sex marriage has increased across every age group, political ideology, religion, gender, race and region of various developed countries in the world.[120][121][122][123][124][needs update]
Various detailed polls and studies on same-sex marriage that were conducted in several countries show that support for same-sex marriage significantly increases with higher levels of education and is also significantly stronger among younger generations, with a clear trend of continually increasing support.[125]
- Greater support with youth
Pew Research polling results from 32 countries found 21 with statistically higher support for same-sex marriage among those under 35 than among those over 35 in 2022–2023. Countries with the greatest absolute difference are placed to the left in the following chart. Countries without a significant generational difference are placed to the right.[125]
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Taiw
Mex
Sing
ROK
HK
Gre
Pol
Viet
Thai
Jap
Cam
Braz
USA
Arg
Ital
Oz
S. Af.
Sri Lanka
Keny
Swed
Malay
Neth
Spa
Fran
Germ
Cana
UK
India
Isra
Hung
Indo
Nigeria
- over 35
- additional support from those under 35
A 2016 survey by the Varkey Foundation found similarly high support of same-sex marriage (63%) among 18–21-year-olds in an online survey of 18 countries around the world.[126][127][128]
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Germ
Cana
Oz
UK
NZ
Fran
Ital
Arg
USA
Braz
Chin
S. Af.
India
Jap
Isra
ROK
Turk
Nigeria
(The sampling error is approx. 4% for Nigeria and 3% for the other countries. Because of legal constraints, the question on same-sex marriage was not asked in the survey countries of Russia and Indonesia.)
- Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
Same-sex marriage performed nationwide
Same-sex marriage performed in some parts of the country
Civil unions or registered partnerships nationwide
Civil unions or registered partnerships pending
Same-sex sexual activity is illegal
| Country | Pollster | Year | For[m] | Against[m] | Neither[n] | Margin of error | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andorra | Institut d'Estudis Andorrans | 2013 | 70% (79%) | 19% (21%) | 11% | [129] | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 12% | – | – | [130] | |
| Argentina | Ipsos | 2023 | 70% (81%) | 16% [8% support some rights] (19%) | 14% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 67% (72%) | 26% (28%) | 7% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Armenia | Pew Research Center | 2015 | 3% (3%) | 96% (97%) | 1% | ±3% | [133] [134] |
| Aruba | 2021 | 46% | [135] | ||||
| Australia | Ipsos | 2023 | 63% (70%) | 27% [16% support some rights] (30%) | 10% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 75% (77%) | 23% | 2% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Austria | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 66% (69%) | 30% (31%) | 4% | [136] | |
| Bahamas | AmericasBarometer | 2015 | 11% | – | – | [137] | |
| Belarus | Pew Research Center | 2015 | 16% (16%) | 81% (84%) | 3% | ±4% | [133] [134] |
| Belgium | Ipsos | 2023 | 72% (81%) | 17% [9% support some rights] (19%) | 10% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Belize | AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 8% | – | – | [137] | |
| Bolivia | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 35% | 65% | – | ±1.0% | [130] |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Pew Research Center | 2015–2016 | 13% (14%) | 84% (87%) | 4% | ±4% | [133] [134] |
| Brazil | Ipsos | 2023 | 51% (64%) | 29% [15% support some rights] (36%) | 20% not sure | ±3.5% [o] | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 52% (57%) | 40% (43%) | 8% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Bulgaria | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 16% (18%) | 74% (82%) | 10% | [136] | |
| Cambodia | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 57% (58%) | 42% | 1% | [132] | |
| Canada | Ipsos | 2023 | 69% (80%) | 17% [7% support some rights] (20%) | 15% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 79% (84%) | 15% (16%) | 6% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Chile | Ipsos | 2023 | 65% (73%) | 24% [18% support some rights] (27%) | 12% | ±3.5% | [131] |
| China | Ipsos | 2021 | 43% (52%) | 39% [20% support some rights] (48%) | 18% not sure | ±3.5% [o] | [138] |
| Colombia | Ipsos | 2023 | 49% (60%) | 33% [21% support some rights] (40%) | 18% | [131] | |
| Costa Rica | CIEP | 2018 | 35% | 64% | 1% | [139] | |
| Croatia | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 39% (41%) | 55% (59%) | 6% | [136] | |
| Cuba | Apretaste | 2019 | 63% | 37% | – | [140] | |
| Cyprus | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 36% (38%) | 60% (62%) | 4% | [136] | |
| Czech Republic | Median agency | 2019 | 67% | – | – | [141] | |
| Denmark | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 89% (92%) | 8% (8%) | 3% | [136] | |
| Dominica | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 10% | 90% | – | ±1.1% | [130] |
| Dominican Republic | CDN 37 | 2018 | 45% | 55% | - | [142] | |
| Ecuador | AmericasBarometer | 2019 | 23% (31%) | 51% (69%) | 26% | [143] | |
| El Salvador | Universidad Francisco Gavidia | 2021 | 82.5% | – | [144] | ||
| Estonia | HumanrightsEE | 2023 | 53% (58%) | 39% (42%) | 8% | [145] | |
| Finland | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 76% (78%) | 21% (22%) | 3% | [136] | |
| France | Ipsos | 2023 | 66% (73%) | 25% [15% support some rights] (27%) | 9% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 82% (85%) | 14% (15%) | 4% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Georgia | Women's Initiatives Supporting Group | 2021 | 10% (12%) | 75% (88%) | 15% | [146] | |
| Germany | Ipsos | 2023 | 62% (71%) | 25% [12% support some rights] (29%) | 14% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 80% (82%) | 18% | 2% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Greece | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 48% (49%) | 49% (51%) | 3% | ±3.6% | [132] |
| Eurobarometer | 2023 | 57% (59%) | 40% (41%) | 3% | [147] | ||
| Grenada | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 12% | 88% | – | ±1.4%c | [130] |
| Guatemala | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 23% | 77% | – | ±1.1% | [130] |
| Guyana | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 21% | 79% | – | ±1.3% | [137] |
| Haiti | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 5% | 95% | – | ±0.3% | [130] |
| Honduras | CID Gallup | 2018 | 17% (18%) | 75% (82%) | 8% | [148] | |
| Hong Kong | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 58% (59%) | 40% (41%) | 2% | [132] | |
| Hungary | Ipsos | 2023 | 47% (57%) | 36% [20% support some rights] (43%) | 18% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 31% (33%) | 64% (67%) | 5% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Iceland | Gallup | 2006 | 89% | 11% | – | [149] | |
| India | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 53% (55%) | 43% (45%) | 4% | ±3.6% | [132] |
| Indonesia | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 5% | 92% (95%) | 3% | ±3.6% | [132] |
| Ireland | Ipsos | 2023 | 64% (72%) | 25% [13% support some rights] (28%) | 11% | [131] | |
| Israel | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 36% (39%) | 56% (61%) | 8% | ±3.6% | [132] |
| Italy | Ipsos | 2023 | 61% (67%) | 30% [21% support some rights] (33%) | 9% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 73% (75%) | 25% | 2% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Jamaica | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 16% | 84% | – | ±1.0% | [130] |
| Japan | Kyodo News | 2023 | 64% (72%) | 25% (28%) | 11% | [150] | |
| Asahi Shimbun | 2023 | 72% (80%) | 18% (20%) | 10% | [151] | ||
| Ipsos | 2023 | 38% (49%) | 40% [31% support some rights] (51%) | 22% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] | |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 68% (72%) | 26% (28%) | 6% | ±2.75% | [132] | |
| Kazakhstan | Pew Research Center | 2016 | 7% (7%) | 89% (93%) | 4% | [133] [134] | |
| Kenya | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 9% | 90% (91%) | 1% | ±3.6% | [132] |
| Latvia | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 24% (26%) | 70% (74%) | 6% | [136] | |
| Liechtenstein | Liechtenstein Institut | 2021 | 72% | 28% | 0% | [152] | |
| Lithuania | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 30% (32%) | 63% (68%) | 7% | [136] | |
| Luxembourg | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 85% (90%) | 9% (10%) | 6% | [136] | |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 17% | 82% (83%) | 1% | [132] | ||
| Malta | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 67% (73%) | 25% (27%) | 8% | [136] | |
| Mexico | Ipsos | 2023 | 58% (67%) | 28% [17% support some rights] (33%) | 14% not sure | ±4.8% [o] | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 63% (66%) | 32% (34%) | 5% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Moldova | Pew Research Center | 2015 | 5% (5%) | 92% (95%) | 3% | ±4% | [133] [134] |
| Mozambique (3 cities) | Lambda | 2017 | 28% (32%) | 60% (68%) | 12% | [153] | |
| Netherlands | Ipsos | 2023 | 80% (85%) | 14% [6% support some rights] (15%) | 7% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 89% (90%) | 10% | 1% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| New Zealand | Ipsos | 2023 | 70% (78%) | 20% [11% support some rights] (22%) | 9% | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Nicaragua | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 25% | 75% | – | ±1.0% | [130] |
| Nigeria | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 2% | 97% (98%) | 1% | ±3.6% | [132] |
| Norway | Pew Research Center | 2017 | 72% (79%) | 19% (21%) | 9% | [133] [134] | |
| Panama | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 22% | 78% | – | ±1.1% | [130] |
| Paraguay | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 26% | 74% | – | ±0.9% | [130] |
| Peru | Ipsos | 2023 | 41% (51%) | 40% [24% support some rights] (49%) | 19% | ±3.5% [o] | [131] |
| Philippines | SWS | 2018 | 22% (26%) | 61% (73%) | 16% | [154] | |
| Poland | Ipsos | 2023 | 32% (36%) | 57% [35% support some rights] (64%) | 11% | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 41% (43%) | 54% (57%) | 5% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| United Surveys by IBRiS | 2024 | 50% (55%) | 41% (45%) | 9% | [155] | ||
| Portugal | Ipsos | 2023 | 80% (84%) | 15% [11% support some rights] (16%) | 5% | [131] | |
| Romania | Ipsos | 2023 | 25% (30%) | 59% [26% support some rights] (70%) | 17% | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Russia | Ipsos | 2021 | 17% (21%) | 64% [12% support some rights] (79%) | 20% not sure | ±4.8% [o] | [138] |
| FOM | 2019 | 7% (8%) | 85% (92%) | 8% | ±3.6% | [156] | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 9% | 91% | – | ±1.0% | [130] |
| Saint Lucia | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 11% | 89% | – | ±0.9% | [130] |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 4% | 96% | – | ±0.6% | [130] |
| Serbia | Civil Rights Defender | 2020 | 26% | – | – | ±3.33% | [157] |
| Singapore | Ipsos | 2023 | 32% (39%) | 50% [23% support some rights] (61%) | 19% | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 45% (47%) | 51% (53%) | 4% | [132] | ||
| Slovakia | Focus | 2024 | 36% (38%) | 60% (62%) | 4% | [158] | |
| Slovenia | Eurobarometer | 2019 | 62% (64%) | 35% (36%) | 3% | [136] | |
| South Africa | Ipsos | 2023 | 57% (66%) | 29% [10% support some rights] (34%) | 14% | ±3.5% [o] | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 38% (39%) | 59% (61%) | 3% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| South Korea | Ipsos | 2023 | 35% (45%) | 42% [18% support some rights] (55%) | 23% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 41% (42%) | 56% (58%) | 3% | [132] | ||
| Spain | Ipsos | 2023 | 78% (82%) | 17% [12% support some rights] (18%) | 5% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 87% (90%) | 10% | 3% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Sri Lanka | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 23% (25%) | 69% (75%) | 8% | [132] | |
| Suriname | AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 18% | – | – | [137] | |
| Sweden | Ipsos | 2023 | 75% (82%) | 16% [7% support some rights] (18%) | 9% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 92% (94%) | 6% | 2% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Switzerland | Ipsos | 2023 | 54% (61%) | 34% [16% support some rights] (39%) | 13% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Taiwan | CNA | 2023 | 63% | 37% | [159] | ||
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 45% (51%) | 43% (49%) | 12% | [132] | ||
| Thailand | Ipsos | 2023 | 55% (65%) | 29% [18% support some rights] (35%) | 16% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 60% (65%) | 32% (35%) | 8% | [132] | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 16% | – | – | [137] | |
| Turkey | Ipsos | 2023 | 20% (28%) | 52% [22% support some rights] (72%) | 28% not sure | ±3.5% [o] | [131] |
| Ukraine | Rating | 2023 | 37% (47%) | 42% (53%) | 22% | ±1.5% | [160] |
| United Kingdom | YouGov | 2023 | 77% (84%) | 15% (16%) | 8% | [161] | |
| Ipsos | 2023 | 64% (70%) | 27% [14% support some rights] (30%) | 9% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] | |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 74% (77%) | 22% (23%) | 4% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| United States | Ipsos | 2023 | 54% (64%) | 31% [14% support some rights] (36%) | 15% not sure | ±3.5% | [131] |
| Pew Research Center | 2023 | 63% (65%) | 34% (35%) | 3% | ±3.6% | [132] | |
| Uruguay | Equipos Consultores | 2019 | 78% (68%) | 20% (32%) | 2% | [162] | |
| Venezuela | Equilibrium Cende | 2023 | 55% (63%) | 32% (37%) | 13% | [163] | |
| Vietnam | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 65% (68%) | 30% (32%) | 5% | [132] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Unclear if same-sex marriage rights are available nationwide.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in continental Australia and in the non-self-governing possessions of Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands, which follow Australian law.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in continental Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which together make up the Realm of Denmark.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized throughout Ecuador, but such couples are not considered married for purposes of adoption and may not adopt children.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in metropolitan France and in all French overseas regions and possessions, which follow a single legal code.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is available in all jurisdictions, though the process is not everywhere as straightforward as it is for opposite-sex marriage and does not always include adoption rights.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in the continental Netherlands, as well as in the Caribbean municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. Marriages entered into there have minimal recognition in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, which together make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in New Zealand proper, but not in its possession of Tokelau, nor in the Cook Islands and Niue, which make up the Realm of New Zealand.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all parts of the United Kingdom and in its non-Caribbean possessions, but not in its Caribbean possessions, namely Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
- ^ Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all fifty states of the US and in the District of Columbia, in all overseas territories except American Samoa, and in all tribal nations that do not have their own marriage laws, as well as in most nations that do. The largest of the dozen or so known exceptions among the federal reservations are Navajo and Gila River, and the largest among the shared-sovereignty Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Areas are the Creek and Citizen Potawatomi. These polities ban same-sex marriage and do not recognize marriages from other jurisdictions, though members may still marry under state law and be accorded all the rights of marriage under state and federal law.
- ^ Legally available in the Arizona municipalities of Bisbee, Clarkdale, Cottonwood, Jerome, Sedona and Tucson.
- ^ Dale Carpenter is a prominent spokesman for this view. For a better understanding of this view, see Carpenter's writings at . Independent Gay Forum. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- ^ a b Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
- ^ Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
- ^ a b c d e f g [+ more urban/educated than representative]
References
- ^ "Greek parliament approves legalisation of same-sex civil marriage". euronews. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage by country". Equaldex. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Marriage Equality Around the World". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "Greece legalises same-sex marriage". BBC. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ VERPOEST, LIEN (2017). "The End of Rhetorics: LGBT policies in Russia and the European Union". Studia Diplomatica. 68 (4): 3–20. ISSN 0770-2965. JSTOR 26531664.
- ^ Huang, Wen (4 January 2001). "Gayness as a Western disease". Bay Area Reporter. Vol. 31, no. 1. Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ Williams, CA., Roman Homosexuality: Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 280, p. 284.
- ^ William N. Eskridg Jr. and Christopher R. Riano, "Marriage Equality: From Outlaws to In-Laws", Yale University Press (2020), Chapter 24.
- ^ a b Winter, Caroline (4 December 2014). "In 14 years, same-sex marriage has spread round the world". Bloomberg. from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "Same-sex Oklahoma couple marries legally under tribal law". KOCO. 26 September 2013. from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ "Clela Rorex, former Boulder County Clerk who issued first same-sex marriage license in 1975 dies at 78". 19 June 2022.
- ^ a b Multiple sources:
- Coghlan, Andy (16 June 2008). "Gay brains structured like those of the opposite sex". New Scientist. from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes; Stewart, Susan D. (2014). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. p. 82. ISBN 978-1305176898. from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
[T]he APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice [...]. (American Psychological Association, 2010).
- Pawelski, J. G.; Perrin, E. C.; Foy, J. M.; Allen, C. E.; Crawford, J. E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J. D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J. L.; Vickers, D. L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–364. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. S2CID 219194821. from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- American Medical Association; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Psychological Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy; National Association of Social Workers; American Psychoanalytic Association; American Academy of Family Physicians; et al. (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- Bever, Lindsey (7 July 2014). "Children of same-sex couples are happier and healthier than peers, research shows". The Washington Post. from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- Pawelski, James G.; Perrin, Ellen C.; Foy, Jane M.; Allen, Carole E.; Crawford, James E.; Del Monte, Mark; Kaufman, Miriam; Klein, Jonathan D.; Smith, Karen; Springer, Sarah; Tanner, J. Lane; Vickers, Dennis L. (July 2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1). American Academy of Pediatrics: 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. S2CID 219194821. from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
In fact, growing up with parents who are lesbian or gay may confer some advantages to children.
- ^ a b "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ a b c (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009.
- ^ a b Mirchandani, Rajesh (12 November 2008). "Divisions persist over gay marriage ban". BBC News. from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ a b "The Divine Institution of Marriage". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 13 August 2008. from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- (PDF). Canadian Psychological Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. S2CID 219194821.
- Pawelski, J. G.; Perrin, E. C.; Foy, J. M.; Allen, C. E.; Crawford, J. E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J. D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J. L.; Vickers, D. L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–364. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. S2CID 219194821. from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ "Brief of Amici Curiae American Anthropological Association et al., supporting plaintiffs-appellees and urging affirmance – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ a b American Anthropological Association (2004). "Statement on Marriage and the Family". from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- ^ Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy — Page 13, Wallace Swan – 2004
- ^ "Marriage Equality". Garden State Equality. from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ . Freedom to Marry. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Pratt, Patricia (29 May 2012). "Albany area real estate and the Marriage Equality Act". Albany Examiner. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
On July 24, 2011 the Marriage Equality Act became a law in New York State forever changing the state's legal view of what a married couple is.
- ^ "Vote on Illinois marriage equality bill coming in January: sponsors". Chicago Phoenix. 13 December 2012. from the original on 26 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ^ Mulholland, Helene (27 September 2012). "Ed Miliband calls for gay marriage equality". The Guardian. London, UK. from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ^ Ring, Trudy (20 December 2012). "Newt Gingrich: Marriage Equality Inevitable, OK". The Advocate. Los Angeles. from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
He [Newt Gingrich] noted to HuffPo that he not only has a lesbian half-sister, LGBT rights activist Candace Gingrich, but has gay friends who've gotten married in Iowa, where their unions are legal. Public opinion has shifted in favor of marriage equality, he said, and the Republican Party could end up on the wrong side of history if it continues to go against the tide.
- ^ APStylebook [@APStylebook] (12 February 2019). "The term same-sex marriage is preferred over gay marriage. In places where it's legal, same-sex marriage is no different from other marriages, so the term should be used only when germane and needed to distinguish from marriages between heterosexual couples. #APStyleChat" (Tweet). from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "One in 10 LGBT Americans Married to Same-Sex Spouse". Gallup. 24 February 2021.
- ^ Yin, Karen (8 March 2016). "When Bisexual People Marry". Conscious Style Guide.
- ^ Fedorak, Shirley A. (2008). Anthropology matters!. [Toronto], Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. Ch. 11, p. 174. ISBN 978-1442601086.
- ^ a b Gough, Kathleen E. (January–June 1959). "The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 89 (1): 23–34. doi:10.2307/2844434. JSTOR 2844434.
- ^ Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (2001). Boy-wives and female husbands : studies of African homosexualities (1st pbk. ed.). New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0312238292. from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Njambi, Wairimu; O'Brien, William (Spring 2001). "Revisiting "Woman-Woman Marriage": Notes on Gikuyu Women". NWSA Journal. 12 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/nwsa.2000.0015. S2CID 144520611. from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ "Dictionaries take lead in redefining modern marriage". The Washington Times. 24 May 2004. from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- ^ "Webster Makes It Official: Definition of Marriage Has Changed". American Bar Association. from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Redman, Daniel (7 April 2009). "Noah Webster Gives His Blessing: Dictionaries recognize same-sex marriage—who knew?". Slate. from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Rabbi Joel Roth. Homosexuality 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine rabbinicalassembly.org 1992.
- ^ Martial 1.24 and 12.42; Juvenal 2.117–42. Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 28, 280; Karen K. Hersh, The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 36; Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 151ff.
- ^ Suetonius, Tacitus, Dio Cassius, and Aurelius Victor are the sources cited by Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279.
- ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 278–279, citing Dio Cassius and Aelius Lampridius.
- ^ a b Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 280.
- ^ William N. Eskridg Jr. and Christopher R. Riano, "Marriage Equality: From Outlaws to In-Laws", Yale University Press (2020), Chapter 24
- ^ "How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be". Harvard Magazine. March–April 2013. from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ Hari, Johann (Spring 2009). . Intelligent Life. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ^ Sullivan, Andrew (9 November 2012). "Here Comes the Groom". Slate. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ^ Rule, Sheila (2 October 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". The New York Times. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage around the world". CBC News. Toronto. 26 May 2009. from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "The Dutch went first in 2001; who has same-sex marriage now?". Associated Press. 28 April 2021. from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ "The Kathmandu Post". An initiative for marriage equality for the LGBTQIA+ community. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ Theil, Michele (16 February 2024). "This map shows you where same-sex marriage is legal around the world – and there's a long way to go". PinkNews. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "Information for couples marrying outside the Rabbinate" (PDF). Rackman Center. 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Presentarán iniciativa de ley para que el matrimonio igualitario sea legal en Honduras". 18 May 2022.
- ^ "Japan opposition party submits bill for same-sex marriage". Kyodo News. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- ^ LGBT Marriage News [@LGBTMarriage] (2 November 2022). "#LIECHTENSTEIN: Parliament votes 23-2 in support of motion calling on government to introduce #EqualMarriage. Government will now respond, possibly bringing in bill with consultation period, and likely eventually a referendum. #lgbt https://t.co/9b3zKXsYP8" (Tweet). Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Damon introduces legislation to recognize same-sex marriages on Navajo Nation". Navajo-Hopi Observer News. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Thailand's Cabinet approves a marriage equality bill to grant same-sex couples equal rights". Associated Press News. 21 November 2023.
- ^ . El Acarigueño (in Spanish). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ "Lithuanian MPs propose civil union as compromise on same-sex partnership". www.baltictimes.com. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- ^ "Presentan proyecto de ley sobre el matrimonio igualitario entre personas del mismo sexo". El Comercio. elcomercio.pe. 23 October 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- ^ Bordey, Hana (11 August 2022). "Padilla wants same-sex unions institutionalized". GMA News Online.
- ^ Tilles, Daniel (18 December 2023). "New Polish ruling coalition outlines plans to introduce same-sex unions". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Kholodnova, Anna (2 August 2022). "Zelensky responded to the petition on the legalization of same-sex marriages in Ukraine". Бабель.
- ^ Lavers, Michael K. (7 March 2023). "Ukrainian MP introduces bill to legally recognize same-sex couples". www.washingtonblade.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ Duffy, Nick (13 March 2015). "UKIP and Tories abstain on EU motion to recognise same-sex marriage". PinkNews. from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ "Texts adopted – Thursday, 12 March 2015 – Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter". European Parliament. from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ a b "HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights". from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ Buyse, Antoine (24 June 2010). "Strasbourg court rules that states are not obliged to allow gay marriage". The Guardian. from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- ^ Avram, Marieta (2016). Drept civil Familia [Civil law Family] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Hamangiu. ISBN 978-606-27-0609-8.
- ^ (PDF). ECHR.coe.int. European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". ECHR. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ Palazzo, Nausica (April 2023). "Fedotova and Others v. Russia : Dawn of a new era for European LGBTQ families?". Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 30 (2): 216–228. doi:10.1177/1023263X231195455. S2CID 261655476.
- ^ "EU court backs residency rights for gay couple in Romania". Associated Press. 5 June 2018. from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
- ^ "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules – BBC". BBC News. 5 June 2018. from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
- ^ "Texts adopted – LGBTIQ rights in the EU – Tuesday, 14 September 2021". European Parliament. from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. 14 September 2021. from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ "Major Advance for Marriage Equality and Gender Identity Rights in Latin America". San Francisco Bay Times. Sfbaytimes.com. 25 January 2018. from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Towle, Andy (13 November 2008). "NYC Protest and Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8". Towleroad. from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Pearson, Mary. . christiangays.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ Williams, Steve. "Which Countries Have Legalized Gay Marriage?". Care2.com (news.bbc.co.uk as source). from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. – Legilux". Eli.legilux.public.lu. from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité". Legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 12 March 2007. from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ "WETTEN, DECRETEN, ORDONNANTIES EN VERORDENINGEN LOIS, DECRETS, ORDONNANCES ET REGLEMENTS" (PDF). Ejustice.jkust.fgov.be. (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". Legislation.gov.uk. from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- ^ "Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships". National Conference of State Legislatures. from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ Ramstack, Tom (11 January 2010). . AHN. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010.
- ^ Gender and Language in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2013:35
- ^ Igwe, Leo (19 June 2009). . Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage and children's well-being: Research roundup". Journalist's Resource. 26 June 2015. from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- ^ Badgett, M.V. Lee; Carpenter, Christopher S.; Lee, Maxine J.; Sansone, Dario (2024). "A review of the effects of legal access to same-sex marriage". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. doi:10.1002/pam.22587.
- ^ a b Pawelski, J.G.; Perrin, E.C.; Foy, J.M.; Allen, C.E.; Crawford, J.E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J.D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J.L.; Vickers, D.L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. S2CID 219194821.
- ^ Herek, Gregory M. "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: A social science perspective." American Psychologist, Vol 61(6), September 2006, pp. 607–21.
- ^ Elaine Justice. "Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections". Emory University. from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ Peng, Handie. "The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Public Health and Welfare". Userwww.service.emory.edu. from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ Hasin, Deborah. "Lesbian, gay, bisexual individuals risk psychiatric disorders from discriminatory policies". Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ Mustanski, Brian (22 March 2010). "New study suggests bans on gay marriage hurt mental health of LGB people". Psychology Today. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ Raifman, Julia; Moscoe, Ellen; Austin, S. Bryn; McConnell, Margaret (2017). "Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts". JAMA Pediatrics. 171 (4): 350–356. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529. PMC 5848493. PMID 28241285.
- ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Legalization Linked to Reduction in Suicide Attempts Among High School Students". Johns Hopkins University. 20 February 2017. from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ^ Laurie, Timothy (3 June 2015). "Bigotry or biology: the hard choice for an opponent of marriage equality". The Drum. from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
- ^ Blankenhorn, David (19 September 2008). "Protecting marriage to protect children". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ . Family.findlaw.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. S2CID 219194821.
- ^ Lamb, Michael. "Expert Affidavit for U.S. District Court (D. Mass. 2009)" (PDF). Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Pediatricians: Gay Marriage Good for Kids' Health". news.discovery.com. 22 March 2013. from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and The American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiff-Appellees" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Herek, GM (September 2006). (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
- ^ Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (February 2010). (PDF). Journal of Marriage and Family. 72 (1): 3–22. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.593.4963. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ Goldberg, Abbie E. (February 2023). "LGBTQ-parent families: Diversity, intersectionality, and social context". Current Opinion in Psychology. 49: 101517. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101517. PMID 36502588. S2CID 253665001.
- ^ Leal, Daniela; Gato, Jorge; Coimbra, Susana; Freitas, Daniela; Tasker, Fiona (December 2021). "Social Support in the Transition to Parenthood Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Persons: A Systematic Review". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 18 (4): 1165–1179. doi:10.1007/s13178-020-00517-y. hdl:10216/132451.
same, marriage, marriage, equality, marriage, redirect, here, other, uses, marriage, equality, disambiguation, marriage, disambiguation, also, known, marriage, marriage, people, same, legal, 2024, update, marriage, between, same, couples, legally, performed, r. Marriage equality and gay marriage redirect here For other uses see marriage equality disambiguation and gay marriage disambiguation Same sex marriage also known as gay marriage is the marriage of two people of the same legal sex As of 2024 update marriage between same sex couples is legally performed and recognized in 36 countries 1 2 3 with a total population of 1 3 billion people 17 of the world s population The most recent country to legalise same sex marriage is Greece 4 Adoption rights are not necessarily covered though most states with same sex marriage allow those couples to jointly adopt as other married couples can In contrast 35 countries as of 2023 have definitions of marriage in their constitutions that prevent marriage between couples of the same sex most enacted in recent decades as a preventative measure Some other countries have constitutionally mandated Islamic law which is generally interpreted as prohibiting marriage between same sex couples In six of the former and most of the latter homosexuality itself is criminalized It is legally recognized in a large majority of the world s developed democracies notable exceptions are Italy Japan South Korea and the Czech Republic It is not yet recognized in any of the world s Islamic polities Some countries such as China and Russia restrict advocacy for same sex marriage 5 6 There are records of marriage between men dating back to the first century 7 The first same sex couple to be married legally in modern times were Michael McConnell and Jack Baker in 1971 in the United States they were married in the county of Blue Earth County Minnesota 8 The first law providing for marriage equality between same sex and opposite sex couples was passed in the continental Netherlands in 2000 and took effect on 1 April 2001 9 The application of marriage law equally to same sex and opposite sex couples has varied by jurisdiction and has come about through legislative change to marriage law court rulings based on constitutional guarantees of equality recognition that marriage of same sex couples is allowed by existing marriage law and by direct popular vote such as through referendums and initiatives 10 11 The most prominent supporters of same sex marriage are the world s major medical and scientific communities 12 13 14 along with human rights and civil rights organizations 15 while its most prominent opponents are religious fundamentalist groups 16 Polls consistently show continually rising support for the recognition of same sex marriage in all developed democracies and in many developing countries Scientific studies show that the financial psychological and physical well being of gay people are enhanced by marriage and that the children of same sex parents benefit from being raised by married same sex couples within a marital union that is recognized by law and supported by societal institutions Social science research indicates that the exclusion of same sex couples from marriage stigmatizes and invites public discrimination against gay and lesbian people with research repudiating the notion that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon restricting marriage to heterosexuals 17 18 19 Same sex marriage can provide those in committed same sex relationships with relevant government services and make financial demands on them comparable to that required of those in opposite sex marriages and also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights 20 Opposition is based on claims such as that homosexuality is unnatural and abnormal that the recognition of same sex unions will promote homosexuality in society and that children are better off when raised by opposite sex couples These claims are refuted by scientific studies which show that homosexuality is a natural and normal variation in human sexuality that sexual orientation is not a choice and that children of same sex couples fare just as well as the children of opposite sex couples 12 Contents 1 Terminology 1 1 Alternative terms 1 2 Use of the term marriage 2 History 2 1 Ancient 2 2 Contemporary 3 Timeline 4 Same sex marriage around the world 4 1 International court rulings 4 1 1 European Court of Human Rights 4 1 2 European Union 4 1 3 Inter American Court of Human Rights 5 Other arrangements 5 1 Civil unions 5 2 Non sexual same sex marriage 5 2 1 Kenya 5 2 2 Nigeria 6 Studies 6 1 Health 7 Issues 7 1 Parenting 7 1 1 Adoption 7 2 Transgender and intersex people 7 3 Divorce 7 4 Judicial and legislative 8 Public opinion 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External linksTerminologyAlternative terms nbsp Two men marry surrounded by wedding party in New Orleans United States on 11 November 2017 Some proponents of the legal recognition of same sex marriage such as Marriage Equality USA founded in 1998 Freedom to Marry founded in 2003 Canadians for Equal Marriage and Marriage for All Japan used the terms marriage equality and equal marriage to signal that their goal was for same sex marriage to be recognized on equal ground with opposite sex marriage 21 22 23 24 25 26 The Associated Press recommends the use of same sex marriage over gay marriage 27 In deciding whether to use the term gay marriage it may also be noted that not everyone in a same sex marriage is gay for example some are bisexual and therefore using the term gay marriage is sometimes considered erasure of such people 28 29 Use of the term marriage Anthropologists have struggled to determine a definition of marriage that absorbs commonalities of the social construct across cultures around the world 30 31 Many proposed definitions have been criticized for failing to recognize the existence of same sex marriage in some cultures including those of more than 30 African peoples such as the Kikuyu and Nuer 31 32 33 With several countries revising their marriage laws to recognize same sex couples in the 21st century all major English dictionaries have revised their definition of the word marriage to either drop gender specifications or supplement them with secondary definitions to include gender neutral language or explicit recognition of same sex unions 34 35 The Oxford English Dictionary has recognized same sex marriage since 2000 36 Opponents of same sex marriage who want marriage to be restricted to pairings of a man and a woman such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints the Catholic Church and the Southern Baptist Convention use the term traditional marriage to mean opposite sex marriage 16 HistoryMain article History of same sex unions For a chronological guide see Timeline of same sex marriage For broader coverage of this topic see History of homosexuality Ancient Further information Homosexuality in ancient Rome A reference to marriage between same sex couples appears in the Sifra which was written in the 3rd century CE The Book of Leviticus prohibited homosexual relations and the Hebrews were warned not to follow the acts of the land of Egypt or the acts of the land of Canaan Lev 18 22 20 13 The Sifra clarifies what these ambiguous acts were and that they included marriage between same sex couples A man would marry a man and a woman a woman a man would marry a woman and her daughter and a woman would be married to two men 37 A few scholars believe that in the early Roman Empire some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites in the presence of friends Male male weddings are reported by sources that mock them the feelings of the participants are not recorded 38 Various ancient sources state that the emperor Nero celebrated two public weddings with males once taking the role of the bride with a freedman Pythagoras and once the groom with Sporus there may have been a third in which he was the bride 39 In the early 3rd century AD the emperor Elagabalus is reported to have been the bride in a wedding to his male partner Other mature men at his court had husbands or said they had husbands in imitation of the emperor 40 Roman law did not recognize marriage between males but one of the grounds for disapproval expressed in Juvenal s satire is that celebrating the rites would lead to expectations for such marriages to be registered officially 41 As the empire was becoming Christianized in the 4th century legal prohibitions against marriage between males began to appear 41 Contemporary nbsp Newly married couple in Minnesota shortly after the legalization of same sex marriage in the United States 2015 The first same sex couple to be married legally in modern times were Michael McConnell and Jack Baker in 1971 in Hennepin County Minnesota 42 Historians variously trace the beginning of the modern movement in support of same sex marriage to anywhere from around the 1980s to the 1990s During the 1980s in the United States the AIDS epidemic led to increased attention on the legal aspects of same sex relationships 43 Andrew Sullivan made the first case for same sex marriage in a major American journal in 1989 44 published in The New Republic 45 In 1989 Denmark became the first country to legally recognize a relationship for same sex couples establishing registered partnerships which gave those in same sex relationships most rights of married heterosexuals but not the right to adopt or obtain joint custody of a child 46 In 2001 the continental Netherlands became the first country to broaden marriage laws to include same sex couples 9 47 Since then same sex marriage has been established by law in 34 other countries including most of the Americas and Western Europe Yet its spread has been uneven South Africa is the only country in Africa to take the step Taiwan the only one in Asia 48 49 TimelineMain article Timeline of same sex marriage The summary table below lists in chronological order the sovereign states the United Nations member states and Taiwan that have legalized same sex marriage As of 2024 36 states have legalized in some capacity the status of same sex marriage in Nepal is ambiguous 50 Dates are when marriages between same sex couples began to be officially certified or when local laws were passed if marriages were already legal under higher authority 2001 nbsp Netherlands 1 April 2002 2003 nbsp Belgium 1 June Ontario 10 June British Columbia 8 July 2004 Quebec 19 March Massachusetts 17 May Yukon 14 July Manitoba 16 September Nova Scotia 24 September Saskatchewan 5 November Newfoundland and Labrador 21 December 2005 New Brunswick 23 June nbsp Spain 3 July nbsp Canada nationwide 20 July 2006 nbsp South Africa 30 November 2007 2008 California June 16 repealed November 5 Connecticut 12 November 2009 nbsp Norway 1 January Iowa 27 April nbsp Sweden 1 May Coquille Indian Tribe 20 May Vermont 1 September 2010 New Hampshire 1 January District of Columbia 3 March Mexican Federal District 4 March Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation 29 April nbsp Portugal 5 June nbsp Iceland 27 June nbsp Argentina 22 July 2011 New York 24 July Suquamish Tribe 1 August Alagoas 7 December 2012 Quintana Roo 3 May nbsp Denmark 15 June Sergipe 5 July Santa Rita do Sapucai Minas Gerais 11 July Espirito Santo 15 August Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba 10 October Bahia 26 November Brazilian Federal District 1 December Washington 6 December Port Gamble S Klallam Tribe 9 December Piaui 15 December Maine 29 December 2013 Maryland 1 January Sao Paulo 16 February Ceara 15 March Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians 15 March Parana 26 March Mato Grosso do Sul 2 April Rondonia 26 April Santa Catarina 29 April Paraiba 29 April Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians 8 May nbsp Brazil nationwide 16 May nbsp France 18 May Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel 24 June California 28 June Delaware 1 July Minnesota 1 August Rhode Island 1 August Grand Portage Band of Chippewa 1 August nbsp Uruguay 5 August nbsp New Zealand 19 August Dona Ana County New Mexico 21 August Santa Fe County New Mexico 23 August Bernalillo County New Mexico 26 August San Miguel County New Mexico 27 August Valencia County New Mexico 27 August Taos County New Mexico 28 August Los Alamos County New Mexico 4 September Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 5 September Grant County New Mexico 9 September Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 18 October New Jersey 21 October Blue Lake Rancheria 1 November Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe 15 November Hawaii 2 December New Mexico statewide 19 December 2014 Cook County Illinois 21 February nbsp nbsp England and Wales 13 March South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13 March Oregon 19 May Pennsylvania 20 May Illinois statewide 1 June Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3 June British Indian Ocean Territory 3 June Puyallup Tribe of Indians 9 July Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 16 July Confederated Tribes of Coos Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians 10 August Coahuila 17 September Oklahoma 6 October Virginia 6 October Utah 6 October Indiana 6 October Wisconsin 6 October Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 6 October Colorado 7 October West Virginia 9 October Nevada 9 October Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes 9 October North Carolina 10 October Alaska 12 October Idaho 15 October Arizona 17 October Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation 17 October Pascua Yaqui Tribe 17 October Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community 17 October San Carlos Apache Tribe 17 October Yavapai Apache Nation 17 October Wyoming 21 October St Louis Missouri 5 November St Louis County Missouri 6 November Jackson County Missouri 7 November Douglas County Kansas 12 November Sedgwick County Kansas 12 November Eastern Shoshone Tribe 14 November Northern Arapaho Tribe 14 November Montana 19 November Blackfeet Nation 19 November South Carolina 20 November Keweenaw Bay Indian Community 13 December nbsp Scotland 16 December 2015 nbsp Luxembourg 1 January Miami Dade County Florida 5 January Florida statewide 6 January Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska 24 February Pitcairn Islands 14 May Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians 15 May Guam 9 June Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin 10 June Chihuahua 12 June nbsp United States nationwide 26 June Northern Mariana Islands 30 June Sault Ste Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians 7 July United States Virgin Islands 9 July Puerto Rico 13 July Santiago de Queretaro Queretaro 21 July Hannahville Indian Community 3 August White Mountain Apache Tribe 9 September nbsp Ireland 16 November Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon 18 November Nayarit 23 December 2016 Stockbridge Munsee Community Band of Mohican Indians 2 February nbsp Greenland 1 April nbsp Colombia 28 April Tulalip Tribes of Washington 6 May Jalisco statewide 12 May Campeche 20 May Colima 12 June Michoacan 23 June Morelos 5 July nbsp Isle of Man 22 July San Pedro Cholula Puebla 18 September British Antarctic Territory 13 October Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin 3 November Cherokee Nation 9 December Gibraltar 15 December 2017 Ascension Island 1 January Amealco de Bonfil Queretaro 4 January Cadereyta de Montes Queretaro 4 January Ezequiel Montes Queretaro 4 January Huimilpan Queretaro 4 January Pedro Escobedo Queretaro 4 January San Joaquin Queretaro 4 January Toliman Queretaro 4 January nbsp Finland 1 March Osage Nation 20 March Prairie Island Indian Community 22 March Falkland Islands 29 April Guernsey 2 May Bermuda 5 May repealed 1 June 2018 Ho Chunk Nation of Wisconsin 5 June nbsp Faroe Islands 1 July Tristan da Cunha 4 August nbsp Malta 1 September nbsp Germany 1 October Ak Chin Indian Community 25 October Baja California 3 November nbsp Australia 9 December Saint Helena 20 December 2018 Puebla statewide 16 February Chiapas 11 May Alderney 14 June Jersey 1 July Oaxaca 26 August Ponca Tribe of Nebraska 27 August Bermuda 23 November repealed 14 March 2022 2019 nbsp Austria 1 January Zacatecas Zacatecas 14 February Cuauhtemoc Zacatecas 1 March Villanueva Zacatecas 20 May San Luis Potosi 21 May nbsp Taiwan 24 May Nuevo Leon 31 May Hidalgo 11 June Baja California Sur 29 June Miguel Auza Zacatecas by 5 July nbsp Ecuador 8 July Oglala Sioux Tribe 8 July Bay Mills Indian Community 8 July Colorado River Indian Tribes 8 August Aguascalientes 16 August 2020 Northern Ireland final jurisdiction in the nbsp United Kingdom 13 January Sark 23 April nbsp Costa Rica 26 May Fresnillo Zacatecas 3 July Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians 6 August Tlaxcala 25 December 2021 Sinaloa 30 June Sonora 22 October Queretaro statewide 13 November Guanajuato 20 December Zacatecas statewide 30 December 2022 Yucatan 4 March nbsp Chile 10 March Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska 11 April Chickasaw Nation 18 April Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians 25 May Veracruz 13 June nbsp Switzerland 1 July nbsp Slovenia 9 July Durango 19 September nbsp Cuba 27 September Tabasco 27 October State of Mexico 2 November Tamaulipas 19 November Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe 21 December Guerrero statewide final jurisdiction in nbsp Mexico 31 December 2023 nbsp Andorra 17 February Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi 16 March Choctaw Nation 23 May nbsp Nepal 29 November a 2024 nbsp Estonia 1 January nbsp Greece 16 February Same sex marriage around the worldMain articles Legal status of same sex marriage Same sex union legislation and Recognition of same sex unions by country Same sex marriage is legally performed and recognized in 36 countries Andorra Argentina Australia b Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark c Ecuador d Estonia Finland France e Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Luxembourg Malta Mexico f the Netherlands g New Zealand h Norway Portugal Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan the United Kingdom i the United States j and Uruguay 3 Same sex marriage performed remotely or abroad is recognized with full marital rights by Israel 51 nbsp Marriage open to same sex couples rings individual cases Civil unions or domestic partnerships Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same sex marriage but marriage is not yet provided for Same sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed remotely or abroad Neither same sex marriage nor civil unions allowed allows unregistered cohabitation legal guardianship Nonbinding certification Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions residency rights for spouses Country subject to an international court ruling to recognize same sex marriage Same sex unions not legally recognized Same sex marriage is under consideration by the legislature or the courts in Aruba Curacao Honduras 52 Japan 53 Liechtenstein 54 the Navajo Nation 55 Nepal Thailand 56 and Venezuela 57 Civil unions are being considered in a number of countries including Lithuania 58 Peru 59 the Philippines 60 Poland 61 and Ukraine 62 63 On 12 March 2015 the European Parliament passed a non binding resolution encouraging EU institutions and member states to reflect on the recognition of same sex marriage or same sex civil union as a political social and human and civil rights issue 64 65 In 2018 the Inter American Court of Human Rights ruled that all signatory countries must allow same sex marriage In response to the international spread of same sex marriage a number of countries have enacted preventative constitutional bans with the most recent being Russia in 2020 and Mali and Tuvalu in 2023 In other countries such restrictions and limitations are effected through legislation Even before same sex marriage was first legislated some countries had constitutions that specified that marriage was between a man and a woman nbsp Same sex marriage banned by secular constitution Same sex marriage banned by constitutionally mandated Islamic law or morality Same sex marriage banned for Muslims No constitutional ban International court rulings European Court of Human Rights In 2010 the European Court of Human Rights ECHR ruled in Schalk and Kopf v Austria a case involving an Austrian same sex couple who were denied the right to marry 66 The court found by a vote of 4 to 3 that their human rights had not been violated 67 The court further stated that same sex unions are not protected under art 12 of ECHR Right to marry which exclusively protects the right to marry of opposite sex couples without regard if the sex of the partners is the result of birth or of sex change but they are protected under art 8 of ECHR Right to respect for private and family life and art 14 Prohibition of discrimination 68 Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family according to the national laws governing the exercise of this right 69 not limiting marriage to those in a heterosexual relationship However the ECHR stated in Schalk and Kopf v Austria that this provision was intended to limit marriage to heterosexual relationships as it used the term men and women instead of everyone 66 Nevertheless the court accepted and is considering cases concerning same sex marriage recognition e g Andersen v Poland 70 In 2021 the court ruled in Fedotova and Others v Russia followed by later judgements concerning other member states that countries must provide some sort of legal recognition to same sex couples although not necessarily marriage 71 European Union Further information Coman and Others v General Inspectorate for Immigration and Ministry of the Interior On 5 June 2018 the European Court of Justice ruled in a case from Romania that under the specific conditions of the couple in question married same sex couples have the same residency rights as other married couples in an EU country even if that country does not permit or recognize same sex marriage 72 73 However the ruling was not implemented in Romania and on 14 September 2021 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European Commission to ensure that the ruling is respected across the EU 74 75 Inter American Court of Human Rights nbsp Alexandra Chavez and Michelle Aviles the first same sex couple to marry in Ecuador On 8 January 2018 the Inter American Court of Human Rights IACHR ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legal recognition of same sex marriage The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in the other signatory countries The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees recognizing same sex marriage until new legislation is brought in Among states without same sex marriage the ruling applies to Barbados Bolivia the Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru and Suriname citation needed The Court said that governments must recognize and guarantee all the rights that are derived from a family bond between people of the same sex They also said that it was inadmissible and discriminatory for a separate legal provision to be established such as civil unions instead of same sex marriage 76 The ruling has directly led to the legal recognition of same sex marriage in Costa Rica and Ecuador citation needed Other arrangementsCivil unions Main article Civil union nbsp Many advocates such as this November 2008 protester at a demonstration in New York City against California Proposition 8 reject the notion of civil unions describing them as inferior to the legal recognition of same sex marriage 77 Civil union civil partnership domestic partnership registered partnership unregistered partnership and unregistered cohabitation statuses offer varying legal benefits of marriage As of 29 April 2024 countries that have an alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage on a national level are Bolivia Croatia Cyprus the Czech Republic Hungary Israel registered foreign marriage and domestic common law marriage Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Monaco Montenegro and San Marino 78 79 Poland and Slovakia offer more limited rights On a subnational level the Dutch constituent country of Aruba allows same sex couples to access civil unions or partnerships but restrict marriage to couples of the opposite sex Additionally various cities and counties in Cambodia and Japan offer same sex couples varying levels of benefits which include hospital visitation rights and others Additionally eighteen countries that have legally recognized same sex marriage also have an alternative form of recognition for same sex couples usually available to heterosexual couples as well Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador France Greece Luxembourg Malta the Netherlands Portugal South Africa Spain the United Kingdom and Uruguay 80 81 82 83 They are also available in parts of the United States Arizona k California Colorado Hawaii Illinois New Jersey Nevada and Oregon and Canada 84 85 Non sexual same sex marriage Kenya Main article LGBT rights in Kenya Female same sex marriage is practiced among the Gikuyu Nandi Kamba Kipsigis and to a lesser extent neighboring peoples About 5 10 of women are in such marriages However this is not seen as homosexual but is instead a way for families without sons to keep their inheritance within the family 86 Nigeria Main article Recognition of same sex unions in Nigeria Among the Igbo people and probably other peoples in the south of the country there are circumstances where a marriage between women is considered appropriate such as when a woman has no child and her husband dies and she takes a wife to perpetuate her inheritance and family lineage 87 StudiesThe American Anthropological Association stated on 26 February 2004 The results of more than a century of anthropological research on households kinship relationships and families across cultures and through time provide no support whatsoever for the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution Rather anthropological research supports the conclusion that a vast array of family types including families built upon same sex partnerships can contribute to stable and humane societies 19 Research findings from 1998 to 2015 from the University of Virginia Michigan State University Florida State University the University of Amsterdam the New York State Psychiatric Institute Stanford University the University of California San Francisco the University of California Los Angeles Tufts University Boston Medical Center the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and independent researchers also support the findings of this study 88 vague The overall socio economic and health effects of legal access to same sex marriage around the world have been summarized by Badgett and co authors 89 The review found that sexual minority individuals took up legal marriage when it became available to them but at lower rates than different sex couples There is instead no evidence that same sex marriage legalization affected different sex marriages On the health side same sex marriage legalization increased health insurance coverage for individuals in same sex couples in the US and it led to improvements in sexual health among men who have sex with men while there is mixed evidence on mental health effects among sexual minorities In addition the study found mixed evidence on a range of downstream social outcomes such as attitudes toward LGBTQ people and employment choices of sexual minorities Health As of 2006 update the data of current psychological and other social science studies on same sex marriage in comparison to mixed sex marriage indicate that same sex and mixed sex relationships do not differ in their essential psychosocial dimensions that a parent s sexual orientation is unrelated to their ability to provide a healthy and nurturing family environment and that marriage bestows substantial psychological social and health benefits Same sex parents and carers and their children are likely to benefit in numerous ways from legal recognition of their families and providing such recognition through marriage will bestow greater benefit than civil unions or domestic partnerships 90 91 needs update Studies in the United States have correlated legalization of same sex marriage to lower rates of HIV infection 92 93 psychiatric disorders 94 95 and suicide rate in the LGBT population 96 97 IssuesSee also LGBT rights opposition While few societies have recognized same sex unions as marriages needs update the historical and anthropological record reveals a large range of attitudes towards same sex unions ranging from praise through full acceptance and integration sympathetic toleration indifference prohibition and discrimination to persecution and physical annihilation citation needed Opponents of same sex marriages have argued that same sex marriage while doing good for the couples that participate in them and the children they are raising 98 undermines a right of children to be raised by their biological mother and father 99 Some supporters of same sex marriages take the view that the government should have no role in regulating personal relationships 100 while others argue that same sex marriages would provide social benefits to same sex couples l The debate regarding same sex marriages includes debate based upon social viewpoints as well as debate based on majority rules religious convictions economic arguments health related concerns and a variety of other issues citation needed Parenting Main articles LGBT parenting and Same sex marriage and the family nbsp Gay couple with a child Scientific literature indicates that parents financial psychological and physical well being is enhanced by marriage and that children benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally recognized union either a mixed sex or same sex union As a result professional scientific associations have argued for same sex marriage to be legally recognized as it will be beneficial to the children of same sex parents or carers 13 14 101 102 103 Scientific research has been generally consistent in showing that lesbian and gay parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents and their children are as psychologically healthy and well adjusted as children reared by heterosexual parents 14 103 104 105 According to scientific literature reviews there is no evidence to the contrary 90 106 107 108 needs update Compared to heterosexual couples same sex couples have a greater need for adoption or assisted reproductive technology to become parents Lesbian couples often use artificial insemination to achieve pregnancy and reciprocal in vitro fertilization where one woman provides the egg and the other gestates the child is becoming more popular in the 2020s although many couples cannot afford it Surrogacy is an option for wealthier gay male couples but the cost is prohibitive Other same sex couples adopt children or raise the children from earlier opposite sex relationships 109 110 Adoption Main article LGBT adoption nbsp Legal status of adoption by same sex couples around the world Joint adoption allowed Second parent stepchild adoption allowed No laws allowing adoption by same sex couples and no same sex marriage Same sex marriage but adoption by married same sex couples not allowed All states that allow same sex marriage also allow the joint adoption of children by those couples with the exceptions of Nepal Ecuador and a third of states in Mexico though such restrictions have been ruled unconstitutional in Mexico In addition Bolivia Croatia Israel and Liechtenstein which do not recognize same sex marriage nonetheless permit joint adoption by unmarried same sex couples Some additional states that do not recognize same sex marriage allow stepchild adoption by couples in civil unions include Italy on a case by case basis and San Marino citation needed Transgender and intersex people This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page May 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message See also Transgender rights and Intersex human rights The legal status of same sex marriage may have implications for the marriages of couples in which one or both parties are transgender depending on how sex is defined within a jurisdiction Transgender and intersex individuals may be prohibited from marrying partners of the opposite sex or permitted to marry partners of the same sex due to legal distinctions citation needed In any legal jurisdiction where marriages are defined without distinction of a requirement of a male and female these complications do not occur In addition some legal jurisdictions recognize a legal and official change of gender which would allow a transgender male or female to be legally married in accordance with an adopted gender identity 111 In the United Kingdom the Gender Recognition Act 2004 allows a person who has lived in their chosen gender for at least two years to receive a gender recognition certificate officially recognizing their new gender Because in the United Kingdom marriages were until recently only for mixed sex couples and civil partnerships are only for same sex couples a person had to dissolve their civil partnership before obtaining a gender recognition certificate citation needed and the same was formerly true for marriages in England and Wales and still is in other territories Such people are then free to enter or re enter civil partnerships or marriages in accordance with their newly recognized gender identity In Austria a similar provision requiring transsexual people to divorce before having their legal sex marker corrected was found to be unconstitutional in 2006 112 In Quebec prior to the legalization of same sex marriage only unmarried people could apply for legal change of gender With the advent of same sex marriage this restriction was dropped A similar provision including sterilization also existed in Sweden but was phased out in 2013 113 In the United States transgender and intersex marriages was subject to legal complications 114 As definitions and enforcement of marriage are defined by the states these complications vary from state to state 115 as some of them prohibit legal changes of gender 116 Divorce Main article Divorce of same sex couples In the United States before the case of Obergefell v Hodges couples in same sex marriages could only obtain a divorce in jurisdictions that recognized same sex marriages with some exceptions 117 Judicial and legislative Main article Conflict of marriage laws Same sex marriage There are differing positions regarding the manner in which same sex marriage has been introduced into democratic jurisdictions A majority rules position holds that same sex marriage is valid or void and illegal based upon whether it has been accepted by a simple majority of voters or of their elected representatives 118 In contrast a civil rights view holds that the institution can be validly created through the ruling of an impartial judiciary carefully examining the questioning and finding that the right to marry regardless of the gender of the participants is guaranteed under the civil rights laws of the jurisdiction 15 Public opinionSee also Public opinion of same sex marriage in the United States and Public opinion of same sex marriage in Australia nbsp Public opinion of same sex marriage Fraction in favor 119 5 6 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 6 lt 1 6 no polls Numerous polls and studies on the issue have been conducted A trend of increasing support for same sex marriage has been revealed across many countries of the world often driven in large part by a generational difference in support Polling that was conducted in developed democracies in this century shows a majority of people in support of same sex marriage Support for same sex marriage has increased across every age group political ideology religion gender race and region of various developed countries in the world 120 121 122 123 124 needs update Various detailed polls and studies on same sex marriage that were conducted in several countries show that support for same sex marriage significantly increases with higher levels of education and is also significantly stronger among younger generations with a clear trend of continually increasing support 125 Greater support with youth Pew Research polling results from 32 countries found 21 with statistically higher support for same sex marriage among those under 35 than among those over 35 in 2022 2023 Countries with the greatest absolute difference are placed to the left in the following chart Countries without a significant generational difference are placed to the right 125 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Taiw Mex Sing ROK HK Gre Pol Viet Thai Jap Cam Braz USA Arg Ital Oz S Af Sri Lanka Keny Swed Malay Neth Spa Fran Germ Cana UK India Isra Hung Indo Nigeria over 35 additional support from those under 35 A 2016 survey by the Varkey Foundation found similarly high support of same sex marriage 63 among 18 21 year olds in an online survey of 18 countries around the world 126 127 128 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Germ Cana Oz UK NZ Fran Ital Arg USA Braz Chin S Af India Jap Isra ROK Turk Nigeria The sampling error is approx 4 for Nigeria and 3 for the other countries Because of legal constraints the question on same sex marriage was not asked in the survey countries of Russia and Indonesia Opinion polls for same sex marriage by country Same sex marriage performed nationwide Same sex marriage performed in some parts of the country Civil unions or registered partnerships nationwide Civil unions or registered partnerships pending Same sex sexual activity is illegal Country Pollster Year For m Against m Neither n Marginof error Ref nbsp Andorra Institut d Estudis Andorrans 2013 70 79 19 21 11 129 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda AmericasBarometer 2017 12 130 nbsp Argentina Ipsos 2023 70 81 16 8 support some rights 19 14 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 67 72 26 28 7 3 6 132 nbsp Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3 3 96 97 1 3 133 134 nbsp Aruba 2021 46 135 nbsp Australia Ipsos 2023 63 70 27 16 support some rights 30 10 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 75 77 23 2 3 6 132 nbsp Austria Eurobarometer 2019 66 69 30 31 4 136 nbsp Bahamas AmericasBarometer 2015 11 137 nbsp Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16 16 81 84 3 4 133 134 nbsp Belgium Ipsos 2023 72 81 17 9 support some rights 19 10 not sure 3 5 131 nbsp Belize AmericasBarometer 2014 8 137 nbsp Bolivia AmericasBarometer 2017 35 65 1 0 130 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina Pew Research Center 2015 2016 13 14 84 87 4 4 133 134 nbsp Brazil Ipsos 2023 51 64 29 15 support some rights 36 20 not sure 3 5 o 131 Pew Research Center 2023 52 57 40 43 8 3 6 132 nbsp Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2019 16 18 74 82 10 136 nbsp Cambodia Pew Research Center 2023 57 58 42 1 132 nbsp Canada Ipsos 2023 69 80 17 7 support some rights 20 15 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 79 84 15 16 6 3 6 132 nbsp Chile Ipsos 2023 65 73 24 18 support some rights 27 12 3 5 131 nbsp China Ipsos 2021 43 52 39 20 support some rights 48 18 not sure 3 5 o 138 nbsp Colombia Ipsos 2023 49 60 33 21 support some rights 40 18 131 nbsp Costa Rica CIEP 2018 35 64 1 139 nbsp Croatia Eurobarometer 2019 39 41 55 59 6 136 nbsp Cuba Apretaste 2019 63 37 140 nbsp Cyprus Eurobarometer 2019 36 38 60 62 4 136 nbsp Czech Republic Median agency 2019 67 141 nbsp Denmark Eurobarometer 2019 89 92 8 8 3 136 nbsp Dominica AmericasBarometer 2017 10 90 1 1 130 nbsp Dominican Republic CDN 37 2018 45 55 142 nbsp Ecuador AmericasBarometer 2019 23 31 51 69 26 143 nbsp El Salvador Universidad Francisco Gavidia 2021 82 5 144 nbsp Estonia HumanrightsEE 2023 53 58 39 42 8 145 nbsp Finland Eurobarometer 2019 76 78 21 22 3 136 nbsp France Ipsos 2023 66 73 25 15 support some rights 27 9 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 82 85 14 15 4 3 6 132 nbsp Georgia Women s Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10 12 75 88 15 146 nbsp Germany Ipsos 2023 62 71 25 12 support some rights 29 14 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 80 82 18 2 3 6 132 nbsp Greece Pew Research Center 2023 48 49 49 51 3 3 6 132 Eurobarometer 2023 57 59 40 41 3 147 nbsp Grenada AmericasBarometer 2017 12 88 1 4 c 130 nbsp Guatemala AmericasBarometer 2017 23 77 1 1 130 nbsp Guyana AmericasBarometer 2017 21 79 1 3 137 nbsp Haiti AmericasBarometer 2017 5 95 0 3 130 nbsp Honduras CID Gallup 2018 17 18 75 82 8 148 nbsp Hong Kong Pew Research Center 2023 58 59 40 41 2 132 nbsp Hungary Ipsos 2023 47 57 36 20 support some rights 43 18 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 31 33 64 67 5 3 6 132 nbsp Iceland Gallup 2006 89 11 149 nbsp India Pew Research Center 2023 53 55 43 45 4 3 6 132 nbsp Indonesia Pew Research Center 2023 5 92 95 3 3 6 132 nbsp Ireland Ipsos 2023 64 72 25 13 support some rights 28 11 131 nbsp Israel Pew Research Center 2023 36 39 56 61 8 3 6 132 nbsp Italy Ipsos 2023 61 67 30 21 support some rights 33 9 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 73 75 25 2 3 6 132 nbsp Jamaica AmericasBarometer 2017 16 84 1 0 130 nbsp Japan Kyodo News 2023 64 72 25 28 11 150 Asahi Shimbun 2023 72 80 18 20 10 151 Ipsos 2023 38 49 40 31 support some rights 51 22 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 68 72 26 28 6 2 75 132 nbsp Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7 7 89 93 4 133 134 nbsp Kenya Pew Research Center 2023 9 90 91 1 3 6 132 nbsp Latvia Eurobarometer 2019 24 26 70 74 6 136 nbsp Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72 28 0 152 nbsp Lithuania Eurobarometer 2019 30 32 63 68 7 136 nbsp Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2019 85 90 9 10 6 136 nbsp Malaysia Pew Research Center 2023 17 82 83 1 132 nbsp Malta Eurobarometer 2019 67 73 25 27 8 136 nbsp Mexico Ipsos 2023 58 67 28 17 support some rights 33 14 not sure 4 8 o 131 Pew Research Center 2023 63 66 32 34 5 3 6 132 nbsp Moldova Pew Research Center 2015 5 5 92 95 3 4 133 134 nbsp Mozambique 3 cities Lambda 2017 28 32 60 68 12 153 nbsp Netherlands Ipsos 2023 80 85 14 6 support some rights 15 7 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 89 90 10 1 3 6 132 nbsp New Zealand Ipsos 2023 70 78 20 11 support some rights 22 9 3 5 131 nbsp Nicaragua AmericasBarometer 2017 25 75 1 0 130 nbsp Nigeria Pew Research Center 2023 2 97 98 1 3 6 132 nbsp Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72 79 19 21 9 133 134 nbsp Panama AmericasBarometer 2017 22 78 1 1 130 nbsp Paraguay AmericasBarometer 2017 26 74 0 9 130 nbsp Peru Ipsos 2023 41 51 40 24 support some rights 49 19 3 5 o 131 nbsp Philippines SWS 2018 22 26 61 73 16 154 nbsp Poland Ipsos 2023 32 36 57 35 support some rights 64 11 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 41 43 54 57 5 3 6 132 United Surveys by IBRiS 2024 50 55 41 45 9 155 nbsp Portugal Ipsos 2023 80 84 15 11 support some rights 16 5 131 nbsp Romania Ipsos 2023 25 30 59 26 support some rights 70 17 3 5 131 nbsp Russia Ipsos 2021 17 21 64 12 support some rights 79 20 not sure 4 8 o 138 FOM 2019 7 8 85 92 8 3 6 156 nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis AmericasBarometer 2017 9 91 1 0 130 nbsp Saint Lucia AmericasBarometer 2017 11 89 0 9 130 nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines AmericasBarometer 2017 4 96 0 6 130 nbsp Serbia Civil Rights Defender 2020 26 3 33 157 nbsp Singapore Ipsos 2023 32 39 50 23 support some rights 61 19 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 45 47 51 53 4 132 nbsp Slovakia Focus 2024 36 38 60 62 4 158 nbsp Slovenia Eurobarometer 2019 62 64 35 36 3 136 nbsp South Africa Ipsos 2023 57 66 29 10 support some rights 34 14 3 5 o 131 Pew Research Center 2023 38 39 59 61 3 3 6 132 nbsp South Korea Ipsos 2023 35 45 42 18 support some rights 55 23 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 41 42 56 58 3 132 nbsp Spain Ipsos 2023 78 82 17 12 support some rights 18 5 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 87 90 10 3 3 6 132 nbsp Sri Lanka Pew Research Center 2023 23 25 69 75 8 132 nbsp Suriname AmericasBarometer 2014 18 137 nbsp Sweden Ipsos 2023 75 82 16 7 support some rights 18 9 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 92 94 6 2 3 6 132 nbsp Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54 61 34 16 support some rights 39 13 not sure 3 5 131 nbsp Taiwan CNA 2023 63 37 159 Pew Research Center 2023 45 51 43 49 12 132 nbsp Thailand Ipsos 2023 55 65 29 18 support some rights 35 16 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 60 65 32 35 8 132 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago AmericasBarometer 2014 16 137 nbsp Turkey Ipsos 2023 20 28 52 22 support some rights 72 28 not sure 3 5 o 131 nbsp Ukraine Rating 2023 37 47 42 53 22 1 5 160 nbsp United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77 84 15 16 8 161 Ipsos 2023 64 70 27 14 support some rights 30 9 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 74 77 22 23 4 3 6 132 nbsp United States Ipsos 2023 54 64 31 14 support some rights 36 15 not sure 3 5 131 Pew Research Center 2023 63 65 34 35 3 3 6 132 nbsp Uruguay Equipos Consultores 2019 78 68 20 32 2 162 nbsp Venezuela Equilibrium Cende 2023 55 63 32 37 13 163 nbsp Vietnam Pew Research Center 2023 65 68 30 32 5 132 See also nbsp LGBT portal nbsp Human sexuality portal nbsp Law portal LGBT rights by country or territory List of same sex married couples Religion and sexuality Legal status of same sex marriage Societal attitudes toward homosexualityNotes Unclear if same sex marriage rights are available nationwide Same sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in continental Australia and in the non self governing possessions of Norfolk Island Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands which follow Australian law Same sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in continental Denmark the Faroe Islands and Greenland which together make up the Realm of Denmark Same sex marriage is performed and recognized throughout Ecuador but such couples are not considered married for purposes of adoption and may not adopt children Same sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in metropolitan France and in all French overseas regions and possessions which follow a single legal code Same sex marriage is available in all jurisdictions though the process is not everywhere as straightforward as it is for opposite sex marriage and does not always include adoption rights Same sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in the continental Netherlands as well as in the Caribbean municipalities of Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba Marriages entered into there have minimal recognition in Aruba Curacao and Sint Maarten which together make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands Same sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in New Zealand proper but not in its possession of Tokelau nor in the Cook Islands and Niue which make up the Realm of New Zealand Same sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all parts of the United Kingdom and in its non Caribbean possessions but not in its Caribbean possessions namely Anguilla Bermuda the British Virgin Islands the Cayman Islands Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands Same sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all fifty states of the US and in the District of Columbia in all overseas territories except American Samoa and in all tribal nations that do not have their own marriage laws as well as in most nations that do The largest of the dozen or so known exceptions among the federal reservations are Navajo and Gila River and the largest among the shared sovereignty Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Areas are the Creek and Citizen Potawatomi These polities ban same sex marriage and do not recognize marriages from other jurisdictions though members may still marry under state law and be accorded all the rights of marriage under state and federal law Legally available in the Arizona municipalities of Bisbee Clarkdale Cottonwood Jerome Sedona and Tucson Dale Carpenter is a prominent spokesman for this view For a better understanding of this view see Carpenter s writings at Dale Carpenter Independent Gay Forum Archived from the original on 17 November 2006 Retrieved 31 October 2006 a b Because some polls do not report neither those that do are listed with simple yes no percentages in parentheses so their figures can be compared Comprises Neutral Don t know No answer Other Refused a b c d e f g more urban educated than representative References Greek parliament approves legalisation of same sex civil marriage euronews 15 February 2024 Retrieved 16 February 2024 Same sex marriage by country Equaldex Retrieved 29 April 2024 a b Marriage Equality Around the World Human Rights Campaign Retrieved 3 February 2024 Greece legalises same sex marriage BBC 16 February 2024 Retrieved 16 February 2024 VERPOEST LIEN 2017 The End of Rhetorics LGBT policies in Russia and the European Union Studia Diplomatica 68 4 3 20 ISSN 0770 2965 JSTOR 26531664 Huang Wen 4 January 2001 Gayness as a Western disease Bay Area Reporter Vol 31 no 1 Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research Retrieved 31 August 2020 Williams CA Roman Homosexuality Second Edition Oxford University Press 2009 p 280 p 284 William N Eskridg Jr and Christopher R Riano Marriage Equality From Outlaws to In Laws Yale University Press 2020 Chapter 24 a b Winter Caroline 4 December 2014 In 14 years same sex marriage has spread round the world Bloomberg Archived from the original on 13 January 2022 Retrieved 20 February 2022 Same sex Oklahoma couple marries legally under tribal law KOCO 26 September 2013 Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 22 October 2013 Clela Rorex former Boulder County Clerk who issued first same sex marriage license in 1975 dies at 78 19 June 2022 a b Multiple sources Coghlan Andy 16 June 2008 Gay brains structured like those of the opposite sex New Scientist Archived from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 5 April 2018 Lamanna Mary Ann Riedmann Agnes Stewart Susan D 2014 Marriages Families and Relationships Making Choices in a Diverse Society Cengage Learning p 82 ISBN 978 1305176898 Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2016 T he APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice American Psychological Association 2010 Pawelski J G Perrin E C Foy J M Allen C E Crawford J E Del Monte M Kaufman M Klein J D Smith K Springer S Tanner J L Vickers D L 2006 The Effects of Marriage Civil Union and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well being of Children Pediatrics 118 1 349 364 doi 10 1542 peds 2006 1279 PMID 16818585 S2CID 219194821 Archived from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 2 November 2013 American Medical Association American Academy of Pediatrics American Psychological Association American Psychiatric Association American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy National Association of Social Workers American Psychoanalytic Association American Academy of Family Physicians et al Brief of medical organizations as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners PDF supremecourt gov Archived from the original PDF on 12 April 2019 Retrieved 5 April 2018 Bever Lindsey 7 July 2014 Children of same sex couples are happier and healthier than peers research shows The Washington Post Archived from the original on 4 May 2019 Retrieved 12 December 2018 Pawelski James G Perrin Ellen C Foy Jane M Allen Carole E Crawford James E Del Monte Mark Kaufman Miriam Klein Jonathan D Smith Karen Springer Sarah Tanner J Lane Vickers Dennis L July 2006 The Effects of Marriage Civil Union and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well being of Children Pediatrics 118 1 American Academy of Pediatrics 349 64 doi 10 1542 peds 2006 1279 PMID 16818585 S2CID 219194821 Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 16 June 2019 In fact growing up with parents who are lesbian or gay may confer some advantages to children a b Brief of the American Psychological Association The California Psychological Association the American Psychiatric Association and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff appellees Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No 09 CV 2292 VRW Honorable Vaughn R Walker PDF Archived PDF from the original on 13 April 2015 Retrieved 5 November 2010 a b c Marriage of Same Sex Couples 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association PDF 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 19 April 2009 a b Mirchandani Rajesh 12 November 2008 Divisions persist over gay marriage ban BBC News Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 Retrieved 18 December 2008 a b The Divine Institution of Marriage The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints 13 August 2008 Archived from the original on 11 June 2019 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Multiple sources Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage PDF American Psychological Association 2004 Archived from the original PDF on 11 May 2011 Retrieved 10 November 2010 Brief of the American Psychological Association The California Psychological Association the American Psychiatric Association and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff appellees Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No 09 CV 2292 VRW Honorable Vaughn R Walker PDF Archived PDF from the original on 13 April 2015 Retrieved 5 November 2010 Marriage of Same Sex Couples 2006 Position Statement PDF Canadian Psychological Association Archived from the original PDF on 7 July 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Pawelski JG Perrin EC Foy JM et al July 2006 The effects of marriage civil union and domestic partnership laws on the health and well being of children Pediatrics 118 1 349 64 doi 10 1542 peds 2006 1279 PMID 16818585 S2CID 219194821 Pawelski J G Perrin E C Foy J M Allen C E Crawford J E Del Monte M Kaufman M Klein J D Smith K Springer S Tanner J L Vickers D L 2006 The Effects of Marriage Civil Union and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well being of Children Pediatrics 118 1 349 364 doi 10 1542 peds 2006 1279 PMID 16818585 S2CID 219194821 Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 7 July 2017 Brief of Amici Curiae American Anthropological Association et al supporting plaintiffs appellees and urging affirmance Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No 09 CV 2292 VRW Honorable Vaughn R Walker PDF Archived PDF from the original on 26 December 2010 Retrieved 5 November 2010 a b American Anthropological Association 2004 Statement on Marriage and the Family Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 Retrieved 18 September 2015 Handbook of Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender Administration and Policy Page 13 Wallace Swan 2004 Marriage Equality Garden State Equality Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 Retrieved 24 July 2012 Marriage 101 Freedom to Marry Archived from the original on 16 February 2010 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Pratt Patricia 29 May 2012 Albany area real estate and the Marriage Equality Act Albany Examiner Retrieved 25 December 2012 On July 24 2011 the Marriage Equality Act became a law in New York State forever changing the state s legal view of what a married couple is Vote on Illinois marriage equality bill coming in January sponsors Chicago Phoenix 13 December 2012 Archived from the original on 26 December 2012 Retrieved 23 December 2012 Mulholland Helene 27 September 2012 Ed Miliband calls for gay marriage equality The Guardian London UK Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2012 Ring Trudy 20 December 2012 Newt Gingrich Marriage Equality Inevitable OK The Advocate Los Angeles Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 Retrieved 25 December 2012 He Newt Gingrich noted to HuffPo that he not only has a lesbian half sister LGBT rights activist Candace Gingrich but has gay friends who ve gotten married in Iowa where their unions are legal Public opinion has shifted in favor of marriage equality he said and the Republican Party could end up on the wrong side of history if it continues to go against the tide APStylebook APStylebook 12 February 2019 The term same sex marriage is preferred over gay marriage In places where it s legal same sex marriage is no different from other marriages so the term should be used only when germane and needed to distinguish from marriages between heterosexual couples APStyleChat Tweet Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 Retrieved 13 December 2022 via Twitter One in 10 LGBT Americans Married to Same Sex Spouse Gallup 24 February 2021 Yin Karen 8 March 2016 When Bisexual People Marry Conscious Style Guide Fedorak Shirley A 2008 Anthropology matters Toronto Ont University of Toronto Press pp Ch 11 p 174 ISBN 978 1442601086 a b Gough Kathleen E January June 1959 The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 89 1 23 34 doi 10 2307 2844434 JSTOR 2844434 Murray Stephen O Roscoe Will 2001 Boy wives and female husbands studies of African homosexualities 1st pbk ed New York St Martin s ISBN 978 0312238292 Archived from the original on 4 February 2021 Retrieved 28 October 2020 Njambi Wairimu O Brien William Spring 2001 Revisiting Woman Woman Marriage Notes on Gikuyu Women NWSA Journal 12 1 1 23 doi 10 1353 nwsa 2000 0015 S2CID 144520611 Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Dictionaries take lead in redefining modern marriage The Washington Times 24 May 2004 Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2012 Webster Makes It Official Definition of Marriage Has Changed American Bar Association Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Redman Daniel 7 April 2009 Noah Webster Gives His Blessing Dictionaries recognize same sex marriage who knew Slate Archived from the original on 17 September 2011 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Rabbi Joel Roth Homosexuality Archived 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine rabbinicalassembly org 1992 Martial 1 24 and 12 42 Juvenal 2 117 42 Williams Roman Homosexuality pp 28 280 Karen K Hersh The Roman Wedding Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity Cambridge University Press 2010 p 36 Caroline Vout Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome Cambridge University Press 2007 pp 151ff Suetonius Tacitus Dio Cassius and Aurelius Victor are the sources cited by Williams Roman Homosexuality p 279 Williams Roman Homosexuality pp 278 279 citing Dio Cassius and Aelius Lampridius a b Williams Roman Homosexuality p 280 William N Eskridg Jr and Christopher R Riano Marriage Equality From Outlaws to In Laws Yale University Press 2020 Chapter 24 How Same Sex Marriage Came to Be Harvard Magazine March April 2013 Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 28 March 2015 Hari Johann Spring 2009 Andrew Sullivan Thinking Out Loud Intelligent Life Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 Retrieved 24 October 2013 Sullivan Andrew 9 November 2012 Here Comes the Groom Slate Retrieved 24 October 2013 Rule Sheila 2 October 1989 Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark The New York Times Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2013 Same sex marriage around the world CBC News Toronto 26 May 2009 Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 Retrieved 6 October 2009 The Dutch went first in 2001 who has same sex marriage now Associated Press 28 April 2021 Archived from the original on 21 August 2021 Retrieved 21 August 2021 The Kathmandu Post An initiative for marriage equality for the LGBTQIA community Retrieved 3 February 2024 Theil Michele 16 February 2024 This map shows you where same sex marriage is legal around the world and there s a long way to go PinkNews Retrieved 16 February 2024 Information for couples marrying outside the Rabbinate PDF Rackman Center 2018 Retrieved 10 November 2023 Presentaran iniciativa de ley para que el matrimonio igualitario sea legal en Honduras 18 May 2022 Japan opposition party submits bill for same sex marriage Kyodo News 6 March 2023 Retrieved 31 May 2023 LGBT Marriage News LGBTMarriage 2 November 2022 LIECHTENSTEIN Parliament votes 23 2 in support of motion calling on government to introduce EqualMarriage Government will now respond possibly bringing in bill with consultation period and likely eventually a referendum lgbt https t co 9b3zKXsYP8 Tweet Retrieved 13 December 2022 via Twitter Damon introduces legislation to recognize same sex marriages on Navajo Nation Navajo Hopi Observer News Retrieved 30 August 2023 Thailand s Cabinet approves a marriage equality bill to grant same sex couples equal rights Associated Press News 21 November 2023 Diputada plantea iniciativa para el matrimonio civil igualitario en la Asamblea Nacional El Acarigueno in Spanish 24 February 2022 Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 Retrieved 17 April 2022 Lithuanian MPs propose civil union as compromise on same sex partnership www baltictimes com Retrieved 23 May 2022 Presentan proyecto de ley sobre el matrimonio igualitario entre personas del mismo sexo El Comercio elcomercio pe 23 October 2021 Retrieved 28 June 2022 Bordey Hana 11 August 2022 Padilla wants same sex unions institutionalized GMA News Online Tilles Daniel 18 December 2023 New Polish ruling coalition outlines plans to introduce same sex unions Notes From Poland Retrieved 13 January 2024 Kholodnova Anna 2 August 2022 Zelensky responded to the petition on the legalization of same sex marriages in Ukraine Babel Lavers Michael K 7 March 2023 Ukrainian MP introduces bill to legally recognize same sex couples www washingtonblade com Retrieved 8 March 2023 Duffy Nick 13 March 2015 UKIP and Tories abstain on EU motion to recognise same sex marriage PinkNews Archived from the original on 9 August 2015 Retrieved 26 July 2015 Texts adopted Thursday 12 March 2015 Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter European Parliament Archived from the original on 7 August 2015 Retrieved 26 July 2015 a b HUDOC European Court of Human Rights Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 Retrieved 26 July 2015 Buyse Antoine 24 June 2010 Strasbourg court rules that states are not obliged to allow gay marriage The Guardian Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 8 November 2013 Avram Marieta 2016 Drept civil Familia Civil law Family in Romanian Bucharest Editura Hamangiu ISBN 978 606 27 0609 8 European Convention on Human Rights PDF ECHR coe int European Court of Human Rights Archived from the original PDF on 3 July 2014 Retrieved 25 July 2015 HUDOC European Court of Human Rights ECHR Retrieved 21 July 2022 Palazzo Nausica April 2023 Fedotova and Others v Russia Dawn of a new era for European LGBTQ families Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 30 2 216 228 doi 10 1177 1023263X231195455 S2CID 261655476 EU court backs residency rights for gay couple in Romania Associated Press 5 June 2018 Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Retrieved 6 June 2018 Same sex spouses have EU residence rights top court rules BBC BBC News 5 June 2018 Archived from the original on 8 May 2019 Retrieved 6 June 2018 Texts adopted LGBTIQ rights in the EU Tuesday 14 September 2021 European Parliament Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 16 September 2021 MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same sex partners in EU The Guardian 14 September 2021 Archived from the original on 14 September 2021 Retrieved 16 September 2021 Major Advance for Marriage Equality and Gender Identity Rights in Latin America San Francisco Bay Times Sfbaytimes com 25 January 2018 Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 Towle Andy 13 November 2008 NYC Protest and Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8 Towleroad Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Pearson Mary Where is Gay Marriage Legal christiangays com Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 Retrieved 20 February 2012 Williams Steve Which Countries Have Legalized Gay Marriage Care2 com news bbc co uk as source Archived from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 20 February 2012 Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets legaux de certains partenariats Legilux Eli legilux public lu Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 Retrieved 7 July 2017 Loi n 99 944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarite Legifrance gouv fr in French 12 March 2007 Archived from the original on 16 August 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2017 WETTEN DECRETEN ORDONNANTIES EN VERORDENINGEN LOIS DECRETS ORDONNANCES ET REGLEMENTS PDF Ejustice jkust fgov be Archived PDF from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2017 Civil Partnership Act 2004 Legislation gov uk Archived from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 5 July 2017 Same Sex Marriage Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships National Conference of State Legislatures Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2012 Ramstack Tom 11 January 2010 Congress Considers Outcome of D C Gay Marriage Legislation AHN Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 Gender and Language in Sub Saharan Africa 2013 35 Igwe Leo 19 June 2009 Tradition of same gender marriage in Igboland Nigerian Tribune Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 Same sex marriage and children s well being Research roundup Journalist s Resource 26 June 2015 Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 Retrieved 29 December 2015 Badgett M V Lee Carpenter Christopher S Lee Maxine J Sansone Dario 2024 A review of the effects of legal access to same sex marriage Journal of Policy Analysis and Management doi 10 1002 pam 22587 a b Pawelski J G Perrin E C Foy J M Allen C E Crawford J E Del Monte M Kaufman M Klein J D Smith K Springer S Tanner J L Vickers D L 2006 The Effects of Marriage Civil Union and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well being of Children Pediatrics 118 1 349 64 doi 10 1542 peds 2006 1279 PMID 16818585 S2CID 219194821 Herek Gregory M Legal recognition of same sex relationships in the United States A social science perspective American Psychologist Vol 61 6 September 2006 pp 607 21 Elaine Justice Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections Emory University Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 Retrieved 5 November 2010 Peng Handie The Effect of Same Sex Marriage Laws on Public Health and Welfare Userwww service emory edu Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 Retrieved 11 February 2012 Hasin Deborah Lesbian gay bisexual individuals risk psychiatric disorders from discriminatory policies Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Archived from the original on 27 February 2013 Retrieved 20 September 2012 Mustanski Brian 22 March 2010 New study suggests bans on gay marriage hurt mental health of LGB people Psychology Today Retrieved 8 November 2010 Raifman Julia Moscoe Ellen Austin S Bryn McConnell Margaret 2017 Difference in Differences Analysis of the Association Between State Same Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts JAMA Pediatrics 171 4 350 356 doi 10 1001 jamapediatrics 2016 4529 PMC 5848493 PMID 28241285 Same Sex Marriage Legalization Linked to Reduction in Suicide Attempts Among High School Students Johns Hopkins University 20 February 2017 Archived from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 8 June 2018 Laurie Timothy 3 June 2015 Bigotry or biology the hard choice for an opponent of marriage equality The Drum Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 Retrieved 4 June 2015 Blankenhorn David 19 September 2008 Protecting marriage to protect children Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 4 September 2009 Retrieved 6 October 2009 See discussion of prenuptial and postmarital agreements at Findlaw Family findlaw com Archived from the original on 25 October 2010 Retrieved 5 November 2010 Pawelski JG Perrin EC Foy JM et al July 2006 The effects of marriage civil union and domestic partnership laws on the health and well being of children Pediatrics 118 1 349 64 doi 10 1542 peds 2006 1279 PMID 16818585 S2CID 219194821 Lamb Michael Expert Affidavit for U S District Court D Mass 2009 PDF Gay amp Lesbian Advocates amp Defenders Archived PDF from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 24 July 2012 a b Pediatricians Gay Marriage Good for Kids Health news discovery com 22 March 2013 Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 Retrieved 11 April 2013 Elizabeth Short Damien W Riggs Amaryll Perlesz Rhonda Brown Graeme Kane Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender LGBT Parented Families A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2011 Retrieved 5 November 2010 Brief of the American Psychological Association The California Psychological Association The American Psychiatric Association and The American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiff Appellees PDF United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Archived PDF from the original on 13 April 2015 Retrieved 28 September 2012 Herek GM September 2006 Legal recognition of same sex relationships in the United States a social science perspective PDF The American Psychologist 61 6 607 21 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 61 6 607 PMID 16953748 Archived from the original PDF on 10 June 2010 Biblarz Timothy J Stacey Judith February 2010 How Does the Gender of Parents Matter PDF Journal of Marriage and Family 72 1 3 22 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 593 4963 doi 10 1111 j 1741 3737 2009 00678 x Archived from the original PDF on 12 May 2013 Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association 2 June 2005 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 October 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2018 Goldberg Abbie E February 2023 LGBTQ parent families Diversity intersectionality and social context Current Opinion in Psychology 49 101517 doi 10 1016 j copsyc 2022 101517 PMID 36502588 S2CID 253665001 Leal Daniela Gato Jorge Coimbra Susana Freitas Daniela Tasker Fiona December 2021 Social Support in the Transition to Parenthood Among Lesbian Gay and Bisexual Persons A Systematic Review Sexuality Research and Social Policy 18 4 1165 1179 doi 10 1007 s13178 020 00517 y hdl 10216 132451 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,