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Wikipedia

List of French inventions and discoveries

January 20, 2023

Arts and entertainment

 
100s engraving French Roulette
 
A scene from A Trip to the Moon (1902) by Georges Méliès.

Chemistry

 
Appert canning jar
 
Neon sign

Physics, mathematics and measure

 
The Foucault pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris.
 
Comparison of De Moivre's approximation with the factorial; the formula is now known as Stirling's approximation.
 
Optical pumping of a laser rod (bottom) with an arc lamp (top). Red: hot. Blue: cold. Green: light. Non-green arrows: water flow. Solid colors: metal. Light colors: fused quartz. Refs: [6], ,[8]

Medicine and biology

 
Modern stethoscope.
 
Insulin pump, showing an infusion set loaded into spring-loaded insertion device.

Transportation

 
A model of the Montgolfier brothers' balloon at the London Science Museum
 
Air France Concorde in 1977

Clothing

 
Polo shirt outline

Food and cooking

 
Denis Papin's steam digester
 
Baguette

Weapons and military

 
Early-19th century socket bayonet

Communication and computers

 
A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne, France
 
Minitel

Technology

Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville earliest sound recording device.

Sports

 
The Olympic Rings, the symbol of the modern Olympic Games, inspired by Pierre de Coubertin
Main article: Sport in France

Miscellaneous

See also

References

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    Original text : Avant que de finir ce Mémoire, je crois devoir rendre compte d'un fait que je dois au hasard, & qui me parut d'abord ... singulier ... j'en avois rempli une fiole cylindrique, longue de cinq pouces, & d'un pouce de diamètre ou environ ; & l'ayant couverte d'un morceau de vessie mouillée & ficelée au col du vaisseau, je l'avois plongée dans un grand vase plein d'eau, afin d'être sûr qu'il ne rentrât aucun air dans l'esprit de vin. Au bout de cinq ou six heures, je fus tout surpris de voir que la fiole étoit plus pleine qu'au moment de son immersion, quoiqu'elle le fût alors autant que ses bords pouvoient le permettre ; la vessie qui lui servoit de bouchon, étoit devenue convexe & si tendue, qu’en la piquant avec une épingle, il en sortit un jet de liqueur qui s'éleva à plus d'un pied de hauteur.

    Translation : Before finishing this memoir, I think I should report an event that I owe to chance and which at first seemed to me ... strange ... I filled [with alcohol] a cylindrical vial, five inches long and about one inch in diameter; and [after] having covered it with piece of damp bladder [which was] tied to the neck of the vial, I immersed it in a large bowl full of water, in order to be sure that no air re-entered the alcohol. At the end of 5 or 6 hours, I was very surprised to see that the vial was fuller than at the moment of its immersion, although it [had been filled] as far as its sides would allow ; the bladder that served as its cap, bulged and had become so stretched that on pricking it with a needle, there came from it a jet of alcohol that rose more than a foot high.
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January 20, 2023
list, french, inventions, discoveries, contents, arts, entertainment, chemistry, physics, mathematics, measure, medicine, biology, transportation, clothing, food, cooking, weapons, military, communication, computers, technology, sports, miscellaneous, also, re. Contents 1 Arts and entertainment 2 Chemistry 3 Physics mathematics and measure 4 Medicine and biology 5 Transportation 6 Clothing 7 Food and cooking 8 Weapons and military 9 Communication and computers 10 Technology 11 Sports 12 Miscellaneous 13 See also 14 ReferencesArts and entertainment EditGothic art in the mid 12th century 1 Ars nova a musical style which flourished in the Kingdom of France and its surroundings during the Late Middle Ages Oboe or hautbois in the mid 17th century France probably by Jacques Martin Hotteterre and his family or by the Philidor family 2 Variants of the oboe like the graile the bombard and the piston were later created in Languedoc and Brittany 100s engraving French Roulette Many bagpipes were developed in France 3 4 including the Biniou the bodega the Boha the Bousine the Cabrette the Chabrette the Cornemuse du Centre the loure the Musette bechonnet the Musette bressane and the Musette de cour First mechanical metronome by Etienne Loulie in 1696 but the modern form of the metronome was patented only in 1815 5 Rococo in the early 18th century 6 Clavecin electrique earliest surviving electric powered musical instrument in 1759 by Jean Baptiste Thillaie Delaborde 7 The Roulette was developed in 18th century France 8 from a primitive form created by Blaise Pascal 17th century 9 In 1843 Louis and Francois Blanc introduced the single 0 style roulette wheel Many other gambling games and card games including the French suits around 1480 10 were invented in France some from earlier games From earlier Italian games Basset Biribi and Tarot see Tarot of Marseilles and French tarot From earlier Spanish games Quinze and maybe Piquet Other Faro from the Basset Brelan Bouillotte Commerce Trente et Quarante Belote and maybe Blackjack 11 Photography Photolithography and the first photographic image ever produced in 1822 by Nicephore Niepce Saone et Loire 12 Daguerreotype by Nicephore Niepce and Louis Daguerre Hercules Florence coined photographie in 1834 French word at the origin of the English word photography 13 A scene from A Trip to the Moon 1902 by Georges Melies Fairground organ by Joseph and Antoine Limonaire and Giacomo Gavioli 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Collotype process by Alphonse Poitevin in 1856 21 Beaux Arts architecture a 19th century architectural style drawing upon principles of French neoclassicism and taking inspiration from the baroque and rococo styles Impressionism a 19th century art movement originating with Parisian artists Vaudeville a theatrical genre of variety entertainment born in France at the end of the 19th century The Praxinoscope of Charles Emile Reynaud 1877 is an animation device intermediary between the zoetrope and the cinema Bal musette a style of French instrumental music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1880s Although it began with bagpipes as the main instrument this instrument was replaced with accordion on which a variety of waltzes polkas and other dance styles were played for dances The Cabaret by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 in Paris 22 The Chronophotography by Etienne Jules Marey developed by himself Eadweard Muybridge Albert Londe Georges Demeny and Ottomar Anschutz in 1882 in Paris 23 Ambient music as an early 20th century French composer Erik Satie used such Dadaist inspired explorations to create an early form of ambient background music that he labeled furniture music Musique d ameublement This he described as being the sort of music that could be played during a dinner to create a background atmosphere for that activity rather than serving as the focus of attention The Cinema developed from chronophotography First motion picture camera and first projector by Louis Le Prince Frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States 24 25 26 The Cinematograph by Leon Bouly 1892 first commercial public screening of cinematographic films by Auguste and Louis Lumiere in Paris on 28 December 1895 27 Georges Melies first filmmaker to use the stop trick or substitution multiple exposures time lapse photography dissolves and hand painted color in his films His most famous film A Trip to the Moon Le voyage dans la Lune in 1902 was the first science fiction film and the most popular movie of its time another of his productions Le Manoir du diable is also sometimes considered as the first horror movie 28 Impressionist Music developed during the late 19th century by French composers such as Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel Developments of the modern Piano invented by the Italian Bartolomeo Cristofori Pleyel et Cie double piano Sebastien Erard double escapement action Jean Louis Boisselot sostenuto pedal Henri Fourneaux Player piano 29 Fauvism a style of art pioneered by early 20th century French modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism Ondes Martenot in 1928 by Maurice Martenot early electronic musical instrument 30 Gemmail in the 1930s by painter Jean Crotti 31 Musique concrete a type of music composition that utilizes recorded sounds as raw material developed by French composer Pierre Schaeffer beginning in the early 1940s Sampling music sampling originated in the 1940s with musique concrete Clavioline an electronic keyboard instrument by Constant Martin in 1947 32 Etch A Sketch by Andre Cassagnes in the late 1950s 33 34 35 36 Ye ye a style of pop music that emerged in France Cold wave a music genre that emerged with French as well as Belgian and Polish musicians in the late 1970s DivX around 1998 by Jerome Rota at Montpellier 37 Synthwave originated in France by producers such as David Grellier Justice and Kavinsky Blackgaze a fusion of black metal and shoegaze that traces its origins to the work of French musician Neige Chemistry Edit Appert canning jar Discovery of natural rubber latex by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1736 38 Oxygen discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in Uppsala Sweden in 1772 and labelled fire air would be renamed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1778 39 Hydrogen by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 39 Argand lamp by Swiss born Aime Argand and by Antoine Quinquet in 1783 in Paris 40 The first extensive list of elements see periodic table by Antoine Lavoisier in 1787 Leblanc process by Nicolas Leblanc in 1791 41 Beryllium by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 42 Chromium by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in 1797 39 Appertization or Canning by Nicolas Appert in 1809 43 Polyvinyl chloride in 1838 by Henri Victor Regnault but the PVC will only be plasticized industrially nearly a century later 44 Helio Photovoltaic effect by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839 45 46 Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard in April 1862 47 Gallium by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 39 Production of Liquid oxygen by Louis Paul Cailletet in 1877 at the same time but with another method than Raoul Pictet 48 Artificial silk by Hilaire de Chardonnet in 1884 49 Chamberland filter also known as a Pasteur Chamberland filter a porcelain water filter invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884 50 Fluorine by Henri Moissan in 1886 39 Aluminium electrolysis in 1886 by Paul Heroult at the same time but independently from American Martin Hall 51 Europium by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890 39 Viscose by Hilaire de Chardonnet in Echirolles in 1891 52 Chemical Bleach by Claude Berthollet and Antoine Germain Labarraque with the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele and Scottish chemist Charles Tennant citation needed Neon sign Berthelot s reagent by Marcellin Berthelot in the late nineteenth century Polonium by Pierre and Marie Curie in July 1898 39 Radium by Pierre and Marie Curie in December 1898 39 Boron carbide by Henri Moissan in 1899 53 Actinium by Andre Louis Debierne in 1899 54 55 Discovery of the Grignard reaction or Grignard reagent by Victor Grignard 56 in 1900 Verneuil process method to manufacture synthetic gemstones by Auguste Verneuil in 1902 Laminated glass by the French chemist Edouard Benedictus in 1903 Moissanite by Henri Moissan in 1904 57 58 Neon lighting by Georges Claude in 1910 59 Francium by Marguerite Perey in 1939 39 Physics mathematics and measure Edit The Foucault pendulum in the Pantheon Paris Cartesian Coordinate System by Rene Descartes in 1637 and independently by Pierre de Fermat at the same period The calculator by Blaise Pascal Pascaline in 1642 60 see also Adding machine Probability theory by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century with Gerolamo Cardano and Christiaan Huygens 61 Vernier scale by Pierre Vernier in 1631 62 63 Spirit level by Melchisedech Thevenot in 1661 64 Roberval Balance by Gilles de Roberval in 1669 65 Reaumur scale by Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur in 1730 66 Pitot tube by Henri Pitot in 1732 67 and modified to its modern form in the mid 19th century by Henry Darcy 68 Comparison of De Moivre s approximation with the factorial the formula is now known as Stirling s approximation Stirling s formula was discovered and proven by Abraham de Moivre circa 1733 69 70 unreliable source 71 The conservation of mass by Antoine Lavoisier 72 18th century Modern hydrometer by Jacques Charles 73 Metric system during the French Revolution 74 75 and several measures used in physics in the SI Laplace s equation Laplace operator Laplace transform Laplace distribution Laplace s demon Laplace expansion Young Laplace equation Laplace number Laplace limit Laplace invariant Laplace principle proof that every equation of an even degree must have at least one real quadratic factor solution of the linear partial differential equation of the second order and general proof of the Lagrange reversion theorem by Pierre Simon Laplace in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century 76 The Gay lussac Scale used by hydrometers and alcoholometers by Joseph Louis Gay Lussac after an idea of Jacques Charles Optical pumping of a laser rod bottom with an arc lamp top Red hot Blue cold Green light Non green arrows water flow Solid colors metal Light colors fused quartz Refs 6 7 8 Polariscope and discovery of Rotary polarization by Francois Arago He invented the first polarization filter in 1812 77 Arithmometer by Thomas de Colmar in 1820 78 Dynamometer by Gaspard de Prony de Prony brake in 1821 79 Complex analysis and complex function theory by Augustin Louis Cauchy including Cauchy s integral theorem Fourier analysis and Fourier transform by Joseph Fourier in 1822 80 Electrometer by Jean Peltier Foucault pendulum by Leon Foucault who also developed and named the Gyroscope in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory Ocean thermal energy conversion in 1881 by Jacques Arsene d Arsonval first OTEC plant in 1930 in Cuba by his student Georges Claude 81 Radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 82 Theorical foundations and mathematical framework of Special relativity by Henri Poincare before Albert Einstein used his work in 1905 and later 83 Integral imaging by Gabriel Lippmann on March 3 1908 84 Darrieus wind turbine by Georges Jean Marie Darrieus in 1931 85 Optical pumping by Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s 86 The multiwire proportional chamber by Georges Charpak 87 in 1968 Linear logic by Jean Yves Girard in 1987 Medicine and biology Edit Modern stethoscope Insulin pump showing an infusion set loaded into spring loaded insertion device Lamarckism the first cohesive theory of evolution 88 as well as a theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics laid out by French biologist Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1809 Long dismissed in favour of Darwinism recent developments in the field of epigenetics have led scientists to debate whether Lamarckism was in fact correct to an extent 89 Ligature of arteries in 1565 by Ambroise Pare 90 Blood transfusion by Jean Baptiste Denys on June 15 1667 91 and first modern transfusion by Emile Jeanbrau on October 16 1914 after the first non direct transfusion performed on March 27 1914 by the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin Modern dentistry by Pierre Fauchard father of modern dentistry early eighteenth century 92 93 Modern cataract surgery by Jacques Daviel in 1748 even if early cataract surgery already existed in the antiquity Discovery of osmosis in 1748 by Jean Antoine Nollet 94 The word osmosis descends from the words endosmose and exosmose which were coined by French physician Rene Joachim Henri Dutrochet 1776 1847 from the Greek words endon endon within e3o exo outside and wsmos osmos push impulsion The first lifesize obstetrical mannequin for teaching by Angelique du Coudray in the 1750s 95 Stethoscope in 1816 by Rene Laennec at the Necker Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris 96 Medical Quinine in 1820 by Joseph Bienaime Caventou 97 Codeine first isolated in 1832 by Pierre Robiquet 98 Aspirin in 1853 by Charles Frederic Gerhardt 99 Hypodermic needle in 1853 by Charles Pravaz 100 Blind experiment by Claude Bernard nineteenth century 101 Discovery of Plasmodium and its role in malaria by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran on November 6 1880 102 103 Incubator or Neonatal intensive care unit in 1881 by Etienne Stephane Tarnier 104 His student Pierre Constant Budin followed in Tarnier s footsteps creating perinatology in the late 1890s 105 106 Germ theory of disease by Louis Pasteur 107 Rabies vaccine by Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux in 1885 108 Antibiotics by Louis Pasteur and Jean Paul Vuillemin by means of natural antibiosis modern artificial antibiotics were developed later by the British Alexander Fleming 109 Mantoux test by Charles Mantoux in 1907 110 111 Tuberculosis vaccine by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1921 BCG 112 Antipsychotics in 1952 by Henri Laborit chlorpromazine 113 Discovery of the cause of Down syndrome chromosome 21 trisomy by Jerome Lejeune 114 in 1958 1959 syndrome first described by Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol Edouard Seguin and John Langdon Down First bone marrow transplant by Georges Mathe a French oncologist in 1959 on five Yugoslavian nuclear workers whose own marrow had been damaged by irradiation caused by a Criticality accident at the Vinca Nuclear Institute 115 116 117 118 Insulin pump in 1981 by Jacques Mirouze first implantation in Montpellier 119 Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus by Francoise Barre Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier 120 1983 Deep brain stimulation DBS by Alim Louis Benabid in 1987 121 122 Mifepristone the abortion pill by Etienne Emile Baulieu in 1988 123 124 Hand transplantation on September 23 1998 in Lyon by a team assembled from different countries around the world including Jean Michel Dubernard who shortly thereafter performed the first successful double hand transplant 125 Telesurgery by Jacques Marescaux and his team on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean New York Strasbourg Lindbergh Operation 126 Face transplant on November 27 2005 127 128 by Dr Bernard Devauchelle CRISPR Cas9 gene editing by Emmanuelle Charpentier in 2012 129 Transportation Edit A model of the Montgolfier brothers balloon at the London Science Museum Air France Concorde in 1977 Taxi by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1640 130 Steamboat by Denis Papin 131 A boat with the world s first internal combustion engine was developed in 1807 by fellow Frenchman Nicephore Niepce Automobile by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot in 1769 132 133 First working Motorcycle the Michaux Perreaux steam velocipede by Louis Guillaume Perreaux patented in 1869 Hot Air Balloon later Aerostat and Airship by Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier Francois Laurent d Arlandes the Montgolfier brothers 134 135 and Jacques Charles who also invented the first hydrogen filled balloon Parachute in the late 18th century by Louis Sebastien Lenormand 136 Compressed air vehicle and Pneumatic motor by Andraud and Tessie of Motay in Chaillot on July 9 1840 137 improved by Louis Mekarski in 1843 in Nantes see Mekarski system and Compressed air car In air travel First glider to fly higher than its point of departure by Jean Marie Le Bris in 1856 138 First manned powered heavier than air flight of a significant distance on October 9 1890 by Clement Ader 139 First aileron built by Robert Esnault Pelterie in 1904 140 Modern design of ailerons by Henri Farman 141 First aircraft design with the modern monoplane tractor configuration of aircraft by Louis Bleriot in 1908 142 143 Injector by Henri Giffard in 1858 144 Internal combustion engine between 1859 and 1861 by Alphonse Beau de Rochas and Belgian born Etienne Lenoir in Paris 145 Submarine The first submarine not relying on human power was the French Plongeur meaning diver launched in 1863 and using compressed air at 180 psi 1241 kPa 146 Bicycle in 1864 by Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement endless power transmitting chain invented by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1770 and applied to bicycles by J F Tretz 147 148 149 Gunpowder powered ornithopter by Gustave Trouve in 1870 150 First manned balloon mail during the Siege of Paris 1871 First outboard motorboat by Gustave Trouve around 1870 151 patented in May 1880 152 Inflatable tyres for cars by Edouard Michelin in 1895 153 Scooter 154 1902 and Moped V8 engine by Leon Levavasseur in 1902 155 Modern automobile Drum brake in 1902 by Louis Renault 156 Helicopter in 1907 the two first flying helicopters were experimented independently by Louis Breguet 157 and Paul Cornu 158 Seaplane by Gabriel Voisin in June 1905 non autonomous and by Henri Fabre in 1910 autonomous Fabre Hydravion 159 Ramjet by Rene Lorin in 1913 160 The first helicopter to be powered by a gasturbine Alouette II in 1955 Catalytic converter by Eugene Houdry in 1956 161 162 Concorde by Aerospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation 1969 HDI diesel engine in 1998 by PSA Peugeot Citroen Clothing Edit Polo shirt outline Bliaut in the 12th century 163 French hood in the early 16th century 164 Attifet in the 16th century 165 Jacquard loom a mechanical loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801 that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade damask and matelasse 166 167 Denim Textile French town of Nimes from which denim de Nimes gets its name 168 Improved chain stitch Sewing machine by Barthelemy Thimonnier in 1830 169 Modern bra by Herminie Cadolle in 1889 170 Little black dress by Coco Chanel in the 1920s 171 172 Polo shirt by Rene Lacoste in 1926 173 174 175 176 Modern Bikini by Louis Reard in 1946 177 classic modern pencil skirt by Christian Dior in the late 1940s 178 179 A line by Yves Saint Laurent in 1958 term first used in 1955 by Christian Dior 180 Modern Raincoat not to confuse with the older British trench coat by Guy Cotten in 1960 181 Food and cooking Edit Denis Papin s steam digester Steam digester by Denis Papin in 1679 182 Cafetiere Percolation method used by Coffee percolator by Jean Baptiste de Belloy in 1800 and the French press another method to make coffee 183 Canning see above in the chemistry section Absorption refrigerator by Ferdinand Carre in 1858 184 Margarine by Hippolyte Mege Mouries in 1869 185 after the discovery of margaric acid by Michel Eugene Chevreul in 1813 186 Clementine in 1902 by Clement Rodier 187 Food processor by Pierre Verdun between 1963 and 1971 188 Crepe 189 List of French dishes Coq au vin 190 Baguette Champagne 191 and other French wines 350 to 400 distinct types of French cheese List of French cheeses Baguette 192 Cassoulet 193 Foie gras 192 Escargot Frog legs Ratatouille 192 Camembert by Marie HarelWeapons and military Edit Early 19th century socket bayonet Bec de corbin a popular medieval weapon Motte and bailey a form of castle 194 The Pot de fer a primitive cannon during the Hundred Years War 195 Culverin ancestor of the musket 196 Flintlock by Marin le Bourgeoys in 1612 197 Corvette a small maneuverable lightly armed warship that appeared in the 1670s Bayonet from French baionnette 198 Modern military uniform in the mid 17th century 199 Floating battery first used during the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September 1782 200 201 Mass conscription or Levee en masse during the French Revolution 202 Corps by Napoleon in 1805 203 Carabine a tige by Louis Etienne de Thouvenin improvement of an earlier invention by Henri Gustave Delvigne before 1844 204 Minie rifle by Claude Etienne Minie first reliable easy to load muzzle loading rifle in 1849 205 206 In the artillery from 1859 the La Hitte rifled guns were a considerable improvement over the previous smooth bore guns which had been in use 207 able to shoot at 3 000 meters either regulars shells ball loaded shells or grapeshot They appear to have been the first case of usage of rifled cannons on a battlefield 208 First naval periscope in 1854 by Hippolyte Marie Davy 209 210 211 212 Canne de combat and Savate Epee the modern derivative of the dueling sword used for fencing Chassepot by Antoine Alphonse Chassepot in 1866 213 Smokeless gunpowder modern nitrocellulose based Poudre B by Paul Marie Eugene Vieille in 1884 214 215 It was first used to load the Lebel Model 1886 rifle invented by Nicolas Lebel making it the first military firearm to use smokeless powder ammunition It is also the first rifle to use full metal jacket bullets as its standard ammunition First Air force in 1910 216 Sonar first ultrasonic submarine detector using an electrostatic method and first practical military sonar in 1916 1917 by Paul Langevin with Constantin Chilowsky 217 Tanks developed at the same time 1915 1916 in France and in Great Britain France was the second country to use tanks on the battlefield after Great Britain in 1916 the first practical light tank the Renault FT with the first full 360 rotation turret became for armour historian Steven Zaloga the world s first modern tank 218 Communication and computers Edit A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne France Minitel Optical Telegraph by Claude Chappe in 1792 219 220 Modern pencil by Nicolas Jacques Conte in 1795 221 Paper machine by Louis Nicolas Robert in 1799 222 Fresnel lens by Augustin Jean Fresnel 223 Jean Francois Champollion first deciphered the Rosetta Stone 1822 modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs Braille in 1825 by Louis Braille a blind Frenchman 224 first digital form of writing 225 Pencil sharpener by Bernard Lassimone in 1828 226 Therry des Estwaux created an improved mechanical sharpener in 1847 226 Baudot code by Emile Baudot in 1870 227 and a multiplexed printing telegraph system that used his code and allowed multiple transmissions over a single line 228 Coherer by Edouard Branly around 1890 229 230 231 Belinograph Wirephoto by Edouard Belin in 1913 232 The HSL color space was invented in 1938 by Georges Valensi 233 234 Bic Cristal in 1949 235 236 Bezier curves by Paul de Casteljau in 1959 237 Computer aided manufacturing by Pierre Bezier in 1971 as an engineer at Renault 238 239 Micral earliest commercial non kit personal computer based on a microprocessor by Andre Truong Trong Thi and Francois Gernelle in June 1972 240 Datagrams and CYCLADES in 1972 1973 by Louis Pouzin which inspired Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf when they invented the TCP IP several years later 241 Smart Card by Roland Moreno 242 243 in 1974 after the automated chip card Minitel a dial up Videotex system launched in July 1980 and nationally available from 1982 244 Camera phone by Philippe Kahn in 1997 245 246 247 Several Programming languages non exhaustive list Prolog Logic programming by a group around Alain Colmerauer in 1972 in Marseille 248 249 LSE Langage Symbolique d Enseignement a French pedagogical programming language designed in the 1970s at Supelec 250 Ada multi paradigm by Jean Ichbiah who also created LIS and Green in 1980 251 Caml OCaml by Xavier Leroy Damien Doligez developed at INRIA and formerly at ENS since 1985 252 Eiffel object oriented by Bertrand Meyer in 1986 253 STOS BASIC on the Atari ST in 1988 and AMOS BASIC on the Amiga in 1990 by Francois Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos dialects of BASIC 254 Several keyboards AZERTY in the last decade of the 19th century 255 256 FITALY by Jean Ichbiah in 1996 257 BEPO since 2003 258 Technology EditEdouard Leon Scott de Martinville earliest sound recording device Sports Edit The Olympic Rings the symbol of the modern Olympic Games inspired by Pierre de Coubertin Main article Sport in France Jeu de paume precursor of tennis in the 12th century The first autonomous diving suit the precursor to today s scuba gear is developed by Paul Lemaire d Augerville in 1824 First documented cycling race a 1 200 metre race held on May 31 1868 at the Parc of Saint Cloud Paris 259 The first cycle race covering a distance between two cities was Paris Rouen see History of cycling 260 FIFA World Cup by Jules Rimet FIFA former president UEFA Euro Cup by Henri Delaunay Summer Olympic Games by Pierre de Coubertin International Olympic Committee by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 261 On 22 July 1894 the newspaper Le Petit Journal organised the world s first competitive motor race from Paris to Rouen The first finisher was Count Jules Albert de Dion but his steamer was ineligible so the official victory was awarded to Albert Lemaitre driving his 3 hp petrol engined Peugeot Petanque in 1907 262 Triathlon in the 1920s near Paris Joinville le Pont Meulan and Poissy 263 The Aqua lung first Scuba Set in open circuit by Emile Gagnan and Jacques Yves Cousteau in 1943 264 Parkour in the 1980s by the future Yamakasi especially David Belle 265 266 Flyboard in 2012 by Franky Zapata 267 Another version the Flyboard Air an air propelled hoverboard 268 achieved a Guinness World Record for farthest flight by hoverboard in April 2016 269 Kitesurf aka flysurf in the 1990s by Manu Bertin and ski mountain derivatives Wingsuit in the 1990s by Patrick de Gayardon Vendee Globe since 1989 by Philippe Jeantot the first round the world single handed yacht race sailed non stop and without assistance Paris Dakar Rally since 1978 by Thierry Sabine Trophee Jules Verne since 1985 by Yves Le Cornec the fastest circumnavigation of the world under 80 days by any type of sailing yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew 24 Heures du Mans translated 24 Hours Le Mans since 1923 the world s oldest active sports car race in endurance racing Federation Internationale de l Automobile in 1904 translated as the International Automobile Federation Miscellaneous EditDetent escapement by Pierre Le Roy in 1748 270 271 272 Carcel burner in 1800 273 developments of battery Dry cell battery by Gaston Plante in 1859 first practical storage lead acid battery 274 in 1866 Georges Leclanche patented the carbon zinc wet cell battery called the Leclanche cell 275 Interchangeable parts by Honore Blanc 276 Binoculars using roof prisms in 1870 by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse 277 278 Artificial Cement by Louis Vicat 279 Hairdryer in 1879 by Alexandre Godefroy 280 Modern Dry cleaning in 1855 by Jean Baptiste Jolly 281 Reinforced concrete by Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867 282 Loppers by Bertrand de Molleville Ball bearing by Jules Suriray a Parisian bicycle mechanic on 3 August 1869 283 Coronagraph by Bernard Lyot in 1930 284 StaplerSee also EditList of Dutch inventions and discoveries List of German inventions and discoveries List of Indian inventions and discoveries List of Irish inventions and discoveries List of Italian inventions Scottish inventions and discoveries List of Swedish inventions List of Welsh inventors List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries Science in the Middle Ages Science in the Age of EnlightenmentReferences Edit History of Architecture Fiske Kimball George Harold Edgell p 275 Burgess Geoffrey and Bruce Haynes 2004 The Oboe The Yale Musical Instrument Series New disney world Connecticut and London Yale University Press pp 27 28 102 ISBN 0 300 09317 9 Carse Adam 1965 Musical Wind Instruments A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time New York Da Capo Press p 120 ISBN 0 306 80005 5 Le Gonidec Marie Barbara Carte geographique map of the origins of different bagpipes Cornemuses d Europe et de Mediterranee in French Ministere de la Culture et de la Communication French Ministry of Culture and Communication Retrieved 27 January 2012 Seeler Oliver The Universe Of Bagpipes Retrieved 27 January 2012 A Brief History of the Metronome Franz Manufacturing Company Inc Retrieved 2010 04 02 Kleiner Fred 2010 Gardner s art through the ages the western perspective Cengage Learning pp 583 584 ISBN 978 0 495 57355 5 Retrieved 21 February 2011 Schiffer Michael Hollenback Kasy and Bell Carrie 2003 Draw the Lightning Down Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 23802 2 Roulette Wheel Study Ron Shelley 1988 MIT Inventor of the Week Archive Pascal Mechanical Calculator May 2003 Pascal worked on many versions of the devices leading to his attempt to create a perpetual motion machine He has been credited with introducing the roulette machine which was a by product of these experiments Parlett David 1990 The Oxford guide to card games a historical survey Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 214165 1 Blackjack History The First Photograph Heliography Archived from the original on 2009 10 06 Retrieved 2009 09 29 from Helmut Gernsheim s article The 150th Anniversary of Photography in History of Photography Vol I No 1 January 1977 In 1822 Niepce coated a glass plate The sunlight passing through This first permanent example was destroyed some years later Boris Kossoy 2004 Hercule Florence El descubrimiento de la fotografia en Brasil Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia ISBN 978 968 03 0020 4 https coaa us index archive Issues 21 to 30 Limonaire 20Freres 20Paris Andrea 20Stadler 20 26 27 28 pdf bare URL PDF Les freres LIMONAIRE La petite musique des orgues Odin 13 May 2015 Stadler Andrea January 2006 Limonaire Part 1 Carousel Organ USA La passionnante histoire de la famille Limonaire limonaire be Retrieved 2015 11 12 Life of Guangzhou Brief Introduction of Automatic Musical Instruments www lifeofguangzhou com Retrieved 2019 02 09 The Rise Blossom and Fall of the Gavioli Factory Part 1 The rise Ludovico Gavioli 1807 1860 from inventor to organ builder PDF www coaa us Retrieved 2006 06 01 The Poitevin patents and the importance of using primary sources Archived 2013 02 13 at archive today Vogel Shane 2000 WHERE ARE WE NOW Queer World Making and Cabaret Performance GLQ A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 6 1 29 59 doi 10 1215 10642684 6 1 29 S2CID 145261448 Movements of Air Etienne Jules Marey Photographer of Fluids Musee d Orsay Archived from the original on 2011 05 22 Retrieved 5 May 2011 Rausch Andrew 2004 Turning Points In Film History Citadel Press ISBN 978 0 8065 2592 1 BBC Education Local Heroes Le Prince Biography BBC archived on 1999 11 28 Howells Richard Summer 2006 Louis Le Prince the body of evidence Screen 47 2 179 200 doi 10 1093 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Retrieved 13 July 2010 Rogers W Sherman 2009 African American Entrepreneur Then and Now ABC CLIO p 221 Etch A Sketch turns 50 amazing art created with the drawing toy Telegraph London July 12 2010 Retrieved 13 July 2010 Etch A Sketch Creator Dies Gifts amp Decorative Accessories Magazine 2013 01 31 Retrieved 2013 02 02 Allbritton Chris 30 July 2000 MOVIE PIRATES ATTACK THE WEB New software reduces the price of a ticket to 0 Daily News Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 Biography of Charles Marie de la Condamine a b c d e f g h i Weeks Mary Elvira 1933 The Discovery of the Elements Easton PA Journal of Chemical Education ISBN 978 0 7661 3872 8 Lamp Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6Th Edition 2011 1 Academic Search Premier Web 5 Dec 2011 Aftalion Fred 1991 A History of the International Chemical Industry Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press pp 11 13 ISBN 978 0 8122 1297 6 Weeks Mary Elvira 1933 XII Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium Beryllium Boron Silicon and Aluminium The Discovery of the Elements Easton PA Journal of Chemical Education ISBN 978 0 7661 3872 8 Lance Day Ian McNeil eds 1996 Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 19399 3 The history of PVC pvc org Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 Retrieved 11 June 2011 Photovoltaic Effect Archived 2011 07 14 at the Wayback Machine Mrsolar com Retrieved on 2010 12 12 The photovoltaic effect Archived 2010 10 12 at the Wayback Machine Encyclobeamia solarbotics net Retrieved on 2010 12 12 Hwang Andy Huang Lihan 2009 01 31 Ready to Eat Foods Microbial Concerns and Control Measures CRC Press p 88 ISBN 978 1 4200 6862 7 Retrieved 19 April 2011 Cailletet L July 1885 The Liquefaction Of Oxygen Science 6 128 51 52 Bibcode 1885Sci 6 51C doi 10 1126 science ns 6 128 51 PMID 17806947 S2CID 4060793 Editors Time Life 1991 Inventive Genius New York Time Life Books p 52 ISBN 978 0 8094 7699 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last has generic name help Horzinek MC 1997 The birth of virology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 1 2 15 20 doi 10 1023 A 1000197505492 hdl 1874 3461 PMID 9049014 S2CID 28755205 Wallace D H 1977 1937 Market Control in the Aluminum Industry Reprint ed Arno Press p 6 ISBN 978 0 405 09786 7 Beery Mack Pauline February 1929 Textiles and test tubes Part II J Chem Educ 6 2 357 359 Bibcode 1929JChEd 6 357M doi 10 1021 ed006p357 Greenwood Norman N Earnshaw Alan 1997 Chemistry of the Elements 2nd ed Butterworth Heinemann p 149 ISBN 978 0 08 037941 8 Debierne Andre Louis 1899 Sur un nouvelle matiere radio active Comptes Rendus in French 129 593 595 Debierne Andre Louis 1900 1901 Sur un nouvelle matiere radio actif l actinium Comptes Rendus in French 130 906 908 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 Nobelprize org Retrieved 2008 10 06 Xu J amp Mao H 2000 Moissanite A window for high pressure experiments Science 290 5492 783 787 Bibcode 2000Sci 290 783X doi 10 1126 science 290 5492 783 PMID 11052937 Henri Moissan 1904 Nouvelles recherches sur la meteorite de Canon Diablo Comptes rendus 139 773 786 US 1125476 Georges Claude Systems of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes issued 1915 01 19 See reproduction of patent Jean Marguin 1994 p 48 Grinstead Charles Miller James Laurie Snell Introduction Introduction to Probability pp vii Daumas Maurice Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers Portman Books London 1989 ISBN 978 0 7134 0727 3 Martin William Robert 1911 Navigation In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 19 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 289 Turner Anthony J Melchisedech Thevenot the bubble level and the artificial horizon Nuncius annali di storia della scienza 7 no 1 1992 131 145 The Roberval Balance Archived from the original on 2011 05 14 Retrieved 2011 05 05 Simons Paul 17 October 2007 How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale The Times Retrieved 2008 03 10 Pitot Henri 1732 Description d une machine pour mesurer la vitesse des eaux courantes et le sillage des vaisseaux PDF Histoire de l Academie Royale des Sciences Avec les Memoires de Mathematique et de Physique Tires des Registres de Cette Academie 363 376 Retrieved 2009 06 19 Darcy Henry 1858 Note relative a quelques modifications a introduire dans le tube de Pitot PDF Annales des Ponts et Chaussees 351 359 Retrieved 2009 07 31 Dutka Jacques 1991 The early history of the factorial function Archive for History of Exact Sciences 43 3 225 249 doi 10 1007 BF00389433 S2CID 122237769 Le Cam L 1986 The central limit theorem around 1935 Statistical Science 1 1 78 96 p 81 doi 10 1214 ss 1177013818 The result obtained using a formula originally proved by de Moivre but now called Stirling s formula occurs in his Doctrine of Chances of 1733 Pearson Karl 1924 Historical note on the origin of the normal curve of errors Biometrika 16 3 4 402 404 p 403 doi 10 2307 2331714 JSTOR 2331714 I consider that the fact that Stirling showed that De Moivre s arithmetical constant was 2p does not entitle him to claim the theorem Schwinger Julian 1986 Einstein s Legacy New York Scientific American Library pp 93 ISBN 978 0 7167 5011 6 Socolof Henry Dorin edited by Fred 1982 Chemistry the study of matter Fairfield N J Cebco Standard Pub ISBN 9780205097005 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first has generic name help Adler Ken 2002 The Measure of all Things The Seven Year Odyssey that Transformed the World London Abacus ISBN 978 0 349 11507 8 Prologue p 1 La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 la mesure republicaine de superficie pour les terrains egale a un carre de dix metres de cote The law of 18 Germanial year 3 The republican measures of land area equal to a square with sides of ten metres in French Le CIV Centre d Instruction de Vilgenis Forum des Anciens Retrieved 2010 03 02 Rouse Ball W W 1908 2003 Pierre Simon Laplace 1749 1827 in A Short Account of the History of Mathematics 4th ed Dover ISBN 0 486 20630 0 Hellemans Alexander Bunch Bryan 1988 The Timetables of Science Simon amp Schuster p 261 ISBN 0671621300 Chase G C History of Mechanical Computing Machinery Vol 2 Number 3 July 1980 page 204 IEEE Annals of the History of Computing Bradley Margaret A career biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony bridge builder educator and scientist Mellen Press 1998 Fourier Joseph 1822 Theorie analytique de la chaleur in French Paris Firmin Didot Pere et Fils OCLC 2688081 Chiles James Winter 2009 The Other Renewable Energy Invention and Technology 23 4 24 35 Takahashi Masayuki Mac 2000 1991 Deep Ocean Water as Our Next Natural Resource Translated by Kitazawa Kazuhiro Snowden Paul Tokyo Japan Terra Scientific Publishing Company ISBN 978 4 88704 125 7 Henri Becquerel Biography on the nobel prize website Darrigol Olivier 2005 The Genesis of the theory of relativity PDF Einstein 1905 2005 Seminaire Poincare Vol 1 pp 1 22 doi 10 1007 3 7643 7436 5 1 ISBN 978 3 7643 7435 8 Translation of Lippmann s 1908 article This crude English translation will be more comprehensible if the reader bears in mind that dark room and darkroom are the translator s mistaken renderings of chambre noire the French equivalent of the Latin camera obscura and should be read as camera in the thirteen places where this error occurs academie sciences fr Archived 2007 08 15 at the Wayback Machine US patent 1 835 018 Taylor Nick 2000 LASER The inventor the Nobel laureate and the thirty year patent war New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 83515 0 Page 56 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 10 09 Darwin Charles 2001 Appleman Philip ed Darwin Texts Commentary Norton critical editions in the history of ideas 3rd ed Norton p 44 ISBN 978 0 393 95849 2 Haig David 2007 Weismann Rules OK Epigenetics and the Lamarckian temptation Biology and Philosophy 22 3 415 428 doi 10 1007 s10539 006 9033 y S2CID 16322990 Stephen Paget 1897 Ambroise Pare and His Times 1510 1590 G P Putnam s sons a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help The First Blood Transfusion Heart valve surgery com 2009 01 03 Retrieved 2010 02 09 de Vaux Jean Claude The Pierre Fauchard Academy Archived from the original on 2000 12 13 Retrieved 2006 07 22 Dentistry practice in Spain and France during the 18th century in Spanish The free info s corner 2000 02 03 p 1 Retrieved July 22 2006 L Abbe Nollet June 1748 Recherches sur les causes du bouillonnement des liquides Researches on the causes of the boiling of liquids Memoires de Mathematique et de Physique tires des registres de l Academie Royale des Sciences de l annee 1748 pp 57 104 especially pp 101 103 The Memoires 1748 were printed in Histoire de l Academie Royale des Sciences Annee 1748 which was published in 1752 and which contains a condensed version of Nollet s article on pages 10 19 Original text Avant que de finir ce Memoire je crois devoir rendre compte d un fait que je dois au hasard amp qui me parut d abord singulier j en avois rempli une fiole cylindrique longue de cinq pouces amp d un pouce de diametre ou environ amp l ayant couverte d un morceau de vessie mouillee amp ficelee au col du vaisseau je l avois plongee dans un grand vase plein d eau afin d etre sur qu il ne rentrat aucun air dans l esprit de vin Au bout de cinq ou six heures je fus tout surpris de voir que la fiole etoit plus pleine qu au moment de son immersion quoiqu elle le fut alors autant que ses bords pouvoient le permettre la vessie qui lui servoit de bouchon etoit devenue convexe amp si tendue qu en la piquant avec une epingle il en sortit un jet de liqueur qui s eleva a plus d un pied de hauteur Translation Before finishing this memoir I think I should report an event that I owe to chance and which at first seemed to me strange I filled with alcohol a cylindrical vial five inches long and about one inch in diameter and after having covered it with piece of damp bladder which was tied to the neck of the vial I immersed it in a large bowl full of water in order to be sure that no air re entered the alcohol At the end of 5 or 6 hours I was very surprised to see that the vial was fuller than at the moment of its immersion although it had been filled as far as its sides would allow the bladder that served as its cap bulged and had become so stretched that on pricking it with a needle there came from it a jet of alcohol that rose more than a foot high Angelique du Coudray at the Dinner Party database Brooklyn Museum Retrieved October 24 2007 Mothers and Daughters of Invention Notes for a Revised History of Technology By Autumn Stanley Page 234 Published 1995 Rutgers University Press at Google books The King s Midwife A History and Mystery of Madame du Coudray by Nina Rattner Gelbart Berkeley University of California Press 1998 ISBN 0 520 21036 0 At Worldcat Laennec Rene 1819 De l auscultation mediate ou traite du diagnostic des maladies des poumon et du coeur Paris Brosson amp Chaude Kyle R Shampe M 1974 Discoverers of quinine JAMA 229 4 462 doi 10 1001 jama 229 4 462 PMID 4600403 in French La codeine Pierre ROBIQUET 1780 1840 Gerhardt C 1853 Untersuchungen uber die wasserfreien organischen Sauren Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie in German 87 149 179 doi 10 1002 jlac 18530870107 General Anaesthesia website General anaesthesia com Retrieved 2010 08 19 Daston Lorraine Scientific Error and the Ethos of Belief Social Research 72 Spring 2005 18 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907 Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2007 07 28 Cox FE 2010 History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors PDF Parasites amp Vectors 3 1 5 doi 10 1186 1756 3305 3 5 PMC 2825508 PMID 20205846 Baker J P 2000 The incubator and the medical discovery of the premature infant Journal of Perinatology 20 5 321 328 doi 10 1038 sj jp 7200377 PMID 10920793 Dunn P M 1995 Professor Pierre Budin 1846 1907 of Paris and modern perinatal care Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition 73 3 F193 F195 doi 10 1136 fn 73 3 F193 PMC 2528458 PMID 8535881 Neonatology on the Web Pierre Budin the Nursling Pasteur L Ernst HC 1880 May 1880 translated from French On the extension of the germ theory to the etiology of certain common diseases Comptes Rendus de l Academie des Sciences Vol XC pp 1033 44 Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 Retrieved 3 December 2012 Geison GL 1978 Pasteur s work on rabies Reexamining the ethical issues diagnosis for developing countries Hastings Center Report 8 April 26 doi 10 2307 3560403 JSTOR 3560403 PMID 348641 Foster W Raoult A December 1974 Early descriptions of antibiosis J R Coll Gen Pract 24 149 889 94 PMC 2157443 PMID 4618289 B G Firkin amp J A Whitworth 1987 Dictionary of Medical Eponyms Parthenon Publishing ISBN 1 85070 333 7 Intradermo reaction de la tuberculine Comptes rendus de l Academie des sciences Paris 1908 147 355 357 Bonah C 2005 The experimental stable of the BCG vaccine safety efficacy proof and standards 1921 1933 Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 36 4 696 721 doi 10 1016 j shpsc 2005 09 003 PMID 16337557 Healy D 2005 Psychiatric Drugs Explained 4th Ed Britain Elsevier Limited P 8 17 Healy David 2004 Explorations in a new world The creation of psychopharmacology Harvard University Press p 77 ISBN 978 0 674 01599 9 Lopez Munoz Francisco Alamo Cecilio Cuenca Eduardo Shen Winston W Clervoy Patrick Rubio Gabriel 2005 History of the discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 17 3 113 35 doi 10 1080 10401230591002002 PMID 16433053 Lejeune J Gautier M Turpin R 1959 Etude des chromosomes somatiques de neuf enfants mongoliens Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 248 11 1721 22 1958 01 01 Retrieved 2011 01 02 Vinca reactor accident 1958 compiled by Wm Robert Johnston Nuove esplosioni a Fukushima danni al nocciolo Ue In Giappone l apocalisse 14 marzo 2011 Martin Douglas 20 October 2010 Dr Georges Mathe Transplant Pioneer Dies at 88 New York Times in French Les laureats des 7emes Victoires de la Medecine sur le site Les victoires de la Medecine 2008 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 10 06 Williams Ruth December 2010 Alim Louis Benabid stimulation and serendipity The Lancet 9 12 1152 doi 10 1016 S1474 4422 10 70291 X PMID 21087740 S2CID 32024100 Retrieved July 14 2016 Herpich Nate May 28 2013 Robert A Pritzker Prize Winner s Serendipitous Discovery Leads to Improved Lives for Many with Parkinson s The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson s Research Retrieved March 1 2014 Michael Balter October 6 2000 Profile For Father of Abortion Drug Vindication at Last Science 290 5489 39 doi 10 1126 science 290 5489 39 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 11183145 S2CID 43134849 Etienne Emile Baulieu monsieur longue vie dans Le Monde du 17 aout 2007 Lanzetta M Petruzzo P Dubernard JM et al July 2007 Second report 1998 2006 of the International Registry of Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation Transpl Immunol 18 1 1 6 doi 10 1016 j trim 2007 03 002 PMID 17584595 Ghodoussi Dr Media Collection Interface Surgical Technologies LLC Retrieved 14 November 2011 Austin Naomi 2006 10 17 My face transplant saved me BBC News Retrieved 2007 11 25 BBC News Woman has first face transplant Laureates Emmanuelle Charpentier breakthroughprize org Retrieved 29 November 2017 Web page in French at http www herodote net histoire evenement php jour 18260810 retrieved 13 June 2008 D L Hobman Cromwell s Master Spy A study of John Thurloe Chapman amp Hall 1961 page 27 1679 1681 R P Verbiest s Steam Chariot History of the Automobile origin to 1900 Herge Retrieved 2009 05 08 Setright L J K 2004 Drive On A Social History of the Motor Car Granta Books ISBN 978 1 86207 698 3 Tom D Crouch 2009 Lighter Than Air Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 9127 4 U S Centennial of Flight Commisstion Early Balloon Flight in Europe Archived 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Injector John Wiley amp Sons Reprinted by Kessinger Publications 2007 ISBN 978 0 548 47587 4 History of Motor Vehicles Retrieved 14 November 2011 John Pike Globalsecurity Globalsecurity Retrieved 2010 04 18 Michauline Pryor Dodge The Bicycle 1996 French ed 1996 German eds 1997 2002 2007 New York Times Melinda Tuhis Bragging Rights to the Bicycle All Thanks to a Frenchman August 2 1998 accessed July 18 2010 Unmanned Ornithopters About Ornithopters Ornithopter Zone Retrieved 14 February 2012 Olsson Kent THE OUTBOARD MOTORS Saffle Marinmotor Museum Retrieved 14 February 2012 Desmond Kevin A Brief History of Electric Water Speed Records electric record team Archived from the original on 2008 09 07 Retrieved 14 February 2012 history of Michelin Official website of Michelin Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2011 ScooterManiac Auto Fauteuil ScooterManiac Florian JACQUET webmaster Retrieved 2010 08 28 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code work code help Autoblog New Cars Used Cars for Sale Car Reviews and News Constable Georges 2003 A century of innovation twenty engineering achievements that transformed our lives Joseph Henry Press p 22 ISBN 978 0 309 08908 1 Munson Kenneth Helicopters and other Rotorcraft since 1907 London Blandford Publishing 1968 ISBN 978 0 7137 0493 8 Leishman Dr J Gordon Technical Fellow of AHS International Paper 64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society International on the aerodynamic capability of Cornu s design The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft Part Work 1982 1985 1985 Orbis Publishing Zucker Robert D Oscar Biblarz 2002 Fundamentals of gas dynamics John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 0 471 05967 7 Csere Csaba January 1988 10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs Car and Driver 33 7 63 His Smoke Eating Cats Now Attack Traffic Smog Popular Science June 1955 pp 83 85 244 Boucher Francois 20 000 Years of Fashion The History of Costume and Personal Adornment Harry Abrams 1966 pp 164 172 Ashelford Jane The Visual History of Costume The Sixteenth Century 1983 edition ISBN 0 89676 076 6 1994 reprint ISBN 0 7134 6828 9 Condra Jill 2007 The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History 1501 1800 Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press p 75 ISBN 978 0 313 33664 5 Eric Hobsbawm The Age of Revolution London 1962 repr 2008 p 45 Fabric Glossary Archived from the original on 2009 01 05 Retrieved 2008 11 21 Bellis Mary Levi Strauss The History of Blue Jeans About com The New York Times Company Retrieved 2010 08 04 Levi Strauss had the canvas made into waist overalls Miners liked the pants but complained that they tended to chafe Levi Strauss substituted a twilled cotton cloth from France called serge de Nimes The fabric later became known as denim and the pants were nicknamed blue jeans In French of Nimes or De Nimes shortened to Denim Barthelemy Thimonnier Sewing Machines from the Past to the Present Retrieved April 11 2005 Pechter E A new method for determining bra size and predicting postaugmentation breast size Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 102 4 September 1998 1259 1265 According to Life magazine in 1889 Herminie Cadolle of France invented the first modern bra Steele Valerie 1988 Paris Fashion A Cultural History Oxford University Press pp 246 248 ISBN 978 0 19 504465 2 The History of the Perfect Little Black Dress Archived 2012 03 05 at the Wayback Machine Everything you want to know about Coco Chanel s designs in the 1920s Fashion Encyclopedia Lacoste Sportswear 2007 The Story of Lacoste Retrieved from Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2006 01 26 Retrieved 2011 05 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Style amp Design Lacoste Time Magazine Winter 2004 Retrieved from 1 The Brand Channel Lacoste profile Archived 2012 09 26 at the Wayback Machine The Bikini One Of Man s Greatest Inventions CBS News 2 July 2006 Retrieved 17 September 2008 Brulin Diana February 19 2009 Drafting the pencil skirt look The Sydney Morning Herald Sun Florence November 19 2004 Sharpen up with pencil skirts News Guangdong Ward Susan 2005 A Line dress In Steele Valerie ed Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion Thomson Gale pp 35 36 ISBN 978 0 684 31394 8 in French Elodie Baerd Guy Cotten a l epreuve du temps Figaro madame 4 aout 2008 Papin s steam digester Science and Society Picture Library History of the Cafetiere by James Grierson Gallacoffee co uk Archived from the original on 2010 01 06 Retrieved 2009 12 23 Eric Granryd amp Bjorn Palm Refrigerating engineering Stockholm Royal Institute of Technology 2005 see chap 4 3 C G Lehmann Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann Leipzig 1853 p71 Baker Christopher G J Ranken H D Kill R C eds 1997 Food industries manual Vol 24th Edition Springer pp 285 289 ISBN 978 0 7514 0404 3 Retrieved 13 November 2009 The Spiritan Connection to the Clementine Fruit Center for 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978 0 306 81358 0 Nicolle David 1984 The Age of Charlemagne Oxford Osprey p 109 ISBN 978 0 85045 042 2 Tunis Edwin 1999 Weapons A Pictorial History Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 6229 8 in French www etudes touloises com articles 105 art7 pdf L art de la guerre au XVIe siecle Pascal THIEBAUT Pistols An Illustrated History of Their Impact By Jeff Kinard Published by ABC CLIO 2004 H Blackmore Hunting Weapons pg 50 Atkinson Charles Francis 1911 Uniforms In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 582 593 Monti Angel Maria 1852 Historia de Gibraltar Dedicada a SS AA RR los serenisimos senores Infantes Duques de Montpensier Imp Juan Moyano p 216 Chartrand Rene Courcelle Patrice 2006 Gibraltar 1779 1783 the great siege Online Ausg ed Oxford Osprey ISBN 9781841769776 Conscription Archived from the original on 2009 10 28 Archer Christon I John R Ferris Holger H Herwig 2002 World History of Warfare University of Nebraska 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International Business Times Retrieved 14 July 2016 Lynch Kevin 2016 04 30 Confirmed Franky Zapata sets new Farthest hoverboard flight record in France Guinness World Records Retrieved 2016 07 12 Britten s Watch amp Clock Makers Handbook Dictionary amp Guide Fifteenth Edition p 122 5 A Journal of natural philosophy chemistry and the arts p 159 Encyclopedia of time Samuel L Macey p 348 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Photometry Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 526 Dell Ronald Rand David A J 2001 Understanding Batteries Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN 0 85404 605 4 Practical Electricity by W E Ayrton and T Mather published by Cassell and Company London 1911 pp 188 193 Althin Torsten K W 1948 C E Johansson 1864 1943 The Master of Measurement Stockholm Ab C E Johansson C E Johansson corporation LCCN 74219452 p 41 groups google co ke Retrieved 2009 11 03 photodigital net rec photo equipment misc Discussion Achille Victor Emile Daubresse forgotten prism inventor in French Guy Coriono 250 ans de l Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees en cent portraits Presses de l ecole nationale des Ponts et Chaussees Paris 1997 222 p ISBN 2 85978 271 0 in French Antoine Picon L art de l Ingenieur Constructeur entrepreneur inventeur editions du Centre Pompidou Paris 1997 598 p ISBN 2 85850 911 5 Willett Julie 2010 The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia Greenwood Gupta Seema 2005 Origin Of 101 Everyday Things Pustak Mahal pp 59 61 ISBN 978 81 223 0909 6 Bellis Mary The History of Concrete and Cement About com Retrieved 2011 01 25 Bicycle History Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology by David Mozer Henry Draper Medal National Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 Retrieved 24 February 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of French inventions and discoveries amp oldid 1132072051, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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