Volga Türki
The Volga Turki language was a literary language used by some ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region (Tatars and Bashkirs) from the Middle Ages until the 19th century.
| Volga Turki | |
|---|---|
| Old Tatar Old Bashkir | |
| ترکی | |
| Region | Volga region, Ural region |
| Ethnicity | Volga Tatars, Bashkirs |
Turkic
| |
Early form | |
| Arabic alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Volga Turki is a member of the Kipchak (or Northwestern) group of Turkic languages, although it is partly derived from the ancient Bulgar language (the first poem, considered to be written by Qul Ghali in Volga Turki dates back to Volga Bulgaria's epoch). It included many Persian and Arabic loans.
In its written form the language was spelled uniformly among different ethnic groups, speaking different Turkic languages of the Kipchak group, but pronunciation differed from one people to another, approximating to the spoken language, making this written form universal for different languages. The main reason for this universal usage was that the principal differences between the languages of the Kipchak group are in the pronunciation of the vowels, which was not adequately represented by the Arabic script.
The language formerly used the Arabic script and later its variant İske imlâ. The Volga Turki language is a language of Idel-Ural poetry and literature. With the Ottoman Turkish, Azeri, Kipchak,[1] Khaqani Turkic[2] and Chagatai, they were the only Turkic literary languages used in the Middle Ages. It was actively used in publishing until 1905, when the first Tatar and Bashkir newspaper started being published in modern Tatar and Bashkir language, which until then had been used only in a spoken form.
Alphabet edit
| Name | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Modern Cyrillic Bashkir alphabet | Modern Latin Bashkir alphabet | IPA | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | әлиф əlif | آ | ـا | آ | а | a | ɑ | ||
| 2 | әлиф əlif | ا | – | ا | ә, э, ы, и | ə, i, ı, e | æ | ||
| 3 | би be | ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | б | b | b | |
| 4 | пи pe | پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | п | p | p | |
| 5 | ти te | ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | т | t | t | |
| 6 | си se | ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ҫ | s | s, θ | Only in borrowings from Arabic, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification |
| 7 | жим jem | ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ж, й | j, y | ʑ, j | |
| 8 | чи çe | چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | ш, с | ş, s | ɕ, s | |
| 9 | хи xe | ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | х | x | χ | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 10 | хи xe | خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | х | x | χ | |
| 11 | дәл dəl | د | ـد | د | д | d | d | ||
| 12 | зәл zəl | ذ | ـذ | ذ | ҙ | ð | z, ð | Only in Arabic loanwords, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification | |
| 13 | ра ra | ر | ـر | ر | р | r | ɾ | ||
| 14 | зи ze | ز | ـز | ز | з | z | z | ||
| 15 | жи je | ژ | ـژ | ژ | ж | j | ʒ | Only in Persian and Russian borrowings | |
| 16 | син sin | س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | с, ҫ | s, c | s | |
| 17 | шин şin | ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ш | ş | ʃ | |
| 18 | сад sad | ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | с | s | s | |
| 19 | дад, зад dad, zad | ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | д, з | d, z | d, z | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 20 | ты tı | ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | т | t | t | |
| 21 | зы zı | ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | з, ҙ | z, ð | z, ð | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 22 | ғәйн ğəyn | ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ғ | ğ | ʁ | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 23 | ғайн ğəyn | غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | ғ | ğ | ʁ | |
| 24 | фи fe | ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ф | f | f | Only in borrowings from Arabic and European languages |
| 25 | ҡаф qaf | ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ҡ | q | q | |
| 26 | каф kaf | ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | к | k | k | |
| 27 | гаф gaf | گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | г | g | g | |
| 28 | һаңғырау каф hañğıraw kaf | ڭ / نگ | ـڭ / ـنگ | ـڭـ / ـنگـ | — | ң | ñ | ŋ | Initial form was never used due to phonetic reasons |
| 29 | ләм läm | ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | л | l | l | |
| 30 | мим mim | م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | м | m | m | |
| 31 | нүн nun | ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | н | n | n | |
| 32 | һа ha | ه | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | һ, ә | h, ə | h | |
| 33 | уау waw | و | ـو | و | в, у, о, ө, ү | w, o, u, ü, ö | ʊ/ʏ, o/ɵ, u | Alternative Cyrillic transcription: ў, у, о | |
| 34 | вау vaw | ۋ | ـۋ | ۋ | в | v | v | Only in borrowings from European languages | |
| 35 | йа ya | ی | ـی | ـیـ | یـ | й, и, э, ы | y, e, i, ı | e, i, ɪ, ɯ | |
References edit
- ^ "Memorials – written monuments of Turkic languages". unesco.kz. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Outstanding examples of the Uighur Middle Age literature are Yusuf Balasaghuni Qutatqu Bilik (Wisdom Of Royal Glory) (1069–70) and Mahmut Kashgari Divan-i Lugat-it Türk (Dictionary of Turkic Dialects) (1072)
Sources edit
- "Eski Başqurt Əzəbiy Tili/Иҫке башҡорт әҙәби теле". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.