İske imlâ alphabet

İske imlâ (İske imlâ: ايسكي املا‎, Tatar: Иске имля, pronounced [isˈke imˈlʲæ], "Old Orthography") is a variant of the Arabic script, used for the Tatar language before 1920, as well as for the Old Tatar language. This alphabet can be referred to as "old" only to contrast it with Yaña imlâ.

İske imlâ
Script type	Alphabet with some elements of an abjad
Time period	Circa 1870 to 1920
Languages	Tatar, experimental usage for the Bashkir
Related scripts
Parent systems	Phoenician Aramaic Arabic Persian Chagatay İske imlâ
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Additional characters that could not be found in Arabic and Persian were borrowed from the Chagatai language. The final alphabet was reformed by Qayum Nasiri in the 1870s. In 1920, it was replaced by the Yaña imlâ (which was not an Abjad, but derived from the same source).

This alphabet is currently used by Chinese Tatars, who speak an archaic variant of the Tatar language.

Description

 

The word Qazan – قازان is written in Yaña imlâ in the semblance of a Zilant

 

Cover of Tatar primer for the Russians in Arabic script from 1778. Хальфин, Сагит. Азбука татарского языка. — М., 1778. — 52 с.

 

Dini kitaplar (Religious books) written in Cyrillic and İske imlâ. İske imlâ is frequently used for Tatar among Muslim clergy.

 

Another example of modern use of Arabic script in Tatar: telephone token, used in mid 1990s in Kazan telephone network. The word Kazan is written in Russian (Казань) and Tatar, İske imlâ (قزان).

Use of the Arabic script for Tatar was linked to Pan Islam and anti-Sovietism, with the old traditional class promoting Arabic script in opposition to the Soviets.^[1]

Based on the standard Arabic alphabet, İske imlâ reflected all vowels in the beginning and end of a word and back vowels in the middle of a word with letters, but front vowels in the middle of a word, as in most Arabic alphabets, were optionally reflected using harakat (diacritics on top of or below consonants). Just as in standard Arabic orthography, letters Alif, Yāʼ and Waw were used to represent all vowels in the beginning and end of a word and back vowels in the middle of a word, with various harakat on top or below them and in these cases the letters actually denoted a vowel. The same harakat that combined with the afore-mentioned letters to make vowels were used in the middle of a word on top of or below a consonant to represent a front vowel. However, the following pairs/triplets of Tatar vowels were represented by the same harakat, because Arabic language only uses 3 of them to represent vowels which can be either back or front depending on whether they are applied to Alif, Yāʼ and Waw or another letter (plus Alif madda represents a [ʔæː] in the beginning of a word): ı, e, í and i were represented with kasra, whereas ö and ü were represented with damma. O and U also looked the same, but being back vowels, they were represented with the help of Alif and Waw and thus were distinct from ö and ü. Fatḥah represented only one vowel. While the user had to make a conversion of writing into pronunciation, somewhat akin to English, this allowed for more similar orthography between Turkic languages, because words looked more similar even when vowels vary, such as in cases of variations like ö to ü, o to u, or e to i.

Yaña imlâ added separate letters for vowels and thus broke out with standard Arabic alphabets, but spelling followed no standard convention. During that period, the Tatar language had no borrowed vowels and consonants, so Arab loanwords were pronounced using the closest Tatar consonants (see table). European and Russian loanwords were pronounced according to how they could be written with the İske imlâ, so that, for example, "equator" was spelled "ikwatur".

The alphabet

	Name	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial	Modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet	Modern Latin Tatar alphabet	IPA	Notes
1	әлиф älif	آ‎	ـا‎		آ‎	а	a	ɑ, ʌ
2	әлиф älif	ا‎	ـا‎		ا‎	ә	ä	æ, ə
3	би bi	ب‎	ـب‎	ـبـ‎	بـ‎	б	b	b
4	пи pi	پ‎	ـپ‎	ـپـ‎	پـ‎	п	p	p
5	ти ti	ت‎	ـت‎	ـتـ‎	تـ‎	т	t	t
6	си si	ث‎	ـث‎	ـثـ‎	ثـ‎	с	s	s	In Bashkir language: ҫ (ś) /θ/
7	җим cim	ج‎	ـج‎	ـجـ‎	جـ‎	җ	c	ʑ
8	чи çi	چ‎	ـچ‎	ـچـ‎	چـ‎	ч	ç	ɕ, t͡ʃ
9	хи xi	ح‎	ـح‎	ـحـ‎	حـ‎	х	x	x
10	хи xı	خ‎	ـخ‎	ـخـ‎	خـ‎	х	x	x
11	дәл däl	د‎	ـد‎		د‎	д	d	d
12	зәл zäl	ذ‎	ـذ‎		ذ‎	з	z	z	In Bashkir language and some dialects: ҙ (ź) /ð/
13	ра ra	ر‎	ـر‎		ر‎	р	r	r
14	зи zi	ز‎	ـز‎		ز‎	з	z	z
15	же jé	ژ‎	ـژ‎		ژ‎	ж	j	ʒ
16	син, сен sin, sen	س‎	ـس‎	ـسـ‎	سـ‎	с	s	s
17	шин şın	ش‎	ـش‎	ـشـ‎	شـ‎	ш	ş	ʃ
18	сад sad	ص‎	ـص‎	ـصـ‎	صـ‎	с	s	s
19	дад, зад dad, zad	ض‎	ـض‎	ـضـ‎	ضـ‎	д, з	d, z	d, z
20	ти tí	ط‎	ـط‎	ـطـ‎	طـ‎	т	t	t
21	зи zí	ظ‎	ـظ‎	ـظـ‎	ظـ‎	з	z	z
22	гәйн ğäyn	ع‎	ـع‎	ـعـ‎	عـ‎	г(ъ)	ğ	ɣ	Alternative Cyrillic transcription: ғ
23	гайн ğayn	غ‎	ـغ‎	ـغـ‎	غـ‎	г(ъ)	ğ	ɣ	Alternative Cyrillic transcription: ғ
24	фи fi	ف‎	ـف‎	ـفـ‎	فـ‎	ф	f	f
25	каф qaf	ق‎	ـق‎	ـقـ‎	قـ‎	к(ъ)	q	q	Alternative Cyrillic transcription: қ In Bashkir language: ҡ
26	каф kaf	ك‎	ـك‎	ـكـ‎	كـ‎	к	k	k
27	гаф gaf	گ‎	ـگ‎	ـگـ‎	گـ‎	г	g	g
28	эң eñ	ڭ‎	ـڭ‎	ـڭـ‎	ڭـ‎	ң	ñ	ŋ	Initial form was never used due to phonetic reasons
29	ләм läm	ل‎	ـل‎	ـلـ‎	لـ‎	л	l	l
30	мим mim	م‎	ـم‎	ـمـ‎	مـ‎	м	m	m
31	нүн nün	ن‎	ـن‎	ـنـ‎	نـ‎	н	n	n
32	һа ha	ه‎	ـه‎	ـهـ‎	هـ‎	һ	h	h
33	уау waw	و‎	ـو‎		و‎	в, у, о	w, u, o	u/y, o/ø	Alternative Cyrillic transcription: ў, у, о
34	вау vaw	ۋ‎	ـۋ‎		ۋ‎	в	v	v, w	Corresponds to в in Bashkir alphabet
35	йа ya	ی‎	ـی‎	ـیـ‎	یـ‎	й, и, ый	y, í, i	ɤ, ɨ

Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

İske imlâ	Cyrillic	Latin (Zamanälif)	English translation
بارلق كشیلر دا آزاد هم اوز آبرويلري هم حقوقلری یاغیننن تینک بولیپ طوالر. آلرغا عقل هم وجدان برلگان هم بر-برسینا قراطا طوغاننرچا مناسبتتا بولرغا تییشلر.‎	Барлык кешеләр дә азат һәм үз абруйлары һәм хокуклары ягыннан тиң булып туалар. Аларга акыл һәм вөҗдан бирелгән һәм бер-берсенә карата туганнарча мөнасәбәттә булырга тиешләр.	Barlıq keşelär dä azat häm üz abruyları häm xoquqları yağınnan tiñ bulıp tualar. Alarğa aqıl häm wöcdan birelgän häm ber-bersenä qarata tuğannarça mönasäbättä bulırğa tieşlär.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

• Tatar alphabet

References

1. Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Vol. 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 174. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2018-04-09.