fbpx
Wikipedia

Russian Armed Forces

January 07, 2023

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции, Vooruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii), commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia. In terms of active-duty personnel, they are the world's fifth-largest military force, with at least two million reserve personnel.[14][15][16] Their branches consist of the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forces, as well as three independent arms of service: the Strategic Rocket Forces, the Airborne Forces, and the Special Operations Forces.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Вооружённые си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции
Emblem of the Russian Armed Forces
Banner of the Russian Armed Forces
Founded1721 (Imperial Russian Army)
Current form7 May 1992
Service branches Russian Ground Forces
Russian Navy
Russian Aerospace Forces Strategic Rocket Forces
Russian Airborne Forces
Special Operations Forces
HeadquartersMinistry of Defence, Moscow
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Putin
Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu
Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov
Personnel
Military age18[1]
Conscription12 months[2]
Active personnelc. 1,000,000[3][4]
Reserve personnelc. 2,000,000[5]
Expenditures
BudgetUS$65.9 billion
(2020–2021)[6]
Percent of GDP4.3% (2021)[7]
Industry
Domestic suppliers
See list:
Foreign suppliers Belarus (MZKT)
 Italy (Iveco)[8][9]
 Israel (IAI)[10]
 Iran (HESA)[11]
Annual exportsUS$15–19 billion (2018)[12][13]
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of the Russian Federation
RanksArmy ranks
Navy ranks
Aerospace Forces ranks

In 2021, Russia had the world's fifth-highest military expenditure, allocating a budget of approximately US$65.9 billion to the military.[17] The Russian Armed Forces maintain the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons,[18] and possess the world's second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines;[19] they are also one of only three national militaries (alongside those of the United States and China) that operate strategic bombers.[20] With certain exceptions, Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18–27, though conscripted soldiers are generally not deployed outside of Russia.[1][21]

In spite of Russia's perceived military strength, as recorded in various assessments, deficiencies have been noted in the country's combat performance on both the tactical and operational scales. According to multiple reports, endemic corruption within the Russian Armed Forces has had a major impact on weakening Russia's ability to effectively project hard power.[22][23][24] Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, severe logistical failures have greatly impacted the operational performance of Russian troops, as different service branches have struggled to coordinate and work together. Continuous shortcomings have led Russia's war effort to suffer extensive setbacks since the initial invasion; the Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied/annexed territory, the large-scale destruction and squandering of their equipment, and a notably high casualty rate.[25][26][27] Researchers from the RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues to struggle with military professionalization.[28]

Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia, the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country's defence services under Russian law, fulfilling this capacity alongside the Border Guard of the Federal Security Service, the National Guard, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Protective Service, the Foreign Intelligence Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Service branches

Armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into:[citation needed]

There are additionally two further "separate troop branches", the National Guard and the Border Service. These retain the legal status of "Armed Forces", while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia. The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency, directly subordinated to the President of Russia. The Border Service is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service, the country's main internal intelligence agency. Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land, air and maritime units.

The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia. On 1 January 2008, a number of 2,019,629 units, including military of 1,134,800 units, was set.[29] In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1,027,000 active troops and in the region of 2,035,000 reserves (largely ex-conscripts).[30] As opposed to personnel specified by decree, actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766,000 in October 2013.[31][32]

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, between 2005–2009 and 2010–2014, Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent;[33] Russia spent $66.4 billion on arms in 2015,[34] then $69.2 billion in 2016, having taken 3rd place (after the U.S. and China).[35] According to the Russian Defence Ministry, the share of modern weaponry in service with Russia's army and fleet amounts to 71.2% with serviceability of weapons at 99% as of 2021.[36][37][38]

History

Main article: Military history of the Russian Federation
See also: Military history of the Russian Empire and Military history of the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991. For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets.[39]

Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops, seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard.[40] Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, with a total of no more than 100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), (two brigades), and a number of other important cities and regions. By the end of September 1991 in Moscow the National Guard was about 15,000 strong, mostly consisting of former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen. In the end, President Yeltsin tabled a decree "On the temporary position of the Russian Guard", but it was not put into practice.[41]

After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991, the countries of the newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces. On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence, which was headed by President.[citation needed] Finally, on 7 May 1992, Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander.[42]

In May 1992, General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence, and was made Russia's first Army General on assuming the post. By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost.[43]

In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and in Transnistria. The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of the former Soviet Republics.

On 24 February 2022 Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of the operation.[44] In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties, the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery.[45] Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu's signature on the UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine’s Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the Port of Odessa.[46][47]

According to Forbes Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to Putin’s invasion of Ukraine.[48]

Structure

The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces: U.S. expert William Odom said in 1998, that 'the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not.'[49]

Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate, the personnel directorate as well as the Rear of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Railway Troops, Signal Troops and Construction Troops. The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov.

Since 1 December 2012, the structure of the Ministry of defence has been containing the Main Directorate of the Military Police, to which all military district's regional directorates of military police are subordinated.[50]

In July 2018, the Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created, restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces.[51]

The Russian military is divided into three services: the Russian Ground Forces, the Russian Navy, and the Russian Aerospace Forces. In addition there are two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Russian Airborne Troops. The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army (armiya), except in some cases, the Navy is specifically singled out.

Military districts

 
Military districts of Russia as of 2021.
  Western Military District
  Northern Military District
  Southern Military District
  Central Military District
  Eastern Military District

Since late 2010, the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts: Western Military District, Southern Military District, Central Military District, and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands—West, South, Central, and East. Previously from 1992 to 2010, the Ground Forces were divided into six military districts: Moscow, Leningrad, North Caucausian, Privolzhsk-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern, with the seventh military district: Kaliningrad formed in 1997; in service until 2010.

Russia's four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces' Military Districts. These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs, which now also incorporate the aerospace forces and naval forces. There is one remaining Russian military base, the 102nd Military Base, in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District.

In mid-2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy's fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands (OSC).[52] In 2014 the Northern Fleet was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command. Since 1 January 2021, this Command has the status of military district.[53]

 
Army General Aleksandr Dvornikov, commander of the Southern Military District since 20 September 2016

Geographically divided, the five commands/districts are:

The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented.[54] The four commands were set up by a decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010.[55][56] In July 2011, an Operational-Strategic Command of Missile-Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force. A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures.[57]

Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (now the National Guard of Russia's National Guard Forces Command), the Border Guard Service of Russia (part of the Federal Security Service), the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the country's civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units.

Naval fleets

 
A map of naval bases, shipyards and spent fuel storage sites operated by the Northern Fleet

The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla:

The Kaliningrad Special Region, under the command of the Commander Baltic Fleet, comprises Ground & Coastal Forces, formerly the 11th Guards Army and now the 11th Army Corps with a motor rifle division HQ (formed in 2021)[58] and subordinate units, as well as naval aviation regiments employing Sukhoi Su-27 'Flankers' and other combat aircraft. As noted, both the Baltic Fleet and the 11th Army Corps in Kaliningrad are subordinate to Strategic Command West.

Similarly, the Northeast Group of Troops and Forces, headquartered at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, comprises all Russian Armed Forces components in the Kamchatka Krai and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug [district] and is subordinate to the Commander Pacific Fleet headquartered in Vladivostok.

Personnel

 
Russian troops at the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade
 
Russian troops marching in the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade
 
Ratnik infantry combat system in reconnaissance variant and AFV crew individual protection kit Ratnik-ZK

Conscription is used in Russia; the term of service is 12 months; and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old.[1] Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students, men supporting disabled relatives, parents of at least two children and—upon Presidential proclamation—to some employees of military-oriented enterprises. Men holding a Ph.D., as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service, are released from conscription.

There were widespread problems with hazing in the Army, known as dedovshchina, where first-year draftees are abused by second-year draftees, a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two-year service term in 1967.[59] According to Anna Politkovskaya, in 2002, "a complete battalion, more than five hundred men, had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings".[60] To combat this problem, a new decree was signed in March 2007, which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months. The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008.[61][62]

Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces' personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005.[21] For the foreseeable future, the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract/conscript force.[21] The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own.[63]

Nearly 400,000 contractors serve in the Russian Army as of March 2019. According to Defence Minister Shoigu, in every regiment and brigade, two battalions are formed by contractors, while one is formed by recruits, who are not involved in combat missions. Currently, there are 136 battalion tactical groups in the armed forces formed by contractors.[64] The number of conscripts amounts to 225,000 and the number of contractors amounts to 405,000 as of March 2020 and exceeds the number of conscripts by 2 times as of the end of 2021.[65][66][67]

Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non-Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which Russia is the largest member.[68] By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service[69] yet, up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia's armed forces after getting a Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years.[70][71] The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia's demographic crisis on its army recruitment. Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces.

Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation.

On 17 November 2011, General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached a crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription.[citation needed] Military draft dodging declined 66% since 2012 and as of March 2019. It is reported that about 80% of the young people who were drafted into the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces in the autumn of 2018 were found fit for military service. According to the head of the mobilization, in recent years, the fitness of future recruits has increased by 7%.[72]

In March 2013, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year.[73] RIA also said that the shower plans were the latest in a series of creature-comfort improvements the Defence Ministry had recently announced. In mid-January, Shoygu said he would rid the army of its antiquated "footwraps," or portyanki, and a few days later the designer of Russia's new army uniform said that the ear-flap hats traditionally worn in winter would be replaced with more modern headgear. The Russian military's ushanka hats were improved between 2013 and 2015, when the Russian armed forces were being equipped with new uniforms. The new version of the traditional - and somewhat stereotypical - hat features better heat insulation and longer ear flaps.[74]

A new uniform for hot climates was introduced in mid-2018.[75]

On 28 May 2022, on the background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine, Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service (earlier this limit was 40 years old).[76][77]

Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (males)[1]
Military rank Conscript service Voluntary service
Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 65 70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral 60 65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank 55
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank 50
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman 18 27
Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (females)[1]
Military rank Conscript service Voluntary service
Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 45 70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral 65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman

Military education

The Russian military education system, inherited from the Soviet Union, trains officer-specialists in narrowly-defined military occupational specialties. In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly-qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their "career branch" only after graduation from a military academy or the ROTC.[78] Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program can’t choose a military occupational specialty, because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector's order. It also differs from the American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC.

The Russian military education system includes:

  • Warrant officer schools, which prepare career warrant officers for active duty service.
  • Higher military schools, which prepare career commissioned officers for active duty service as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
  • Military training centers within civilian institutions of higher education, which prepare reserve commissioned officers who can serve as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
  • Military academies, which improve the military occupational specialty knowledge of commissioned officers to allow them to be appointed to battalion/regiment/brigade commander or equivalent positions (operational-tactical level).
  • Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia, which improves skills of officers graduated from military academies to allow them to become highest ranking military officers (strategic level).
  • Adjunctura is a military analogue of civilian graduate school, which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of candidate of sciences in military oriented specialties and be appointed to a teaching positions in military academies, military schools, military training centers.
Age limits for admission to military educational institutions[1][79]
Type of military educational institution Persons who have not been on active duty service Persons who are on conscript active duty service or are demobbed from this service Persons who are on voluntary active duty service
Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limit
Military school 16 22 18 24 18 27
Military training center (active duty officer program) 16 24 — — — —
Military training center (reserve officer program) 16 30 — — — —
Russian military academies and adjunctura entry requirements[79][80]
Type of military educational institution Reached educational level Years of active duty service as commissioned officer Military rank (no lower than) Military position
(years of experience) 		Expected number of years of active duty service after graduation until general upper age limit for tenure
Military academy Military school or Military training center no less than 7 years Captain/Captain lieutenant Major's/Captain 3rd rank's positions
(1 year at least) 		5 years at least
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia Military academy — Major/Captain 3rd rank Colonel's/Captain 1st rank's positions
(1 year at least) 		5 years at least
Adjunctura Military school or Military training center no less than 2 years Lieutenant — 5 years at least

Reserve components

Russian Armed Forces have reserves (Russian: запас; transliteration: zapas) which includes 2 components:[1]

  • Active reserve - Mobilization human reserve (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy reserv)
  • Inactive reserve - Mobilization human resource (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy resurs)

By default, at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource. This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks. Furthermore, graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military training centers of their almae matres, trained under reserve officer program, are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer's rank (unlike graduates of such centers, trained under active duty officer program, who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer's rank). Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach the age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason.

Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract. This possibility is available for each persons, who is in the mobilization human resource already.[81] The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period. Military personnel of mobilization human reserve (reservists) perform part-time duties in military units.[82] Reservists are appointed to a military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units. As a rule, in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2–3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days.[83]

The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree[84] which determines the number of reserve troops is classified. The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and this information is classified too.

The persons who are in mobilization human resource (non-reservists) may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime. The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months, herewith the total duration of such trainings for the entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months, and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years.[85]

As of 2009, the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million.[86]

Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all. Non-reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily. The mobilization of non-reservists is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998, No.53-FZ "About military duty and military service": in order from first category to third category.[87][88]

The first category includes: 1) the persons at the any military rank below that of a commissioned officer (enlisted personnel) and not reached the age of 35 years old; 2) the persons at the any rank from junior lieutenant to captain (captain-lieutenant in naval service) inclusively (junior commissioned officers) and not reached the age of 50 years old; 3) the persons at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively and not reached the age of 55 years old; 4) the persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) and not reached the age of 60 years old; 5) the persons at the rank of major general (counter admiral in naval service) or higher (supreme officers) and not reached the age of 65 years old.[87][88]

The second category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in age from 35 but less than 45; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 50 but less than 55; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 55 but less than 60; 4) commissioned officers at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) in the age from 60 but less than 65; 5) supreme officers in age from 65 but less than 70.[87][88]

The third category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in the age from 45 but less than 50; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 55 but less than 60; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 60 but less than 65; 4) all females in the age less than 45 for enlisted personnel and less than 50 for commissioned officers. The person who has reached the age limit, established for the third category (the second category for persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) or higher), is retired and is not subject to mobilization.[87][88]

Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (males)[1]
Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First grade
Age limit 		Second grade
Age limit 		Third grade
Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation - - 65 70 -
Army general/Admiral of the fleet - - 65 70 -
Colonel general/Admiral - - 65 70 -
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral - - 65 70 -
Major general/Counter admiral - - 65 70 -
Colonel/Captain 1st rank 57 65 60 65 -
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank 52 60 55 60 65
Major/Captain 3rd rank 52 60 55 60 65
Captain/Captain lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Senior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Junior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman 42 45 35 45 50
Praporshchik/Michman 42 45 35 45 50
Starshina/Chief ship starshina 42 45 35 45 50
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina 42 45 35 45 50
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class 42 45 35 45 50
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class 42 45 35 45 50
Gefreiter/Senior seaman 42 45 35 45 50
Private/Seaman 42 45 35 45 50
Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (females)[1]
Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First grade
Age limit 		Second grade
Age limit 		Third grade
Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation - - - - 50
Army general/Admiral of the fleet - - - - 50
Colonel general/Admiral - - - - 50
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral - - - - 50
Major general/Counter admiral - - - - 50
Colonel/Captain 1st rank 47 50 - - 50
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank 47 50 - - 50
Major/Captain 3rd rank 47 50 - - 50
Captain/Captain lieutenant 47 50 - - 50
Senior lieutenant 47 50 - - 50
Lieutenant 47 50 - - 50
Junior lieutenant 47 50 - - 50
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman 42 45 - - 45
Praporshchik/Michman 42 45 - - 45
Starshina/Chief ship starshina 42 45 - - 45
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina 42 45 - - 45
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class 42 45 - - 45
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class 42 45 - - 45
Gefreiter/Senior seaman 42 45 - - 45
Private/Seaman 42 45 - - 45

2005–2008 reform of the reserve officer training system

The reserve officer training system, inherited from the Soviet Union, involved selective conscription of graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military departments of their almae matres and received a commission as an officer. Such person could be conscripted from the reserve of armed forces to active duty, up until the age of 27. The period of active duty of such an officer was several years, and at the end of that period he was due to be enlisted in the reserve of armed forces again. Such officers were called "blazers" in the army's slang (for example, Anatoly Kvashnin was a "blazer").[89]

In 2005, minister of defence Sergei Ivanov announced a significant reduction in the number of military departments carrying out the training commissioned officers from students of civilian institutions of higher education.[90] By March 2008, 168 of 235 civilian universities, academies and institutions which previously had military departments had lost these units.[91] 37 of 67 civilian universities, academies and institutions which retained military departments became the basis for the establishment of new military training centers.[91] The military training centers focused on training officers for active duty, whilst the military departments focused on training officers for the reserve.[92]

In 2006 the conscription of reserve officers was abolished. Graduates of military departments were not subject to conscription to active duty anymore (with the exception of a wartime mobilization). All graduates of military training centers were due to be enrolled for 3 years active duty upon their university graduation.[93]

2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force

In 2018, Russia started a full-scale formation of a military reserve force based upon volunteers selected from among those who retired from active duty.[83] The Russian military reserve force (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв) is a set of citizens who have signed a contract to perform military service as a reservist. They are appointed to a military position in a particular military unit. They are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units, unlike other citizens who haven't signed such contracts and who can be used for a mobilization deployment of armed forces on an involuntary basis only in cases stipulated by law (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс).[94]

The deployment of military units composed of reservists, takes minimum time and does not requires any retraining of military personnel. The military units composed of reservists use the same weapons as used by military units, composed of active duty military personnel. Military units staffed by reservists are 100% manned up to wartime standards just like military units staffed by active duty military personnel only. There is no possibility to define by military units designation what we're dealing with - reserve or not reserve military unit. The number of reservists is not presented in open sources and is not among the number of active duty military volunteers which is published by Ministry of Defence. This makes it difficult for establish real troop strength of new Russian military units and formations.

2019 reform of the reserve officer training system

In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished.[95] From that moment on, students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes (for reserve and for active duty) in the Military Training Centers.[96] In 2019, there were training military centers in 93 civilian institutions of higher education.[97][98]

Mobilization

The first mobilization of citizens being in mobilization human resource, conducted on a compulsory basis, in the Russian Federation's history was announced by Presidential Decree of 21 September 2022 №647 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[99]

Budget

See also: Military budget of the Russian Federation
 
Soviet and Russian military expenditures in billions of 2015 US dollars
 
The conference room of the National Defense Management Center

Between 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia's defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices.[100] In 1998, when Russia experienced a severe financial crisis, its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point—barely one-quarter of the USSR's in 1991, and two-fifths of the level of 1992, the first year of Russia's independent existence.

In the early 2000s, defence spending increased by at least a minimum of one-third year-on-year, leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years, and according to Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, this rate is to be sustained through 2010.[101] Official government military spending for 2005 was US$32.4 billion, though various sources, have estimated Russia's military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount.[102]

Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty; the annual IISS Military Balance has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia.[102] The IISS Military Balance comments, "By simple observation ... [the military budget] would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the military–industrial complex, and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis."[103] By some estimates, overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA.[104] According to Alexander Kanshin, Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans, military personnel, and their families, the Russian military is losing up to US$13 billion to corruption every year.[105]

On 16 September 2008 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that in 2009, Russia's defence budget would be increased to a record amount of $50 billion.[106][107]

On 16 February 2009 Russia's deputy defence minister said state defence contracts would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis, and that there would be no decrease in 2009.[108] The budget would still be 1.376 trillion rubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to $41.5 billion.

Later in February 2009, due to the world financial crisis, the Russian Parliament's Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent, from $40 billion to $34 billion, with further cuts to come.[109] On 5 May 2009, First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1.3 trillion rubles (US$39.4 billion). 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons, and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction, fuel storage and food supply.

According to the head of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Komoyedov, Russia plans to spend 101.15 billion rubles on nuclear weapons in 2013–2015. "The budget provisions under 'The Nuclear Weapons Complex' section in 2013-2015 will amount to 29.28 billion rubles, 33.3 billion rubles and 38.57 billion rubles respectively," Komoyedov said, Vechernaya Moskva reports.

Komoyedov added that in 2012 the spending on nuclear weapons made up 27.4 billion rubles. The draft law "On the Federal Budget for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015" will be discussed in the first reading on 19 October 2012, The Voice of Russia reports.[110] In a meeting in Sochi in November 2013, President Putin said the country's defence budget will reach 2.3 trillion roubles, stressing the huge amount in comparison to the 2003 budget, which stood on 600 billion rubles.[111]

 
Pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2018, in US$ billions, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies

The Russian government's published 2014 military budget is about 2.49 trillion rubles (approximately US$69.3 billion), the fourth largest in the world behind the US, China and Saudi Arabia. The official budget is set to rise to 3.03 trillion rubles (approximately US$83.7 billion) in 2015, and 3.36 trillion rubles (approximately US$93.9 billion) in 2016.[112] As of 2014, Russia's military budget is higher than any other European nation, and approximately 1/7th (14 percent) of the US military budget.[33]

In 2015, SIPRI found that Russia was the world's second biggest exporter of major weapons for the period 2010–14, increasing exports by 37 per cent. India, China and Algeria accounted for almost 60 percent of total Russian exports. Asia and Oceania received 66 percent of Russian arms exports in 2010–14, Africa 12 percent and the Middle East 10 percent.[33]

In 2017, Russia was reported to have slashed its defense spending by 20%, due to calls by Vladimir Putin to spend money on other initiatives such as healthcare and education. The cut decreased Russia's military spending to $66.3 billion, in which Russia slumped to being the fourth-highest military spender.[113] Russia's 2019 defense budget was US$48 billion and the 2020 figure was $61.7 billion.[114]

Procurement

See also: Defence industry of Russia and List of countries by military expenditures
 
The Sukhoi PAK FA is one of the latest procurement projects of the Russian Armed Forces.

About 70 percent of the former Soviet Union's defence industries are located in the Russian Federation.[115] Many defence firms have been privatised; some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries.

The recent steps towards modernization of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia's economic resurgence based on oil and gas revenues as well a strengthening of its own domestic market. Currently[when?], the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade, with the government in the process of spending about $200 billion (what equals to about $400 billion in PPP dollars) on development and production of military equipment between 2006 and 2015 under the State Armament Programme for 2007–2015 (GPV – госпрограмма вооружения).[116]

Mainly as a result of lessons learned during the Russo-Georgian War, the State Armament Programme for 2011–2020 was launched in December 2010. Prime Minister Putin announced that 20–21.5 trillion rubles (over $650 billion) will be allocated to purchase new hardware in the next 10 years. The aim is to have a growth of 30% of modern equipment in the army, navy and air force by 2015, and of 70% by 2020.[117][118][119][120] In some categories, the proportion of new weapon systems will reach 80% or even 100%.[121]

At this point, the Russian MoD plans to purchase, among others, up to 250 ICBMs, 800 aircraft, 1,200 helicopters, 44 submarines, 36 frigates, 28 corvettes, 18 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 6 aircraft carriers, and 62 air defence battalions. Several existing types will be upgraded.[121][122]

In total since 2012 and as of 2017, the Armed Forces received more than 30,000 units of new and modernized weapons and equipment, including more than 50 warships, 1,300 aircraft, over 1,800 drones, 4,700 tanks and armored combat vehicles compared to two warships, 151 aircraft and 217 tanks received in 2007–2011. The Russian army also receives 150–250 aircraft per year and over 300 short-range UAVs.[123]

As of 2011, Russia's chief military prosecutor said that 20 percent of the defence budget was being stolen or defrauded yearly.[124] It is suspected that equipment is not properly maintained due to the resulting lack of funds, which may have contributed to equipment failures observed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[26][125]

In 2018, RF Armed Forces adopted 35 types of weapons and military equipment and completed state tests of 21 more.[126] The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) was procured the YeSU TZ (Yedinaya Sistema Upravleniya Takticheskogo Zvena) battlefield management system that same year. The YeSU TZ battlefield management system incorporates 11 subsystems that control artillery, electronic warfare systems, ground vehicles, air defence assets, engineering equipment, and logistics support, among other things.[127]

Twelve missile regiments have been rearmed with Yars ICBMs, 10 missile brigades with Iskander tactical ballistic missile systems, 13 aviation regiments with MiG-31BM, Su-35S, Su-30SM, and Su-34 combat aircraft, three army aviation brigades and six helicopter regiments with Mi-28N and Ka-52 combat helicopters, 20 surface-to-air missile (SAM) regiments with S-400 Triumf SAM systems, 23 batteries with Pantsir-S self-propelled anti-aircraft gun-missile systems, and 17 batteries with Bal and Bastion mobile coastal defence missile systems [MCDMSs] since 2012 and as of March 2019.[127]

Since 2012 and as of April 2021, the Ground Forces have received more than 15,500 pieces of weapon systems and equipment and rearmed all missile brigades with the Iskander tactical ballistic missile system. Aerospace Force and naval aviation have received over 1,500 aircraft and helicopters and the Navy more than 190 ships, vessels and boats.[128][129]

Since 2012 and as of December 2020, the number of long-range land-, sea-, and air-launched cruise missiles increased by 37 times. The number of their cruise missile carriers was also increased by 13 times.[130]

In late 2022, the Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu claimed that supplies of major weapons in the outgoing year had risen by 30%, while the amount of ammunition for rocket, artillery and aircraft systems increased by 69% to 109%.[131] The Chief of Russian Armed Forces General Staff Valery Gerasimov also claimed that his troops had received more than 3,100 armored, rocket-artillery and other weapons including aviation systems and upgraded gunships.[132]

Nuclear weapons

Main article: Russia and weapons of mass destruction
 
A mobile version of the RS-24 Yars

As of January 2017, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that Russia has approximately 1,765 deployed strategic warheads, and another 2,700 non-deployed strategic and deployed and non-deployed tactical warheads, plus an additional 2,510 warheads awaiting dismantlement.[133] Russia's Strategic Rocket Forces controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Aerospace Forces the air-launched warheads. Russia's nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas:

  1. Land-based immobile (silos), like R-36 and its replacement RS-28 Sarmat.
  2. Land-based mobile, like RT-2PM2 Topol-M and new RS-24 Yars.
  3. Submarine based, like R-29RMU2 Layner and RSM-56 Bulava.
  4. Air-launched warheads of the Russian Air Forces' Long Range Aviation Command

The military doctrine of Russia sees NATO expansion as one of the threats for the Russian Federation and reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a conventional aggression that can endanger the existence of the state. In keeping with this, the country's nuclear forces received adequate funding throughout the late 1990s. The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads on active duty has declined over the years, in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U.S. and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance, but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences.[134]

Russia has developed the new RT-2PM2 Topol-M (SS-27) missiles that a Russian general claimed to be able to penetrate any missile defence, including the planned U.S. National Missile Defence. The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures. It is designed to be launched from land-based, mobile TEL units.[134]

Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries, the federal government of the United States and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in the early 1990s.[citation needed] This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements, such the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme, but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities.

In the late evening of 11 September 2007 the fuel-air explosive AVBPM or "Father of All Bombs" was successfully field-tested.[135] According to the Russian military, the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal.[citation needed]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "О воинской обязанности и военной службе" [About military duty and military service]. Federal Law No. 53-FZ of 28 March 1998 (in Russian). State Duma. 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Masters, Jonathan (28 September 2015). "The Russian Military". Council on Foreign Relations. from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  3. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 191. ISBN 9781032012278.
  4. ^ "Putin issues decree to increase army's standard strength by 137,000 as of 2023".
  5. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 191. ISBN 9781032012278.
  6. ^ Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (26 April 2021). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  7. ^ "Military expenditure by country as percentage of gross domestic product, 1988-2020 (see below for 2005-2020)" (PDF). SIPRI. 2021.
  8. ^ "The War Trade: How Italy Sold Armoured Vehicles To Russia + Their Deployment With Syrian Army Militias". bellingcat. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  9. ^ Korolkov, Alexander; RBTH, special to (25 January 2016). "Russia continues to buy Iveco LMV armored cars from Italy". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  10. ^ HilsmanJuly 16 2019, Patrick HilsmanPatrick; A.m, 11:00. "How Israeli-Designed Drones Became Russia's Eyes in the Sky for Defending Bashar al-Assad". The Intercept. Retrieved 27 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Russia's use of Iranian drones shows up domestic weakness". France 24. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  12. ^ AFP, French Press Agency- (7 February 2018). "Russia exported $15 billion worth of weapons in 2017". Daily Sabah.
  13. ^ Times, The Moscow (1 November 2018). "Russia's Arms Exporter Sold $19Bln Worth of Weapons in 2018, Official Says". The Moscow Times.
  14. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5.
  15. ^ Nichol, Jim (24 August 2011). "Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 December 2021. There reportedly are about 20 million former military personnel in reserve, 10% of whom have seen active service within the last five years.
  16. ^ Kateryna Stepanenko, Frederick W. Kagan, Brian Babcock-Lumish (5 March 2022). "EXPLAINER ON RUSSIAN CONSCRIPTION, RESERVE, AND MOBILIZATION". Institute for the Study of War.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (26 April 2021). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  18. ^ "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance". Arms Control Association. August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  19. ^ "Ballistic missile submarines data". Asia Power Index. Lowy Institute. 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  20. ^ Paul, T. V.; Wirtz, James J.; Fortmann, Michael (2004). Balance of power: theory and practice in the 21st century. Stanford University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-8047-5017-2.
  21. ^ a b c Central Intelligence Agency, The World Fact Book: Russia
  22. ^ ""Вывозили на КАМАЗе". Как российские солдаты и офицеры воровали у армии трусы, берцы и бронежилеты". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  23. ^ Kovalev, Alexey. "As War Hits the Homefront, Russia's Defeat Inches Closer". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  24. ^ "'The army has nothing': new Russian conscripts bemoan lack of supplies". the Guardian. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  25. ^ Sonne, Paul; Lamothe, Dan; Ilyushina, Mary (13 September 2022). "Rapid loss of territory in Ukraine reveals spent Russian military". The Washington Post. from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  26. ^ a b "The woes of the Russian war machine are big and real. Are they also temporary?". The Economist. 28 February 2022. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  27. ^ "The Russian Military's Debacle in Ukraine". The New Yorker. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  28. ^ Posard, Marek N.; Holynska, Khrystyna (21 March 2022). "Russia has a military professionalism problem, and it is costing them in Ukraine". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  29. ^ Указ Президента РФ от 1 января 2008 г. № 1 "О штатной численности Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации" [RF Presidential Decree on 1 January 2008 № 1 "On the authorised strength of the Armed Forces"]. Garant.ru (in Russian). 6 February 2008. from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  30. ^ IISS Military Balance 2010, p. 222
  31. ^ "766,055". RIA Novosti. 31 October 2013. from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via russiandefpolicy.blog.
  32. ^ Почти четверть должностей в ВC РФ были вакантными на начало года [Almost a quarter of positions in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were vacant at the beginning of the year] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 24 October 2013. from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  33. ^ a b c . www.sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  34. ^ Perlo-Freeman, Sam; Aude Fleurant; Pieter Wezeman; Siemon Wezeman (April 2016). (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  35. ^ Россия вышла на третье место в мире по объему военных расходов, оттеснив Саудовскую Аравию 24 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine NEWSru, 24 April 2017.
  36. ^ "Share of modern weapons in Russian army exceeds 71% — Defense Minister". TASS.
  37. ^ "Share of modern weaponry in service with Russian army, fleet amounts to 71.2% — minister".
  38. ^ "Modern weapons rate in the army must be 71.9% by Jan 1 — Russian Defense Minister". TASS. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  39. ^ For an account of this period, see Odom, William E. (1998). The Collapse of the Soviet Military. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07469-7.
  40. ^ For some early discussion on this period, see Richard Woff, "A Russian Army", Jane's Intelligence Review, May 1992, 198-200. See also Voenniy vestnik No 12, 1991.
  41. ^ "Short life of the new Russian Guard". Tsiganok.ru. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  42. ^ [Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation] (in Russian). Politika.su. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  43. ^ The Staff for Coordinating Military Cooperation was established as the CIS Joint Armed Forces High Command in March 1992 and then reorganised as the Coordinating Staff in August 1993. It quickly became a very weak body as the new states' authorities asserted their control over their own armed forces. (Russia and NIS Mineral Industry Handbook, International Business Publications, 2007.) Army General Vladimir Yakovlev (general) appears to have become Chief of the Staff in June 2001 (DS2002-0819).
  44. ^ Burns, Robert; Yen, Hope (10 April 2022). "US doubts new Russian war chief can end Moscow's floundering". AP News. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  45. ^ Psaropoulos, John (21 June 2022). "Russia resumes eastern Ukraine offensive and expands war aims". Al Jazeera Media Network.
  46. ^ "Ukraine War: Missiles hit Odesa hours after grain agreement". Sky News. YouTube. 23 July 2022.
  47. ^ "UN officials announce grain exports deal with Russia, Ukraine and Turkey". FRANCE 24. 22 July 2022.
  48. ^ Axe, David (29 July 2022). "In Southern Ukraine, Kyiv's Artillery Drops Bridges And Isolates A Whole Russian Army". Forbes.
  49. ^ William Eldridge Odom, 'The Collapse of the Soviet Military,' Yale University Press, 1998, p.27
  50. ^ "Военная полиция появится в России 1 декабря 2012 года". Interfax (in Russian). 3 July 2012.
  51. ^ "Putin gives Russian army a political wing". Times of Malta. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ^ Wallace, Andrew (27 May 2010). . THE ISCIP ANALYST (Russian Federation) an Analytical Review. Boston University. XVI (13). Archived from the original on 21 October 2012.
  53. ^ "Северный флот России получил статус военного округа". Interfax (in Russian). 1 January 2021.
  54. ^ Golts, Alexsander (20 July 2010). . The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010.
  55. ^ . RIA Novosti. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010.
  56. ^ . RIA Novosti. September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011.
  57. ^ [Staffing changes in the Armed Forces] (in Russian). Presidential Administration of Russia. 9 January 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  58. ^ "New motor rifle division formed in Russia's westernmost region".
  59. ^ Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military
  60. ^ Politkovskaya, Anna (2007). Putin's Russia: Life in a Failing Democracy. Henry Holt and Company. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4299-3915-7.
  61. ^ . Pravda. 7 May 2007. Archived from the original on 12 May 2007.
  62. ^ Giles, Keir (2006). . Conflict Studies Research Centre. ISBN 978-1-905058-92-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2017: Explores some of the challenges of the March 2007 transition to the new approach to deployment.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  63. ^ . Russian Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 23 August 2006.
  64. ^ "Nearly 400,000 contractors serve in Russian army - Military & Defense". TASS. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  65. ^ "Over 30,000 volunteers join Russian Armed Forces in 2020". TASS.
  66. ^ "Conscripts' share in Russian Army declines to 30%, says lawmaker". TASS.
  67. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Сергей Шойгу: укомплектованность офицерских должностей в российской армии превысила 96%". armstrade.org.
  68. ^ "Azeris attracted to serve in Russian army." BBC Worldwide Monitoring. (Originally in the Azerbaijani paper Echo.) 14 March 2005. (Via Lexis-Nexis, 27 July 2005).
  69. ^ Henry Ivanov, Quality not quantity: Country Briefing: Russia, Jane's Defence Weekly, 17 December 2003, p.25
  70. ^ Okorokova, Lidia (25 November 2010). . The Moscow News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  71. ^ . info-wars.org. 29 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011.
  72. ^ "Military draft dodging declines 66% since 2012 - Society & Culture". TASS. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  73. ^ . RIA.ru. 4 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  74. ^ "Russian military has no plans to scrap traditional ushanka hat". from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  75. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Российские военнослужащие в Таджикистане и Киргизии получили форму нового образца". from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  76. ^ "О внесении изменения в статью 34 Федерального закона "О воинской обязанности и военной службе"" [On amendments to the article 34 of the Federal Law "About military duty and military service"]. Federal Law No. 147-FZ of 28 May 2022 (in Russian). State Duma.
  77. ^ "Путин подписал закон об отмене возрастного предела для контрактников" (in Russian). Interfax. 28 May 2022.
  78. ^ Golts, Alexander (2017). Военная реформа и российский милитаризм [Military reform and Russian militarism] (PDF) (in Russian). Uppsala: Kph Trycksaksbolaget AB. p. 143. ISBN 978-91-554-9936-5.
  79. ^ a b "Об утверждении Порядка и условий приёма в образовательные организации высшего образования, находящиеся в ведении Министерства обороны Российской Федерации". Order No. 185 of 7 April 2015 (in Russian). Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation.
  80. ^ "Об организации деятельности адъюнктуры военных образовательных организаций высшего образования, организаций дополнительного профессионального образования и научных организаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации". Order No. 6 of 18 January 2016 (in Russian). Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation.
  81. ^ "Об утверждении Положения о порядке пребывания граждан Российской Федерации в мобилизационном людском резерве". Decree No. 933 of 3 September 2015 (in Russian). Government of Russia.
  82. ^ Vorobyeva, Olga (8 October 2017). "Под ружьё по первому зову". Krasnaya Zvezda (in Russian).
  83. ^ a b Stepovoy, Bogdan; Ramm, Alexey; Andreev, Yevgeniy (13 February 2018). "В резерв по контракту". Izvestia (in Russian).
  84. ^ "О создании мобилизационного людского резерва Вооружённых Сил Российской Федерации". Decree No. 370 of 17 July 2015 (in Russian). President of Russia.
  85. ^ "Как оплачивается период нахождения на военных сборах?". Argumenty i Fakty (in Russian). 20 November 2019.
  86. ^ Chuprin, Konstantin (2009). Taras, Anatoliy (ed.). Вооружённые силы стран СНГ и Балтии. Справочник [Armed forces of CIS countries and Baltic states. Handbook] (in Russian). Moscow: Современная школа. ISBN 978-985-513-617-1.
  87. ^ a b c d Gavrilov, Yuriy (4 April 2014). "Военным добавили пять лет". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian).
  88. ^ a b c d "Федеральный закон от 2 апреля 2014 года №64-ФЗ "О внесении изменений в статьи 49 и 53 Федерального закона "О воинской обязанности и военной службе""". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 4 April 2014.
  89. ^ Troshev, Gennady (2001). Моя война. Чеченский дневник окопного генерала [My war. Chechen diary of trench general] (in Russian). Moscow: Вагриус. ISBN 5-264-00657-1.
  90. ^ Karamayev, Sergey (1 July 2005). "Чем меньше кафедр — тем крепче оборона. Министерство обороны хочет закрыть военные кафедры в российских вузах". Lenta.ru (in Russian).
  91. ^ a b "Названы вузы, в которых создадут военные центры". RBK (in Russian). 11 March 2008.
  92. ^ "Об обучении граждан Российской Федерации по программе военной подготовки в федеральных государственных образовательных организациях высшего образования". Decree No. 152 of 6 March 2008 (in Russian). Government of Russia. . Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  93. ^ "О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в связи с сокращением срока военной службы по призыву". Federal Law No. 104-FZ of 6 July 2006 (in Russian). State Duma. . Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  94. ^ Polunin, Sergey (25 December 2020). "Положение о мобилизационном резерве Вооружённых Сил Российской Федерации и что это". Militaryarms.ru (in Russian).
  95. ^ "О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в части совершенствования военной подготовки студентов федеральных государственных образовательных организаций высшего образования". Federal Law No. 309-FZ of 3 August 2018 (in Russian). State Duma.
  96. ^ "Об утверждении Положения о военных учебных центрах при федеральных государственных образовательных организациях высшего образования и о признании утратившими силу некоторых актов Правительства Российской Федерации". Decree No. 848 of 3 July 2019 (in Russian). Government of Russia.
  97. ^ Order No. 427-R of 13 March 2019 (in Russian). Government of Russia.
  98. ^ Gavrilov, Yuriy (15 March 2019). "Лейтенант из института. Определены вузы для военной подготовки студентов". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian).
  99. ^ McCarthy, Simone; Picheta, Rob (21 September 2022). "Russia announces immediate 'partial mobilization' of citizens, escalating its invasion of Ukraine". CNN.
  100. ^ Austin, Greg; Alexey Muraviev (2000). The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia. London, New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 155. ISBN 1-86064-485-6.
  101. ^ FBIS: Informatsionno-Analiticheskoye Agentstvo Marketing i Konsalting, 14 March 2006, "Russia: Assessment, Adm Baltin Interview, Opinion Poll on State of Armed Forces".
  102. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, previous editions
  103. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2006, Routledge, p.153
  104. ^ Keir Giles, Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army, Conflict Studies Research Centre, May 2007
  105. ^ Коррупция 'забирает треть военного бюджета России' [Corruption 'takes away a third of Russia's military budget'] (in Russian). BBC. 3 July 2008. from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  106. ^ . USA Today. Associated Press. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008.
  107. ^ . Turkish Daily News. 12 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008.
  108. ^ "Defense procurement budget". cnguy.com. 17 February 2009.[dead link]
  109. ^ Leander Schaerlaeckens, "Russian budget cuts could impact EU defense market" 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, UPI (23 February 2009).
  110. ^ . English.pravda.ru. 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  111. ^ . ITAR-TASS. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  112. ^ . RIA Novosti. 8 October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  113. ^ "Russian military spending falls, could affect operations: Think-tank". Reuters. 2 May 2018. from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  114. ^ "Defense World".
  115. ^ CHAPTER 2 - INVESTING IN RUSSIAN DEFENSE CONVERSION: OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Federation of American Scientists, fas.org
  116. ^ Harding, Luke; Traynor, Ian (8 February 2007). . The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013.
  117. ^ Rusakova, Tatyana (13 January 2016). "What's new with the Russian army?". RBTH. from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  118. ^ "Ballerinas, puppets inspire names of Russian arms". RBTH. 4 September 2013. from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  119. ^ Litovkin, Nikolai (14 September 2016). "Army 2016 forum: Top 8 newest Russian weapons". Russia Beyond. RBTH. from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  120. ^ Egorov, Boris (12 July 2017). "A farewell to traditional arms: Russia develops weapons for the future". RBTH. from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  121. ^ a b Moscow Defence Brief #1, 2011
  122. ^ . Itar-tass.com. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  123. ^ "Russian army gets 1,500 weapon titles, 80,000 pieces of equipment 2018 - Military & Defense". TASS. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  124. ^ Faulconbridge, Guy (24 May 2011). . Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  125. ^ "The Russian Military's Debacle in Ukraine". The New Yorker. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  126. ^ "Вооруженные Силы в 2018 году приняли на вооружение 56 видов новой техники". RIA Novosti. 15 December 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  127. ^ a b "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Janes.com.
  128. ^ "Russian Army received over 12,000 advanced weapon systems since 2012 - Military & Defense". TASS. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  129. ^ "ЦАМТО / / С.Шойгу: сегодня ВС России отвечают всем требованиям, предъявляемым к самым передовым армиям мира". armstrade.org.
  130. ^ "Number of long-range cruise missile carriers in Russia up 13 times since 2012". TASS.
  131. ^ https://tass.com/defense/1553957
  132. ^ https://tass.com/politics/1554647
  133. ^ "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance". Armscontrol.org. January 2017. from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  134. ^ a b "Президент России". kremlin.ru. from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  135. ^ Solovyov, Dmitry (11 September 2007). "Russia tests superstrength bomb, military says". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

Sources

  • Andrew Bowen, "Russian Armed Forces: Capabilities 23 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine," Congressional Research Service, June 30, 2020.
  • "How are the mighty fallen". The Economist. 2–8 July 2005. pp. 45–46.
  • RNS, November 2016
  • Austin, Greg; Muraviev, Alexey (2000). The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia. London, England; New York, NY: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-485-6.
  • Keir Giles, Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army, Conflict Studies Research Centre, May 2007
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, various editions
  • Odom, William E. (1998). The Collapse of the Soviet Military. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07469-7.
  • "The United States leads upward trend in arms exports, Asian and Gulf states arms imports up, says SIPRI". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 16 March 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.

Further reading

  • Bowen, Andrew (2017). "Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine". Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (3–4): 312–343. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550. S2CID 158522112.
  • Galeotti, Mark, 'Organised crime and Russian security forces: mafiya, militia and military', Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, issue 1:2, 2001.
  • Ivanov, Henry, 'Country Briefing: Russia—Austere deterrence', Jane's Defence Weekly, 28 April 2006
  • Lehrke, Jesse Paul (2013). The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988-2005. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-10886-1.
  • Pynnöniemi, K., 'Russia's Defence Reform: Assessing the real "Serdyukov heritage"' 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, FIIA Briefing Paper 126, 26 March 2013, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs.
  • Turbiville, G., 'Organized crime and the Russian armed forces', Transnational Organized Crime, vol. 1, issue 4, 1995, pp. 55–73;
  • Waters, T., 'Crime in the Russian military', CSRC Paper C90, (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1996).
  • Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (27 April 2020). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 8 January 2020.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

January 07, 2023
russian, armed, forces, armed, forces, russian, federation, russian, Вооружённые, Си, лы, Росси, йской, Федера, ции, vooruzhonnije, síly, rossíyskoj, federátsii, commonly, referred, military, russia, terms, active, duty, personnel, they, world, fifth, largest,. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Russian Vooruzhyonnye Si ly Rossi jskoj Federa cii Vooruzhonnije Sily Rossiyskoj Federatsii commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces are the military of Russia In terms of active duty personnel they are the world s fifth largest military force with at least two million reserve personnel 14 15 16 Their branches consist of the Ground Forces the Navy and the Aerospace Forces as well as three independent arms of service the Strategic Rocket Forces the Airborne Forces and the Special Operations Forces Armed Forces of the Russian FederationVooruzhyonnye si ly Rossi jskoj Federa ciiEmblem of the Russian Armed ForcesBanner of the Russian Armed ForcesFounded1721 Imperial Russian Army Current form7 May 1992Service branchesRussian Ground Forces Russian Navy Russian Aerospace ForcesRussian Air ForceRussian Space Forces Strategic Rocket Forces Russian Airborne Forces Special Operations ForcesHeadquartersMinistry of Defence MoscowLeadershipSupreme Commander in ChiefVladimir PutinMinister of DefenceSergei ShoiguChief of the General StaffValery GerasimovPersonnelMilitary age18 1 Conscription12 months 2 Active personnelc 1 000 000 3 4 Reserve personnelc 2 000 000 5 ExpendituresBudgetUS 65 9 billion 2020 2021 6 Percent of GDP4 3 2021 7 IndustryDomestic suppliersSee list RostecRosatomUnited Aircraft CorporationUnited Shipbuilding CorporationRussian HelicoptersTactical Missiles CorporationAlmaz AnteyHigh Precision SystemsMoscow Institute of Thermal TechnologyKalashnikov ConcernMilitary Industrial CompanyUralvagonzavodKurganmashzavodKAMAZForeign suppliers Belarus MZKT Italy Iveco 8 9 Israel IAI 10 Iran HESA 11 Annual exportsUS 15 19 billion 2018 12 13 Related articlesHistoryMilitary history of the Russian FederationRanksArmy ranksNavy ranksAerospace Forces ranksIn 2021 Russia had the world s fifth highest military expenditure allocating a budget of approximately US 65 9 billion to the military 17 The Russian Armed Forces maintain the world s largest stockpile of nuclear weapons 18 and possess the world s second largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines 19 they are also one of only three national militaries alongside those of the United States and China that operate strategic bombers 20 With certain exceptions Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18 27 though conscripted soldiers are generally not deployed outside of Russia 1 21 In spite of Russia s perceived military strength as recorded in various assessments deficiencies have been noted in the country s combat performance on both the tactical and operational scales According to multiple reports endemic corruption within the Russian Armed Forces has had a major impact on weakening Russia s ability to effectively project hard power 22 23 24 Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine severe logistical failures have greatly impacted the operational performance of Russian troops as different service branches have struggled to coordinate and work together Continuous shortcomings have led Russia s war effort to suffer extensive setbacks since the initial invasion the Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied annexed territory the large scale destruction and squandering of their equipment and a notably high casualty rate 25 26 27 Researchers from the RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues to struggle with military professionalization 28 Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country s defence services under Russian law fulfilling this capacity alongside the Border Guard of the Federal Security Service the National Guard the Ministry of Internal Affairs the Federal Protective Service the Foreign Intelligence Service and the Ministry of Emergency Situations Contents 1 Service branches 2 History 3 Structure 3 1 Military districts 3 2 Naval fleets 4 Personnel 4 1 Military education 5 Reserve components 5 1 2005 2008 reform of the reserve officer training system 5 2 2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force 5 3 2019 reform of the reserve officer training system 5 4 Mobilization 6 Budget 6 1 Procurement 7 Nuclear weapons 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External linksService branchesArmed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into citation needed the three branches of Armed Forces the Ground Forces Aerospace Forces and Navy the two separate troop branches the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces the special forces of Armed Forces the Special Operations Forces the Logistical Support which has a separate status of its ownThere are additionally two further separate troop branches the National Guard and the Border Service These retain the legal status of Armed Forces while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency directly subordinated to the President of Russia The Border Service is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service the country s main internal intelligence agency Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land air and maritime units The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia On 1 January 2008 a number of 2 019 629 units including military of 1 134 800 units was set 29 In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies IISS estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1 027 000 active troops and in the region of 2 035 000 reserves largely ex conscripts 30 As opposed to personnel specified by decree actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766 000 in October 2013 31 32 According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute between 2005 2009 and 2010 2014 Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent 33 Russia spent 66 4 billion on arms in 2015 34 then 69 2 billion in 2016 having taken 3rd place after the U S and China 35 According to the Russian Defence Ministry the share of modern weaponry in service with Russia s army and fleet amounts to 71 2 with serviceability of weapons at 99 as of 2021 36 37 38 HistoryMain article Military history of the Russian Federation See also Military history of the Russian Empire and Military history of the Soviet Union This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2019 The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991 For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States CIS failed Over time some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military s assets 39 Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard 40 Until 1995 it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3 000 to 5 000 each with a total of no more than 100 000 National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions including in Moscow three brigades two brigades and a number of other important cities and regions By the end of September 1991 in Moscow the National Guard was about 15 000 strong mostly consisting of former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen In the end President Yeltsin tabled a decree On the temporary position of the Russian Guard but it was not put into practice 41 After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991 the countries of the newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory including strategic nuclear forces On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation the operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence which was headed by President citation needed Finally on 7 May 1992 Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander 42 In May 1992 General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence and was made Russia s first Army General on assuming the post By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost 43 In the next few years Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe as well as from some newly independent post Soviet republics While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia South Ossetia and in Transnistria The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries especially on territory of the former Soviet Republics On 24 February 2022 Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of the operation 44 In July 2022 at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery 45 Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu s signature on the UN brokered deal to resume Ukraine s Black Sea grain exports Russia bombed the Port of Odessa 46 47 According to Forbes Moscow had committed as of the end of July 2022 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to Putin s invasion of Ukraine 48 Structure Minister of Defence General of the Army Sergei Shoigu Chief of the General Staff General of the Army Valery Gerasimov The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces Since Soviet times the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces U S expert William Odom said in 1998 that the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable but the MoD without the General Staff is not 49 Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate the personnel directorate as well as the Rear of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Railway Troops Signal Troops and Construction Troops The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov Since 1 December 2012 the structure of the Ministry of defence has been containing the Main Directorate of the Military Police to which all military district s regional directorates of military police are subordinated 50 In July 2018 the Main Military Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces 51 The Russian military is divided into three services the Russian Ground Forces the Russian Navy and the Russian Aerospace Forces In addition there are two independent arms of service the Strategic Missile Troops and the Russian Airborne Troops The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army armiya except in some cases the Navy is specifically singled out Military districts Military districts of Russia as of 2021 Western Military District Northern Military District Southern Military District Central Military District Eastern Military District Since late 2010 the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts Western Military District Southern Military District Central Military District and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands West South Central and East Previously from 1992 to 2010 the Ground Forces were divided into six military districts Moscow Leningrad North Caucausian Privolzhsk Ural Siberian and Far Eastern with the seventh military district Kaliningrad formed in 1997 in service until 2010 Russia s four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces Military Districts These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs which now also incorporate the aerospace forces and naval forces There is one remaining Russian military base the 102nd Military Base in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District In mid 2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy s fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands OSC 52 In 2014 the Northern Fleet was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command Since 1 January 2021 this Command has the status of military district 53 Army General Aleksandr Dvornikov commander of the Southern Military District since 20 September 2016 Geographically divided the five commands districts are Joint Strategic Command West Western Military District HQ in St Petersburg includes the Baltic Fleet Joint Strategic Command North Northern Military District HQ in Severomorsk includes the Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command South Southern Military District HQ in Rostov on Don includes the Black Sea Fleet and Caspian Flotilla Joint Strategic Command Center Central Military District HQ in Yekaterinburg Joint Strategic Command East Eastern Military District HQ in Khabarovsk includes the Pacific Fleet The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented 54 The four commands were set up by a decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010 55 56 In July 2011 an Operational Strategic Command of Missile Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures 57 Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs now the National Guard of Russia s National Guard Forces Command the Border Guard Service of Russia part of the Federal Security Service the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service and the Ministry of Emergency Situations the country s civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units Naval fleets A map of naval bases shipyards and spent fuel storage sites operated by the Northern Fleet The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla Northern Fleet HQ at Severomorsk forms own Joint Strategic Command Baltic Fleet HQ at Kaliningrad in the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast subordinated to Joint Strategic Command West Black Sea Fleet HQ at Sevastopol disputed region of Crimea subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South Pacific Fleet HQ at Vladivostok subordinated to Joint Strategic Command East Caspian Flotilla HQ at Astrakhan subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South The Kaliningrad Special Region under the command of the Commander Baltic Fleet comprises Ground amp Coastal Forces formerly the 11th Guards Army and now the 11th Army Corps with a motor rifle division HQ formed in 2021 58 and subordinate units as well as naval aviation regiments employing Sukhoi Su 27 Flankers and other combat aircraft As noted both the Baltic Fleet and the 11th Army Corps in Kaliningrad are subordinate to Strategic Command West Similarly the Northeast Group of Troops and Forces headquartered at Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy comprises all Russian Armed Forces components in the Kamchatka Krai and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug district and is subordinate to the Commander Pacific Fleet headquartered in Vladivostok Personnel Russian troops at the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade Russian troops marching in the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade Members of the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade of the Russian Airborne Forces in 2018 Ratnik infantry combat system in reconnaissance variant and AFV crew individual protection kit Ratnik ZKThis section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Specifically for example tables of age limits could be summarized Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Conscription is used in Russia the term of service is 12 months and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old 1 Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students men supporting disabled relatives parents of at least two children and upon Presidential proclamation to some employees of military oriented enterprises Men holding a Ph D as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service are released from conscription There were widespread problems with hazing in the Army known as dedovshchina where first year draftees are abused by second year draftees a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two year service term in 1967 59 According to Anna Politkovskaya in 2002 a complete battalion more than five hundred men had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings 60 To combat this problem a new decree was signed in March 2007 which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008 61 62 Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005 21 For the foreseeable future the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract conscript force 21 The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own 63 Nearly 400 000 contractors serve in the Russian Army as of March 2019 According to Defence Minister Shoigu in every regiment and brigade two battalions are formed by contractors while one is formed by recruits who are not involved in combat missions Currently there are 136 battalion tactical groups in the armed forces formed by contractors 64 The number of conscripts amounts to 225 000 and the number of contractors amounts to 405 000 as of March 2020 and exceeds the number of conscripts by 2 times as of the end of 2021 65 66 67 Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States of which Russia is the largest member 68 By December 2003 the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service 69 yet up to 2010 foreigners could only serve in Russia s armed forces after getting a Russian passport Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years 70 71 The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast track Russian citizenship and counter the effects of Russia s demographic crisis on its army recruitment Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation On 17 November 2011 General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached a crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription citation needed Military draft dodging declined 66 since 2012 and as of March 2019 It is reported that about 80 of the young people who were drafted into the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces in the autumn of 2018 were found fit for military service According to the head of the mobilization in recent years the fitness of future recruits has increased by 7 72 In March 2013 Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year 73 RIA also said that the shower plans were the latest in a series of creature comfort improvements the Defence Ministry had recently announced In mid January Shoygu said he would rid the army of its antiquated footwraps or portyanki and a few days later the designer of Russia s new army uniform said that the ear flap hats traditionally worn in winter would be replaced with more modern headgear The Russian military s ushanka hats were improved between 2013 and 2015 when the Russian armed forces were being equipped with new uniforms The new version of the traditional and somewhat stereotypical hat features better heat insulation and longer ear flaps 74 A new uniform for hot climates was introduced in mid 2018 75 On 28 May 2022 on the background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service earlier this limit was 40 years old 76 77 Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces males 1 Military rank Conscript service Voluntary serviceLower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenureMarshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 65 70Army general Admiral of the fleetColonel general AdmiralLieutenant general Vice admiral 60 65Major general Counter admiralColonel Captain 1st rank 55Lieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rank 50Major Captain 3rd rankCaptain Captain lieutenantSenior lieutenantLieutenantJunior lieutenantSenior praporshchik Senior michmanPraporshchik MichmanStarshina Chief ship starshinaSenior sergeant Chief starshinaSergeant Starshina 1st classJunior sergeant Starshina 2nd classGefreiter Senior seamanPrivate Seaman 18 27Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces females 1 Military rank Conscript service Voluntary serviceLower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenureMarshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 45 70Army general Admiral of the fleetColonel general AdmiralLieutenant general Vice admiral 65Major general Counter admiralColonel Captain 1st rankLieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rankMajor Captain 3rd rankCaptain Captain lieutenantSenior lieutenantLieutenantJunior lieutenantSenior praporshchik Senior michmanPraporshchik MichmanStarshina Chief ship starshinaSenior sergeant Chief starshinaSergeant Starshina 1st classJunior sergeant Starshina 2nd classGefreiter Senior seamanPrivate SeamanMilitary education The Russian military education system inherited from the Soviet Union trains officer specialists in narrowly defined military occupational specialties In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their career branch only after graduation from a military academy or the ROTC 78 Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program can t choose a military occupational specialty because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector s order It also differs from the American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC The Russian military education system includes Warrant officer schools which prepare career warrant officers for active duty service Higher military schools which prepare career commissioned officers for active duty service as platoon company commanders and at equivalent positions tactical level Military training centers within civilian institutions of higher education which prepare reserve commissioned officers who can serve as platoon company commanders and at equivalent positions tactical level Military academies which improve the military occupational specialty knowledge of commissioned officers to allow them to be appointed to battalion regiment brigade commander or equivalent positions operational tactical level Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia which improves skills of officers graduated from military academies to allow them to become highest ranking military officers strategic level Adjunctura is a military analogue of civilian graduate school which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of candidate of sciences in military oriented specialties and be appointed to a teaching positions in military academies military schools military training centers Age limits for admission to military educational institutions 1 79 Type of military educational institution Persons who have not been on active duty service Persons who are on conscript active duty service or are demobbed from this service Persons who are on voluntary active duty serviceLower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limitMilitary school 16 22 18 24 18 27Military training center active duty officer program 16 24 Military training center reserve officer program 16 30 Russian military academies and adjunctura entry requirements 79 80 Type of military educational institution Reached educational level Years of active duty service as commissioned officer Military rank no lower than Military position years of experience Expected number of years of active duty service after graduation until general upper age limit for tenureMilitary academy Military school or Military training center no less than 7 years Captain Captain lieutenant Major s Captain 3rd rank s positions 1 year at least 5 years at leastMilitary Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia Military academy Major Captain 3rd rank Colonel s Captain 1st rank s positions 1 year at least 5 years at leastAdjunctura Military school or Military training center no less than 2 years Lieutenant 5 years at leastReserve componentsRussian Armed Forces have reserves Russian zapas transliteration zapas which includes 2 components 1 Active reserve Mobilization human reserve Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj rezerv transliteration mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy reserv Inactive reserve Mobilization human resource Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj resurs transliteration mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy resurs By default at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks Furthermore graduates of civilian institutions of higher education who have graduated the military training centers of their almae matres trained under reserve officer program are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer s rank unlike graduates of such centers trained under active duty officer program who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer s rank Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach the age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract This possibility is available for each persons who is in the mobilization human resource already 81 The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period Military personnel of mobilization human reserve reservists perform part time duties in military units 82 Reservists are appointed to a military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational mobilization and combat activities of these military units As a rule in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2 3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days 83 The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree 84 which determines the number of reserve troops is classified The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and this information is classified too The persons who are in mobilization human resource non reservists may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months herewith the total duration of such trainings for the entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years 85 As of 2009 the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million 86 Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all Non reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily The mobilization of non reservists is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998 No 53 FZ About military duty and military service in order from first category to third category 87 88 The first category includes 1 the persons at the any military rank below that of a commissioned officer enlisted personnel and not reached the age of 35 years old 2 the persons at the any rank from junior lieutenant to captain captain lieutenant in naval service inclusively junior commissioned officers and not reached the age of 50 years old 3 the persons at the any rank from major captain 3rd rank in naval service to lieutenant colonel captain 2nd rank in naval service inclusively and not reached the age of 55 years old 4 the persons at the rank of colonel captain 1st rank in naval service and not reached the age of 60 years old 5 the persons at the rank of major general counter admiral in naval service or higher supreme officers and not reached the age of 65 years old 87 88 The second category includes 1 enlisted personnel in age from 35 but less than 45 2 junior commissioned officers in the age from 50 but less than 55 3 commissioned officers at the any rank from major captain 3rd rank in naval service to lieutenant colonel captain 2nd rank in naval service inclusively in the age from 55 but less than 60 4 commissioned officers at the rank of colonel captain 1st rank in naval service in the age from 60 but less than 65 5 supreme officers in age from 65 but less than 70 87 88 The third category includes 1 enlisted personnel in the age from 45 but less than 50 2 junior commissioned officers in the age from 55 but less than 60 3 commissioned officers at the any rank from major captain 3rd rank in naval service to lieutenant colonel captain 2nd rank in naval service inclusively in the age from 60 but less than 65 4 all females in the age less than 45 for enlisted personnel and less than 50 for commissioned officers The person who has reached the age limit established for the third category the second category for persons at the rank of colonel captain 1st rank in naval service or higher is retired and is not subject to mobilization 87 88 Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces males 1 Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resourceAge limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First gradeAge limit Second gradeAge limit Third gradeAge limitMarshal of the Russian Federation 65 70 Army general Admiral of the fleet 65 70 Colonel general Admiral 65 70 Lieutenant general Vice admiral 65 70 Major general Counter admiral 65 70 Colonel Captain 1st rank 57 65 60 65 Lieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rank 52 60 55 60 65Major Captain 3rd rank 52 60 55 60 65Captain Captain lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Senior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Junior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Senior praporshchik Senior michman 42 45 35 45 50Praporshchik Michman 42 45 35 45 50Starshina Chief ship starshina 42 45 35 45 50Senior sergeant Chief starshina 42 45 35 45 50Sergeant Starshina 1st class 42 45 35 45 50Junior sergeant Starshina 2nd class 42 45 35 45 50Gefreiter Senior seaman 42 45 35 45 50Private Seaman 42 45 35 45 50Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces females 1 Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resourceAge limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First gradeAge limit Second gradeAge limit Third gradeAge limitMarshal of the Russian Federation 50Army general Admiral of the fleet 50Colonel general Admiral 50Lieutenant general Vice admiral 50Major general Counter admiral 50Colonel Captain 1st rank 47 50 50Lieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rank 47 50 50Major Captain 3rd rank 47 50 50Captain Captain lieutenant 47 50 50Senior lieutenant 47 50 50Lieutenant 47 50 50Junior lieutenant 47 50 50Senior praporshchik Senior michman 42 45 45Praporshchik Michman 42 45 45Starshina Chief ship starshina 42 45 45Senior sergeant Chief starshina 42 45 45Sergeant Starshina 1st class 42 45 45Junior sergeant Starshina 2nd class 42 45 45Gefreiter Senior seaman 42 45 45Private Seaman 42 45 452005 2008 reform of the reserve officer training system The reserve officer training system inherited from the Soviet Union involved selective conscription of graduates of civilian institutions of higher education who have graduated the military departments of their almae matres and received a commission as an officer Such person could be conscripted from the reserve of armed forces to active duty up until the age of 27 The period of active duty of such an officer was several years and at the end of that period he was due to be enlisted in the reserve of armed forces again Such officers were called blazers in the army s slang for example Anatoly Kvashnin was a blazer 89 In 2005 minister of defence Sergei Ivanov announced a significant reduction in the number of military departments carrying out the training commissioned officers from students of civilian institutions of higher education 90 By March 2008 168 of 235 civilian universities academies and institutions which previously had military departments had lost these units 91 37 of 67 civilian universities academies and institutions which retained military departments became the basis for the establishment of new military training centers 91 The military training centers focused on training officers for active duty whilst the military departments focused on training officers for the reserve 92 In 2006 the conscription of reserve officers was abolished Graduates of military departments were not subject to conscription to active duty anymore with the exception of a wartime mobilization All graduates of military training centers were due to be enrolled for 3 years active duty upon their university graduation 93 2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force In 2018 Russia started a full scale formation of a military reserve force based upon volunteers selected from among those who retired from active duty 83 The Russian military reserve force Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj rezerv is a set of citizens who have signed a contract to perform military service as a reservist They are appointed to a military position in a particular military unit They are involved in all operational mobilization and combat activities of these military units unlike other citizens who haven t signed such contracts and who can be used for a mobilization deployment of armed forces on an involuntary basis only in cases stipulated by law Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj resurs 94 The deployment of military units composed of reservists takes minimum time and does not requires any retraining of military personnel The military units composed of reservists use the same weapons as used by military units composed of active duty military personnel Military units staffed by reservists are 100 manned up to wartime standards just like military units staffed by active duty military personnel only There is no possibility to define by military units designation what we re dealing with reserve or not reserve military unit The number of reservists is not presented in open sources and is not among the number of active duty military volunteers which is published by Ministry of Defence This makes it difficult for establish real troop strength of new Russian military units and formations 2019 reform of the reserve officer training system In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished 95 From that moment on students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes for reserve and for active duty in the Military Training Centers 96 In 2019 there were training military centers in 93 civilian institutions of higher education 97 98 Mobilization The first mobilization of citizens being in mobilization human resource conducted on a compulsory basis in the Russian Federation s history was announced by Presidential Decree of 21 September 2022 647 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine 99 BudgetSee also Military budget of the Russian Federation Soviet and Russian military expenditures in billions of 2015 US dollars The facade of the National Defense Management Center The conference room of the National Defense Management Center Between 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia s defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices 100 In 1998 when Russia experienced a severe financial crisis its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point barely one quarter of the USSR s in 1991 and two fifths of the level of 1992 the first year of Russia s independent existence In the early 2000s defence spending increased by at least a minimum of one third year on year leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years and according to Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin this rate is to be sustained through 2010 101 Official government military spending for 2005 was US 32 4 billion though various sources have estimated Russia s military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount 102 Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty the annual IISS Military Balance has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia 102 The IISS Military Balance comments By simple observation the military budget would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the military industrial complex and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis 103 By some estimates overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA 104 According to Alexander Kanshin Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans military personnel and their families the Russian military is losing up to US 13 billion to corruption every year 105 On 16 September 2008 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that in 2009 Russia s defence budget would be increased to a record amount of 50 billion 106 107 On 16 February 2009 Russia s deputy defence minister said state defence contracts would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis and that there would be no decrease in 2009 108 The budget would still be 1 376 trillion rubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to 41 5 billion Later in February 2009 due to the world financial crisis the Russian Parliament s Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent from 40 billion to 34 billion with further cuts to come 109 On 5 May 2009 First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1 3 trillion rubles US 39 4 billion 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction fuel storage and food supply According to the head of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Komoyedov Russia plans to spend 101 15 billion rubles on nuclear weapons in 2013 2015 The budget provisions under The Nuclear Weapons Complex section in 2013 2015 will amount to 29 28 billion rubles 33 3 billion rubles and 38 57 billion rubles respectively Komoyedov said Vechernaya Moskva reports Komoyedov added that in 2012 the spending on nuclear weapons made up 27 4 billion rubles The draft law On the Federal Budget for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015 will be discussed in the first reading on 19 October 2012 The Voice of Russia reports 110 In a meeting in Sochi in November 2013 President Putin said the country s defence budget will reach 2 3 trillion roubles stressing the huge amount in comparison to the 2003 budget which stood on 600 billion rubles 111 Pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2018 in US billions according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies The Russian government s published 2014 military budget is about 2 49 trillion rubles approximately US 69 3 billion the fourth largest in the world behind the US China and Saudi Arabia The official budget is set to rise to 3 03 trillion rubles approximately US 83 7 billion in 2015 and 3 36 trillion rubles approximately US 93 9 billion in 2016 112 As of 2014 Russia s military budget is higher than any other European nation and approximately 1 7th 14 percent of the US military budget 33 In 2015 SIPRI found that Russia was the world s second biggest exporter of major weapons for the period 2010 14 increasing exports by 37 per cent India China and Algeria accounted for almost 60 percent of total Russian exports Asia and Oceania received 66 percent of Russian arms exports in 2010 14 Africa 12 percent and the Middle East 10 percent 33 In 2017 Russia was reported to have slashed its defense spending by 20 due to calls by Vladimir Putin to spend money on other initiatives such as healthcare and education The cut decreased Russia s military spending to 66 3 billion in which Russia slumped to being the fourth highest military spender 113 Russia s 2019 defense budget was US 48 billion and the 2020 figure was 61 7 billion 114 Procurement See also Defence industry of Russia and List of countries by military expenditures The Sukhoi PAK FA is one of the latest procurement projects of the Russian Armed Forces This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2022 About 70 percent of the former Soviet Union s defence industries are located in the Russian Federation 115 Many defence firms have been privatised some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries The recent steps towards modernization of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia s economic resurgence based on oil and gas revenues as well a strengthening of its own domestic market Currently when the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade with the government in the process of spending about 200 billion what equals to about 400 billion in PPP dollars on development and production of military equipment between 2006 and 2015 under the State Armament Programme for 2007 2015 GPV gosprogramma vooruzheniya 116 Mainly as a result of lessons learned during the Russo Georgian War the State Armament Programme for 2011 2020 was launched in December 2010 Prime Minister Putin announced that 20 21 5 trillion rubles over 650 billion will be allocated to purchase new hardware in the next 10 years The aim is to have a growth of 30 of modern equipment in the army navy and air force by 2015 and of 70 by 2020 117 118 119 120 In some categories the proportion of new weapon systems will reach 80 or even 100 121 At this point the Russian MoD plans to purchase among others up to 250 ICBMs 800 aircraft 1 200 helicopters 44 submarines 36 frigates 28 corvettes 18 cruisers 24 destroyers 6 aircraft carriers and 62 air defence battalions Several existing types will be upgraded 121 122 In total since 2012 and as of 2017 the Armed Forces received more than 30 000 units of new and modernized weapons and equipment including more than 50 warships 1 300 aircraft over 1 800 drones 4 700 tanks and armored combat vehicles compared to two warships 151 aircraft and 217 tanks received in 2007 2011 The Russian army also receives 150 250 aircraft per year and over 300 short range UAVs 123 As of 2011 Russia s chief military prosecutor said that 20 percent of the defence budget was being stolen or defrauded yearly 124 It is suspected that equipment is not properly maintained due to the resulting lack of funds which may have contributed to equipment failures observed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine 26 125 In 2018 RF Armed Forces adopted 35 types of weapons and military equipment and completed state tests of 21 more 126 The Russian Ministry of Defence MoD was procured the YeSU TZ Yedinaya Sistema Upravleniya Takticheskogo Zvena battlefield management system that same year The YeSU TZ battlefield management system incorporates 11 subsystems that control artillery electronic warfare systems ground vehicles air defence assets engineering equipment and logistics support among other things 127 Twelve missile regiments have been rearmed with Yars ICBMs 10 missile brigades with Iskander tactical ballistic missile systems 13 aviation regiments with MiG 31BM Su 35S Su 30SM and Su 34 combat aircraft three army aviation brigades and six helicopter regiments with Mi 28N and Ka 52 combat helicopters 20 surface to air missile SAM regiments with S 400 Triumf SAM systems 23 batteries with Pantsir S self propelled anti aircraft gun missile systems and 17 batteries with Bal and Bastion mobile coastal defence missile systems MCDMSs since 2012 and as of March 2019 127 Since 2012 and as of April 2021 the Ground Forces have received more than 15 500 pieces of weapon systems and equipment and rearmed all missile brigades with the Iskander tactical ballistic missile system Aerospace Force and naval aviation have received over 1 500 aircraft and helicopters and the Navy more than 190 ships vessels and boats 128 129 Since 2012 and as of December 2020 the number of long range land sea and air launched cruise missiles increased by 37 times The number of their cruise missile carriers was also increased by 13 times 130 In late 2022 the Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu claimed that supplies of major weapons in the outgoing year had risen by 30 while the amount of ammunition for rocket artillery and aircraft systems increased by 69 to 109 131 The Chief of Russian Armed Forces General Staff Valery Gerasimov also claimed that his troops had received more than 3 100 armored rocket artillery and other weapons including aviation systems and upgraded gunships 132 Nuclear weaponsMain article Russia and weapons of mass destruction A mobile version of the RS 24 Yars The Borei class submarine Alexander Nevsky As of January 2017 the Federation of American Scientists estimated that Russia has approximately 1 765 deployed strategic warheads and another 2 700 non deployed strategic and deployed and non deployed tactical warheads plus an additional 2 510 warheads awaiting dismantlement 133 Russia s Strategic Rocket Forces controls its land based nuclear warheads while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Aerospace Forces the air launched warheads Russia s nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas Land based immobile silos like R 36 and its replacement RS 28 Sarmat Land based mobile like RT 2PM2 Topol M and new RS 24 Yars Submarine based like R 29RMU2 Layner and RSM 56 Bulava Air launched warheads of the Russian Air Forces Long Range Aviation CommandThe military doctrine of Russia sees NATO expansion as one of the threats for the Russian Federation and reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a conventional aggression that can endanger the existence of the state In keeping with this the country s nuclear forces received adequate funding throughout the late 1990s The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads on active duty has declined over the years in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U S and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences 134 Russia has developed the new RT 2PM2 Topol M SS 27 missiles that a Russian general claimed to be able to penetrate any missile defence including the planned U S National Missile Defence The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures It is designed to be launched from land based mobile TEL units 134 Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries the federal government of the United States and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in the early 1990s citation needed This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements such the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities In the late evening of 11 September 2007 the fuel air explosive AVBPM or Father of All Bombs was successfully field tested 135 According to the Russian military the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal citation needed See alsoMilitary academies in Russia Military commissioning schools in Russia Reserve Officer Training in Russia Warrant officer schools of the Russian Armed Forces Adjunctura in Russia Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia History of Russian military ranks Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian FederationReferencesCitations a b c d e f g h i O voinskoj obyazannosti i voennoj sluzhbe About military duty and military service Federal Law No 53 FZ of 28 March 1998 in Russian State Duma Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Masters Jonathan 28 September 2015 The Russian Military Council on Foreign Relations Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 Retrieved 17 August 2017 International Institute for Strategic Studies 25 February 2021 The Military Balance 2021 London Routledge p 191 ISBN 9781032012278 Putin issues decree to increase army s standard strength by 137 000 as of 2023 International Institute for Strategic Studies 25 February 2021 The Military Balance 2021 London Routledge p 191 ISBN 9781032012278 Tian Nan Fleurant Aude Kuimova Alexandra Wezeman Pieter D Wezeman Siemon T 26 April 2021 Trends in World Military Expenditure 2020 PDF Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Retrieved 28 April 2021 Military expenditure by country as percentage of gross domestic product 1988 2020 see below for 2005 2020 PDF SIPRI 2021 The War Trade How Italy Sold Armoured Vehicles To Russia Their Deployment With Syrian Army Militias bellingcat 20 December 2019 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Korolkov Alexander RBTH special to 25 January 2016 Russia continues to buy Iveco LMV armored cars from Italy Russia Beyond Retrieved 27 September 2022 HilsmanJuly 16 2019 Patrick HilsmanPatrick A m 11 00 How Israeli Designed Drones Became Russia s Eyes in the Sky for Defending Bashar al Assad The Intercept Retrieved 27 September 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Russia s use of Iranian drones shows up domestic weakness France 24 17 October 2022 Retrieved 17 October 2022 AFP French Press Agency 7 February 2018 Russia exported 15 billion worth of weapons in 2017 Daily Sabah Times The Moscow 1 November 2018 Russia s Arms Exporter Sold 19Bln Worth of Weapons in 2018 Official Says The Moscow Times International Institute for Strategic Studies 25 February 2021 The Military Balance 2021 London Routledge p 191 ISBN 978 1 85743 988 5 Nichol Jim 24 August 2011 Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy PDF Congressional Research Service Library of Congress Retrieved 22 December 2021 There reportedly are about 20 million former military personnel in reserve 10 of whom have seen active service within the last five years Kateryna Stepanenko Frederick W Kagan Brian Babcock Lumish 5 March 2022 EXPLAINER ON RUSSIAN CONSCRIPTION RESERVE AND MOBILIZATION Institute for the Study of War a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Tian Nan Fleurant Aude Kuimova Alexandra Wezeman Pieter D Wezeman Siemon T 26 April 2021 Trends in World Military Expenditure 2020 PDF Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Retrieved 24 November 2021 Nuclear Weapons Who Has What at a Glance Arms Control Association August 2020 Retrieved 7 June 2021 Ballistic missile submarines data Asia Power Index Lowy Institute 2021 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Paul T V Wirtz James J Fortmann Michael 2004 Balance of power theory and practice in the 21st century Stanford University Press p 332 ISBN 978 0 8047 5017 2 a b c Central Intelligence Agency The World Fact Book Russia Vyvozili na KAMAZe Kak rossijskie soldaty i oficery vorovali u armii trusy bercy i bronezhilety BBC News Russkaya sluzhba in Russian Retrieved 17 December 2022 Kovalev Alexey As War Hits the Homefront Russia s Defeat Inches Closer Foreign Policy Retrieved 17 December 2022 The army has nothing new Russian conscripts bemoan lack of supplies the Guardian 20 October 2022 Retrieved 17 December 2022 Sonne Paul Lamothe Dan Ilyushina Mary 13 September 2022 Rapid loss of territory in Ukraine reveals spent Russian military The Washington Post Archived from the original on 14 September 2022 Retrieved 10 November 2022 a b The woes of the Russian war machine are big and real Are they also temporary The Economist 28 February 2022 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 13 March 2022 The Russian Military s Debacle in Ukraine The New Yorker 11 March 2022 Retrieved 15 March 2022 Posard Marek N Holynska Khrystyna 21 March 2022 Russia has a military professionalism problem and it is costing them in Ukraine Breaking Defense Retrieved 25 August 2022 Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 1 yanvarya 2008 g 1 O shtatnoj chislennosti Vooruzhennyh Sil Rossijskoj Federacii RF Presidential Decree on 1 January 2008 1 On the authorised strength of the Armed Forces Garant ru in Russian 6 February 2008 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 1 March 2016 IISS Military Balance 2010 p 222 766 055 RIA Novosti 31 October 2013 Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 Retrieved 13 April 2017 via russiandefpolicy blog Pochti chetvert dolzhnostej v VC RF byli vakantnymi na nachalo goda Almost a quarter of positions in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were vacant at the beginning of the year in Russian RIA Novosti 24 October 2013 Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 Retrieved 13 April 2017 a b c Trends in International Arms Transfer 2014 www sipri org Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 Retrieved 18 March 2015 Perlo Freeman Sam Aude Fleurant Pieter Wezeman Siemon Wezeman April 2016 Trends in World Military Expenditure 2015 PDF Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Archived from the original PDF on 20 April 2016 Retrieved 23 August 2016 Rossiya vyshla na trete mesto v mire po obemu voennyh rashodov ottesniv Saudovskuyu Araviyu Archived 24 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine NEWSru 24 April 2017 Share of modern weapons in Russian army exceeds 71 Defense Minister TASS Share of modern weaponry in service with Russian army fleet amounts to 71 2 minister Modern weapons rate in the army must be 71 9 by Jan 1 Russian Defense Minister TASS Retrieved 29 January 2022 For an account of this period see Odom William E 1998 The Collapse of the Soviet Military Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 07469 7 For some early discussion on this period see Richard Woff A Russian Army Jane s Intelligence Review May 1992 198 200 See also Voenniy vestnik No 12 1991 Short life of the new Russian Guard Tsiganok ru 21 December 2006 Retrieved 24 March 2014 Ministerstvo oborony Rossijskoj Federacii Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation in Russian Politika su Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2014 The Staff for Coordinating Military Cooperation was established as the CIS Joint Armed Forces High Command in March 1992 and then reorganised as the Coordinating Staff in August 1993 It quickly became a very weak body as the new states authorities asserted their control over their own armed forces Russia and NIS Mineral Industry Handbook International Business Publications 2007 Army General Vladimir Yakovlev general appears to have become Chief of the Staff in June 2001 DS2002 0819 Burns Robert Yen Hope 10 April 2022 US doubts new Russian war chief can end Moscow s floundering AP News Retrieved 3 June 2022 Psaropoulos John 21 June 2022 Russia resumes eastern Ukraine offensive and expands war aims Al Jazeera Media Network Ukraine War Missiles hit Odesa hours after grain agreement Sky News YouTube 23 July 2022 UN officials announce grain exports deal with Russia Ukraine and Turkey FRANCE 24 22 July 2022 Axe David 29 July 2022 In Southern Ukraine Kyiv s Artillery Drops Bridges And Isolates A Whole Russian Army Forbes William Eldridge Odom The Collapse of the Soviet Military Yale University Press 1998 p 27 Voennaya policiya poyavitsya v Rossii 1 dekabrya 2012 goda Interfax in Russian 3 July 2012 Putin gives Russian army a political wing Times of Malta 31 July 2018 Retrieved 12 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Wallace Andrew 27 May 2010 New military command structure and outsourcing initiatives THE ISCIP ANALYST Russian Federation an Analytical Review Boston University XVI 13 Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 Severnyj flot Rossii poluchil status voennogo okruga Interfax in Russian 1 January 2021 Golts Alexsander 20 July 2010 3 Heads are worse than one The Moscow Times Archived from the original on 22 July 2010 Russia sets up four strategic commands RIA Novosti 14 July 2010 Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 Russia s regional military commands RIA Novosti September 2010 Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 Kadrovye izmeneniya v Vooruzhyonnyh Silah Staffing changes in the Armed Forces in Russian Presidential Administration of Russia 9 January 2011 Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 Retrieved 23 March 2014 New motor rifle division formed in Russia s westernmost region Odom The Collapse of the Soviet Military Politkovskaya Anna 2007 Putin s Russia Life in a Failing Democracy Henry Holt and Company p 2 ISBN 978 1 4299 3915 7 History of Russian Armed Forces started with biggest military redeployment ever Pravda 7 May 2007 Archived from the original on 12 May 2007 Giles Keir 2006 Where have all the soldiers gone Russia s military plans versus demographic reality Conflict Studies Research Centre ISBN 978 1 905058 92 1 Archived from the original PDF on 26 June 2019 Retrieved 14 April 2017 Explores some of the challenges of the March 2007 transition to the new approach to deployment a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint postscript link Recruitment New Personnel Policy Russian Ministry of Defence Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 Nearly 400 000 contractors serve in Russian army Military amp Defense TASS Retrieved 9 June 2020 Over 30 000 volunteers join Russian Armed Forces in 2020 TASS Conscripts share in Russian Army declines to 30 says lawmaker TASS CAMTO Sergej Shojgu ukomplektovannost oficerskih dolzhnostej v rossijskoj armii prevysila 96 armstrade org Azeris attracted to serve in Russian army BBC Worldwide Monitoring Originally in the Azerbaijani paper Echo 14 March 2005 Via Lexis Nexis 27 July 2005 Henry Ivanov Quality not quantity Country Briefing Russia Jane s Defence Weekly 17 December 2003 p 25 Okorokova Lidia 25 November 2010 Russia s new Foreign Legion The Moscow News Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 Retrieved 24 March 2014 Now you can join the Russian Foreign Legion info wars org 29 November 2010 Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 Military draft dodging declines 66 since 2012 Society amp Culture TASS Retrieved 9 June 2020 Russian Defense Chief Promises Soldiers Showers by Year End RIA ru 4 February 2013 Archived from the original on 11 October 2016 Retrieved 18 May 2014 Russian military has no plans to scrap traditional ushanka hat Archived from the original on 9 October 2018 Retrieved 9 October 2018 CAMTO Novosti Rossijskie voennosluzhashie v Tadzhikistane i Kirgizii poluchili formu novogo obrazca Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 Retrieved 21 June 2018 O vnesenii izmeneniya v statyu 34 Federalnogo zakona O voinskoj obyazannosti i voennoj sluzhbe On amendments to the article 34 of the Federal Law About military duty and military service Federal Law No 147 FZ of 28 May 2022 in Russian State Duma Putin podpisal zakon ob otmene vozrastnogo predela dlya kontraktnikov in Russian Interfax 28 May 2022 Golts Alexander 2017 Voennaya reforma i rossijskij militarizm Military reform and Russian militarism PDF in Russian Uppsala Kph Trycksaksbolaget AB p 143 ISBN 978 91 554 9936 5 a b Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka i uslovij priyoma v obrazovatelnye organizacii vysshego obrazovaniya nahodyashiesya v vedenii Ministerstva oborony Rossijskoj Federacii Order No 185 of 7 April 2015 in Russian Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation Ob organizacii deyatelnosti adyunktury voennyh obrazovatelnyh organizacij vysshego obrazovaniya organizacij dopolnitelnogo professionalnogo obrazovaniya i nauchnyh organizacij Ministerstva oborony Rossijskoj Federacii Order No 6 of 18 January 2016 in Russian Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation Ob utverzhdenii Polozheniya o poryadke prebyvaniya grazhdan Rossijskoj Federacii v mobilizacionnom lyudskom rezerve Decree No 933 of 3 September 2015 in Russian Government of Russia Vorobyeva Olga 8 October 2017 Pod ruzhyo po pervomu zovu Krasnaya Zvezda in Russian a b Stepovoy Bogdan Ramm Alexey Andreev Yevgeniy 13 February 2018 V rezerv po kontraktu Izvestia in Russian O sozdanii mobilizacionnogo lyudskogo rezerva Vooruzhyonnyh Sil Rossijskoj Federacii Decree No 370 of 17 July 2015 in Russian President of Russia Kak oplachivaetsya period nahozhdeniya na voennyh sborah Argumenty i Fakty in Russian 20 November 2019 Chuprin Konstantin 2009 Taras Anatoliy ed Vooruzhyonnye sily stran SNG i Baltii Spravochnik Armed forces of CIS countries and Baltic states Handbook in Russian Moscow Sovremennaya shkola ISBN 978 985 513 617 1 a b c d Gavrilov Yuriy 4 April 2014 Voennym dobavili pyat let Rossiyskaya Gazeta in Russian a b c d Federalnyj zakon ot 2 aprelya 2014 goda 64 FZ O vnesenii izmenenij v stati 49 i 53 Federalnogo zakona O voinskoj obyazannosti i voennoj sluzhbe Rossiyskaya Gazeta in Russian 4 April 2014 Troshev Gennady 2001 Moya vojna Chechenskij dnevnik okopnogo generala My war Chechen diary of trench general in Russian Moscow Vagrius ISBN 5 264 00657 1 Karamayev Sergey 1 July 2005 Chem menshe kafedr tem krepche oborona Ministerstvo oborony hochet zakryt voennye kafedry v rossijskih vuzah Lenta ru in Russian a b Nazvany vuzy v kotoryh sozdadut voennye centry RBK in Russian 11 March 2008 Ob obuchenii grazhdan Rossijskoj Federacii po programme voennoj podgotovki v federalnyh gosudarstvennyh obrazovatelnyh organizaciyah vysshego obrazovaniya Decree No 152 of 6 March 2008 in Russian Government of Russia Zakonodatelstvo Rossii Poisk Postanovlenie Pravitelstvo Data prinyatiya 06 03 2008 Nomer n Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 Retrieved 11 September 2021 O vnesenii izmenenij v otdelnye zakonodatelnye akty Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s sokrasheniem sroka voennoj sluzhby po prizyvu Federal Law No 104 FZ of 6 July 2006 in Russian State Duma Zakonodatelstvo Rossii Poisk Federalnyj zakon Data prinyatiya 06 07 2006 Nomer nachinaetsya Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 Retrieved 11 September 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Polunin Sergey 25 December 2020 Polozhenie o mobilizacionnom rezerve Vooruzhyonnyh Sil Rossijskoj Federacii i chto eto Militaryarms ru in Russian O vnesenii izmenenij v otdelnye zakonodatelnye akty Rossijskoj Federacii v chasti sovershenstvovaniya voennoj podgotovki studentov federalnyh gosudarstvennyh obrazovatelnyh organizacij vysshego obrazovaniya Federal Law No 309 FZ of 3 August 2018 in Russian State Duma Ob utverzhdenii Polozheniya o voennyh uchebnyh centrah pri federalnyh gosudarstvennyh obrazovatelnyh organizaciyah vysshego obrazovaniya i o priznanii utrativshimi silu nekotoryh aktov Pravitelstva Rossijskoj Federacii Decree No 848 of 3 July 2019 in Russian Government of Russia Order No 427 R of 13 March 2019 in Russian Government of Russia Gavrilov Yuriy 15 March 2019 Lejtenant iz instituta Opredeleny vuzy dlya voennoj podgotovki studentov Rossiyskaya Gazeta in Russian McCarthy Simone Picheta Rob 21 September 2022 Russia announces immediate partial mobilization of citizens escalating its invasion of Ukraine CNN Austin Greg Alexey Muraviev 2000 The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia London New York I B Tauris p 155 ISBN 1 86064 485 6 FBIS Informatsionno Analiticheskoye Agentstvo Marketing i Konsalting 14 March 2006 Russia Assessment Adm Baltin Interview Opinion Poll on State of Armed Forces a b International Institute for Strategic Studies The Military Balance previous editions International Institute for Strategic Studies The Military Balance 2006 Routledge p 153 Keir Giles Military Service in Russia No New Model Army Conflict Studies Research Centre May 2007 Korrupciya zabiraet tret voennogo byudzheta Rossii Corruption takes away a third of Russia s military budget in Russian BBC 3 July 2008 Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 Retrieved 14 April 2017 Russian defense budget may rise 25 in 2009 USA Today Associated Press 19 September 2008 Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 Russia boosts defense budget to record 50 Billion Turkish Daily News 12 September 2008 Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 Defense procurement budget cnguy com 17 February 2009 dead link Leander Schaerlaeckens Russian budget cuts could impact EU defense market Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine UPI 23 February 2009 Russia to spend over 100 billion on nuclear weapons English pravda ru 18 October 2012 Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 Retrieved 23 March 2014 Russian defence ministry s budget in 2013 to reach 2 trl and 300 bln roubles ITAR TASS 29 November 2013 Archived from the original on 1 December 2013 Retrieved 30 November 2013 Russia to Up Nuclear Weapons Spending 50 by 2016 RIA Novosti 8 October 2013 Archived from the original on 8 October 2013 Retrieved 1 March 2014 Russian military spending falls could affect operations Think tank Reuters 2 May 2018 Archived from the original on 22 July 2018 Retrieved 22 July 2018 Defense World CHAPTER 2 INVESTING IN RUSSIAN DEFENSE CONVERSION OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Federation of American Scientists fas org Harding Luke Traynor Ian 8 February 2007 Big rise in Russian military spending raises fears of new challenge to west The Guardian Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 Rusakova Tatyana 13 January 2016 What s new with the Russian army RBTH Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Ballerinas puppets inspire names of Russian arms RBTH 4 September 2013 Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Litovkin Nikolai 14 September 2016 Army 2016 forum Top 8 newest Russian weapons Russia Beyond RBTH Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 3 September 2017 Egorov Boris 12 July 2017 A farewell to traditional arms Russia develops weapons for the future RBTH Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 3 September 2017 a b Moscow Defence Brief 1 2011 Russia s Air Force to get 20 heavy transport planes by 2020 adds Itar tass com 1 August 2011 Archived from the original on 27 July 2012 Retrieved 23 March 2014 Russian army gets 1 500 weapon titles 80 000 pieces of equipment 2018 Military amp Defense TASS Retrieved 9 June 2020 Faulconbridge Guy 24 May 2011 Russia says a fifth of defense budget stolen Reuters Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 Retrieved 13 April 2017 The Russian Military s Debacle in Ukraine The New Yorker 11 March 2022 Retrieved 15 March 2022 Vooruzhennye Sily v 2018 godu prinyali na vooruzhenie 56 vidov novoj tehniki RIA Novosti 15 December 2018 Retrieved 9 June 2020 a b Janes Latest defence and security news Janes com Russian Army received over 12 000 advanced weapon systems since 2012 Military amp Defense TASS Retrieved 9 June 2020 CAMTO S Shojgu segodnya VS Rossii otvechayut vsem trebovaniyam predyavlyaemym k samym peredovym armiyam mira armstrade org Number of long range cruise missile carriers in Russia up 13 times since 2012 TASS https tass com defense 1553957 https tass com politics 1554647 Nuclear Weapons Who Has What at a Glance Armscontrol org January 2017 Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2017 a b Prezident Rossii kremlin ru Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 Retrieved 1 April 2015 Solovyov Dmitry 11 September 2007 Russia tests superstrength bomb military says Reuters Retrieved 17 June 2020 Sources Andrew Bowen Russian Armed Forces Capabilities Archived 23 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Congressional Research Service June 30 2020 How are the mighty fallen The Economist 2 8 July 2005 pp 45 46 Russia Creates Unique Rifle That Can Shoot at Four Kilometres RNS November 2016 Austin Greg Muraviev Alexey 2000 The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia London England New York NY I B Tauris ISBN 1 86064 485 6 Keir Giles Military Service in Russia No New Model Army Conflict Studies Research Centre May 2007 International Institute for Strategic Studies The Military Balance various editions Odom William E 1998 The Collapse of the Soviet Military Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 07469 7 The United States leads upward trend in arms exports Asian and Gulf states arms imports up says SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI 16 March 2015 Retrieved 13 April 2017 Further readingBowen Andrew 2017 Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine Journal of Strategic Studies 42 3 4 312 343 doi 10 1080 01402390 2017 1413550 S2CID 158522112 Galeotti Mark Organised crime and Russian security forces mafiya militia and military Journal of Conflict Security and Development issue 1 2 2001 Ivanov Henry Country Briefing Russia Austere deterrence Jane s Defence Weekly 28 April 2006 Lehrke Jesse Paul 2013 The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics 1988 2005 Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 10886 1 Pynnoniemi K Russia s Defence Reform Assessing the real Serdyukov heritage Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine FIIA Briefing Paper 126 26 March 2013 The Finnish Institute of International Affairs Turbiville G Organized crime and the Russian armed forces Transnational Organized Crime vol 1 issue 4 1995 pp 55 73 Waters T Crime in the Russian military CSRC Paper C90 Camberley Conflict Studies Research Centre 1996 Tian Nan Fleurant Aude Kuimova Alexandra Wezeman Pieter D Wezeman Siemon T 27 April 2020 Trends in World Military Expenditure 2019 PDF Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Retrieved 8 January 2020 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Russian Ministry of Defense Archived 4 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine in English Russian Military Capabilities in a 10 year perspective PDF 2013 study by the Swedish Defence Research Agency Russia s military modernisation Putin s new model army by The Economist 24 May 2014 Just How Dangerous is Russia s Military by The National Interest 15 July 2016 by Nikolas Gvosdev Chto takoe sovremennaya armiya Rossii What is the modern army of Russia Vlast in Russian Kommersant 7 610 21 February 2005 Archived from the original on 14 November 2007 Retrieved 20 September 2008 Russia s New Army study from 2011 by the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies Russia s Military Assessment Strategy and Threat report by the Center on Global Interests Russia s shiny new weapons an article about Russian drones by Mark Galeotti 10 January 2014 Portals Russia War Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Russian Armed Forces amp oldid 1131421741, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.