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Corylus avellana

January 07, 2023

Corylus avellana, the common hazel, is a species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae. It is native to Europe and western Asia. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, the poles cut being used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.

Corylus avellana
Leaves and nuts
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Betulaceae
Genus: Corylus
Species:
C. avellana
Binomial name
Corylus avellana
Distribution map

Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts. The name hazelnut applies to the nuts of any species in the genus Corylus, but in commercial settings a hazelnut is usually that of C. avellana. This hazelnut or cob nut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The cob is round, compared with the longer filbert nut.

Description

Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching 3–8 metres (10–26 feet) tall, but can reach 15 m (49 ft). The leaves are deciduous, rounded, 6–12 centimetres (2+1⁄2–4+1⁄2 inches) long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red 1–3 millimetres (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long styles visible. The fruit is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, 15–20 mm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long and 12–20 mm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) broad (larger, up to 25 mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination.[2][3][4]

It is readily distinguished from the closely related filbert (Corylus maxima) by the short involucre; in the filbert the nut is fully enclosed by a beak-like involucre longer than the nut.[2]

  •  

    Male catkins

  •  

    Female flower

  •  

    C. avellana 'Heterophylla'

Taxonomy

The scientific name avellana derives from the town of Avella in Italy,[5] and was selected by Linnaeus from Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), where the species was described as "Avellana nux sylvestris" ("wild nut of Avella").[6] That name was taken in turn from Pliny the Elder's first century A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.[7]

Distribution

Corylus avellana occurs from the British Isles south to Iberia, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, north to central Scandinavia, and east to the central Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, and northwestern Iran.[2][8][3]

Ecology

See also: List of Lepidoptera that feed on hazels

The leaves provide food for many animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella. Caterpillars of the concealer moth Alabonia geoffrella have been found feeding inside dead common hazel twigs.

The fruit are possibly even more important animal food, both for invertebrates adapted to circumvent the shell (usually by ovipositing in the female flowers, which also gives protection to the offspring) and for vertebrates which manage to crack them open (such as squirrels and corvids). Both are considered pests by hazelnut growers.

Cultivation

 
Corylus avellana 'Contorta'

There are many cultivars of the hazel, including Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, England, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, and Willamette.[9] Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut including large nut size, and early and late fruiting cultivars, whereas other are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts.[9] Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert.[4]

The following ornamental cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-

Uses

According to the New Sunset Western Garden Book, the European hazelnut is among the most widely grown hazelnut plants for commercial nut production.[12]

This shrub is common in many European woodlands. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, the poles cut being used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.[2]

Hazelnuts

 
Hazelnuts
Main article: Hazelnut

Hazelnuts are rich in protein and unsaturated fat. They also contain significant amounts of manganese, copper, vitamin E, thiamine, and magnesium.[13]

Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts in commercial orchards in Europe, Turkey, Iran and Caucasus. The name "hazelnut" applies to the nuts of any of the species of the genus Corylus. This hazelnut or cobnut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin which has a bitter flavour and is sometimes removed before cooking. The top producer of hazelnuts, by a large margin, is Turkey, specifically the Giresun Province. Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 tonnes accounts for approximately 75% of worldwide production.[14]

References

  1. ^ Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). "Corylus avellana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T63521A3125935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  3. ^ a b Trees for Life Hazel species profile 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Flora of NW Europe: Corylus avellana 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Mitchell, A. F. (1982). The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-219037-0
  6. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum p. 998.
  7. ^ "LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23". penelope.uchicago.edu.
  8. ^ Den Virtuella Floran: map
  9. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  10. ^ "Corylus avellana 'Contorta'". RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  11. ^ "Corylus avellana 'Red Majestic'". RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  12. ^ "Hazelnut Plants". Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  13. ^ SELF Nutrition data, Nuts, hazelnuts or filberts. Accessed 2014-08-22.
  14. ^ World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook, USDA 2004.

External links

January 07, 2023
corylus, avellana, common, hazel, species, flowering, plant, birch, family, betulaceae, native, europe, western, asia, important, component, hedgerows, that, were, traditional, field, boundaries, lowland, england, wood, traditionally, grown, coppice, poles, be. Corylus avellana the common hazel is a species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae It is native to Europe and western Asia It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England The wood was traditionally grown as coppice the poles cut being used for wattle and daub building and agricultural fencing Corylus avellanaLeaves and nutsConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FagalesFamily BetulaceaeGenus CorylusSpecies C avellanaBinomial nameCorylus avellanaL Distribution mapCommon hazel is cultivated for its nuts The name hazelnut applies to the nuts of any species in the genus Corylus but in commercial settings a hazelnut is usually that of C avellana This hazelnut or cob nut the kernel of the seed is edible and used raw or roasted or ground into a paste The cob is round compared with the longer filbert nut Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation 6 Uses 6 1 Hazelnuts 7 References 8 External linksDescription EditCommon hazel is typically a shrub reaching 3 8 metres 10 26 feet tall but can reach 15 m 49 ft The leaves are deciduous rounded 6 12 centimetres 2 1 2 4 1 2 inches long and across softly hairy on both surfaces and with a double serrate margin The flowers are produced very early in spring before the leaves and are monoecious with single sex wind pollinated catkins Male catkins are pale yellow and 5 12 cm long while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red 1 3 millimetres 1 16 1 8 in long styles visible The fruit is a nut produced in clusters of one to five together each nut held in a short leafy involucre husk which encloses about three quarters of the nut The nut is roughly spherical to oval 15 20 mm 5 8 3 4 in long and 12 20 mm 1 2 3 4 in broad larger up to 25 mm long in some cultivated selections yellow brown with a pale scar at the base The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe about 7 8 months after pollination 2 3 4 It is readily distinguished from the closely related filbert Corylus maxima by the short involucre in the filbert the nut is fully enclosed by a beak like involucre longer than the nut 2 Male catkins Female flower C avellana Heterophylla Taxonomy EditThe scientific name avellana derives from the town of Avella in Italy 5 and was selected by Linnaeus from Leonhart Fuchs s De historia stirpium commentarii insignes 1542 where the species was described as Avellana nux sylvestris wild nut of Avella 6 That name was taken in turn from Pliny the Elder s first century A D encyclopedia Naturalis Historia 7 Distribution EditCorylus avellana occurs from the British Isles south to Iberia Italy Greece Turkey and Cyprus north to central Scandinavia and east to the central Ural Mountains the Caucasus and northwestern Iran 2 8 3 Ecology EditSee also List of Lepidoptera that feed on hazels The leaves provide food for many animals including Lepidoptera such as the case bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella Caterpillars of the concealer moth Alabonia geoffrella have been found feeding inside dead common hazel twigs The fruit are possibly even more important animal food both for invertebrates adapted to circumvent the shell usually by ovipositing in the female flowers which also gives protection to the offspring and for vertebrates which manage to crack them open such as squirrels and corvids Both are considered pests by hazelnut growers Cultivation Edit Corylus avellana Contorta There are many cultivars of the hazel including Barcelona Butler Casina Clark Cosford Daviana Delle Langhe England Ennis Fillbert Halls Giant Jemtegaard Kent Cob Lewis Tokolyi Tonda Gentile Tonda di Giffoni Tonda Romana Wanliss Pride and Willamette 9 Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut including large nut size and early and late fruiting cultivars whereas other are grown as pollinators The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts 9 Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert 4 The following ornamental cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit Contorta 10 corkscrew hazel Harry Lauder s walking stick Red Majestic 11 Uses EditAccording to the New Sunset Western Garden Book the European hazelnut is among the most widely grown hazelnut plants for commercial nut production 12 This shrub is common in many European woodlands It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England The wood was traditionally grown as coppice the poles cut being used for wattle and daub building and agricultural fencing 2 Hazelnuts Edit Hazelnuts Main article Hazelnut Hazelnuts are rich in protein and unsaturated fat They also contain significant amounts of manganese copper vitamin E thiamine and magnesium 13 Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts in commercial orchards in Europe Turkey Iran and Caucasus The name hazelnut applies to the nuts of any of the species of the genus Corylus This hazelnut or cobnut the kernel of the seed is edible and used raw or roasted or ground into a paste The seed has a thin dark brown skin which has a bitter flavour and is sometimes removed before cooking The top producer of hazelnuts by a large margin is Turkey specifically the Giresun Province Turkish hazelnut production of 625 000 tonnes accounts for approximately 75 of worldwide production 14 References Edit Shaw K Roy S Wilson B 2014 Corylus avellana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e T63521A3125935 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2014 3 RLTS T63521A3125935 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b c d Rushforth K 1999 Trees of Britain and Europe Collins ISBN 0 00 220013 9 a b Trees for Life Hazel species profile Archived 2013 03 29 at the Wayback Machine a b Flora of NW Europe Corylus avellana Archived 2008 05 02 at the Wayback Machine Mitchell A F 1982 The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe Collins ISBN 0 00 219037 0 Linnaeus C 1753 Species Plantarum p 998 LacusCurtius Pliny the Elder s Natural History Book 23 penelope uchicago edu Den Virtuella Floran map a b Huxley A ed 1992 New RHS Dictionary of Gardening Macmillan ISBN 0 333 47494 5 Corylus avellana Contorta RHS Retrieved 27 September 2020 Corylus avellana Red Majestic RHS Retrieved 27 September 2020 Hazelnut Plants Retrieved 2017 01 27 SELF Nutrition data Nuts hazelnuts or filberts Accessed 2014 08 22 World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook USDA 2004 External links Edit Media related to Corylus avellana at Wikimedia Commons Corylus avellana information genetic conservation units and related resources European Forest Genetic Resources Programme EUFORGEN Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Corylus avellana amp oldid 1115762723, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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