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Naturalization

May 03, 2023

For the biology usage, see Naturalisation (biology) and Invasive species.

Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the individual, or it may involve an application or a motion and approval by legal authorities.[1] The rules of naturalization vary from country to country but typically include a promise to obey and uphold that country's laws and taking and subscribing to an oath of allegiance, and may specify other requirements such as a minimum legal residency and adequate knowledge of the national dominant language or culture. To counter multiple citizenship, some countries require that applicants for naturalization renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of original citizenship, as seen by the host country and by the original country, will depend on the laws of the countries involved.

United States service members are sworn in as citizens of the United States aboard the USS Midway in 2009

The massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees following World War I created many stateless persons, people who were not citizens of any state. In some rare cases, laws for mass naturalization were passed. As naturalization laws had been designed to cater for the relatively few people who had voluntarily moved from one country to another (expatriates), many western democracies were not ready to naturalize large numbers of people. This included the massive influx of stateless people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of ethnic minorities from newly created nation states in the first part of the 20th century.[citation needed]

Since World War II, the increase in international migrations created a new category of migrants, most of them economic migrants. For economic, political, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons, many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth, such as by marriage to a national – jus matrimonii – or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country, in order to reduce the scope of this category. However, in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrant population in an illegal status, albeit with some massive regularizations. Examples include Spain under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government, and Italy under Silvio Berlusconi's government.

Countries without a path to naturalization

Myanmar and Uruguay are currently the only countries in the world that deny immigrants any path to naturalization. Uruguayan legal citizenship has special characteristics. A person who acquires it retains their nationality of origin, which is determined by Uruguayan law to be that of their country of birth and therefore, is immutable. Legal citizens acquire political rights but do not acquire Uruguayan nationality as natural citizens do. According to Uruguayan law, those born in Uruguay or whose parents or grandparents are Uruguayan natural citizens are considered to be Uruguayan nationals.

As a result of Uruguay's unusual distinction between citizenship and nationality (it's the only country in the world that recognizes the right to citizenship without being a national), legal citizens have encountered problems with their Uruguayan passports at airports around the world since 2015. This is due to recommendations in the seventh edition of Doc. 9303 of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which requires that travel documents issued by participating states include the "Nationality" field. The lack of a naturalization path means that the Nationality field in legal citizens' passports indicates their country of birth, which Uruguay assumes to be their nationality of origin. Many countries do not accept passports issued by a country that declares the holder to be a national of another country. As a consequence, it has severely curtailed legal citizens' exercise of the right to free movement, as their travel abroad is often difficult or downright impossible.[2]

Due to its current and narrow definition of nationality, Uruguay could be violating the sovereignty of other countries by assigning foreign nationalities in its official documents, thus overriding their powers. Some Uruguayan legal citizens may even, as a result of the application of a national law of a third nation and this Uruguayan interpretation, become de facto stateless.

Summary by country

The following list is a brief summary of the duration of legal residence before a national of a foreign state, without any cultural, historical, or marriage ties or connections to the state in question, can request citizenship under that state's naturalization laws.

Country Residence requirement Residence requirement notes Other notes Multiple citizenship Main article Ref
  Afghanistan 5 years No Afghan nationality law [3][4]
  Albania 5 years Continuous residence. Yes Albanian nationality law [5][6]
  Algeria 7 years Yes Algerian nationality law [7][8]
  Andorra 20 years Continuous permanent residence. Reduced to 10 years if all mandatory education completed in Andorra. No Andorran nationality law [9][10]
  Angola 10 years Continuous residence. Yes Angolan nationality law [11]
  Antigua and Barbuda 7 years Continuous residence. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. Yes Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law [12][13]
  Argentina 2 years Continuous residence. Yes Argentine nationality law [14]
  Armenia 3 years Yes Armenian nationality law [15][16]
  Australia 4 years Lawful residence for 4 years including 12 months as permanent resident. Yes Australian nationality law [17][18][19]
  Austria 10 years Reduced to 6 years for people born in Austria, EU/EEA citizens, refugees, or those deemed "exceptionally integrated". Multiple nationalities allowed only by birth or with special permission. Partial Austrian nationality law [20][21]
  Azerbaijan 5 years No Azerbaijani nationality law [22]
  Bahamas 10 years No Bahamian nationality law [23][24]
  Bahrain 10 years No Bahraini nationality law [23][24]
  Bangladesh 5 years Partial Bangladeshi nationality law [25][26]
  Barbados 5 years Yes Barbadian nationality law [27][28][29]
  Belarus 7 years Yes Belarusian nationality law [30][31]
  Belgium 5 years Continuous residence. Yes Belgian nationality law [32][33]
  Belize 5 years Yes Belizean nationality law [34]
  Benin 10 years Yes Beninese nationality law [35]
  Bhutan 20 years Reduced to 15 years for those with citizen parent. No Bhutanese nationality law [36][37]
  Bolivia 3 years Uninterrupted residence. Yes Bolivian nationality law [38][39]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 years Continuous residence. Partial Bosnian nationality law [40][41]
  Botswana 10 years No Botswanan nationality law [42][43]
  Brazil 4 years Uninterrupted residence. Yes Brazilian nationality law [44][45]
  British Overseas Territories 5 years Yes British Overseas Territories citizenship [46]
  Brunei 10 years No Bruneian nationality law [47]
  Bulgaria 5 years Reduced to 3 years if born in Bulgaria, married to a citizen, or settled in the country before age 18. EU/EEA/Swiss citizens and spouses of Bulgarians can keep existing citizenship. Partial Bulgarian nationality law [48][49]
  Burkina Faso 10 years Yes Burkinabé nationality law [50]
  Burundi 10 years Reduced to 5 years if married to a citizen. Yes Burundian nationality law [51]
  Cambodia 7 years Yes Cambodian nationality law [52]
  Cameroon 5 years No Cameroonian nationality law [53][54][55]
  Canada 3 years Three years' permanent residence required. Physical presence required for at least 1,095 days in the 5 years prior to application, with any time spent as a temporary resident counted as half, up to a maximum of 365 days. Yes Canadian nationality law [56][57]
  Cape Verde 5 years Yes Cape Verdean nationality law [58][59]
  Central African Republic 35 years Must have agriculture/property investments and have received a national honour. Partial Nationality law of the Central African Republic [60]
  Chad 15 years Yes Chadian nationality law [58]
  Chile 5 years Continuous residence. Yes Chilean nationality law [61]
  China N/A Permanent residence required. No specific residency period specified in law. Must have parent or relative from China. No Chinese nationality law [62]
  Colombia 8 years Migrant visa for 3 years, followed by permanent residence for 5 years. Yes Colombian nationality law
  Comoros 10 years Yes Comorian nationality law [63]
  Congo 10 years No Republic of the Congo nationality law [64]
  Costa Rica 7 years Yes Costa Rican nationality law [65]
  Croatia 8 years Continuous residence. Partial Croatian nationality law [66][67][68]
  Cuba 5 years Yes Cuban nationality law [69]
  Cyprus 7 years Reduced time period via citizenship by investment programme. Yes Cypriot nationality law [70][71][72]
  Czechia 5 years As permanent resident. Reduced to 3 years for EU citizens. Yes Czech nationality law [73][74]
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 years No Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law [75]
  Denmark 9 years Continuous residence. Yes Danish nationality law [76][77]
  Djibouti 10 years No Djiboutian nationality law [78]
  Dominica 7 years Yes Dominican nationality law [79]
  Dominican Republic 2 years Partial Dominican Republic nationality law [80]
  East Timor 10 years No East Timorese nationality law [81][82]
  Ecuador 5 years Temporary residence for 2 years followed by permanent residence for 3 years. Reduced for those with Ecuadorian family members. Absences must be less than 90 days per year. Yes Ecuadorian nationality law [83]
  Egypt 10 years Partial Egyptian nationality law
  El Salvador 5 years Yes Salvadoran nationality law [84]
  Equatorial Guinea 10 years No Nationality law of Equatorial Guinea [85]
  Eritrea 20 years No Eritrean nationality law [86]
  Estonia 8 years Temporary residence for 3 years, followed by permanent residence for 5 years. Multiple citizenship tolerated for birthright citizens but not naturalised citizens. Partial Estonian nationality law [87][88][89]
  Eswatini 5 years No Emaswati nationality law [90]
  Ethiopia 4 years No Ethiopian nationality law [91]
  Fiji 5 years Lawful residence for 5 years out of the previous 10 years. Yes Fijian nationality law [92]
  Finland 5 years Continuous residence. Yes Finnish nationality law [93]
  France 5 years Continuous residence. Reduced to 2 years for applicants with at master's degree in France. Yes French nationality law [94]
  Gabon 10 years No Gabonese nationality law [95]
  Gambia 10 years Dual citizenship allowed if married to a citizen. Yes Gambian nationality law [96]
  Georgia 10 years Consecutive lawful residence. No Georgian nationality law [97]
  Germany 8 years Continuous residence, with a settlement permit. Reduced to 7 years with integration course. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. EU/EEA/Swiss citizens can keep existing citizenship. Other nationalities require special permission to keep existing citizenship. Partial German nationality law [98]
  Ghana 5 years Yes Ghanaian nationality law [99]
  Greece 7 years Yes Greek nationality law [100][101]
  Grenada 7 years Yes Grenadian nationality law [102]
  Guatemala 10 years Partial Guatemalan nationality law [103]
  Guinea 5 years No Guinean nationality law [104]
  Guinea-Bissau 5 years No Nationality law of Guinea-Bissau [105]
  Guyana 7 years No Guyanese nationality law [106]
  Haiti 5 years No Haitian nationality law [107]
  Honduras 3 years Partial Honduran nationality law [108]
  Hungary 8 years Continuous residence. Yes Hungarian nationality law [109][110]
  Iceland 7 years Yes Icelandic nationality law [111]
  India 12 years Continuous residence during 12 months immediately before the application. Resident for 11 out of the 14 years before the 12-month period. No Indian nationality law [112][113]
  Indonesia 5 years No Indonesian nationality law [114]
  Iran 5 years Legal residence. Partial Iranian nationality law [115]
  Iraq 10 years Yes Iraqi nationality law [116][117]
  Ireland 5 years "Ordinary" residence for 5 of the preceding 9 years. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. Continuous residence for 12 months prior to application. Yes Irish nationality law [118][119]
  Israel 3 years Resident for 3 years in the previous 5 years. Must have permanent residence right. Jews may obtain citizenship upon arrival by the Law of Return. Partial Israeli citizenship law [120]
  Italy 10 years Continuous residence. Reduced to 2 years if married to a citizen, 3 years with citizen grandparent, 4 years for EU nationals, or 5 years for refugees or stateless people. Yes Italian nationality law [121]
  Ivory Coast 5 years Partial Ivorian nationality law [122]
  Jamaica 5 years Yes Jamaican nationality law [123]
  Japan 5 years Continuous residence. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. No Japanese nationality law [124]
  Jordan 15 years Yes Jordanian nationality law [125]
  Kazakhstan 5 years No Kazakhstani nationality law [126]
  Kenya 7 years Yes Kenyan nationality law [127]
  Kiribati 7 years Partial I-Kiribati nationality law [128]
  Kuwait 15 years Applicable to foreign women marrying Kuwaiti citizen, but not foreign men. No Kuwaiti nationality law [129]
  Kyrgyzstan 5 years Continuous residence. Partial Kyrgyz nationality law [130][131]
  Laos 10 years No Lao nationality law [132]
  Latvia 10 years Partial Latvian nationality law [133]
  Lebanon 5 years Yes Lebanese nationality law [134]
  Lesotho 5 years Yes Basotho nationality law [135]
  Liberia 2 years Must be Black African or Black African descent[136] No Liberian nationality law [137][138]
  Libya 10 years No Libyan nationality law [139]
  Liechtenstein 10 years Years of residence under the age 20 count double. Partial Liechtenstein nationality law [140][141]
  Lithuania 10 years Continuous residence as a permanent resident. Reduced to 7 years if married to a citizen. No Lithuanian nationality law [142][143]
  Luxembourg 5 years Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. Continuous residence for 12 months prior to application. Yes Luxembourgish nationality law [144][145]
  Madagascar 5 years No Malagasy nationality law [146]
  Malawi 7 years Reduced to 5 years if of African race or with Commonwealth or Malawian ties. Yes Malawian nationality law [147]
  Malaysia 12 years No Malaysian nationality law [148]
  Maldives 12 years Continuous residence. Yes Maldivian nationality law [149]
  Mali 5 years Yes Malian nationality law [150]
  Malta 5 years Reduced requirement via citizenship by investment programme. Yes Maltese nationality law [151][152]
  Marshall Islands 7 years No Marshallese nationality law [153]
  Mauritania 5 years No Mauritanian nationality law [154]
  Mauritius 5 years Partial Mauritian nationality law [155]
  Mexico 5 years Reduced to two years for spouses of Mexican citizens. Mexican citizens by naturalization are generally not allowed to have multiple citizenship. Partial Mexican nationality law [156]
  Micronesia 5 years Must be the child or spouse of a citizen of Micronesia. No Micronesian nationality law [157]
  Moldova 10 years Reduced to 8 years for stateless persons or refugees. Yes Moldovan nationality law [158]
  Monaco 10 years Continuous residence. No Monégasque nationality law [159][160]
  Mongolia 5 years No Mongolian nationality law [161]
  Montenegro 10 years Partial Montenegrin nationality law [162][163]
  Morocco 5 years Continuous residence. Yes Moroccan nationality law [164]
  Mozambique 5 years No Mozambican nationality law [165]
  Myanmar N/A Naturalization not allowed. No Myanmar nationality law [166][better source needed]
  Namibia 5 years No Namibian nationality law [167]
  Nauru 7 years Must be the child, spouse or descendant of a Nauruan national. Yes Nauruan nationality law [168]
    Nepal 15 years No Nepali nationality law [169]
  Netherlands 5 years Continuous residence for 5 years, or continuous residence for 2 years with 10 years total residence, with a "non-temporary" residence permit required for naturalization. Reduced to three years for the spouse or partner of a Dutch citizen. Multiple citizenship allowed in limited cases, generally with special permission required. Partial Dutch nationality law [170][a][172]
  New Zealand 5 years Permanent residency required, normally after two years' residence with a temporary visa. Australian citizens are eligible for immediate permanent residence. Must be present for 1,350 days during the five years and 240 days in each of the five years.[173] Yes New Zealand nationality law [174][175]
  Nicaragua 4 years Partial Nicaraguan nationality law [176][177]
  Niger 10 years No Nigerien nationality law [178]
  Nigeria 15 years Continuous residence. Yes Nigerian nationality law [179]
  North Korea N/A No North Korean nationality law
  North Macedonia 8 years Continuous residence. Yes Nationality law of North Macedonia [180][181]
  Norway 8 years Resident in Norway for 8 years out of the previous 11 years. Absences of up to 2 months per year allowed. Yes Norwegian nationality law [182][183]
  Oman 20 years No Omani nationality law [184]
  Pakistan 5 years Partial Pakistani nationality law [185]
  Palau N/A Naturalization not allowed. No Palauan nationality law [186][187]
  Panama 5 years Continuous residence. No Panamanian nationality law [188]
  Papua New Guinea 8 years No Nationality law of Papua New Guinea [189]
  Paraguay 3 years Partial Paraguayan nationality law [190][191]
  Peru 2 years Continuous residence. Yes Peruvian nationality law [192]
  Philippines 10 years Continuous residence. Yes Philippine nationality law [193][194]
  Poland 10 years Resident for 10 years or permanent resident for 3 years. Permanent residence requirement reduced to two years in some cases. Yes Polish nationality law [195]
  Portugal 5 years Continuous residence. Reduced to three years for spouses of Portuguese citizens. Yes Portuguese nationality law [196]
  Qatar 25 years No Qatari nationality law [197]
  Romania 8 years Yes Romanian nationality law [198][199]
  Russia 5 years Continuous residence. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen or 1 year for valued specialists and refugees. Yes Russian nationality law [200][201]
  Rwanda 10 years No Rwandan nationality law [202][203]
  Samoa 5 years Yes Samoan nationality law [204][205]
  San Marino 30 years Reduced to 15 years if married to a citizen. No San Marino nationality law [206]
  São Tomé and Príncipe 5 years No São Toméan nationality law [207]
  Saudi Arabia 10 years Partial Saudi Arabian nationality law [208]
  Senegal 5 years No Senegalese nationality law [209]
  Serbia 3 years Continuous residence. Yes Serbian nationality law [210][211]
  Seychelles 10 years Dual citizenship only for native born citizens who obtain another citizenship for work or through marriage. Partial Seychellois nationality law [212]
  Sierra Leone 5 years No Sierra Leonean nationality law [213]
  Singapore 10 years Foreigners can register for citizenship after two years of permanent residence.[214] No Singaporean nationality law [215][circular reference][216]
  Slovakia 8 years Partial Slovak nationality law [217]
  Slovenia 10 years Total residence of 10 years. Continuous residence for 5 years prior to application. Reduced to 3 years for spouses of citizens. Partial Slovenian nationality law [218][219]
  Solomon Islands 7 years No Solomon Islands nationality law [220]
  Somalia 7 years No Somalian nationality law [221]
  South Africa 5 years Continuous residence. Yes South African nationality law [222][223]
  South Korea 5 years Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. Males are required to do military service. Partial South Korean nationality law [224][225]
  South Sudan 10 years Yes South Sudanese nationality law [226]
  Spain 10 years Reduced to 2 years for natural-born nationals of Ibero-American countries, Portugal, Andorra, Equatorial Guinea, and the Philippines. Partial Spanish nationality law [227][228][229][230]
  Sri Lanka 5 years Partial Sri Lankan nationality law [231]
  St. Kitts and Nevis 15 years Yes Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law [232]
  St. Lucia 7 years Yes Saint Lucian nationality law [233]
  St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7 years Yes Vincentian nationality law [234]
  Sudan 10 years Yes Sudanese nationality law [235]
  Suriname 5 years No Surinamese nationality law [236][237]
  Sweden 5 years Continuous residence. Reduced to 4 years for stateless people and refugees. Yes Swedish nationality law [238][239]
  Switzerland 10 years Must hold C permit (settled foreign national). Years of residence between age of 8 and 18 count double, with a minimum of 6 years residence. Yes Swiss nationality law [240][241]
  Syria 5 years Yes Syrian nationality law [242]
  Taiwan 5 years Partial Nationality law of the Republic of China
  Tajikistan 5 years Partial Tajik nationality law [243]
  Tanzania 5 years No Tanzanian nationality law [244]
  Thailand 5 years Continuous residence. Residence requirement waived for spouses and children of citizens. Partial Thai nationality law [245]
  Togo 5 years Yes Togolese nationality law [246]
  Tonga 5 years No Tongan nationality law [247]
  Trinidad and Tobago 7 years Yes Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law [248]
  Tunisia 5 years Continuous residence. Yes Tunisian nationality law [249]
  Turkey 5 years Continuous residence. Yes Turkish nationality law [250][251]
  Turkmenistan 7 years Yes Turkmen nationality law [252]
  Tuvalu 7 years Yes Tuvaluan nationality law [253][168]
  Uganda 20 years Dual nationality permitted. Three or more nationalities not permitted. Yes Ugandan nationality law [252][254]
  Ukraine 5 years No Ukrainian nationality law [255]
  United Arab Emirates 30 years Reduced to 7 years for citizens of Arab descent. Reduced to 3 years for citizens of Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain. Multiple nationality allowed only in limited, exceptional cases since 2021. Partial Emirati nationality law [256][257]
  United Kingdom 5 years Non-EU/EEA/Swiss citizens must have indefinite leave to remain (ILR) for 12 months before applying. Residency requirement for ILR is generally 5 years. Yes British nationality law [258]
  United States 5 years Continuous lawful permanent residence for 5 years. Reduced to 3 years for spouses of US citizens. Physical presence for at least 30 of the 60 months preceding the application. Cannot be absent for more than 6 months at a time. Yes United States nationality law [259]
  Uruguay 5 years (Legal Citizenship, not nationality) Reduced to 3 years if residing with spouse or children (Legal Citizenship, not nationality). Uruguay distinguishes between citizenship and nationality and does not offer a naturalization path for immigrants. Uruguayan nationals are persons who were born in Uruguay or are children or grandchildren of Uruguayan natural citizens. Legal citizenship has special characteristics, the persons who acquire it keep their nationality of origin. Legal citizens acquire political rights but do not acquire nationality as natural citizens do. This peculiar distinction between citizenship and nationality has caused problems with legal citizens' passports at airports around the world and restricted their freedom of movement. Yes Uruguayan nationality law [260]
  Uzbekistan 5 years No Uzbek nationality law [261]
  Vanuatu 10 years Yes Nationality law of Vanuatu [262]
   Vatican City N/A Yes Vatican City citizenship [263]
  Venezuela 10 years Reduced to 5 years for natural-born citizens of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Latin American or Caribbean countries. Yes Venezuelan nationality law [264]
  Vietnam 5 years The state only recognizes Vietnamese citizens with one nationality, unless otherwise provided. Partial Vietnamese nationality law [265]
  Yemen 5 years No Yemeni nationality law [266]
  Zambia 5 years No Zambian nationality law [267]
  Zimbabwe 5 years Yes Zimbabwean nationality law [268]

Laws by country

Australia

Further information: Australian nationality law § Citizenship by conferral (formerly known as naturalisation)

The Australian Citizenship Act 1973 ended the preferential treatment for British subjects from 1 December 1973.[269] People who became permanent residents from 1 July 2007 must have been lawfully resident in Australia for four years before applying for citizenship by conferral.[17] Those who were present in Australia as permanent residents before 1 July 2007 remain subject to the previous residence requirement (in force since 1984, e.g. resident for 2 years).

People's Republic of China

Main article: Nationality law of the People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China gives citizenship to people with one or two parents with Chinese nationality who have not taken residence in other countries. The country also gives citizenship to people born on its territory to stateless people who have settled there. Furthermore, individuals may apply for nationality if they have a near relative with Chinese nationality, if they have settled in China, or if they present another legitimate reason.[270] In practice, few people gain Chinese citizenship; as of 2010, China had only 1,448 naturalised Chinese in total.[271]

The naturalization process starts with a written application. Applicants must submit three copies, written with a ball-point or fountain pen, to national authorities, and to provincial authorities in the Ministry of Public Security and the Public Security Bureau. Applicants must also submit original copies of a foreign passport, a residence permit, a permanent residence permit, and four two-and-a-half inch long pictures. According to the conditions outlined in the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China, authorities may also require "any other material that the authority believes are related to the nationality application".[272]

France

Main article: French nationality law

People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain French citizenship through naturalisation:[273]

  • At least 5 years' residence, although reduced to the following minimum periods in certain situations:
    • 2 years:
      • Successfully completed 2 years of studies with a view to obtaining a degree or diploma at a French higher educational institution;
      • Made an exceptional contribution to France's standing and influence in the arts, science, sport, culture, academia, entrepreneurship, etc.
    • No minimum residence period:
      • Performed military service with the French Army;
      • Served voluntarily in wartime in the French Army or an allied army;
      • Rendered exceptional service to France (requires personal ministerial approval);
      • Attained the official status of a refugee in France;
      • Citizen of a member state of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and have French as their native language or have completed at least 5 years of schooling in a French-speaking educational establishment.
  • Integration into French society, including adhering to the values and principles of the Republic, and having a sufficient knowledge of French history, culture and society;
  • Sufficient spoken command of the French language;
  • No serious criminal convictions, defined as follows:
    • Never been sentenced to more than 6 months' imprisonment (not including suspended sentences) for any crime (unless the applicant has been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record);
    • Never been convicted of any crime that counters France's fundamental interests (unless the applicant has been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record);
    • Never been convicted of any act of terrorism (unless the applicant has been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record).

The fee for naturalisation is €55, except in French Guiana, where it is €27.50.

Germany

Main article: German nationality law

People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain German citizenship through naturalisation:[274]

  • At least 8 years' residence in Germany with a valid residence permit. This minimum period is reduced as follows:
    • 7 years for people who have successfully completed the Integrationskurs;
    • 3 years for spouses and registered same-sex partners of a German citizen (must have been married or in the registered partnership for at least 2 years at the time of application).
  • Declaring allegiance to the German Constitution;
  • Sufficient command of the German language;
  • No serious criminal convictions.

The dependent minor children of an applicant for naturalisation may also themselves become naturalised German citizens.

The fee for standard naturalisation is €255, while it is €51 per dependent minor child naturalised along with their parent. The fee may be waived in cases of extreme hardship or public interest.

People who naturalise as German citizens must usually give up their previous nationality, as German law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship. Exceptions are made for EU and Swiss citizens (provided that the law of their country of origin does not prohibit the acquisition of another citizenship) and citizens of countries where renouncing one's citizenship is too difficult or humiliating (e.g. Afghanistan), prohibitively expensive (e.g. the United States) or legally impossible (e.g. Argentina).

Grenada

Main article: Grenadian nationality law

The Grenadian Government grants citizenship of Grenada for the following reasons:

  • By Birth
    • Any person born in Grenada after 1974 or later acquires Grenadian citizenship at birth. The exception is for children born to diplomat parents.
  • By Descent
    • Children born outside Grenada to a Grenadian-born parent.
  • By Registration
    • Children (over 18) born outside of Grenada to a Grenadian parent.
    • Children (under 18) born outside of Grenada to a Grenadian parent.
    • A person who was born outside of Grenada who is a Grandchild of a Grenadian citizen by birth.
    • A person who is/or has been married to a citizen of Grenada.
    • Citizens of Caribbean Countries may apply for citizenship by registration provided that person has been living in Grenada for 4 years and 2 years as a Permanent Resident (within the four-year period) immediately preceding the date of application.
    • Commonwealth & Irish citizens may apply for citizenship by registration provided that the person has been living in Grenada for 7 years and 2 years as a Permanent Resident (within the seven-year period) immediately preceding the date of application.
  • By Naturalisation
  • An Alien or a British Protected Person may apply for citizenship by naturalisation provided that the person has been living in Grenada for 7 years and 2 years as a Permanent Resident (within the seven-year period) immediately preceding the date of application..

India

Main article: Indian nationality law

The Indian citizenship and nationality law and the Constitution of India provides single citizenship for the entire country. The provisions relating to citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution are contained in Articles 5 to 11[275] in Part II of the Constitution of India. Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been amended by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1986, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1992, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003,[276] and Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005.[277] The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 received the assent of the President of India on 7 January 2004 and came into force on 3 December 2004. The Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 was promulgated by the President of India and came into force on 28 June 2005.[278]

Following these reforms, Indian nationality law largely follows the jus sanguinis (citizenship by right of blood) as opposed to the jus soli (citizenship by right of birth within the territory).[citation needed]

In 2019, a Citizenship Amendment Act was passed by the Parliament of India. This Act aims at fast tracking citizenship for illegal immigrants of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian faiths who have entered India on or before 31 December 2014 from the neighbouring countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.[279]

Italy

Main article: Italian nationality law

The Italian Government grants Italian citizenship for the following reasons.[280]

  • Automatically
    • Jus sanguinis: for birth;
    • If an Italian citizen recognizes, at a time after birth, a minor child;
    • For adoption;
    • To obtain or re-obtain from a parent.
  • Following declaration
    • By descent;
    • Jus soli: by birth or descent in Italy;
  • By marriage or naturalization
    • By marriage: the foreign or stateless spouse of an Italian citizen may acquire Italian citizenship after two years of legal residence in Italy or, if residing abroad, after three years from the date of marriage;
    • By naturalization: the foreigner can apply for Italian citizenship after ten years of legal residence in Italy, reduced to five years for those who have been recognized as stateless or refugee and four years for citizens of countries of the European Community.

Indonesia

Main article: Indonesian nationality law

Indonesian nationality is regulated by Law No. 12/2006 (UU No. 12 Tahun 2006). The Indonesian nationality law is based on jus sanguinis and jus soli. The Indonesian nationality law does not recognize dual citizenship except for people under the age of 18 (limited double citizenship principle). After reaching 18 years of age individuals are forced to choose one citizenship (single citizenship principle).[281]

A foreign citizen can apply to become an Indonesian citizen with the following requirements:

  • Age 18 or older, or married
  • Resided in Indonesia for a minimum of 5 consecutive years or 10 non-consecutive years
  • Physically and mentally healthy
  • Ability to speak Indonesian and acknowledge Pancasila and Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
  • Never convicted of a crime for which the punishment is imprisonment for one year or more
  • If having Indonesian citizenship will not give the person dual citizenship
  • Employed or have fixed income
  • Pay citizenship fee

Any application for citizenship is granted by the President of Indonesia.

Israel

Israel's Declaration of Independence was made on 14 May 1948, the day before the British Mandate was due to expire as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan.[282] The Israeli parliament created two laws regarding immigration, citizenship and naturalization: the Law of Return and the Israeli citizenship law.[283] The Law of Return, enacted on July 15, 1950, gives Jews living anywhere in the world the right to immigrate to Israel. This right to immigrate did not and still does not grant citizenship. In fact, for four years after Israel gained independence, there were no Israeli citizens.[283]

On July 14, 1952, the Israeli parliament enacted the Israeli Nationality Law.[283] The Nationality Law naturalized all citizens of Mandated Palestine, the inhabitants of Israel on July 15, 1952, and those who had legally resided in Israel between May 14, 1948, and July 14, 1952. The law further clarified that naturalization was available to immigrants who had arrived before Israel's creation, immigrants who arrived after statehood was granted, and those who did not come to Israel as immigrants but have since expressed desire to settle in Israel, with restriction. Naturalization applicants must also meet the following requirements: be over 18 years of age, have resided in Israel for three out of the five preceding years, have settled or intend to settle permanently in Israel, have some knowledge of Hebrew, and have renounced prior nationality or demonstrated ability to renounce nationality after becoming a citizen of Israel.[283]

Because of Israel's relatively new and culturally mixed identity, Israel does not grant citizenship to people born on Israeli soil. Instead, the government chose to enact a jus sanguinis system, with the naturalization restrictions listed above. There is currently no legislation on second-generation immigrants (those born in Israel to immigrant parents). Furthermore, foreign spouses can apply for citizenship through the Minister of the Interior, but have a variety of restrictions and are not guaranteed citizenship.[284]

Luxembourg

People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain Luxembourg citizenship through naturalisation:[285]

  • At least 18 years old.
  • At least 5 years of legal residence in Luxembourg, including an uninterrupted period of one year immediately before applying for citizenship.
  • Passing a Luxembourgish language exam.
  • Taking a course on "Living together in the Grand Duchy" and passing the associated examination.
  • Never having been handed an immediate custodial sentence of 12 months or more or a suspended custodial sentence of 24 months or more, in any country.

Malaysia

Main article: Malaysian nationality law

Naturalisation in Malaysia is guided by the 1964 Malaysian Constitution. According to the law, those who want to be the country citizen should live in the country for a period of 10–12 years. The would-be-citizens are required to speak the Malay language as well submitting the identity cards of two Malaysians who recommend the applicant for citizenship.[286] As the Government of Malaysia does not recognise dual citizenship, those who seek naturalisation are needed to reside permanently in the country and renouncing their former country citizenship.[287]

The requirements are as follows:[288]

  • The applicant shall appear before the Registrar of Citizenship when submitting the application.
  • The applicant must be aged 21 years and above on the date of the application.
  • The applicant has resided in the federation for a period of not less than 10 years in a period of 12 years, including the 12 months immediately preceding the date of application.
  • The applicant intends to reside permanently in the federation.
  • The applicant is of good character.
  • The applicant has adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
  • The applicant must be sponsored by two referees who are citizens aged 21 years and above and who are not relatives, not hired people, and not advocates or solicitors to the applicant.
  • Form C must be completed and submitted together with copies of the necessary documents.

The Article 16 of 1957 Malaysian Constitution also stated a similar condition previously.[289]

Philippines

Main article: Philippine nationality law § Citizenship by naturalization

Commonwealth Act No. 473, the Revised Naturalization Law, approved June 17, 1939, provided that people having certain specified qualifications may become a citizen of the Philippines by naturalization.[193] Republic Act No. 9139, approved June 8, 2001, provided that aliens under the age of 18 who were born in the Philippines, who have resided in the Philippines since birth, and who possess other specified qualifications may be granted Philippines citizenship by administrative proceeding subject to certain requirements.[290][291]

Russia

Naturalization in Russia is guided by articles 13 and 14 of the federal law "About Citizenship of Russian Federation" passed on May 31, 2002. Citizenship of Russia can be obtained in general or simplified order. To become a citizen in general order, one must be 18 years of age or older, continuously live in Russia as a permanent resident for at least five years (this term is limited to one year for valued specialists, political asylum seekers and refugees), have legal means of existence, promise to obey the laws and Constitution of Russia and be fluent in the Russian language.

There is also a possibility to naturalize in a simplified order, in which certain requirements will be waived. Eligible for that are people, at least one parent of whom is a Russian citizen living on Russian territory; people, who lived on the territories of the former Soviet republics but never obtained citizenships of those nations after they gained independence; people, who were born on the territory of RSFSR and formerly held Soviet citizenship; people married to Russian citizens for at least 3 years; people, who served in Russian Armed Forces under contract for at least 3 years; parents of mentally incapacitated children over 18 who are Russian citizens; participants of the State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad; and some other categories.[292]

Spain

People who fulfill all of the following criteria can obtain Spanish citizenship through naturalisation[293]

  • At least 10 years' residence in Spain. This period is reduced to 5 years for people who have obtained refugee status; 2 year for nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal or persons of Sephardic origin; 1 years for spouses, widows, widowers, people born in Spain or by a Spanish mother or father.
  • Sufficient command of the Spanish language and culture;
  • Declaring allegiance to the Spanish Constitution;
  • No serious criminal convictions.

People who naturalise as Spanish citizens must usually give up their previous nationality, as Spanish law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship.

South Africa

Chapter 2 of the South African Citizenship Act, enacted on October 6, 1995, defines who is considered a naturalized citizen at the time of the act and also outlines the naturalization process for future immigrants.[294]

Any person who immediately prior to the commencement of the act had been a South African citizen via naturalization, had been deemed to be a South African citizen by registration, or had been a citizen via naturalization of any of the former states now composing South Africa is now considered to be a naturalized citizen of South Africa.

Those wishing to apply for naturalization in the future must apply to the Minister of Home Affairs and must meet a slew of requirements. First, naturalization applicants must be over the age of 18 and must have been a permanent resident of South Africa for five years prior to application (prior to 2010, the permanent residence requirement was one year prior to application and for four out of the eight years prior to application).[295] Applicants must also demonstrate good character and knowledge of the basic responsibilities and privileges of a South African citizen. The ability to communicate in one of the official languages of South Africa is also required. Applicants must show the intention to reside in South Africa after naturalization, and they are required to make a declaration of allegiance. The Constitution of South Africa states that national legislation must provide for the acquisition, loss and restoration of citizenship.[296]

Being a naturalized South African citizen is a privilege, not a right. Even after meeting all the requirements and going through the naturalization process, the minister holds the right to deny citizenship.[297] Foreign spouses of South African citizens can apply for naturalization after two years of marriage, but is subject to potential denial of the minister. The minister can also grant citizenship to minors, if their parent applies for them.

The minister also holds the power to revoke naturalization at any time for specific reasons listed in the Act. Reasons for revoking the naturalization certificate include marrying someone who is a citizen of another country and holding citizenship in another country, or applying for citizenship of another country without prior authorization for retention of citizenship. If a permanent resident is denied naturalization, he or she must wait at least one year before reapplying.

United Kingdom

Main article: British nationality law

There has always been a distinction in the law of England and Wales between the subjects of the monarch and aliens: the monarch's subjects owed the monarch allegiance, and included those born in his or her dominions (natural-born subjects) and those who later gave him or her their allegiance (naturalised subjects). Today, the requirements for naturalisation as a citizen of the United Kingdom depend on whether or not one is the spouse or civil partner of a citizen. An applicant who is a spouse or civil partner of a British citizen must:[298][verification needed]

  • hold indefinite leave to remain in the UK (or an equivalent such as Right of Abode or Irish citizenship)
  • have lived legally in the UK for three years
  • been outside of the UK no more than 90 days during the one-year period prior to filing the application.
  • show sufficient knowledge of life in the UK, either by passing the Life in the United Kingdom test or by attending combined English language and citizenship classes. Proof of this must be supplied with one's application for naturalisation. Those aged 65 or over may be able to claim exemption.
  • meet specified English, Welsh or Scottish Gaelic language competence standards.

For those not married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen, the requirements are:

  • Five years legal residence in the UK
  • Indefinite leave to remain or "equivalent" for this purpose (see above) must have been held for 12 months
  • the applicant must intend to continue to live in the UK or work overseas for the UK government or a British corporation or association
  • the same "good character" standards apply as for those married to British citizens
  • the same language and knowledge of life in the UK standards apply as for those married to British citizens.

United States

Further information: United States nationality law and History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States

Persons who are not US citizens may receive citizenship through the process of naturalization, following the Congressional requirements in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).[299] Naturalized citizens have the same rights has those who acquired citizenship at birth.[299]

The INA states the following:

No person, except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, shall be naturalized unless such applicant, (1) immediately preceding the date of filing his application for naturalization has resided continuously, after being lawfully admitted for permanent residence, within the United States for at least five years and during the five years immediately preceding the date of filing his application has been physically present therein for periods totaling at least half of that time, and who has resided within the State or within the district of the Service in the United States in which the applicant filed the application for at least three months, (2) has resided continuously within the United States from the date of the application up to the time of admission to citizenship, and (3) during all the periods referred to in this subsection has been and still is a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States.[1]

 
A man taking the required citizenship oath of allegiance in front of US government officials in New York City (1910).
 
New citizens at a naturalization ceremony at Kennedy Space Center in Florida (2010).

The Naturalization Act of 1795 set the initial rules on naturalization: "free, White persons" who had been resident for five years or more.[300] An 1862 law allowed honorably discharged Army veterans of any war to petition for naturalization after only one year of residence in the United States.[301] An 1894 law extended the same privilege to honorably discharged five-year veterans of the Navy or Marine Corps. Laws enacted in 1919, 1926, 1940, and 1952 continued preferential treatment provisions for veterans.[302]

Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, Philippine citizens were classified as US nationals, and the 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act granted US citizenship to natives of Puerto Rico. But the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act reclassified Filipinos as aliens, and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year, and otherwise applying the Immigration Act of 1924 to them.

The Magnuson Act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act. During the 1940s, 100 annual immigrants from British India and the Philippines were allowed. The War Brides Act of 1945 permitted soldiers to bring back their foreign wives and established precedent in naturalization through marriage. The Immigration Act of 1965 finally allowed people from all nations to be given equal access to immigration and naturalization.

Illegal immigration became a major issue in the United States at the end of the 20th century. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, while tightening border controls, also provided the opportunity of naturalization for illegal aliens who had been in the country for at least four years. Today, lawful permanent residents of the United States are eligible to apply for US citizenship after five years,[303] unless they continue to be married to a US citizen, in which case they can apply after only three years of permanent residency.[304]

The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 streamlined the naturalization process for children adopted internationally. A child under age 18 who is adopted by at least one US citizen parent, and is in the custody of the citizen parent(s), is now automatically naturalized once admitted to the United States as an immigrant or when legally adopted in the United States, depending on the visa under which the child was admitted to the United States. The Act also provides that the non-citizen minor child of a newly naturalized US citizen, whether by birth or adoption, also automatically receives US citizenship.

Mass naturalizations

A few rare mass naturalization processes have been implemented by nation states. In 1891, Brazil granted naturalization to all aliens living in the country.[305] In 1922, Greece massively naturalized all the Greek refugees coming from Turkey. The second massive naturalization process was in favor of Armenian refugees coming from Turkey, who went to Syria, Lebanon or other former Ottoman countries. Reciprocally, Turkey massively naturalized the refugees of Turkish descent or other ethnic backgrounds in Muslim creed from these countries during a redemption process.

Canada instituted a mass naturalization by Act of Parliament with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946.

After annexation of the territories east of the Curzon line by the Soviet Union in 1945, Soviets naturalized en masse all the inhabitants of those territories—including ethnic Poles, as well as its other citizens who had been deported into the Soviet Union, mainly to Kazakhstan. Those people were forcibly naturalized as Soviet citizens.[citation needed] Later on[when?], Germany granted to the ethnic German population in Russia and Kazakhstan full citizenship rights. Poland has a limited repatriation program in place.

The most recent massive naturalization case resulted from the Argentine economic crisis in the beginning of the 21st century. Existing or slightly updated right of return laws in Spain and Italy allowed many of their diasporic descendants to obtain—in many cases to regain—naturalization in virtue of jus sanguinis, as in the Greek case. Hence, many Argentines acquired European nationality.

Since the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants citizenship only to those "born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof", and the original United States Constitution only grants Congress the power of naturalization, it could be argued that all acts of Congress that expand the right of citizenship are cases of mass naturalization. This includes the acts that extended U.S. citizenship to citizens of Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, as well as the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 which made all Native Americans citizens (most of them were previously excluded under the "jurisdiction" clause of the 14th Amendment).

In the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah, mass naturalisation also happened during the administration of United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) and Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA's) Muslim-dominated political parties to increase the Muslim population in the territory by naturalising immigrants and refugees from the mainly-Muslim dominated areas of Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines and Sulawesi of Indonesia.[306][307][308]

In occupied territories

The mass naturalization of native people in occupied territories is illegal under the laws of war (Hague and Geneva Conventions). However, there have been many instances of such illegal mass naturalizations in the 20th century.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Netherlands requires that most naturalized citizens renounce other citizenships (unless they fall under an exemption category), and will revoke Dutch citizenship on failure to accomplish this.[171]

References

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May 03, 2023
naturalization, biology, usage, naturalisation, biology, invasive, species, naturalisation, legal, process, which, citizen, country, acquire, citizenship, nationality, that, country, done, automatically, statute, without, effort, part, individual, involve, app. For the biology usage see Naturalisation biology and Invasive species Naturalization or naturalisation is the legal act or process by which a non citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country It may be done automatically by a statute i e without any effort on the part of the individual or it may involve an application or a motion and approval by legal authorities 1 The rules of naturalization vary from country to country but typically include a promise to obey and uphold that country s laws and taking and subscribing to an oath of allegiance and may specify other requirements such as a minimum legal residency and adequate knowledge of the national dominant language or culture To counter multiple citizenship some countries require that applicants for naturalization renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of original citizenship as seen by the host country and by the original country will depend on the laws of the countries involved United States service members are sworn in as citizens of the United States aboard the USS Midway in 2009 The massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees following World War I created many stateless persons people who were not citizens of any state In some rare cases laws for mass naturalization were passed As naturalization laws had been designed to cater for the relatively few people who had voluntarily moved from one country to another expatriates many western democracies were not ready to naturalize large numbers of people This included the massive influx of stateless people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of ethnic minorities from newly created nation states in the first part of the 20th century citation needed Since World War II the increase in international migrations created a new category of migrants most of them economic migrants For economic political humanitarian and pragmatic reasons many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth such as by marriage to a national jus matrimonii or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country in order to reduce the scope of this category However in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrant population in an illegal status albeit with some massive regularizations Examples include Spain under Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero s government and Italy under Silvio Berlusconi s government Contents 1 Countries without a path to naturalization 2 Summary by country 3 Laws by country 3 1 Australia 3 2 People s Republic of China 3 3 France 3 4 Germany 3 5 Grenada 3 6 India 3 7 Italy 3 8 Indonesia 3 9 Israel 3 10 Luxembourg 3 11 Malaysia 3 12 Philippines 3 13 Russia 3 14 Spain 3 15 South Africa 3 16 United Kingdom 3 17 United States 4 Mass naturalizations 4 1 In occupied territories 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksCountries without a path to naturalization EditMyanmar and Uruguay are currently the only countries in the world that deny immigrants any path to naturalization Uruguayan legal citizenship has special characteristics A person who acquires it retains their nationality of origin which is determined by Uruguayan law to be that of their country of birth and therefore is immutable Legal citizens acquire political rights but do not acquire Uruguayan nationality as natural citizens do According to Uruguayan law those born in Uruguay or whose parents or grandparents are Uruguayan natural citizens are considered to be Uruguayan nationals As a result of Uruguay s unusual distinction between citizenship and nationality it s the only country in the world that recognizes the right to citizenship without being a national legal citizens have encountered problems with their Uruguayan passports at airports around the world since 2015 This is due to recommendations in the seventh edition of Doc 9303 of the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO which requires that travel documents issued by participating states include the Nationality field The lack of a naturalization path means that the Nationality field in legal citizens passports indicates their country of birth which Uruguay assumes to be their nationality of origin Many countries do not accept passports issued by a country that declares the holder to be a national of another country As a consequence it has severely curtailed legal citizens exercise of the right to free movement as their travel abroad is often difficult or downright impossible 2 Due to its current and narrow definition of nationality Uruguay could be violating the sovereignty of other countries by assigning foreign nationalities in its official documents thus overriding their powers Some Uruguayan legal citizens may even as a result of the application of a national law of a third nation and this Uruguayan interpretation become de facto stateless Summary by country EditThe following list is a brief summary of the duration of legal residence before a national of a foreign state without any cultural historical or marriage ties or connections to the state in question can request citizenship under that state s naturalization laws This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items May 2020 Country Residence requirement Residence requirement notes Other notes Multiple citizenship Main article Ref Afghanistan 5 years No Afghan nationality law 3 4 Albania 5 years Continuous residence Yes Albanian nationality law 5 6 Algeria 7 years Yes Algerian nationality law 7 8 Andorra 20 years Continuous permanent residence Reduced to 10 years if all mandatory education completed in Andorra No Andorran nationality law 9 10 Angola 10 years Continuous residence Yes Angolan nationality law 11 Antigua and Barbuda 7 years Continuous residence Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen Yes Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law 12 13 Argentina 2 years Continuous residence Yes Argentine nationality law 14 Armenia 3 years Yes Armenian nationality law 15 16 Australia 4 years Lawful residence for 4 years including 12 months as permanent resident Yes Australian nationality law 17 18 19 Austria 10 years Reduced to 6 years for people born in Austria EU EEA citizens refugees or those deemed exceptionally integrated Multiple nationalities allowed only by birth or with special permission Partial Austrian nationality law 20 21 Azerbaijan 5 years No Azerbaijani nationality law 22 Bahamas 10 years No Bahamian nationality law 23 24 Bahrain 10 years No Bahraini nationality law 23 24 Bangladesh 5 years Partial Bangladeshi nationality law 25 26 Barbados 5 years Yes Barbadian nationality law 27 28 29 Belarus 7 years Yes Belarusian nationality law 30 31 Belgium 5 years Continuous residence Yes Belgian nationality law 32 33 Belize 5 years Yes Belizean nationality law 34 Benin 10 years Yes Beninese nationality law 35 Bhutan 20 years Reduced to 15 years for those with citizen parent No Bhutanese nationality law 36 37 Bolivia 3 years Uninterrupted residence Yes Bolivian nationality law 38 39 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 years Continuous residence Partial Bosnian nationality law 40 41 Botswana 10 years No Botswanan nationality law 42 43 Brazil 4 years Uninterrupted residence Yes Brazilian nationality law 44 45 British Overseas Territories 5 years Yes British Overseas Territories citizenship 46 Brunei 10 years No Bruneian nationality law 47 Bulgaria 5 years Reduced to 3 years if born in Bulgaria married to a citizen or settled in the country before age 18 EU EEA Swiss citizens and spouses of Bulgarians can keep existing citizenship Partial Bulgarian nationality law 48 49 Burkina Faso 10 years Yes Burkinabe nationality law 50 Burundi 10 years Reduced to 5 years if married to a citizen Yes Burundian nationality law 51 Cambodia 7 years Yes Cambodian nationality law 52 Cameroon 5 years No Cameroonian nationality law 53 54 55 Canada 3 years Three years permanent residence required Physical presence required for at least 1 095 days in the 5 years prior to application with any time spent as a temporary resident counted as half up to a maximum of 365 days Yes Canadian nationality law 56 57 Cape Verde 5 years Yes Cape Verdean nationality law 58 59 Central African Republic 35 years Must have agriculture property investments and have received a national honour Partial Nationality law of the Central African Republic 60 Chad 15 years Yes Chadian nationality law 58 Chile 5 years Continuous residence Yes Chilean nationality law 61 China N A Permanent residence required No specific residency period specified in law Must have parent or relative from China No Chinese nationality law 62 Colombia 8 years Migrant visa for 3 years followed by permanent residence for 5 years Yes Colombian nationality law Comoros 10 years Yes Comorian nationality law 63 Congo 10 years No Republic of the Congo nationality law 64 Costa Rica 7 years Yes Costa Rican nationality law 65 Croatia 8 years Continuous residence Partial Croatian nationality law 66 67 68 Cuba 5 years Yes Cuban nationality law 69 Cyprus 7 years Reduced time period via citizenship by investment programme Yes Cypriot nationality law 70 71 72 Czechia 5 years As permanent resident Reduced to 3 years for EU citizens Yes Czech nationality law 73 74 Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 years No Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law 75 Denmark 9 years Continuous residence Yes Danish nationality law 76 77 Djibouti 10 years No Djiboutian nationality law 78 Dominica 7 years Yes Dominican nationality law 79 Dominican Republic 2 years Partial Dominican Republic nationality law 80 East Timor 10 years No East Timorese nationality law 81 82 Ecuador 5 years Temporary residence for 2 years followed by permanent residence for 3 years Reduced for those with Ecuadorian family members Absences must be less than 90 days per year Yes Ecuadorian nationality law 83 Egypt 10 years Partial Egyptian nationality law El Salvador 5 years Yes Salvadoran nationality law 84 Equatorial Guinea 10 years No Nationality law of Equatorial Guinea 85 Eritrea 20 years No Eritrean nationality law 86 Estonia 8 years Temporary residence for 3 years followed by permanent residence for 5 years Multiple citizenship tolerated for birthright citizens but not naturalised citizens Partial Estonian nationality law 87 88 89 Eswatini 5 years No Emaswati nationality law 90 Ethiopia 4 years No Ethiopian nationality law 91 Fiji 5 years Lawful residence for 5 years out of the previous 10 years Yes Fijian nationality law 92 Finland 5 years Continuous residence Yes Finnish nationality law 93 France 5 years Continuous residence Reduced to 2 years for applicants with at master s degree in France Yes French nationality law 94 Gabon 10 years No Gabonese nationality law 95 Gambia 10 years Dual citizenship allowed if married to a citizen Yes Gambian nationality law 96 Georgia 10 years Consecutive lawful residence No Georgian nationality law 97 Germany 8 years Continuous residence with a settlement permit Reduced to 7 years with integration course Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen EU EEA Swiss citizens can keep existing citizenship Other nationalities require special permission to keep existing citizenship Partial German nationality law 98 Ghana 5 years Yes Ghanaian nationality law 99 Greece 7 years Yes Greek nationality law 100 101 Grenada 7 years Yes Grenadian nationality law 102 Guatemala 10 years Partial Guatemalan nationality law 103 Guinea 5 years No Guinean nationality law 104 Guinea Bissau 5 years No Nationality law of Guinea Bissau 105 Guyana 7 years No Guyanese nationality law 106 Haiti 5 years No Haitian nationality law 107 Honduras 3 years Partial Honduran nationality law 108 Hungary 8 years Continuous residence Yes Hungarian nationality law 109 110 Iceland 7 years Yes Icelandic nationality law 111 India 12 years Continuous residence during 12 months immediately before the application Resident for 11 out of the 14 years before the 12 month period No Indian nationality law 112 113 Indonesia 5 years No Indonesian nationality law 114 Iran 5 years Legal residence Partial Iranian nationality law 115 Iraq 10 years Yes Iraqi nationality law 116 117 Ireland 5 years Ordinary residence for 5 of the preceding 9 years Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen Continuous residence for 12 months prior to application Yes Irish nationality law 118 119 Israel 3 years Resident for 3 years in the previous 5 years Must have permanent residence right Jews may obtain citizenship upon arrival by the Law of Return Partial Israeli citizenship law 120 Italy 10 years Continuous residence Reduced to 2 years if married to a citizen 3 years with citizen grandparent 4 years for EU nationals or 5 years for refugees or stateless people Yes Italian nationality law 121 Ivory Coast 5 years Partial Ivorian nationality law 122 Jamaica 5 years Yes Jamaican nationality law 123 Japan 5 years Continuous residence Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen No Japanese nationality law 124 Jordan 15 years Yes Jordanian nationality law 125 Kazakhstan 5 years No Kazakhstani nationality law 126 Kenya 7 years Yes Kenyan nationality law 127 Kiribati 7 years Partial I Kiribati nationality law 128 Kuwait 15 years Applicable to foreign women marrying Kuwaiti citizen but not foreign men No Kuwaiti nationality law 129 Kyrgyzstan 5 years Continuous residence Partial Kyrgyz nationality law 130 131 Laos 10 years No Lao nationality law 132 Latvia 10 years Partial Latvian nationality law 133 Lebanon 5 years Yes Lebanese nationality law 134 Lesotho 5 years Yes Basotho nationality law 135 Liberia 2 years Must be Black African or Black African descent 136 No Liberian nationality law 137 138 Libya 10 years No Libyan nationality law 139 Liechtenstein 10 years Years of residence under the age 20 count double Partial Liechtenstein nationality law 140 141 Lithuania 10 years Continuous residence as a permanent resident Reduced to 7 years if married to a citizen No Lithuanian nationality law 142 143 Luxembourg 5 years Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen Continuous residence for 12 months prior to application Yes Luxembourgish nationality law 144 145 Madagascar 5 years No Malagasy nationality law 146 Malawi 7 years Reduced to 5 years if of African race or with Commonwealth or Malawian ties Yes Malawian nationality law 147 Malaysia 12 years No Malaysian nationality law 148 Maldives 12 years Continuous residence Yes Maldivian nationality law 149 Mali 5 years Yes Malian nationality law 150 Malta 5 years Reduced requirement via citizenship by investment programme Yes Maltese nationality law 151 152 Marshall Islands 7 years No Marshallese nationality law 153 Mauritania 5 years No Mauritanian nationality law 154 Mauritius 5 years Partial Mauritian nationality law 155 Mexico 5 years Reduced to two years for spouses of Mexican citizens Mexican citizens by naturalization are generally not allowed to have multiple citizenship Partial Mexican nationality law 156 Micronesia 5 years Must be the child or spouse of a citizen of Micronesia No Micronesian nationality law 157 Moldova 10 years Reduced to 8 years for stateless persons or refugees Yes Moldovan nationality law 158 Monaco 10 years Continuous residence No Monegasque nationality law 159 160 Mongolia 5 years No Mongolian nationality law 161 Montenegro 10 years Partial Montenegrin nationality law 162 163 Morocco 5 years Continuous residence Yes Moroccan nationality law 164 Mozambique 5 years No Mozambican nationality law 165 Myanmar N A Naturalization not allowed No Myanmar nationality law 166 better source needed Namibia 5 years No Namibian nationality law 167 Nauru 7 years Must be the child spouse or descendant of a Nauruan national Yes Nauruan nationality law 168 Nepal 15 years No Nepali nationality law 169 Netherlands 5 years Continuous residence for 5 years or continuous residence for 2 years with 10 years total residence with a non temporary residence permit required for naturalization Reduced to three years for the spouse or partner of a Dutch citizen Multiple citizenship allowed in limited cases generally with special permission required Partial Dutch nationality law 170 a 172 New Zealand 5 years Permanent residency required normally after two years residence with a temporary visa Australian citizens are eligible for immediate permanent residence Must be present for 1 350 days during the five years and 240 days in each of the five years 173 Yes New Zealand nationality law 174 175 Nicaragua 4 years Partial Nicaraguan nationality law 176 177 Niger 10 years No Nigerien nationality law 178 Nigeria 15 years Continuous residence Yes Nigerian nationality law 179 North Korea N A No North Korean nationality law North Macedonia 8 years Continuous residence Yes Nationality law of North Macedonia 180 181 Norway 8 years Resident in Norway for 8 years out of the previous 11 years Absences of up to 2 months per year allowed Yes Norwegian nationality law 182 183 Oman 20 years No Omani nationality law 184 Pakistan 5 years Partial Pakistani nationality law 185 Palau N A Naturalization not allowed No Palauan nationality law 186 187 Panama 5 years Continuous residence No Panamanian nationality law 188 Papua New Guinea 8 years No Nationality law of Papua New Guinea 189 Paraguay 3 years Partial Paraguayan nationality law 190 191 Peru 2 years Continuous residence Yes Peruvian nationality law 192 Philippines 10 years Continuous residence Yes Philippine nationality law 193 194 Poland 10 years Resident for 10 years or permanent resident for 3 years Permanent residence requirement reduced to two years in some cases Yes Polish nationality law 195 Portugal 5 years Continuous residence Reduced to three years for spouses of Portuguese citizens Yes Portuguese nationality law 196 Qatar 25 years No Qatari nationality law 197 Romania 8 years Yes Romanian nationality law 198 199 Russia 5 years Continuous residence Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen or 1 year for valued specialists and refugees Yes Russian nationality law 200 201 Rwanda 10 years No Rwandan nationality law 202 203 Samoa 5 years Yes Samoan nationality law 204 205 San Marino 30 years Reduced to 15 years if married to a citizen No San Marino nationality law 206 Sao Tome and Principe 5 years No Sao Tomean nationality law 207 Saudi Arabia 10 years Partial Saudi Arabian nationality law 208 Senegal 5 years No Senegalese nationality law 209 Serbia 3 years Continuous residence Yes Serbian nationality law 210 211 Seychelles 10 years Dual citizenship only for native born citizens who obtain another citizenship for work or through marriage Partial Seychellois nationality law 212 Sierra Leone 5 years No Sierra Leonean nationality law 213 Singapore 10 years Foreigners can register for citizenship after two years of permanent residence 214 No Singaporean nationality law 215 circular reference 216 Slovakia 8 years Partial Slovak nationality law 217 Slovenia 10 years Total residence of 10 years Continuous residence for 5 years prior to application Reduced to 3 years for spouses of citizens Partial Slovenian nationality law 218 219 Solomon Islands 7 years No Solomon Islands nationality law 220 Somalia 7 years No Somalian nationality law 221 South Africa 5 years Continuous residence Yes South African nationality law 222 223 South Korea 5 years Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen Males are required to do military service Partial South Korean nationality law 224 225 South Sudan 10 years Yes South Sudanese nationality law 226 Spain 10 years Reduced to 2 years for natural born nationals of Ibero American countries Portugal Andorra Equatorial Guinea and the Philippines Partial Spanish nationality law 227 228 229 230 Sri Lanka 5 years Partial Sri Lankan nationality law 231 St Kitts and Nevis 15 years Yes Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law 232 St Lucia 7 years Yes Saint Lucian nationality law 233 St Vincent and the Grenadines 7 years Yes Vincentian nationality law 234 Sudan 10 years Yes Sudanese nationality law 235 Suriname 5 years No Surinamese nationality law 236 237 Sweden 5 years Continuous residence Reduced to 4 years for stateless people and refugees Yes Swedish nationality law 238 239 Switzerland 10 years Must hold C permit settled foreign national Years of residence between age of 8 and 18 count double with a minimum of 6 years residence Yes Swiss nationality law 240 241 Syria 5 years Yes Syrian nationality law 242 Taiwan 5 years Partial Nationality law of the Republic of China Tajikistan 5 years Partial Tajik nationality law 243 Tanzania 5 years No Tanzanian nationality law 244 Thailand 5 years Continuous residence Residence requirement waived for spouses and children of citizens Partial Thai nationality law 245 Togo 5 years Yes Togolese nationality law 246 Tonga 5 years No Tongan nationality law 247 Trinidad and Tobago 7 years Yes Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law 248 Tunisia 5 years Continuous residence Yes Tunisian nationality law 249 Turkey 5 years Continuous residence Yes Turkish nationality law 250 251 Turkmenistan 7 years Yes Turkmen nationality law 252 Tuvalu 7 years Yes Tuvaluan nationality law 253 168 Uganda 20 years Dual nationality permitted Three or more nationalities not permitted Yes Ugandan nationality law 252 254 Ukraine 5 years No Ukrainian nationality law 255 United Arab Emirates 30 years Reduced to 7 years for citizens of Arab descent Reduced to 3 years for citizens of Qatar Oman and Bahrain Multiple nationality allowed only in limited exceptional cases since 2021 Partial Emirati nationality law 256 257 United Kingdom 5 years Non EU EEA Swiss citizens must have indefinite leave to remain ILR for 12 months before applying Residency requirement for ILR is generally 5 years Yes British nationality law 258 United States 5 years Continuous lawful permanent residence for 5 years Reduced to 3 years for spouses of US citizens Physical presence for at least 30 of the 60 months preceding the application Cannot be absent for more than 6 months at a time Yes United States nationality law 259 Uruguay 5 years Legal Citizenship not nationality Reduced to 3 years if residing with spouse or children Legal Citizenship not nationality Uruguay distinguishes between citizenship and nationality and does not offer a naturalization path for immigrants Uruguayan nationals are persons who were born in Uruguay or are children or grandchildren of Uruguayan natural citizens Legal citizenship has special characteristics the persons who acquire it keep their nationality of origin Legal citizens acquire political rights but do not acquire nationality as natural citizens do This peculiar distinction between citizenship and nationality has caused problems with legal citizens passports at airports around the world and restricted their freedom of movement Yes Uruguayan nationality law 260 Uzbekistan 5 years No Uzbek nationality law 261 Vanuatu 10 years Yes Nationality law of Vanuatu 262 Vatican City N A Yes Vatican City citizenship 263 Venezuela 10 years Reduced to 5 years for natural born citizens of Spain Portugal Italy Latin American or Caribbean countries Yes Venezuelan nationality law 264 Vietnam 5 years The state only recognizes Vietnamese citizens with one nationality unless otherwise provided Partial Vietnamese nationality law 265 Yemen 5 years No Yemeni nationality law 266 Zambia 5 years No Zambian nationality law 267 Zimbabwe 5 years Yes Zimbabwean nationality law 268 Laws by country EditAustralia Edit Further information Australian nationality law Citizenship by conferral formerly known as naturalisation The Australian Citizenship Act 1973 ended the preferential treatment for British subjects from 1 December 1973 269 People who became permanent residents from 1 July 2007 must have been lawfully resident in Australia for four years before applying for citizenship by conferral 17 Those who were present in Australia as permanent residents before 1 July 2007 remain subject to the previous residence requirement in force since 1984 e g resident for 2 years People s Republic of China Edit Main article Nationality law of the People s Republic of China The People s Republic of China gives citizenship to people with one or two parents with Chinese nationality who have not taken residence in other countries The country also gives citizenship to people born on its territory to stateless people who have settled there Furthermore individuals may apply for nationality if they have a near relative with Chinese nationality if they have settled in China or if they present another legitimate reason 270 In practice few people gain Chinese citizenship as of 2010 China had only 1 448 naturalised Chinese in total 271 The naturalization process starts with a written application Applicants must submit three copies written with a ball point or fountain pen to national authorities and to provincial authorities in the Ministry of Public Security and the Public Security Bureau Applicants must also submit original copies of a foreign passport a residence permit a permanent residence permit and four two and a half inch long pictures According to the conditions outlined in the Nationality Law of the People s Republic of China authorities may also require any other material that the authority believes are related to the nationality application 272 France Edit Main article French nationality law People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain French citizenship through naturalisation 273 At least 5 years residence although reduced to the following minimum periods in certain situations 2 years Successfully completed 2 years of studies with a view to obtaining a degree or diploma at a French higher educational institution Made an exceptional contribution to France s standing and influence in the arts science sport culture academia entrepreneurship etc No minimum residence period Performed military service with the French Army Served voluntarily in wartime in the French Army or an allied army Rendered exceptional service to France requires personal ministerial approval Attained the official status of a refugee in France Citizen of a member state of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and have French as their native language or have completed at least 5 years of schooling in a French speaking educational establishment Integration into French society including adhering to the values and principles of the Republic and having a sufficient knowledge of French history culture and society Sufficient spoken command of the French language No serious criminal convictions defined as follows Never been sentenced to more than 6 months imprisonment not including suspended sentences for any crime unless the applicant has been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record Never been convicted of any crime that counters France s fundamental interests unless the applicant has been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record Never been convicted of any act of terrorism unless the applicant has been legally deemed rehabilitated or the sentence has been wiped from their criminal record The fee for naturalisation is 55 except in French Guiana where it is 27 50 Germany Edit Main article German nationality lawPeople who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain German citizenship through naturalisation 274 At least 8 years residence in Germany with a valid residence permit This minimum period is reduced as follows 7 years for people who have successfully completed the Integrationskurs 3 years for spouses and registered same sex partners of a German citizen must have been married or in the registered partnership for at least 2 years at the time of application Declaring allegiance to the German Constitution Sufficient command of the German language No serious criminal convictions The dependent minor children of an applicant for naturalisation may also themselves become naturalised German citizens The fee for standard naturalisation is 255 while it is 51 per dependent minor child naturalised along with their parent The fee may be waived in cases of extreme hardship or public interest People who naturalise as German citizens must usually give up their previous nationality as German law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship Exceptions are made for EU and Swiss citizens provided that the law of their country of origin does not prohibit the acquisition of another citizenship and citizens of countries where renouncing one s citizenship is too difficult or humiliating e g Afghanistan prohibitively expensive e g the United States or legally impossible e g Argentina Grenada Edit Main article Grenadian nationality law The Grenadian Government grants citizenship of Grenada for the following reasons By Birth Any person born in Grenada after 1974 or later acquires Grenadian citizenship at birth The exception is for children born to diplomat parents By Descent Children born outside Grenada to a Grenadian born parent By Registration Children over 18 born outside of Grenada to a Grenadian parent Children under 18 born outside of Grenada to a Grenadian parent A person who was born outside of Grenada who is a Grandchild of a Grenadian citizen by birth A person who is or has been married to a citizen of Grenada Citizens of Caribbean Countries may apply for citizenship by registration provided that person has been living in Grenada for 4 years and 2 years as a Permanent Resident within the four year period immediately preceding the date of application Commonwealth amp Irish citizens may apply for citizenship by registration provided that the person has been living in Grenada for 7 years and 2 years as a Permanent Resident within the seven year period immediately preceding the date of application By Naturalisation An Alien or a British Protected Person may apply for citizenship by naturalisation provided that the person has been living in Grenada for 7 years and 2 years as a Permanent Resident within the seven year period immediately preceding the date of application India Edit Main article Indian nationality law The Indian citizenship and nationality law and the Constitution of India provides single citizenship for the entire country The provisions relating to citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution are contained in Articles 5 to 11 275 in Part II of the Constitution of India Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955 which has been amended by the Citizenship Amendment Act 1986 the Citizenship Amendment Act 1992 the Citizenship Amendment Act 2003 276 and Citizenship Amendment Ordinance 2005 277 The Citizenship Amendment Act 2003 received the assent of the President of India on 7 January 2004 and came into force on 3 December 2004 The Citizenship Amendment Ordinance 2005 was promulgated by the President of India and came into force on 28 June 2005 278 Following these reforms Indian nationality law largely follows the jus sanguinis citizenship by right of blood as opposed to the jus soli citizenship by right of birth within the territory citation needed In 2019 a Citizenship Amendment Act was passed by the Parliament of India This Act aims at fast tracking citizenship for illegal immigrants of Hindu Sikh Buddhist Jain Parsi or Christian faiths who have entered India on or before 31 December 2014 from the neighbouring countries of Pakistan Afghanistan and Bangladesh 279 Italy Edit Main article Italian nationality law The Italian Government grants Italian citizenship for the following reasons 280 Automatically Jus sanguinis for birth If an Italian citizen recognizes at a time after birth a minor child For adoption To obtain or re obtain from a parent Following declaration By descent Jus soli by birth or descent in Italy By marriage or naturalization By marriage the foreign or stateless spouse of an Italian citizen may acquire Italian citizenship after two years of legal residence in Italy or if residing abroad after three years from the date of marriage By naturalization the foreigner can apply for Italian citizenship after ten years of legal residence in Italy reduced to five years for those who have been recognized as stateless or refugee and four years for citizens of countries of the European Community Indonesia Edit Main article Indonesian nationality law Indonesian nationality is regulated by Law No 12 2006 UU No 12 Tahun 2006 The Indonesian nationality law is based on jus sanguinis and jus soli The Indonesian nationality law does not recognize dual citizenship except for people under the age of 18 limited double citizenship principle After reaching 18 years of age individuals are forced to choose one citizenship single citizenship principle 281 A foreign citizen can apply to become an Indonesian citizen with the following requirements Age 18 or older or married Resided in Indonesia for a minimum of 5 consecutive years or 10 non consecutive years Physically and mentally healthy Ability to speak Indonesian and acknowledge Pancasila and Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Never convicted of a crime for which the punishment is imprisonment for one year or more If having Indonesian citizenship will not give the person dual citizenship Employed or have fixed income Pay citizenship feeAny application for citizenship is granted by the President of Indonesia Israel Edit Israel s Declaration of Independence was made on 14 May 1948 the day before the British Mandate was due to expire as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan 282 The Israeli parliament created two laws regarding immigration citizenship and naturalization the Law of Return and the Israeli citizenship law 283 The Law of Return enacted on July 15 1950 gives Jews living anywhere in the world the right to immigrate to Israel This right to immigrate did not and still does not grant citizenship In fact for four years after Israel gained independence there were no Israeli citizens 283 On July 14 1952 the Israeli parliament enacted the Israeli Nationality Law 283 The Nationality Law naturalized all citizens of Mandated Palestine the inhabitants of Israel on July 15 1952 and those who had legally resided in Israel between May 14 1948 and July 14 1952 The law further clarified that naturalization was available to immigrants who had arrived before Israel s creation immigrants who arrived after statehood was granted and those who did not come to Israel as immigrants but have since expressed desire to settle in Israel with restriction Naturalization applicants must also meet the following requirements be over 18 years of age have resided in Israel for three out of the five preceding years have settled or intend to settle permanently in Israel have some knowledge of Hebrew and have renounced prior nationality or demonstrated ability to renounce nationality after becoming a citizen of Israel 283 Because of Israel s relatively new and culturally mixed identity Israel does not grant citizenship to people born on Israeli soil Instead the government chose to enact a jus sanguinis system with the naturalization restrictions listed above There is currently no legislation on second generation immigrants those born in Israel to immigrant parents Furthermore foreign spouses can apply for citizenship through the Minister of the Interior but have a variety of restrictions and are not guaranteed citizenship 284 Luxembourg Edit People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain Luxembourg citizenship through naturalisation 285 At least 18 years old At least 5 years of legal residence in Luxembourg including an uninterrupted period of one year immediately before applying for citizenship Passing a Luxembourgish language exam Taking a course on Living together in the Grand Duchy and passing the associated examination Never having been handed an immediate custodial sentence of 12 months or more or a suspended custodial sentence of 24 months or more in any country Malaysia Edit Main article Malaysian nationality law Naturalisation in Malaysia is guided by the 1964 Malaysian Constitution According to the law those who want to be the country citizen should live in the country for a period of 10 12 years The would be citizens are required to speak the Malay language as well submitting the identity cards of two Malaysians who recommend the applicant for citizenship 286 As the Government of Malaysia does not recognise dual citizenship those who seek naturalisation are needed to reside permanently in the country and renouncing their former country citizenship 287 The requirements are as follows 288 The applicant shall appear before the Registrar of Citizenship when submitting the application The applicant must be aged 21 years and above on the date of the application The applicant has resided in the federation for a period of not less than 10 years in a period of 12 years including the 12 months immediately preceding the date of application The applicant intends to reside permanently in the federation The applicant is of good character The applicant has adequate knowledge of the Malay language The applicant must be sponsored by two referees who are citizens aged 21 years and above and who are not relatives not hired people and not advocates or solicitors to the applicant Form C must be completed and submitted together with copies of the necessary documents The Article 16 of 1957 Malaysian Constitution also stated a similar condition previously 289 Philippines Edit Main article Philippine nationality law Citizenship by naturalization Commonwealth Act No 473 the Revised Naturalization Law approved June 17 1939 provided that people having certain specified qualifications may become a citizen of the Philippines by naturalization 193 Republic Act No 9139 approved June 8 2001 provided that aliens under the age of 18 who were born in the Philippines who have resided in the Philippines since birth and who possess other specified qualifications may be granted Philippines citizenship by administrative proceeding subject to certain requirements 290 291 Russia Edit Naturalization in Russia is guided by articles 13 and 14 of the federal law About Citizenship of Russian Federation passed on May 31 2002 Citizenship of Russia can be obtained in general or simplified order To become a citizen in general order one must be 18 years of age or older continuously live in Russia as a permanent resident for at least five years this term is limited to one year for valued specialists political asylum seekers and refugees have legal means of existence promise to obey the laws and Constitution of Russia and be fluent in the Russian language There is also a possibility to naturalize in a simplified order in which certain requirements will be waived Eligible for that are people at least one parent of whom is a Russian citizen living on Russian territory people who lived on the territories of the former Soviet republics but never obtained citizenships of those nations after they gained independence people who were born on the territory of RSFSR and formerly held Soviet citizenship people married to Russian citizens for at least 3 years people who served in Russian Armed Forces under contract for at least 3 years parents of mentally incapacitated children over 18 who are Russian citizens participants of the State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad and some other categories 292 Spain Edit People who fulfill all of the following criteria can obtain Spanish citizenship through naturalisation 293 At least 10 years residence in Spain This period is reduced to 5 years for people who have obtained refugee status 2 year for nationals of Ibero American countries Andorra the Philippines Equatorial Guinea Portugal or persons of Sephardic origin 1 years for spouses widows widowers people born in Spain or by a Spanish mother or father Sufficient command of the Spanish language and culture Declaring allegiance to the Spanish Constitution No serious criminal convictions People who naturalise as Spanish citizens must usually give up their previous nationality as Spanish law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship South Africa Edit Chapter 2 of the South African Citizenship Act enacted on October 6 1995 defines who is considered a naturalized citizen at the time of the act and also outlines the naturalization process for future immigrants 294 Any person who immediately prior to the commencement of the act had been a South African citizen via naturalization had been deemed to be a South African citizen by registration or had been a citizen via naturalization of any of the former states now composing South Africa is now considered to be a naturalized citizen of South Africa Those wishing to apply for naturalization in the future must apply to the Minister of Home Affairs and must meet a slew of requirements First naturalization applicants must be over the age of 18 and must have been a permanent resident of South Africa for five years prior to application prior to 2010 the permanent residence requirement was one year prior to application and for four out of the eight years prior to application 295 Applicants must also demonstrate good character and knowledge of the basic responsibilities and privileges of a South African citizen The ability to communicate in one of the official languages of South Africa is also required Applicants must show the intention to reside in South Africa after naturalization and they are required to make a declaration of allegiance The Constitution of South Africa states that national legislation must provide for the acquisition loss and restoration of citizenship 296 Being a naturalized South African citizen is a privilege not a right Even after meeting all the requirements and going through the naturalization process the minister holds the right to deny citizenship 297 Foreign spouses of South African citizens can apply for naturalization after two years of marriage but is subject to potential denial of the minister The minister can also grant citizenship to minors if their parent applies for them The minister also holds the power to revoke naturalization at any time for specific reasons listed in the Act Reasons for revoking the naturalization certificate include marrying someone who is a citizen of another country and holding citizenship in another country or applying for citizenship of another country without prior authorization for retention of citizenship If a permanent resident is denied naturalization he or she must wait at least one year before reapplying United Kingdom Edit Main article British nationality law There has always been a distinction in the law of England and Wales between the subjects of the monarch and aliens the monarch s subjects owed the monarch allegiance and included those born in his or her dominions natural born subjects and those who later gave him or her their allegiance naturalised subjects Today the requirements for naturalisation as a citizen of the United Kingdom depend on whether or not one is the spouse or civil partner of a citizen An applicant who is a spouse or civil partner of a British citizen must 298 verification needed hold indefinite leave to remain in the UK or an equivalent such as Right of Abode or Irish citizenship have lived legally in the UK for three years been outside of the UK no more than 90 days during the one year period prior to filing the application show sufficient knowledge of life in the UK either by passing the Life in the United Kingdom test or by attending combined English language and citizenship classes Proof of this must be supplied with one s application for naturalisation Those aged 65 or over may be able to claim exemption meet specified English Welsh or Scottish Gaelic language competence standards For those not married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen the requirements are Five years legal residence in the UK Indefinite leave to remain or equivalent for this purpose see above must have been held for 12 months the applicant must intend to continue to live in the UK or work overseas for the UK government or a British corporation or association the same good character standards apply as for those married to British citizens the same language and knowledge of life in the UK standards apply as for those married to British citizens United States Edit Further information United States nationality law and History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States Persons who are not US citizens may receive citizenship through the process of naturalization following the Congressional requirements in the Immigration and Nationality Act INA 299 Naturalized citizens have the same rights has those who acquired citizenship at birth 299 The INA states the following No person except as otherwise provided in this subchapter shall be naturalized unless such applicant 1 immediately preceding the date of filing his application for naturalization has resided continuously after being lawfully admitted for permanent residence within the United States for at least five years and during the five years immediately preceding the date of filing his application has been physically present therein for periods totaling at least half of that time and who has resided within the State or within the district of the Service in the United States in which the applicant filed the application for at least three months 2 has resided continuously within the United States from the date of the application up to the time of admission to citizenship and 3 during all the periods referred to in this subsection has been and still is a person of good moral character attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States 1 A man taking the required citizenship oath of allegiance in front of US government officials in New York City 1910 New citizens at a naturalization ceremony at Kennedy Space Center in Florida 2010 The Naturalization Act of 1795 set the initial rules on naturalization free White persons who had been resident for five years or more 300 An 1862 law allowed honorably discharged Army veterans of any war to petition for naturalization after only one year of residence in the United States 301 An 1894 law extended the same privilege to honorably discharged five year veterans of the Navy or Marine Corps Laws enacted in 1919 1926 1940 and 1952 continued preferential treatment provisions for veterans 302 Following the Spanish American War in 1898 Philippine citizens were classified as US nationals and the 1917 Jones Shafroth Act granted US citizenship to natives of Puerto Rico But the 1934 Tydings McDuffie Act reclassified Filipinos as aliens and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year and otherwise applying the Immigration Act of 1924 to them The Magnuson Act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act During the 1940s 100 annual immigrants from British India and the Philippines were allowed The War Brides Act of 1945 permitted soldiers to bring back their foreign wives and established precedent in naturalization through marriage The Immigration Act of 1965 finally allowed people from all nations to be given equal access to immigration and naturalization Illegal immigration became a major issue in the United States at the end of the 20th century The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 while tightening border controls also provided the opportunity of naturalization for illegal aliens who had been in the country for at least four years Today lawful permanent residents of the United States are eligible to apply for US citizenship after five years 303 unless they continue to be married to a US citizen in which case they can apply after only three years of permanent residency 304 The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 streamlined the naturalization process for children adopted internationally A child under age 18 who is adopted by at least one US citizen parent and is in the custody of the citizen parent s is now automatically naturalized once admitted to the United States as an immigrant or when legally adopted in the United States depending on the visa under which the child was admitted to the United States The Act also provides that the non citizen minor child of a newly naturalized US citizen whether by birth or adoption also automatically receives US citizenship Mass naturalizations EditA few rare mass naturalization processes have been implemented by nation states In 1891 Brazil granted naturalization to all aliens living in the country 305 In 1922 Greece massively naturalized all the Greek refugees coming from Turkey The second massive naturalization process was in favor of Armenian refugees coming from Turkey who went to Syria Lebanon or other former Ottoman countries Reciprocally Turkey massively naturalized the refugees of Turkish descent or other ethnic backgrounds in Muslim creed from these countries during a redemption process Canada instituted a mass naturalization by Act of Parliament with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 After annexation of the territories east of the Curzon line by the Soviet Union in 1945 Soviets naturalized en masse all the inhabitants of those territories including ethnic Poles as well as its other citizens who had been deported into the Soviet Union mainly to Kazakhstan Those people were forcibly naturalized as Soviet citizens citation needed Later on when Germany granted to the ethnic German population in Russia and Kazakhstan full citizenship rights Poland has a limited repatriation program in place The most recent massive naturalization case resulted from the Argentine economic crisis in the beginning of the 21st century Existing or slightly updated right of return laws in Spain and Italy allowed many of their diasporic descendants to obtain in many cases to regain naturalization in virtue of jus sanguinis as in the Greek case Hence many Argentines acquired European nationality Since the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants citizenship only to those born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof and the original United States Constitution only grants Congress the power of naturalization it could be argued that all acts of Congress that expand the right of citizenship are cases of mass naturalization This includes the acts that extended U S citizenship to citizens of Puerto Rico the United States Virgin Islands Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands as well as the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 which made all Native Americans citizens most of them were previously excluded under the jurisdiction clause of the 14th Amendment In the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah mass naturalisation also happened during the administration of United Sabah National Organisation USNO and Sabah People s United Front BERJAYA s Muslim dominated political parties to increase the Muslim population in the territory by naturalising immigrants and refugees from the mainly Muslim dominated areas of Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines and Sulawesi of Indonesia 306 307 308 In occupied territories Edit The mass naturalization of native people in occupied territories is illegal under the laws of war Hague and Geneva Conventions However there have been many instances of such illegal mass naturalizations in the 20th century citation needed See also EditCitizenship Permanent residency History of citizenship European Convention on Nationality Convention on the Reduction of StatelessnessNotes Edit The Netherlands requires that most naturalized citizens renounce other citizenships unless they fall under an exemption category and will revoke Dutch citizenship on failure to accomplish this 171 References Edit a b 8 U S C 1427 a Requirements of naturalization see also 8 U S C 1429 Prerequisite to naturalization burden of proof 8 U S C 1452 Certificates of citizenship or U S non citizen national status procedure 8 U S C 1503 Denial of rights and privileges as national Somos Todos Uruguayos https www somostodos uy cumplimiento de la oaci Retrieved 12 March 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Citizenship Dual Afghanistan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Afghanistan Citizenship Duel Citizenship Loss of Citizenship www multiplecitizenship com Retrieved 2020 09 12 Ligjet org Per shtetesine shqiptare 80 78 70 231 Albania Dual Citizenship Algeria Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 multiplecitizenship com https multiplecitizenship com wscl ws ALGERIA html Retrieved 2020 09 12 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Afers Exteriors Govern d Andorra www exteriors ad Andorra Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Manby Bronwen Citizenship Law in Africa A Comparative Study PDF Open Society Institute 2010 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Retrieved 2013 07 02 Antigua and Barbuda Dual Citizenship Dual Citizenship Antigua and Barbuda Dual Citizenship Argentine Citizenship Juridico Virtual Buenos Aires Republica Argentina Legislation National Assemly of RA parliament am Armenia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 a b Become an Australian citizen by conferral Permanent residents or New Zealand citizens Australian Government Dept of Home Affairs Retrieved 3 January 2020 Residence requirement We consider the amount of time you have lived in Australia in the last 4 years Australian Citizenship Act 2007 The Department of Immigration and Border Protection Australia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2013 11 01 Retrieved 2014 07 14 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Austria Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Azerbaijan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 a b Immigrate to Bahamas and apply for Immigrant Investor Program Residencies IO residencies io Retrieved 2020 11 04 a b Dual Citizenship Bahamas www dualcitizenship com Retrieved 2020 11 04 Ko Swan Sik 1990 Nationality and international law in Asian perspective London Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ISBN 0 7923 0876 X Bangladesh Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refworld Barbados Citizenship Act Cap 186 last amended 1982 Refworld Government of Barbados 30 November 1966 Barbados Citizenship CAP186 Immigration Department Retrieved 3 July 2010 Barbados Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Nacionalnyj pravovoj Internet portal Respubliki Belarus Belarus Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Possess several nationalities Archived 2012 04 27 at the Wayback Machine Royaume de Belgique Affaires etrangeres Commerce exterieur et Cooperation au Developpement Koninkrijk Belgie Buitenlandse Zaken Belgium Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Dual Citizenship Belize www dualcitizenship com Retrieved 2020 09 13 Dual Citizenship Benin www dualcitizenship com Retrieved 2020 09 13 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refworld Bhutan Citizenship Act 1985 Refworld Bhutan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 13 Bolivia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 13 Dual Citizenship Bolivia www dualcitizenship com Retrieved 2020 09 13 Law on Citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Bosnia and Herzegovina Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Botswana Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 13 multiplecitizenship com https multiplecitizenship com wscl ws BOTSWANA html Retrieved 2020 09 13 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Brazilian Laws the Federal Constitution Individual and collective rights and duties Archived from the original on 2019 09 28 Retrieved 2014 07 14 Brazil Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 24 Naturalisation as a BOTC at discretion PDF Report United Kingdom Home Office Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws BRUNEI and DARUSSALAM html text BY 20NATURALIZATION 20Acquisition 20of 20Bruneian female 20and 20a 20foreign 20male Retrieved 2020 09 24 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Lex bg Zakoni pravilnici konstituciya kodeksi drzhaven vestnik pravilnici po prilagane lex bg Bulgaria Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 24 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refworld Burkina Faso Code des personnes et de la famille Refworld https www2 ohchr org english issues women docs OtherEntities OSJI 20CitizenshipAfricaStudy pdf bare URL PDF Cambodia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 24 Cameroon Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 24 multiplecitizenship com https multiplecitizenship com wscl ws CAMEROON html Retrieved 2020 09 24 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Cameroon Citizenship Government www indexmundi com Retrieved 2020 09 24 Apply for citizenship Who can apply Government of Canada 31 March 2007 Retrieved 16 June 2019 Citizenship Dual Canada Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2021 07 03 a b Citizenship Law in Africa A Comparative Study PDF Open Society Foundations 2010 Manby Bronwen 2019 The Nationality Laws of the Lusophone States in Africa PDF Electronic British Library Journal London British Library 2 3 14 34 ISSN 2616 9649 Archived PDF from the original on 6 February 2021 Retrieved 23 July 2021 The Right to Nationality in Africa PDF Banjul African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights 2014 p 73 ISBN 978 1 920677 81 7 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Chile Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 24 China Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 24 Second Citizenship by Investment in the Comoros www second citizenship org Retrieved 2020 10 14 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws CONGO html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones Naturalizacion por residencia PDF tse go cr Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Retrieved 9 April 2018 The Government of the Republic of Croatia Migration Policy Zakon o hrvatskom drzavljanstvu Zakon hr www zakon hr Croatia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 14 Gamez Torres Nora January 4 2018 If your parents are Cuban you may be eligible for citizenship but there s a catch Miami Herald Retrieved October 31 2020 Residency Permits in Cyprus EU Elma Global second citizenship org as of 3 June 2017 EU Passports for Sale in Cyprus Lure Rich Russians Bloomberg com May 11 2017 via www bloomberg com Cyprus Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Immigration Ministry of the interior of the Czech Republic www mvcr cz Czech Republic Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws DR CONGO html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Udlaendinge Integrations og Boligministeriet Foreign citizens applying for Danish nationality In English Denmark Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws DJIBOUTI html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Dominica Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws DOMINICAN REPUBLIC html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help http timor leste gov tl wp content uploads 2010 03 Law 2002 9 LAW ON CITIZENSHIP pdf bare URL PDF Timor Leste Citizenship Government www indexmundi com Retrieved 2020 11 05 Ecuador Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws EL SALVADOR html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws EQUATORIAL GUINEA html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws ERITREA html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Kindlam Riina Citizenship Archived from the original on 2010 08 27 Retrieved 2010 08 20 Estonia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Constitution of Estonia www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SWAZILAND html Retrieved 2020 11 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Ethiopia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Fiji Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Finland Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 France Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws GABON html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help The Gambia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Migration Commission Acquisition of georgian citizenship migration commission ge Germany Dual 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cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws HAITI html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Honduras Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refworld Hungary Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship Refworld Hungary Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Icelandic Nationality Act Ministry of the Interior India Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 8 003a indiancitizenshiponline nic in Retrieved 2020 10 31 Indonesia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws IRAN html Retrieved 2020 10 31 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Iraq Citizenship Government www indexmundi com Retrieved 2020 10 31 Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld Law No 46 of 1963 Iraqi Nationality Refworld Retrieved 2020 10 31 Irish Citizenship Becoming a Citizen of Ireland MovetoIreland com Ireland Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Israel Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Italy Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Citizenship Law in Africa A Comparative Study PDF Open Society Foundations 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 Citizenship by Naturalization Consulate General of Jamaica Miami www jamaicacgmiami org Retrieved 2020 10 31 Japan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 Jordanian nationality how to acquire relinquish and the relevant instructions portal jordan gov jo Retrieved 2020 10 31 Kazakhstan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 10 31 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws KENYA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws KIRIBATI html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws KUWAIT html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Kyrgyzstan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 https www legislationline org download id 6561 file Kyrgyzstan citizenship law eng pdf text Obtaining 20citizenship 20of 20the 20Kyrgyz 20Republic amp text 1 20as 20a 20result 20of agreements 20which 20became 20legally 20effective bare URL PDF www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws LAOS html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Latvia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws LEBANON html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws LESOTHO html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Liberia the country where citizenship depends on your skin colour BBC News 26 March 2018 Retrieved 8 October 2022 http www americanbar org content dam aba directories roli liberia liberia analysis of the aliens and nationality law authcheckdam pdf bare URL PDF www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws LIBERIA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws LIBYA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein www llv li in German Retrieved 2017 10 22 Dual Citizenship Liechtenstein www dualcitizenship com Retrieved 2020 09 12 Migration Department Granting of Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania through Naturalisation Archived from the original on 2016 04 23 Retrieved 2016 07 15 Lithuania Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Justice 13 Ministere de la October 1 2018 FR mj gouvernement lu Luxembourg Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MADAGASCAR html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MALAWI html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MALAYSIA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Maldives Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MALI html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Malta slammed for cash for passport program Politico August 2016 Malta Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 09 12 Refworld Marshall Islands Citizenship Regulations 2002 www refworld org www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MAURITANIA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MAURITIUS html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Citizenship by Naturalization for Foreigners Choosing to Live in Mexico MEXLAW 2016 10 26 Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MICRONESIA html a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Moldova Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Monaco citizenship requirements Archived from the original on July 15 2014 Monaco Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MONGOLIA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 02 20 Retrieved 2011 05 14 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Montenegro Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Morocco Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws MOZAMBIQUE html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Myanmar Immigration Policies eHow Archived from the original on 29 November 2012 Retrieved 15 March 2012 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws NAMIBIA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help a b Dziedzic Anna February 2020 Comparative Regional Report on Citizenship Law Oceania PDF cadmus eui eu Badia Fiesolana European University Institute Archived PDF from the original on 30 April 2021 Retrieved 30 April 2021 Nepal Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 IND Verblijfwijzer Archived from the original on 2008 03 28 Retrieved 2010 05 15 Renouncing your current nationality Immigration and Naturalisation Service of the Netherlands Retrieved October 20 2020 Citizenship Dual Netherlands Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Presence in NZ requirements Residence Requirements The Department of Internal Affairs of New Zealand New Zealand Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Nicaragua Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws NICARAGUA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws NIGER html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Nigeria Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 2010 05 18 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link North Macedonia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Citizenship by application UDI Norwegian Directorate of Immigration Norway Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws OMAN html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Pakistan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws PALAU html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help https www marineregions org documents wcms 205912 pdf bare URL PDF Panama Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws PAPUA NEW GUINEA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Portada Migraciones www migraciones gov py Paraguay Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Peru Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 a b Commonwealth Act No 473 Revised Naturalization Law LAWPHIL Project Arellano Law Foundation 17 June 1939 retrieved 2008 10 06 Philippines Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Poland Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Lei Organica 2 2018 a statue from July 5 2018 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws QATAR html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Romanian Citizenship Romanian Citizenship www romanianpassport co il Citizenship Dual Romania Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Glavnaya Russia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Citizenship The Embassy of the Republic of Rwanda USA Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws RWANDA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Samoa Immigration gt Citizenship Services Archived from the original on 2012 09 28 Retrieved 2014 07 14 Pacific Loop 2017 03 31 Samoa among eight countries allowed dual citizenship in PNG Loop Samoa Retrieved 2020 11 04 San Marino Citizenship Government www indexmundi com Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SAUDI ARABIA html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SENEGAL html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Drzavljanstvo Serbia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SEYCHELLES html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help multiplecitizenship com https multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SIERRA LEONE html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help cite web url https www ica gov sg reside citizenship apply Singapore Wikipedia Retrieved 2020 11 04 Part X of Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Singapore Statutes Online sso agc gov sg Retrieved 2021 01 01 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Slovakia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 Council of Europe European Committee on Legal Co operation European Committee on Legal Co operation publi coe int European Committee on Legal Co operation Slovenia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 04 multiplecitizenship com https multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SOLOMON ISLANDS html Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld Law No 28 of 22 December 1962 Somali Citizenship Refworld Retrieved 2020 11 05 Department of Home Affairs Citizenship Department of Home Affairs Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Applications for naturalisation may only be received by the office if the applicant has been on a Permanent Residence Permit for a period of five 5 years from the date of obtaining Permanent Residence PR in the Republic of South Africa No application may be received by the office if the applicant has less than the prescribed five 5 year period South Africa Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 Nationality Law Ministry of Government Legislation South Korea Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 Certificate Application Form southsudanembassyusa org Retrieved 2020 11 05 Pages Spanish Nationality Ministerio de Justicia www mjusticia gob es Ute Muller Reiche Auslander kaufen massgeschneiderte Passe fur Europa Welt de from 13 January 2019 Spain Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 Sri Lanka Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 St Kitts and Nevis Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 Saint Lucia Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES html Retrieved 2020 11 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Sudan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld Suriname Law on Nationality and Residence State Ordinance of 24 November 1975 for the Regulation of the Surinamese Nationality and Residence in Suriname last amended 1983 Refworld Retrieved 2020 11 05 Your guide to living in SURINAME Where Can I Live Retrieved 2020 11 05 You must have been living in Sweden for a certain period Archived 2011 01 07 at the Wayback Machine Migrationsverket Sweden Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 Regular naturalisation Swiss Confederation Citizenship Dual Switzerland Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2021 12 19 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws SYRIA html Retrieved 2020 11 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Tajikistan Dual Citizenship Retrieved 2020 11 05 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws TANZANIA html Retrieved 2020 11 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Nationality Act B E 2508 PDF Royal Government Gazette Vol 129 Chapter 28 refworld org March 21 2012 Sections 10 12 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 www multiplecitizenship com https www multiplecitizenship com wscl ws TOGO html Retrieved 2020 11 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a spa, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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