Ottoman Turkish (Ottoman Turkish: لِسانِ عُثمانى, romanized: Lisân-ı Osmânî, Turkish pronunciation: [li'saːnɯ os'maːniː]; Turkish: Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian, and its speakers used the Ottoman Turkish alphabet for written communication. During the peak of Ottoman power (c. 16th century CE), words of foreign origin in Turkish literature in the Ottoman Empire heavily outnumbered native Turkish words,[3] with Arabic and Persian vocabulary accounting for up to 88% of the Ottoman vocabulary in some texts.[4]
Ottoman Turkish
لسان عثمانى Lisân-ı Osmânî
Ottoman Turkish written in Nastaliq style (لسان عثمانى)
This article contains Ottoman Turkish text, written from right to left with some Arabic letters and additional symbols joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols.
Consequently, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use kaba Türkçe ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard.[5] The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language[6] (لسان عثمانیlisân-ı Osmânî or عثمانليجهOsmanlıca); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era (Osmanlıca and Osmanlı Türkçesi). More generically, the Turkish language was called تركچهTürkçe or تركیTürkî "Turkish".
Nominative and Indefiniteaccusative/objective: -∅, no suffix. گولgöl 'the lake' 'a lake', چورباçorba 'soup', گیجهgece 'night'; طاوشان گترمشṭavşan getirmiş 'he/she brought a rabbit'.
Genitive: suffix ڭ/نڭ–(n)ıñ, –(n)iñ, –(n)uñ, –(n)üñ. پاشانڭpaşanıñ 'of the pasha'; كتابڭkitabıñ 'of the book'.
Definiteaccusative: suffix ى–ı, -i: طاوشانى گترمشṭavşanı getürmiş 'he/she brought the rabbit'. The variant suffix –u, –ü does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography (unlike in Modern Turkish), although it's pronounced with the vowel harmony. Thus, گولىgöli 'the lake' vs. Modern Turkish gölü.[7]
Locative: suffix ده–de, –da: مكتبدهmektebde 'at school', قفصدهḳafeṣde 'in (the/a) cage', باشدهbaşda 'at a/the start', شهردهşehirde 'in town'. The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish (–te, –ta) does not occur.
Ablative: suffix دن–den, -dan: ادمدنadamdan 'from the man'.
Instrumental: suffix or postposition ايلهile. Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars.
Verbs
The conjugation for the aorist tense is as follows:
Person
Singular
Plural
1
-irim
-iriz
2
-irsiŋ
-irsiŋiz
3
-ir
-irler
Structure
Redhouse's Turkish Dictionary, Second Edition (1880)
Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary.[4] As in most other Turkic and other foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin.[8][9][10]
The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia, prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar, Bashkir, and Uyghur. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find.[11] In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text.[11] It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.[11]
In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:
Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense;
Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade;
Kaba Türkçe (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.
A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the fasih variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and kaba the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic asel (عسل) to refer to honey when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word bal when buying it.
History
Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:
Eski Osmanlı Türkçesi (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk empire and Anatolian beyliks and was often regarded as part of Eski Anadolu Türkçesi (Old Anatolian Turkish).
Orta Osmanlı Türkçesi (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or Klasik Osmanlıca (Classical Ottoman Turkish): the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until Tanzimat.
Yeni Osmanlı Türkçesi (New Ottoman Turkish): the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.
In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's Reforms) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp.[12] It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state.[citation needed]
Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially Türkiye Türkçesi (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Persian genitive constructiontakdîr-i ilâhî (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, ilâhî takdîr (literally, "divine preordaining").
In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.[13]
The transliteration system of the İslâm Ansiklopedisi has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts.[15] Concerning transcription the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald and Ferit Develioğlu dictionaries have become standard.[16] Another transliteration system is the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script.[17] There are not many differences between the İA and the DMG transliteration systems.
^M. Sukru Hanioglu, “A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire”, Published by Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 34: “It employed a predominant Turkish syntax, but was heavily influenced by Persian and (initially through Persian) Arabic.
^Pierre A. MacKay, "The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha," Hesperia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1967), pp. 193–195: "The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly, and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic".
^ abcKorkut Bugday. An Introduction to Literary Ottoman Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 ISBN978-1134006557 p XV.
^Aytürk, İlker (July 2008). "The First Episode of Language Reform in Republican Turkey: The Language Council from 1926 to 1931". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 18 (3): 277. doi:10.1017/S1356186308008511. hdl:11693/49487. ISSN 1474-0591. S2CID 162474551.
^Pamuk, Humeyra (December 9, 2014). "Erdogan's Ottoman language drive faces backlash in Turkey". Reuters. Istanbul. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
^Hagopian, V. H. (5 May 2018). "Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar; a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language". Heidelberg, J. Groos; New York, Brentano's [etc., etc.] from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018 – via Internet Archive.
^Transkriptionskommission der DMG Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt, p. 9 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
V. H. Hagopian (1907). Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar: a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language, Volume 1. D. Nutt. Online copies: [1], [2], [3]
Charles Wells (1880). A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written). B. Quaritch. Online copies from Google Books: [4], [5], [6]
V. H. Hagopian (1908). Key to the Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar. Nutt.
Sir James William Redhouse (1884). A simplified grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish language. Trübner.
Frank Lawrence Hopkins (1877). Elementary grammar of the Turkish language: with a few easy exercises. Trübner.
Sir James William Redhouse (1856). An English and Turkish dictionary: in two parts, English and Turkish, and Turkish and English. B. Quarich.
Sir James William Redhouse (1877). A lexicon, English and Turkish: shewing in Turkish, the literal, incidental, figurative, colloquial, and technical significations of the English terms, indicating their pronunciation in a new and systematic manner; and preceded by a sketch of English etymology, to facilitate to Turkish students ... (2nd ed.). Printed for the mission by A.H. Boyajian.
Charles Boyd, Charles Boyd (Major.) (1842). The Turkish interpreter: or, A new grammar of the Turkish language. Printed for the author.
Thomas Vaughan (1709). A Grammar of The Turkish Language. Robinson.
William Burckhardt Barker (1854). A practical grammar of the Turkish language: With dialogues and vocabulary. B. Quaritch.
William Burckhardt Barker, Nasr-al-Din (khwajah.) (1854). A reading book of the Turkish language: with a grammar and vocabulary ; containing a selection of original tales, literally translated, and accompanied by grammatical references : the pronunciation of each word given as now used in Constantinople. J. Madden.
James William Redhouse (sir.) (1855). The Turkish campaigner's vade-mecum of Ottoman colloquial language.
Lewis, Geoffrey. The Jarring Lecture 2002. "".
Other languages
Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Qawâ'id al-Lugha al-Turkiyya li Ghair al-Natiqeen Biha (Turkish Grammar for Arabs; adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen's Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi), Engin Yayınevi, 2003).
Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Atatürk'ün Okuduğu Kitaplar: Endülüs Tarihi (Books That Atatürk Read: History of Andalucia; purification from the Ottoman Turkish, published by Anıtkabir Vakfı, 2001).
Kerslake, Celia (1998). "La construction d'une langue nationale sortie d'un vernaculaire impérial enflé: la transformation stylistique et conceptuelle du turc ottoman". In Chaker, Salem (ed.). Langues et Pouvoir de l'Afrique du Nord à l'Extrême-Orient. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. pp. 129–138.
Korkut M. Buğday (1999). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (ed.). Osmanisch: Einführung in die Grundlagen der Literatursprache.
External links
Ottoman Turkish test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator
Ottoman Turkish repository of Wikisource, the free library
For a list of words relating to Ottoman Turkish, see the Ottoman Turkish category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Ottoman Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan
Ottoman Turkish Language Texts
Ottoman<>Turkish Dictionary – University of Pamukkale You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries, too.
Ottoman<>Turkish Dictionary – ihya.org
January 11, 2023
ottoman, turkish, other, uses, disambiguation, سان, ثمانى, romanized, lisân, osmânî, turkish, pronunciation, saːnɯ, maːniː, turkish, osmanlı, türkçesi, standardized, register, turkish, language, used, citizens, ottoman, empire, 14th, 20th, centuries, borrowed,. For other uses see Ottoman Turkish disambiguation Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish ل سان ع ثمانى romanized Lisan i Osmani Turkish pronunciation li saːnɯ os maːniː Turkish Osmanli Turkcesi was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire 14th to 20th centuries CE It borrowed extensively in all aspects from Arabic and Persian and its speakers used the Ottoman Turkish alphabet for written communication During the peak of Ottoman power c 16th century CE words of foreign origin in Turkish literature in the Ottoman Empire heavily outnumbered native Turkish words 3 with Arabic and Persian vocabulary accounting for up to 88 of the Ottoman vocabulary in some texts 4 Ottoman Turkishلسان عثمانى Lisan i OsmaniOttoman Turkish written in Nastaliq style لسان عثمانى RegionOttoman EmpireEthnicityOttoman TurksErac 15th century developed into Modern Turkish in 1928 1 Language familyTurkic Common TurkicOghuzWestern OghuzOttoman TurkishEarly formOld Anatolian TurkishWriting systemOttoman Turkish alphabetOfficial statusOfficial language inBeylik of TunisCretan StateEmirate of Jabal ShammarKhedivate of EgyptOttoman EmpireProvisional National Government of the Southwestern CaucasusProvisional Government of Western ThraceTurkish Provisional GovernmentTurkey until 1928 a Language codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks ota span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code ota class extiw title iso639 3 ota ota a Linguist ListotaGlottologotto1234This article contains Ottoman Turkish text written from right to left with some Arabic letters and additional symbols joined Without proper rendering support you may see unjoined letters or other symbols Consequently Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less educated lower class and to rural Turks who continued to use kaba Turkce raw vulgar Turkish compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard 5 The Tanzimat era 1839 1876 saw the application of the term Ottoman when referring to the language 6 لسان عثمانی lisan i Osmani or عثمانليجه Osmanlica Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era Osmanlica and Osmanli Turkcesi More generically the Turkish language was called تركچه Turkce or تركی Turki Turkish Contents 1 Grammar 1 1 Cases 1 2 Verbs 2 Structure 3 History 3 1 Language reform 4 Legacy 5 Writing system 6 Numbers 7 Transliterations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksGrammar Edit A poem about Rumi in Ottoman Turkish Cases Edit Nominative and Indefinite accusative objective no suffix گول gol the lake a lake چوربا corba soup گیجه gece night طاوشان گترمش ṭavsan getirmis he she brought a rabbit Genitive suffix ڭ نڭ n in n in n un n un پاشانڭ pasanin of the pasha كتابڭ kitabin of the book Definite accusative suffix ى i i طاوشانى گترمش ṭavsani geturmis he she brought the rabbit The variant suffix u u does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography unlike in Modern Turkish although it s pronounced with the vowel harmony Thus گولى goli the lake vs Modern Turkish golu 7 Dative suffix ه e اوه eve to the house Locative suffix ده de da مكتبده mektebde at school قفصده ḳafeṣde in the a cage باشده basda at a the start شهرده sehirde in town The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish te ta does not occur Ablative suffix دن den dan ادمدن adamdan from the man Instrumental suffix or postposition ايله ile Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars Verbs Edit The conjugation for the aorist tense is as follows Person Singular Plural1 irim iriz2 irsiŋ irsiŋiz3 ir irlerStructure Edit Redhouse s Turkish Dictionary Second Edition 1880 Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88 of its vocabulary 4 As in most other Turkic and other foreign languages of Islamic communities the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin 8 9 10 The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre Ottoman Turkic at an early stage when the speakers were still located to the north east of Persia prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic such as Tatar Bashkir and Uyghur From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find 11 In Ottoman one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text 11 It was however not only extensive loaning of words but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic 11 In a social and pragmatic sense there were at least three variants of Ottoman Turkish Fasih Turkce Eloquent Turkish the language of poetry and administration Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense Orta Turkce Middle Turkish the language of higher classes and trade Kaba Turkce Rough Turkish the language of lower classes A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes with the fasih variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and kaba the least For example a scribe would use the Arabic asel عسل to refer to honey when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word bal when buying it History EditHistorically Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras Eski Osmanli Turkcesi Old Ottoman Turkish the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk empire and Anatolian beyliks and was often regarded as part of Eski Anadolu Turkcesi Old Anatolian Turkish Orta Osmanli Turkcesi Middle Ottoman Turkish or Klasik Osmanlica Classical Ottoman Turkish the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until Tanzimat Yeni Osmanli Turkcesi New Ottoman Turkish the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western oriented literature Language reform Edit Further information Turkish language reform In 1928 following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey widespread language reforms a part in the greater framework of Ataturk s Reforms instituted by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gokalp 12 It also saw the replacement of the Perso Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey s new national identity as being a post Ottoman state citation needed See the list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below English Ottoman Modern Turkishobligatory واجب vacib zorunluhardship مشكل muskul guclukcity شهر sehir kent also sehir province ولایت vilayet il also eyalet war حرب harb savasLegacy EditHistorically speaking Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish However the standard Turkish of today is essentially Turkiye Turkcesi Turkish of Turkey as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today At first it was only the script that was changed and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier Then loan words were taken out and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced Until the 1960s Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter s abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts for example the Persian genitive construction takdir i ilahi which reads literally as the preordaining of the divine and translates as divine dispensation or destiny is used as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction ilahi takdir literally divine preordaining In 2014 Turkey s Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools a decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage 13 Writing system EditMain article Ottoman Turkish alphabet Calendar in Thessaloniki 1896 a cosmopolitan city the first three lines in Ottoman script Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet Ottoman Turkish الفبا romanized elifba a variant of the Perso Arabic script The Armenian Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians Greeks and Jews See Karamanli Turkish a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script Armeno Turkish alphabet Numbers EditSee also Eastern Arabic numerals 1 ١ بر bir2 ٢ ایكی iki3 ٣ اوچ uc4 ٤ درت dort5 ٥ بش bes6 ٦ آلتی alti7 ٧ یدی yedi8 ٨ سكز sekiz9 ٩ طقوز dokuz10 ١٠ اون on11 ١١ اون بر on bir12 ١٢ اون ایکی on iki 14 Transliterations EditSee also Ottoman Turkish alphabet The transliteration system of the Islam Ansiklopedisi has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts 15 Concerning transcription the New Redhouse Karl Steuerwald and Ferit Develioglu dictionaries have become standard 16 Another transliteration system is the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft DMG which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script 17 There are not many differences between the IA and the DMG transliteration systems IA Transliteration 18 ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك گ ڭ ل م ن و ه ىʾ a b p t s c c ḥ ḫ d ẕ r z j s s ṣ z ṭ ẓ ʿ ġ f ḳ k g n g g n l m n v h ySee also Edit Languages portal Turkey portalOld Anatolian Turkish language Culture of the Ottoman Empire List of Persian loanwords in TurkishNotes Edit The national language was called Turkish in the 1921 and 1924 constitutions of the Republic of Turkey 2 References Edit Turkey Language Reform From Ottoman To Turkish Countrystudies us Archived from the original on 9 April 2016 Retrieved 24 May 2016 https dergipark org tr tr download article file 5662 bare URL PDF Eid Mushira 2006 Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics Volume 4 Brill ISBN 9789004149762 a b Bertold Spuler de Persian Historiography amp Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd ISBN 9971774887 p 69 Glenny Misha 2001 The Balkans Nationalism War and the Great Powers 1804 1999 Penguin p 99 Kerslake Celia 1998 Ottoman Turkish In Lars Johanson Eva A Csato eds Turkic Languages New York Routledge p 108 ISBN 0415082005 Redhouse William James A Simplified Grammar of the Ottoman Turkish Language p 52 Percy Ellen Algernon Frederick William Smythe Strangford Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe Strangford Emily Anne Beaufort Smythe Strangford Original Letters and Papers of the late Viscount Strangford upon Philological and Kindred Subjects Published by Trubner 1878 pg 46 The Arabic words in Turkish have all decidedly come through a Persian channel I can hardly think of an exception except in quite late days when Arabic words have been used in Turkish in a different sense from that borne by them in Persian M Sukru Hanioglu A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire Published by Princeton University Press 2008 p 34 It employed a predominant Turkish syntax but was heavily influenced by Persian and initially through Persian Arabic Pierre A MacKay The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha Hesperia Vol 36 No 2 Apr Jun 1967 pp 193 195 The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic a b c Korkut Bugday An Introduction to Literary Ottoman Routledge 5 dec 2014 ISBN 978 1134006557 p XV Ayturk Ilker July 2008 The First Episode of Language Reform in Republican Turkey The Language Council from 1926 to 1931 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 18 3 277 doi 10 1017 S1356186308008511 hdl 11693 49487 ISSN 1474 0591 S2CID 162474551 Pamuk Humeyra December 9 2014 Erdogan s Ottoman language drive faces backlash in Turkey Reuters Istanbul Retrieved May 25 2019 Hagopian V H 5 May 2018 Ottoman Turkish conversation grammar a practical method of learning the Ottoman Turkish language Heidelberg J Groos New York Brentano s etc etc Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2018 via Internet Archive Korkut Bugday Osmanisch p 2 Korkut Bugday Osmanisch p 13 Transkriptionskommission der DMG Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt p 9 Archived 2012 07 22 at the Wayback Machine Korkut Bugday Osmanisch p 2f Further reading EditEnglishV H Hagopian 1907 Ottoman Turkish conversation grammar a practical method of learning the Ottoman Turkish language Volume 1 D Nutt Online copies 1 2 3 Charles Wells 1880 A practical grammar of the Turkish language as spoken and written B Quaritch Online copies from Google Books 4 5 6 V H Hagopian 1908 Key to the Ottoman Turkish conversation grammar Nutt Sir James William Redhouse 1884 A simplified grammar of the Ottoman Turkish language Trubner Frank Lawrence Hopkins 1877 Elementary grammar of the Turkish language with a few easy exercises Trubner Sir James William Redhouse 1856 An English and Turkish dictionary in two parts English and Turkish and Turkish and English B Quarich Sir James William Redhouse 1877 A lexicon English and Turkish shewing in Turkish the literal incidental figurative colloquial and technical significations of the English terms indicating their pronunciation in a new and systematic manner and preceded by a sketch of English etymology to facilitate to Turkish students 2nd ed Printed for the mission by A H Boyajian Charles Boyd Charles Boyd Major 1842 The Turkish interpreter or A new grammar of the Turkish language Printed for the author Thomas Vaughan 1709 A Grammar of The Turkish Language Robinson William Burckhardt Barker 1854 A practical grammar of the Turkish language With dialogues and vocabulary B Quaritch William Burckhardt Barker Nasr al Din khwajah 1854 A reading book of the Turkish language with a grammar and vocabulary containing a selection of original tales literally translated and accompanied by grammatical references the pronunciation of each word given as now used in Constantinople J Madden James William Redhouse sir 1855 The Turkish campaigner s vade mecum of Ottoman colloquial language Lewis Geoffrey The Jarring Lecture 2002 The Turkish Language Reform A Catastrophic Success Other languagesMehmet Hakki Sucin Qawa id al Lugha al Turkiyya li Ghair al Natiqeen Biha Turkish Grammar for Arabs adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen s Yabancilara Turkce Dilbilgisi Engin Yayinevi 2003 Mehmet Hakki Sucin Ataturk un Okudugu Kitaplar Endulus Tarihi Books That Ataturk Read History of Andalucia purification from the Ottoman Turkish published by Anitkabir Vakfi 2001 Kerslake Celia 1998 La construction d une langue nationale sortie d un vernaculaire imperial enfle la transformation stylistique et conceptuelle du turc ottoman In Chaker Salem ed Langues et Pouvoir de l Afrique du Nord a l Extreme Orient Aix en Provence Edisud pp 129 138 Korkut M Bugday 1999 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ed Osmanisch Einfuhrung in die Grundlagen der Literatursprache External links Edit Ottoman Turkish test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator Ottoman Turkish repository of Wikisource the free library For a list of words relating to Ottoman Turkish see the Ottoman Turkish category of words in Wiktionary the free dictionary Turkish dictionaries at Curlie Turkish language at Curlie Ottoman Text Archive Project Ottoman Turkish Language Resources University of Michigan Ottoman Turkish Language Texts Ottoman Turkish English Open Dictionary Ottoman lt gt Turkish Dictionary University of Pamukkale You can use character instead of an unknown letter It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries too Ottoman lt gt Turkish Dictionary ihya org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ottoman Turkish amp oldid 1131424380, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
