Volga Tatars
The Volga Tatars or simply Tatars (Tatar: татарлар, tatarlar) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the Volga-Ural region of Russia. They are subdivided into various subgroups. Volga Tatars are Russia's second-largest ethnicity after the Russians.[15] They compose 53% of the population of Tatarstan and 25% of the population of Bashkortostan. The Volga Tatars are by far the largest group amongst the Tatars.
татарлар | |
|---|---|
National poet Ğabdulla Tuqay. | |
| Total population | |
| c. 6.2 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
Russia:
| 5,310,649[1] |
| Uzbekistan | 467,829[2] |
| Kazakhstan | 203,371[3] |
| Ukraine | 73,304[4] |
| Turkmenistan | 36,355[5] |
| Kyrgyzstan | 28,334[6] |
| Azerbaijan | 25,900[7] |
| Turkey | 25,500[8] |
| China | 5,000 |
| Lithuania | 4,000 |
| Estonia | 1,981[9] |
| Finland | 600-700[10] |
| Languages | |
| Tatar, Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Sunni Islam[11][12] with Orthodox Christian and irreligious minority | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Bashkirs, Chuvash, Nogais, Crimean Tatars[13][14] | |
History
Tatars inhabiting the Republic of Tatarstan, a federal subject of Russia, constitute one third of all Tatars, while the other two thirds reside outside Tatarstan. Some of the communities residing outside Tatarstan developed before the Russian Revolution of 1917, as Tatars were specialized in trading.[16]
During the 14th century, Sunni Islam was adopted by many of the Tatars.[17] Tatars became subjects of Russia after the Siege of Kazan in 1552.[18]
Russians were using the Tatar ethnonym during the 18th and 19th centuries to denote all Turkic inhabitants of the Russian Empire,[19] but, before the emergence of the Soviet Union, the Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire did not generally identify as Tatars.[18] Up to the end of the 19th century, Volga Tatars mainly identified as Muslims, until the rehabilitation of the ethnonym Tatar occurred.[20] Russian officials used literary Tatar language to interact with the Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire before the end of the 19th century. The Volga Tatar role in the Muslim national and cultural movements of the Russian Empire before the 1917 Revolution is significant and this continued even after 1917.[16]
The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Tatar ASSR as a result of war communism policy,[21][22] in which 500 thousand[23] to 2 million[24] peasants died. The event was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of the USSR,[25] in which up 5 million people died in total.[26][27]
Tatar authorities have attempted since the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, to reverse the Russification of Tatarstan that took place during the Soviet period.[18]
Subgroups
Kazan Tatars
The majority of Volga Tatars are Kazan Tatars. They form the bulk of the Tatar population of Tatarstan. Traditionally, they inhabit the left bank of Volga River.[28]
Khazar invasions forced the Bulgars, Turkic people, to migrate from the Azov steppes to the Middle Volga and lower Kama region during the first half of the eighth century.[20] In the period of 10th–13th centuries, other Turkic peoples, including Kipchaks, migrated from Southern Siberia to Europe. They played a significant role in the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century. Tatar ethnogenesis took place after migrated Turkic peoples, mixed with the local Bulgar population and other inhabitants of the Volga River area, kept Kipchak dialect and became Muslims. Several new Tatar states had emerged by the 1500s after the Golden Horde fell.[29] These states were Khanate of Kazan, Astrakhan Khanate, Khanate of Sibir, and Crimean Khanate.[17]
Controversy surrounds the origin of the Tatar people, whether they are descended either from Bulgars or Golden Horde.[16] According to one theory, Kazan Tatar heritage can be traced back to Kipchaks of the Golden Horde, yet according to another theory, the Tatars emerged from the Bulgar culture that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237.[20]
Among Volga Tatars, especially in Tatarstan, there is an ongoing debate about whether they should embrace their Turkic Bolgar history. Advocates of such idea (see: Bulgarism) feel like they are the descendants of Volga Bolgars and at the same time experience the umbrella term Tatar as a derogative given to them by the Russians. Leading figure among the Bolgarists was Rashid Kadyrov, who pointed out how recent generations of 'Tatars' have taken the term for granted and don't even know its history.[30][31]
Mishars
Mishars (or Mişär-Tatars) are an ethnographic group of Volga Tatars speaking Mishar dialect of the Tatar language. They comprise approximately one third of the Volga Tatar population. They are descendants of Cuman-Kipchak tribes who mixed with the Burtas in the Middle Oka River area and Meschiora. Nowadays, they live in Chelyabinsk, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Nizhegorodskaya oblasts of Russia and in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan and Mordovia.
Qasím Tatars
The Qasím Tatars have their capital in the town of Qasím (Kasimov in Russian transcription) in Ryazan Oblast. See "Qasim Khanate" for their history. Today, there are 1,100 Qasím Tatars living in Kasimov. There is no reliable information about their number elsewhere.
Noqrat Tatars
Noqrat Tatars live in Russia's Republic of Udmurtia and Kirov Oblast. In 1920s their number was around 15,000 people.
Perm (Ostyak) Tatars
Ethnographic subgroup of Kazan Tatars that lives in Russia's Perm Krai. Some Tatar scholars (as Zakiev) name them Ostyak Tatars. Their number is (2002) c.130,000 people.
Keräşens
A policy of Christianization of the Muslim Tatars was enacted by the Russian authorities, beginning in 1552, resulting in the emergence of Keräşens (Christianized Tatars).[32]
Many Volga Tatars were forcibly Christianized by Ivan the Terrible during the 16th century, and continued to face forced baptisms and conversions under subsequent Russian rulers and Orthodox clergy up to the mid-eighteenth century.[33]
Keräşen Tatars live in much of the Volga-Ural area. Today, they tend to be assimilated among the Russians and other Tatar groups.[34] Eighty years of Atheistic Soviet rule made Tatars of both faiths not as religious as they once were. Russian names are largely the only remaining difference between Tatars and Keräşen Tatars.
Traditional culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2014) |
Festivals
Historically, the traditional celebrations of Tatars depended largely on the agricultural cycle.
Spring/summer period
Fall/winter period
- Pomochi
- Nardoqan
Cuisine
Tatar cuisine is rich with hot soups (şulpa), dough-based dishes (qistibi, pilmän, öçpoçmaq, peremech, etc.) and sweets (çäkçäk, göbädiä, etc.). Traditional Tatar beverages include ayran, katyk and kumys.
Population figures
In the 1910s, they numbered about half a million in the area of Kazan.[19] Nearly 2 million Volga Tatars died in the 1921–22 famine in Tatarstan. Some 15,000 belonging to the same stem had either migrated to Ryazan in the center of Russia (what is now European Russia) or had been settled as prisoners during the 16th and 17th centuries in Lithuania[19] (Vilnius, Grodno, and Podolia). Some 2,000 resided in St. Petersburg. Volga-Ural Tatars number nearly 7 million, mostly in Russia and the republics of the former Soviet Union. While the bulk of the population is found in Tatarstan (around 2 million) and neighbouring regions, significant number of Volga-Ural Tatars live in Siberia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak Russian as their first language (in cities such as Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Ufa, and cities of the Ural and Siberia).
Genetics
According to over 100 samples from the Tatarstan DNA project, the most common Y-DNA haplogroup of the ethnic Volga Tatars is Haplogroup R1a (over 20%), predominantly from the R1a-Z93 subclade.[35][36]Haplogroup N is the other significant haplogroup. According to different data, J2a or J2b may be the more common subclade of Haplogroup J2 in Volga Tatars. The haplogroups C and Q are among the more rare haplogroups.
Haplogroups in Volga Tatars (122 samples):[37]
- C2: 2%
- E: 4% (V13: 3%)
- G2a: 2%
- I1: 6%
- I2a1: 5%
- I2a2: 2%
- J2a: 7%
- J2b: 2%
- L1: 2%
- N1c2: 9%
- N1c1: 16%
- O3: 2%
- Q1: 2%
- R1a: 33% (Z282: 19%, Z93: 14%)
According to Mylyarchuk et al.:
It was found that mtDNA of the Volga Tatars consists of two parts, but western Eurasian component prevails considerably (84% on average) over eastern Asian one (16%).
among 197 Kazan Tatars and Mishars.[38] The study of Suslova et al. found indications of two non-Kipchak sources of admixture, Finno-Ugric and Bulgar:
Together with Tatars, Russians have high frequencies of allele families and haplotypes characteristic of Finno-Ugric populations. This presupposes a Finno-Ugric impact on Russian and Tatar ethnogenesis... Some aspects of HLA in Tatars appeared close to Chuvashes and Bulgarians, thus supporting the view that Tatars may be descendants of ancient Bulgars.[39]
Volga Tatars, along with Maris, Finns, and Karelians, all cluster genetically with northern and eastern Russians, and are distinct from southern and western Russians. The scientists also found differences in relationships among some of the northern and eastern Russians.[40]
According to a genetic study on mitochondrial haplogroups, Volga Tatars reveal roughly 90% West-Eurasian and 10% East-Eurasian maternal haplogroups.[41]
According to a full genome study by Triska et al. 2017, the Volga Tatars "bear very little traces of East Asian or Central Siberian ancestry. Volga Tatar are a mix between Bulgar who carried a large Finno-Ugric component, Pecheneg, Kuman, Khazar, local Finno-Ugric tribes, and even Alan. Therefore, Volga Tatars are predominantly European ethnicity with a tiny contribution of East-Asian component. As most Tatar’ IBD is shared with various Turkic and Uralic populations from Volga-Ural region, an amalgamation of various cultures is evident. When the original Finno-Ugric speaking people were conquered by Turkic tribes, both Tatar and Chuvash are likely to have experience language replacement, while retaining their genetic core".[42]
Notable Tatars
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- Aida Garifullina, opera singer
- Rinat Akhmetov, businessman and billionaire
- Ilmir Hazetdinov, ski jumper
- Marat Kabayev, former football player and coach
- Ymär Daher, cultural worker, researcher
- Timur Safin, foil fencer
- Artur Akhmatkhuzin, foil fencer
- Gulnaz Gubaydullina, modern pentathlete
- Yusuf Akçura, politician, ideolog of Pan-Turkism
- Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev, politician, Communist, ideolog of Pan-Turkism and anti-colonialism
- Nail Yakupov, professional ice hockey player in Canada, the US and Russia
- Reşit Rahmeti Arat, linguist
- Sadri Maksudi Arsal, statesman, scholar
- Irina Shayk, model (Tatar father)
- Alina Zagitova, figure skater and Olympic gold medallist
- Atik Ismail, football player
- Rudolf Nureyev, greatest male ballet dancer of the generation
- Aliya Mustafina, artistic gymnast and 7-time Olympic medallist (Tatar father)
- Zemfira, rock musician
- Dinara Safina, professional tennis player
- Marat Safin, professional tennis player
- Kamila Valieva, figure skater, the 2022 European champion
- Emil Sayfutdinov, speedway rider
See also
References
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- ^ "Uzbekistan – Ethnic minorities" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-03.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике: Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года 2012-11-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
- ^ Asgabat.net-городской социально-информационный портал :Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году. 2013-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2013.
- ^ http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls[bare URL spreadsheet file]
- ^ Joshua Project. "Tatar in Turkey". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ "Population by ethnic nationality". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
- ^ "Suomen tataareja johtaa pankkiuran tehnyt ekonomisti Gölten Bedretdin, jonka mielestä uskonnon pitää olla hyvän puolella".
- ^ "Volga Tatars". http://russia.by, Portalus.ru. August 5, 2007 – via portalus.ru.
- ^ "Religion and expressive culture - Volga Tatars".
- ^ Ахметзянов М. И. Татарские родословные (шеджере) / М. И. Ахметзянов – Казань: ИЯЛИ им. Г. Ибрагимова // Золотоордынское обозрение. 2015.
- ^ Исхаков Д. М. Юго-Восток Татарстана: проблема изучения этнической истории региона XTV-XVII вв. // Элмэт — Альметьевск. 2003.
- ^ "Kazan Tatars See No Future for Themselves in Putin's Russia". The Interpreter. 24 March 2014.
- ^ a b c . Princeton University. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13.
- ^ a b "Tatar". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ a b c DMITRY GORENBURG. "TATARS AS MESO-NATION" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Kropotkin, Peter; Eliot, Charles (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 448–449.
- ^ a b c Azade-Ayshe Rorlich. "1. The Origins of the Volga Tatars". Stanford University.
- ^ Mizelle 2002, p. 18.
- ^ Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (October 1999), Courtois, Stéphane (ed.), The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, pp. 92–97, 116–21, ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2
- ^ Dronin & Bellinger 2005, p. 98.
- ^ Mizelle 2002, p. 281.
- ^ Millar 2004, p. 56.
- ^ Millar 2004, p. 270.
- ^ Haven, Cynthia (4 April 2011). "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921-23 famine". Stanford News Service. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ Татары (Серия «Народы и культуры» РАН). М.: Наука, 2001. — P.36.
- ^ James S. Olson, ed. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. pp. 624–625. ISBN 9780313274978.
- ^ Татарская энциклопедия, Kazan, 2002, vol. 1, p. 490.
- ^ ""Поступали письма, я видел – примерно 65 процентов за переименование ТАССР в Булгарскую республику"".
- ^ Brower 2001, p. 271.
- ^ Yemelianova, Galina M. (2002). Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey. Palgrave. pp. 36–41. ISBN 0-333-68354-4.
- ^ Bennigsen, Alexandre (1986). Muslims of the Soviet empire : a guide. Wimbush, S. Enders. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 234. ISBN 0-253-33958-8.
- ^ "Family Tree DNA - Tatarstan". www.familytreedna.com.
- ^ "Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)". www.eupedia.com.
- ^ "Data". pereformat.ru.
- ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Kravtsova, Olga (1 October 2010). "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (10): 2220–2226. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 20457583.
- ^ Suslova, T. A.; Burmistrova, A. L.; Chernova, M. S.; Khromova, E. B.; Lupar, E. I.; Timofeeva, S. V.; Devald, I. V.; Vavilov, M. N.; Darke, C. (1 October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 39 (5): 394–408. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. ISSN 1744-313X. PMID 22520580. S2CID 20804610.
- ^ Boris Abramovich Malyarchuk, Miroslava V. Derenko, Tomasz Grzybowski, A. Lunkina, Jakub Czarny, S. Rychkov, I. Morozova, Galina A. Denisova, and Danuta Miścicka-Śliwka, [1], Differentiation of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes in Russian populations, Human Biology 76:6, pages 877–900, December 2004
- ^ Sardaana A. Fedorova, M. A. Bermisheva, Richard Villems, N. R. Maksimova, and Elza K. Khusnutdinova., [2], Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in Yakuts, Pages 544–553, Table 2, January 27, 2003
- ^ Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kumar, Ganesh Prasad Arun; Akhmetova, Vita; Babalyan, Konstantin; Boulygina, Eugenia; Kharkov, Vladimir; Gubina, Marina; Khidiyatova, Irina; Khitrinskaya, Irina; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Khusainova, Rita; Konovalova, Natalia (2017-12-28). "Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe". BMC Genetics. 18 (1): 110. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3. ISSN 1471-2156. PMC 5751809. PMID 29297395.
Further reading
- Bukharaev, Ravil (2013). Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons. Routledge. ISBN 9781136807930.
- Danier R. Brower; Edward J. Lazzerini (2001). Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253211131.
- Millar, James R. (2004). Encyclopedia of Russian History Volume 2: A-D. New York, USA: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 0-02-865907-4.
- Mizelle, Peter Christopher (May 2002). "Battle with Famine:" Soviet Relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922. District of Columbia, USA: University of Virginia.
- Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (2nd ed. 1995), pp 277–89.
External links
- Tatars in Congress Library (1989)
- The Origins of the Volga Tatars
- (in Russian) The tatars
- (in Russian)
- (in Russian) Tatar history
- (in Russian)
- (in Russian) Tatar Names
- (in Russian) Anthropology of Tatars. By R.K. Urazmanova and S.V. Cheshko
- (in Russian and Tatar) Tatar Electronic Library
- (in Russian and Tatar) Tatar music & video catalog