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Wikipedia

Oboe

January 25, 2023

For the British bomb aiming system, see Oboe (navigation). For other uses, see OBOE.
"Hautbois" redirects here. For the strawberry, see Musk strawberry.

The oboe (/ˈoʊboʊ/ OH-boh) is a type of double reed woodwind instrument. Oboes are usually made of wood, but may also be made of synthetic materials, such as plastic, resin, or hybrid composites. The most common oboe plays in C using the treble clef, but other members of the oboe family play in different keys such as the English Horn which is in the key of F. All oboes in the oboe family read in treble clef regardless of range to allow oboists to read on all oboe family instruments effectively.

Oboe reeds

A soprano oboe measures roughly 65 cm (25+1⁄2 in) long, with metal keys, a conical bore and a flared bell. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed at a sufficient air pressure, causing it to vibrate with the air column.[1] The distinctive tone is versatile and has been described as "bright".[2] When the word oboe is used alone, it is generally taken to mean the treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family, such as the bass oboe, the cor anglais (English horn), or oboe d'amore.

Today, the oboe is commonly used as orchestral or solo instrument in symphony orchestras, concert bands and chamber ensembles. The oboe is especially used in classical music, film music, some genres of folk music, and is occasionally heard in jazz, rock, pop, and popular music. The oboe is widely recognized as the instrument that tunes the orchestra with its distinctive 'A'.[3]

A musician who plays the oboe is called an oboist.

Sound

In comparison to other modern woodwind instruments, the treble oboe is sometimes referred to as having a "bright and penetrating" voice.[4][5] The Sprightly Companion, an instruction book published by Henry Playford in 1695, describes the oboe as "Majestical and Stately, and not much Inferior to the Trumpet".[6] In the play Angels in America the sound is described as like "that of a duck if the duck were a songbird".[7] The rich timbre is derived from its conical bore (as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets). As a result, oboes are easier to hear over other instruments in large ensembles due to its penetrating sound.[8] The highest note is a semitone lower than the nominally highest note of the B♭ clarinet. Since the clarinet has a wider range, the lowest note of the B♭ clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe.[9]

Music for the standard oboe is written in concert pitch (i.e., it is not a transposing instrument), and the instrument has a soprano range, usually from B♭3 to G6. Orchestras tune to a concert A played by the first oboe.[10] According to the League of American Orchestras, this is done because the pitch is secure and its penetrating sound makes it ideal for tuning.[11] The pitch of the oboe is affected by the way in which the reed is made. The reed has a significant effect on the sound. Variations in cane and other construction materials, the age of the reed, and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch. German and French reeds, for instance, differ in many ways, causing the sound to vary accordingly. Weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch. Skilled oboists adjust their embouchure to compensate for these factors. Subtle manipulation of embouchure and air pressure allows the oboist to express timbre and dynamics.

Reeds

 
Oboist Albrecht Mayer preparing reeds for use. Most oboists scrape their own reeds to achieve the desired tone and response.

The oboe uses a double reed, similar to that used for the bassoon.[12] Most professional oboists make their reeds to suit their individual needs. By making their reeds, oboists can precisely control factors such as tone color, intonation, and responsiveness. They can also account for individual embouchure, oral cavity, oboe angle, and air support.

 
Renaissance oboe (shawm), baroque oboe (Stanesby copy, maker Olivier Cottet), classical oboe early 19th century (Copy of Sand Dalton on the original by Johann Friedrich Floth), Viennese oboe early 20th century, Viennese oboe late 20th century and a modern oboe

Novice oboists rarely make their own reeds, as the process is difficult and time consuming, and frequently purchase reeds from a music store instead. Commercially available cane reeds are available in several degrees of hardness; a medium reed is very popular, and most beginners use medium-soft reeds. These reeds, like clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon reeds, are made from Arundo donax. As oboists gain more experience, they may start making their own reeds after the model of their teacher or buying handmade reeds (usually from a professional oboist) and using special tools including gougers, pre-gougers, guillotines, knives, and other tools to make and adjust reeds to their liking.[13] The reed is considered the part of oboe that makes the instrument so difficult because the individual nature of each reed means that it is hard to achieve a consistent sound. Slight variations in temperature, humidity, altitude, weather, and climate can also have an effect on the sound of the reed, as well as minute changes in the physique of the reed.[14]

Oboists often prepare several reeds to achieve a consistent sound, as well as to prepare for environmental factors such as chipping of a reed or other hazards. Oboists may have different preferred methods for soaking their reeds to produce optimal sounds; the most preferred method tends to be to soak the oboe reed in water before playing.[15]

Plastic oboe reeds are rarely used, and are less readily available than plastic reeds for other instruments, such as the clarinet. However, they do exist, and are produced by brands such as Legere.[16]

History

In English, prior to 1770, the standard instrument was called a hautbois, hoboy, or French hoboy (/ˈhoʊbɔɪ/ HOH-boy). This was borrowed from the French name, hautbois [obwɑ], which is a compound word made up of haut ("high", "loud") and bois ("wood", "woodwind").[17] The French word means 'high-pitched woodwind' in English. The spelling of oboe was adopted into English c. 1770 from the Italian oboè, a transliteration of the 17th-century pronunciation of the French name.

The regular oboe first appeared in the mid-17th century, when it was called a hautbois. This name was also used for its predecessor, the shawm, from which the basic form of the hautbois was derived.[18] Major differences between the two instruments include the division of the hautbois into three sections, or joints (which allowed for more precise manufacture), and the elimination of the pirouette, the wooden ledge below the reed which allowed players to rest their lips.

The exact date and place of origin of the hautbois are obscure, as are the individuals who were responsible. Circumstantial evidence, such as the statement by the flautist composer Michel de la Barre in his Memoire, points to members of the Philidor (Filidor) and Hotteterre families. The instrument may in fact have had multiple inventors.[19] The hautbois quickly spread throughout Europe, including Great Britain, where it was called hautboy, hoboy, hautboit, howboye, and similar variants of the French name.[20] It was the main melody instrument in early military bands, until it was succeeded by the clarinet.[21]

The standard Baroque oboe is generally made of boxwood and has three keys: a "great" key and two side keys (the side key is often doubled to facilitate use of either the right or left hand on the bottom holes). In order to produce higher pitches, the player has to "overblow", or increase the air stream to reach the next harmonic. Notable oboe-makers of the period are the Germans Jacob Denner and J.H. Eichentopf, and the English Thomas Stanesby (died 1734) and his son Thomas Jr (died 1754). The range for the Baroque oboe comfortably extends from C4 to D6. With the resurgence of interest in early music in the mid-20th century, a few makers began producing copies to specifications taken from surviving historical instruments.

Classical

The Classical period brought a regular oboe whose bore was gradually narrowed, and the instrument became outfitted with several keys, among them those for the notes D♯, F, and G♯. A key similar to the modern octave key was also added called the "slur key", though it was at first used more like the "flick" keys on the modern German bassoon.[22] Only later did French instrument makers redesign the octave key to be used in the manner of the modern key (i.e. held open for the upper register, closed for the lower). The narrower bore allows the higher notes to be more easily played, and composers began to more often utilize the oboe's upper register in their works. Because of this, the oboe's tessitura in the Classical era was somewhat broader than that found in Baroque works. The range for the Classical oboe extends from C4 to F6 (using the scientific pitch notation system), though some German and Austrian oboes are capable of playing one half-step lower.

Classical-era composers who wrote concertos for oboe include Mozart (both the solo concerto in C major K. 314/285d and the lost original of Sinfonia Concertante in E♭ major K. 297b, as well as a fragment of F major concerto K. 417f), Haydn (both the Sinfonia Concertante in B♭ Hob. I:105 and the spurious concerto in C major Hob. VIIg:C1), Beethoven (the F major concerto, Hess 12, of which only sketches survive, though the second movement was reconstructed in the late 20th century), and numerous other composers including Johann Christian Bach, Johann Christian Fischer, Jan Antonín Koželuh, and Ludwig August Lebrun. Many solos exist for the regular oboe in chamber, symphonic, and operatic compositions from the Classical era.

Wiener oboe

Main article: Wiener oboe

The Wiener oboe (Viennese oboe) is a type of modern oboe that retains the essential bore and tonal characteristics of the historical oboe. The Akademiemodel Wiener Oboe, first developed in the late 19th century by Josef Hajek from earlier instruments by C. T. Golde of Dresden (1803–73), is now made by several makers such as André Constantinides, Karl Rado, Guntram Wolf, Christian Rauch and Yamaha. It has a wider internal bore, a shorter and broader reed and the fingering-system is very different from the conservatoire oboe.[23] In The Oboe, Geoffrey Burgess and Bruce Haynes write "The differences are most clearly marked in the middle register, which is reedier and more pungent, and the upper register, which is richer in harmonics on the Viennese oboe".[24] Guntram Wolf describes them: "From the concept of the bore, the Viennese oboe is the last representative of the historical oboes, adapted for the louder, larger orchestra, and fitted with an extensive mechanism. Its great advantage is the ease of speaking, even in the lowest register. It can be played very expressively and blends well with other instruments."[25] The Viennese oboe is, along with the Vienna horn, perhaps the most distinctive member of the Wiener Philharmoniker instrumentarium.

Conservatoire oboe

This oboe was developed further in the 19th century by the Triébert family of Paris. Using the Boehm flute as a source of ideas for key work, Guillaume Triébert and his sons, Charles and Frederic, devised a series of increasingly complex yet functional key systems. A variant form using large tone holes, the Boehm system oboe, was never in common use, though it was used in some military bands in Europe into the 20th century. F. Lorée of Paris made further developments to the modern instrument. Minor improvements to the bore and key work have continued through the 20th century, but there has been no fundamental change to the general characteristics of the instrument for several decades.[26]

Modern oboe

The modern standard oboe is most commonly made from grenadilla, also known as African blackwood, though some manufacturers also make oboes out of other members of the genus Dalbergia, which includes cocobolo, rosewood, and violetwood (also known as kingwood). Ebony (genus Diospyros) has also been used. Student model oboes are often made from plastic resin to make the instrument cheaper and more durable.

The oboe has an extremely narrow conical bore. It is played with a double reed consisting of two thin blades of cane tied together on a small-diameter metal tube (staple) which is inserted into the reed socket at the top of the instrument. The commonly accepted range for the oboe extends from B♭3 to about G6, over two and a half octaves, though its common tessitura lies from C4 to E♭6. Some student oboes only extend down to B3 (the key for B♭ is not present).

A modern oboe with the "full conservatoire" ("conservatory" in the US) or Gillet key system has 45 pieces of keywork, with the possible additions of a third-octave key and alternate (left little finger) F- or C-key. The keys are usually made of nickel silver, and are silver- or occasionally gold-plated. Besides the full conservatoire system, oboes are also made using the British thumbplate system. Most have "semi-automatic" octave keys, in which the second-octave action closes the first, and some have a fully automatic octave key system, as used on saxophones. Some full-conservatory oboes have finger holes covered with rings rather than plates ("open-holed"), and most of the professional models have at least the right-hand third key open-holed. Professional oboes used in the UK and Iceland frequently feature conservatoire system combined with a thumb plate. Releasing the thumb plate has the same effect as pressing down the right-hand index-finger key. This produces alternate options which eliminate the necessity for most of the common cross-intervals (intervals where two or more keys need to be released and pressed down simultaneously), as cross-intervals are much more difficult to execute in such a way that the sound remains clear and continuous throughout the frequency change (a quality also called legato and often called for in the oboe repertoire).

Other members of the oboe family

 
The members of the oboe family from top: heckelphone, bass oboe, cor anglais, oboe d'amore, oboe, and piccolo oboe

The standard oboe has several siblings of various sizes and playing ranges. The most widely known and used today is the cor anglais (English horn) the tenor (or alto) member of the family. A transposing instrument; it is pitched in F, a perfect fifth lower than the oboe. The oboe d'amore, the alto (or mezzo-soprano) member of the family, is pitched in A, a minor third lower than the oboe. J.S. Bach made extensive use of both the oboe d'amore as well as the taille and oboe da caccia, Baroque antecedents of the cor anglais.

Less common is the bass oboe (also called baritone oboe), which sounds one octave lower than the oboe. Delius, Strauss and Holst scored for the instrument.[27]

Similar to the bass oboe is the more powerful heckelphone, which has a wider bore and larger tone than the baritone oboe. Only 165 heckelphones have ever been made. Not surprisingly, competent heckelphone players are difficult to find due to the extreme rarity of this particular instrument.[28]

The least common of all are the musette (also called oboe musette or piccolo oboe), the sopranino member of the family (it is usually pitched in E♭ or F above the oboe), and the contrabass oboe (typically pitched in C, two octaves deeper than the standard oboe).

Folk versions of the oboe, sometimes equipped with extensive keywork, are found throughout Europe. These include the musette (France) and the piston oboe and bombarde (Brittany), the piffero and ciaramella (Italy), and the xirimia (also spelled chirimia) (Spain). Many of these are played in tandem with local forms of bagpipe, particularly with the Italian müsa and zampogna or Breton biniou.

Notable classical works featuring the oboe

Franz Wilhelm Ferling, Oboe Study No. 28, played by Aaron Hill
See also: Oboe concerto

Unaccompanied pieces

Use in non-classical music

Jazz

The oboe remains uncommon in jazz music, but there have been notable uses of the instrument. Some early bands in the 1920s and '30s, most notably that of Paul Whiteman, included it for coloristic purposes. The multi-instrumentalist Garvin Bushell (1902–1991) played the oboe in jazz bands as early as 1924 and used the instrument throughout his career, eventually recording with John Coltrane in 1961.[31] Gil Evans featured oboe in sections of his famous Sketches of Spain collaboration with trumpeter Miles Davis. Though primarily a tenor saxophone and flute player, Yusef Lateef was among the first (in 1961) to use the oboe as a solo instrument in modern jazz performances and recordings. Composer and double bassist Charles Mingus gave the oboe a brief but prominent role (played by Dick Hafer) in his composition "I.X. Love" on the 1963 album Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus.

With the birth of jazz fusion in the late 1960s, and its continuous development through the following decade, the oboe became somewhat more prominent, replacing on some occasions the saxophone as the focal point. The oboe was used with great success by the Welsh multi-instrumentalist Karl Jenkins in his work with the groups Nucleus and Soft Machine, and by the American woodwind player Paul McCandless, co-founder of the Paul Winter Consort and later Oregon.

The 1980s saw an increasing number of oboists try their hand at non-classical work, and many players of note have recorded and performed alternative music on oboe. Some present-day jazz groups influenced by classical music, such as the Maria Schneider Orchestra, feature the oboe.[32]

Rock and pop

Indie singer-songwriter and composer Sufjan Stevens, having studied the instrument in school, often includes the instrument in his arrangements and compositions, most frequently in his geographic tone-poems Illinois, Michigan.[33] Peter Gabriel played the oboe while he was a member of Genesis, most prominently on "The Musical Box".[34]

Film music

The oboe is frequently featured in film music, often to underscore a particularly poignant or sad scene, for example in the 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July. One of the most prominent uses of the oboe in a film score is Ennio Morricone's "Gabriel's Oboe" theme from the 1986 film The Mission.

It is featured as a solo instrument in the theme "Across the Stars" from the John Williams score to the 2002 film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones.[35]

The oboe is also featured as a solo instrument in the "Love Theme" in Nino Rota's score to The Godfather (1972).[36]

Notable oboists

Main article: List of oboists

Oboe manufacturers

Notes

  1. ^ Fletcher & Rossing 1998, 401–403.
  2. ^ "Sound Characteristics of the Oboe". Vienna Symphonic Library. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  3. ^ "Why do orchestras tune to an 'A'?". Classic FM. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
  4. ^ "The Amazing Instruments of the Orchestra".
  5. ^ "Difference Between a Clarinet and an Oboe". 22 July 2022.
  6. ^ J.B. (1695). The Spritely Companion. London: printed by J. Heptinstall for Henry Playford. p. 2. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  7. ^ Kushner 1993, 167: "The oboe: official instrument of the International Order of Travel Agents. If the duck was a songbird it would sing like this. Nasal, desolate, the call of migratory things."
  8. ^ American Symphony Orchestra League. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00790.
  9. ^ . ifCompare.de. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  10. ^ Thomas, Julia. . Rockford Symphony Orchestra. Rockford Symphony Orchestra. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  11. ^ American League of Orchestras, (accessed January 1, 2009).
  12. ^ "Oboe vs. Bassoon: Similarities and Differences".
  13. ^ Joppig 1988, 208–209.
  14. ^ "Reed Styles and Reed Testing". Oboehelp. 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  15. ^ "How to Play the Oboe：The most attention is paid to the reeds - Musical Instrument Guide - Yamaha Corporation". Yamaha.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  16. ^ legereadmin. "Oboe Reeds". Légère Reeds. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  17. ^ Marcuse 1975, 371.
  18. ^ Burgess & Haynes 2004, 27.
  19. ^ Burgess & Haynes 2004, 28 ff.
  20. ^ Carse 1965, 120.
  21. ^ Burgess & Haynes 2004, 102.
  22. ^ Haynes & Burgess 2016.
  23. ^ Haynes & Burgess 2016, 176.
  24. ^ Burgess & Haynes 2004, 212.
  25. ^ . Guntram Wolf. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  26. ^ Howe 2003.
  27. ^ Hurd, Peter. "Heckelphone / Bass Oboe Repertoire". oboes.us. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  28. ^ Howe & Hurd 2004.
  29. ^ "Zelenka". Jdzelenka.net.
  30. ^ Hinayana, John Palmer
  31. ^ Coltrane Discography 2009-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Dave Wild
  32. ^ "Maria Schneider: Concert in the Garden Reviews/Credits". mariaschneider.com. Maria Schneider. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  33. ^ Album Credits for Sufjan Stevens Allmusic.com
  34. ^ "Gabriel". Spin. September 1986. p. 53.
  35. ^ Rascón, Eduardo García (2017-09-01). "The music of Star Wars analyzed: Across the Stars (Love Theme from Episode II)". Medium. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  36. ^ Fitzgerald, Liam (August 18, 2015). "The Godfather Film Music Analysis by Liam Fitzgerald". Press. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  37. ^ "A. Laubin, Inc. – Oboes and English Horns". Alaubin.com.
  38. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  39. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  40. ^ "Lorée – Paris". loree-paris.com.
  41. ^ "Nora Post Home". Norapost.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  42. ^ "Home - Oboe Marigaux". Marigaux.com.
  43. ^ . Archived from the original on 2002-05-12. Retrieved 2005-06-05.
  44. ^ "Musical Instruments UK For Sale | Woodwind & Brass | John Packer". Johnpacker.co.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  45. ^ "Patricola". Patricola.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  46. ^ "Quality is the first word at Püchner | J.Püchner Spezial-Holzblasinstrumentebau GmbH". Puchner.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  47. ^ "Wiener Instrumente". Wienerinstrumente.at. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  48. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-02-17. Retrieved 2005-07-26.
  49. ^ "Sand N. Dalton Baroque and Classical Oboes". Baroqueoboes.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  50. ^ "Tom Sparkes Oboes » Musical Instrument Repair, Service and Sales". Tomsparkesoboes.com.au. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  51. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2009-03-28.

References

  • Burgess, Geoffrey; Haynes, Bruce (2004). The Oboe. The Yale Musical Instrument Series. New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09317-9.
  • Carse, Adam (1965). Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80005-5.
  • Fletcher, Neville H.; Rossing, Thomas D. (1998). The Physics of Musical Instruments (second ed.). New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-4419-3120-7.
  • Haynes, Bruce; Burgess, Geoffrey (2016-05-01). The Pathetick Musician. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199373734.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-937373-4.
  • Howe, Robert (2003). "The Boehm System Oboe and Its Role in the Development of the Modern Oboe". Galpin Society Journal (56): 27–60 +plates on 190–192.
  • Howe, Robert; Hurd, Peter (2004). "The Heckelphone at 100". Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society (30): 98–165.
  • Joppig, Gunther (1988). The Oboe and the Bassoon. Translated by Alfred Clayton. Portland: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-12-8.
  • Kushner, Tony (1993). Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (single-volume edition). New York: Theatre Communications Group. ISBN 1-55936-107-7.
  • Marcuse, Sybil (1975). Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary (Revised ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-00758-8.

Further reading

  • Baines, Anthony: 1967, Woodwind Instruments and Their History, third edition, with a foreword by Sir Adrian Boult. London: Faber and Faber.
  • Beckett, Morgan Hughes: 2008, "The Sensuous Oboe". Orange, California: Scuffin University Press. ISBN 0-456-00432-7.
  • Gioielli, Mauro: 1999. "La 'calamaula' di Eutichiano". Utriculus 8, no. 4 (32) (October–December): 44–45.
  • Harris-Warrick, Rebecca: 1990, "A Few Thoughts on Lully's Hautbois" Early Music 18, no. 1 (February, "The Baroque Stage II"): 97-98+101-102+105-106.
  • Haynes, Bruce: 1985, Music for Oboe, 1650–1800: A Bibliography. Fallen Leaf Reference Books in Music, 8755-268X; no. 4. Berkeley, California: Fallen Leaf Press. ISBN 0-914913-03-4.
  • Haynes, Bruce: 1988, "Lully and the Rise of the Oboe as Seen in Works of Art". Early Music 16, no. 3 (August): 324–38.
  • Haynes, Bruce: 2001, The Eloquent Oboe: A History of the Hautboy 1640–1760. Oxford Early Music Series. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816646-X.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to oboes.
  • Peter Wuttke: The Haynes-Catalog bibliography of literature for oboe written between 1650 and 1800.
  • A Guide to Choosing an Oboe Student, intermediate & professional oboes explained.
  • (archive link)
  • Oboist Liang Wang: His Reeds Come First NPR story by Debbie Elliott
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Oboe" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Oboe sound gallery 2018-03-03 at the Wayback Machine of clips of dozens of prominent oboists in the United States, Europe, and Australia
  • Fingering chart from the Woodwind Fingering Guide
  • Fingering chart for Android devices
  • Pictures of oboe reeds made by famous oboists

January 25, 2023
oboe, british, bomb, aiming, system, navigation, other, uses, oboe, hautbois, redirects, here, strawberry, musk, strawberry, oboe, type, double, reed, woodwind, instrument, usually, made, wood, also, made, synthetic, materials, such, plastic, resin, hybrid, co. For the British bomb aiming system see Oboe navigation For other uses see OBOE Hautbois redirects here For the strawberry see Musk strawberry The oboe ˈ oʊ b oʊ OH boh is a type of double reed woodwind instrument Oboes are usually made of wood but may also be made of synthetic materials such as plastic resin or hybrid composites The most common oboe plays in C using the treble clef but other members of the oboe family play in different keys such as the English Horn which is in the key of F All oboes in the oboe family read in treble clef regardless of range to allow oboists to read on all oboe family instruments effectively OboeWoodwind instrumentClassificationWind Woodwind Double reedHornbostel Sachs classification422 112 71 Double reeded aerophone with keys DevelopedMid 17th century from the shawmPlaying rangeRelated instrumentsPiccolo oboe Oboe d amore Cor anglais English horn Oboe da caccia Wiener oboe Bombarde Bass oboe Heckelphone Lupophon Contrabass oboe Piston oboeOboe reeds A soprano oboe measures roughly 65 cm 25 1 2 in long with metal keys a conical bore and a flared bell Sound is produced by blowing into the reed at a sufficient air pressure causing it to vibrate with the air column 1 The distinctive tone is versatile and has been described as bright 2 When the word oboe is used alone it is generally taken to mean the treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family such as the bass oboe the cor anglais English horn or oboe d amore Today the oboe is commonly used as orchestral or solo instrument in symphony orchestras concert bands and chamber ensembles The oboe is especially used in classical music film music some genres of folk music and is occasionally heard in jazz rock pop and popular music The oboe is widely recognized as the instrument that tunes the orchestra with its distinctive A 3 A musician who plays the oboe is called an oboist Contents 1 Sound 1 1 Reeds 2 History 2 1 Classical 2 2 Wiener oboe 2 3 Conservatoire oboe 2 4 Modern oboe 3 Other members of the oboe family 4 Notable classical works featuring the oboe 4 1 Unaccompanied pieces 5 Use in non classical music 5 1 Jazz 5 2 Rock and pop 5 3 Film music 6 Notable oboists 7 Oboe manufacturers 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksSound EditIn comparison to other modern woodwind instruments the treble oboe is sometimes referred to as having a bright and penetrating voice 4 5 The Sprightly Companion an instruction book published by Henry Playford in 1695 describes the oboe as Majestical and Stately and not much Inferior to the Trumpet 6 In the play Angels in America the sound is described as like that of a duck if the duck were a songbird 7 The rich timbre is derived from its conical bore as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets As a result oboes are easier to hear over other instruments in large ensembles due to its penetrating sound 8 The highest note is a semitone lower than the nominally highest note of the B clarinet Since the clarinet has a wider range the lowest note of the B clarinet is significantly deeper a minor sixth than the lowest note of the oboe 9 Music for the standard oboe is written in concert pitch i e it is not a transposing instrument and the instrument has a soprano range usually from B 3 to G6 Orchestras tune to a concert A played by the first oboe 10 According to the League of American Orchestras this is done because the pitch is secure and its penetrating sound makes it ideal for tuning 11 The pitch of the oboe is affected by the way in which the reed is made The reed has a significant effect on the sound Variations in cane and other construction materials the age of the reed and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch German and French reeds for instance differ in many ways causing the sound to vary accordingly Weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch Skilled oboists adjust their embouchure to compensate for these factors Subtle manipulation of embouchure and air pressure allows the oboist to express timbre and dynamics Reeds Edit Oboist Albrecht Mayer preparing reeds for use Most oboists scrape their own reeds to achieve the desired tone and response The oboe uses a double reed similar to that used for the bassoon 12 Most professional oboists make their reeds to suit their individual needs By making their reeds oboists can precisely control factors such as tone color intonation and responsiveness They can also account for individual embouchure oral cavity oboe angle and air support Renaissance oboe shawm baroque oboe Stanesby copy maker Olivier Cottet classical oboe early 19th century Copy of Sand Dalton on the original by Johann Friedrich Floth Viennese oboe early 20th century Viennese oboe late 20th century and a modern oboe Novice oboists rarely make their own reeds as the process is difficult and time consuming and frequently purchase reeds from a music store instead Commercially available cane reeds are available in several degrees of hardness a medium reed is very popular and most beginners use medium soft reeds These reeds like clarinet saxophone and bassoon reeds are made from Arundo donax As oboists gain more experience they may start making their own reeds after the model of their teacher or buying handmade reeds usually from a professional oboist and using special tools including gougers pre gougers guillotines knives and other tools to make and adjust reeds to their liking 13 The reed is considered the part of oboe that makes the instrument so difficult because the individual nature of each reed means that it is hard to achieve a consistent sound Slight variations in temperature humidity altitude weather and climate can also have an effect on the sound of the reed as well as minute changes in the physique of the reed 14 Oboists often prepare several reeds to achieve a consistent sound as well as to prepare for environmental factors such as chipping of a reed or other hazards Oboists may have different preferred methods for soaking their reeds to produce optimal sounds the most preferred method tends to be to soak the oboe reed in water before playing 15 Plastic oboe reeds are rarely used and are less readily available than plastic reeds for other instruments such as the clarinet However they do exist and are produced by brands such as Legere 16 History EditIn English prior to 1770 the standard instrument was called a hautbois hoboy or French hoboy ˈ h oʊ b ɔɪ HOH boy This was borrowed from the French name hautbois obwɑ which is a compound word made up of haut high loud and bois wood woodwind 17 The French word means high pitched woodwind in English The spelling of oboe was adopted into English c 1770 from the Italian oboe a transliteration of the 17th century pronunciation of the French name The regular oboe first appeared in the mid 17th century when it was called a hautbois This name was also used for its predecessor the shawm from which the basic form of the hautbois was derived 18 Major differences between the two instruments include the division of the hautbois into three sections or joints which allowed for more precise manufacture and the elimination of the pirouette the wooden ledge below the reed which allowed players to rest their lips The exact date and place of origin of the hautbois are obscure as are the individuals who were responsible Circumstantial evidence such as the statement by the flautist composer Michel de la Barre in his Memoire points to members of the Philidor Filidor and Hotteterre families The instrument may in fact have had multiple inventors 19 The hautbois quickly spread throughout Europe including Great Britain where it was called hautboy hoboy hautboit howboye and similar variants of the French name 20 It was the main melody instrument in early military bands until it was succeeded by the clarinet 21 The standard Baroque oboe is generally made of boxwood and has three keys a great key and two side keys the side key is often doubled to facilitate use of either the right or left hand on the bottom holes In order to produce higher pitches the player has to overblow or increase the air stream to reach the next harmonic Notable oboe makers of the period are the Germans Jacob Denner and J H Eichentopf and the English Thomas Stanesby died 1734 and his son Thomas Jr died 1754 The range for the Baroque oboe comfortably extends from C4 to D6 With the resurgence of interest in early music in the mid 20th century a few makers began producing copies to specifications taken from surviving historical instruments Classical Edit The Classical period brought a regular oboe whose bore was gradually narrowed and the instrument became outfitted with several keys among them those for the notes D F and G A key similar to the modern octave key was also added called the slur key though it was at first used more like the flick keys on the modern German bassoon 22 Only later did French instrument makers redesign the octave key to be used in the manner of the modern key i e held open for the upper register closed for the lower The narrower bore allows the higher notes to be more easily played and composers began to more often utilize the oboe s upper register in their works Because of this the oboe s tessitura in the Classical era was somewhat broader than that found in Baroque works The range for the Classical oboe extends from C4 to F6 using the scientific pitch notation system though some German and Austrian oboes are capable of playing one half step lower Classical era composers who wrote concertos for oboe include Mozart both the solo concerto in C major K 314 285d and the lost original of Sinfonia Concertante in E major K 297b as well as a fragment of F major concerto K 417f Haydn both the Sinfonia Concertante in B Hob I 105 and the spurious concerto in C major Hob VIIg C1 Beethoven the F major concerto Hess 12 of which only sketches survive though the second movement was reconstructed in the late 20th century and numerous other composers including Johann Christian Bach Johann Christian Fischer Jan Antonin Kozeluh and Ludwig August Lebrun Many solos exist for the regular oboe in chamber symphonic and operatic compositions from the Classical era Wiener oboe Edit Main article Wiener oboe The Wiener oboe Viennese oboe is a type of modern oboe that retains the essential bore and tonal characteristics of the historical oboe The Akademiemodel Wiener Oboe first developed in the late 19th century by Josef Hajek from earlier instruments by C T Golde of Dresden 1803 73 is now made by several makers such as Andre Constantinides Karl Rado Guntram Wolf Christian Rauch and Yamaha It has a wider internal bore a shorter and broader reed and the fingering system is very different from the conservatoire oboe 23 In The Oboe Geoffrey Burgess and Bruce Haynes write The differences are most clearly marked in the middle register which is reedier and more pungent and the upper register which is richer in harmonics on the Viennese oboe 24 Guntram Wolf describes them From the concept of the bore the Viennese oboe is the last representative of the historical oboes adapted for the louder larger orchestra and fitted with an extensive mechanism Its great advantage is the ease of speaking even in the lowest register It can be played very expressively and blends well with other instruments 25 The Viennese oboe is along with the Vienna horn perhaps the most distinctive member of the Wiener Philharmoniker instrumentarium Conservatoire oboe Edit This oboe was developed further in the 19th century by the Triebert family of Paris Using the Boehm flute as a source of ideas for key work Guillaume Triebert and his sons Charles and Frederic devised a series of increasingly complex yet functional key systems A variant form using large tone holes the Boehm system oboe was never in common use though it was used in some military bands in Europe into the 20th century F Loree of Paris made further developments to the modern instrument Minor improvements to the bore and key work have continued through the 20th century but there has been no fundamental change to the general characteristics of the instrument for several decades 26 Modern oboe Edit The modern standard oboe is most commonly made from grenadilla also known as African blackwood though some manufacturers also make oboes out of other members of the genus Dalbergia which includes cocobolo rosewood and violetwood also known as kingwood Ebony genus Diospyros has also been used Student model oboes are often made from plastic resin to make the instrument cheaper and more durable The oboe has an extremely narrow conical bore It is played with a double reed consisting of two thin blades of cane tied together on a small diameter metal tube staple which is inserted into the reed socket at the top of the instrument The commonly accepted range for the oboe extends from B 3 to about G6 over two and a half octaves though its common tessitura lies from C4 to E 6 Some student oboes only extend down to B3 the key for B is not present A modern oboe with the full conservatoire conservatory in the US or Gillet key system has 45 pieces of keywork with the possible additions of a third octave key and alternate left little finger F or C key The keys are usually made of nickel silver and are silver or occasionally gold plated Besides the full conservatoire system oboes are also made using the British thumbplate system Most have semi automatic octave keys in which the second octave action closes the first and some have a fully automatic octave key system as used on saxophones Some full conservatory oboes have finger holes covered with rings rather than plates open holed and most of the professional models have at least the right hand third key open holed Professional oboes used in the UK and Iceland frequently feature conservatoire system combined with a thumb plate Releasing the thumb plate has the same effect as pressing down the right hand index finger key This produces alternate options which eliminate the necessity for most of the common cross intervals intervals where two or more keys need to be released and pressed down simultaneously as cross intervals are much more difficult to execute in such a way that the sound remains clear and continuous throughout the frequency change a quality also called legato and often called for in the oboe repertoire Other members of the oboe family Edit The members of the oboe family from top heckelphone bass oboe cor anglais oboe d amore oboe and piccolo oboe The standard oboe has several siblings of various sizes and playing ranges The most widely known and used today is the cor anglais English horn the tenor or alto member of the family A transposing instrument it is pitched in F a perfect fifth lower than the oboe The oboe d amore the alto or mezzo soprano member of the family is pitched in A a minor third lower than the oboe J S Bach made extensive use of both the oboe d amore as well as the taille and oboe da caccia Baroque antecedents of the cor anglais Less common is the bass oboe also called baritone oboe which sounds one octave lower than the oboe Delius Strauss and Holst scored for the instrument 27 Similar to the bass oboe is the more powerful heckelphone which has a wider bore and larger tone than the baritone oboe Only 165 heckelphones have ever been made Not surprisingly competent heckelphone players are difficult to find due to the extreme rarity of this particular instrument 28 The least common of all are the musette also called oboe musette or piccolo oboe the sopranino member of the family it is usually pitched in E or F above the oboe and the contrabass oboe typically pitched in C two octaves deeper than the standard oboe Folk versions of the oboe sometimes equipped with extensive keywork are found throughout Europe These include the musette France and the piston oboe and bombarde Brittany the piffero and ciaramella Italy and the xirimia also spelled chirimia Spain Many of these are played in tandem with local forms of bagpipe particularly with the Italian musa and zampogna or Breton biniou Notable classical works featuring the oboe Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source Franz Wilhelm Ferling Oboe Study No 28 played by Aaron Hill See also Oboe concerto Tomaso Albinoni Oboe and two oboe Concerti Georg Philipp Telemann oboe concerti and sonatas trio sonatas for oboe recorder and basso continuo Antonio Vivaldi at least 15 oboe concertos Johann Sebastian Bach Brandenburg concertos nos 1 and 2 Concerto for Violin and oboe lost oboe concerti numerous oboe obbligato lines in the sacred and secular cantatas Tchaikovsky theme to Swan Lake Samuel Barber Canzonetta op 48 for oboe and string orchestra 1977 78 orch completed by Charles Turner Vincenzo Bellini Concerto in E flat for oboe and chamber orchestra consisting of orchestra consisting of two flutes two oboes two clarinets tho bassoons two French horns and strings before 1825 Luciano Berio Chemins IV on Sequenza VII for oboe and string orchestra 1975 Harrison Birtwistle An Interrupted Endless Melody for oboe and piano 1991 Harrison Birtwistle Pulse Sampler for oboe and claves 1981 Benjamin Britten Six Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 Temporal Variations Two Insect Pieces Phantasy Quartet op 2 Elliott Carter Oboe Concerto 1986 87 Trilogy for oboe and harp 1992 Quartet for oboe violin viola and cello 2001 Morton Feldman Oboe and Orchestra 1976 Vivian Fine Sonatina for Oboe and Piano 1939 Domenico Cimarosa Oboe Concerto in C major arranged John Corigliano Oboe Concerto 1975 Miguel del Aguila Summer Song for oboe and piano Antal Dorati Duo Concertante for Oboe and Piano Madeleine Dring Three Piece Suite arr Roger Lord Madeleine Dring Trio for oboe flute and piano Henri Dutilleux Les Citations for oboe harpsichord double bass and percussion 1991 Eric Ewazen Down a River of Time oboe and string orchestra 1999 Eugene Aynsley Goossens Concerto for Oboe Op 45 1928 Edvard Grieg Symphonic Dances Op 64 no 2 George Frideric Handel The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba Oboe Concerto No 1 No 2 No 3 and sonatas Joseph Haydn spurious possibly by Malzat Oboe Concerto in C major Hans Werner Henze Doppio concerto for oboe harp and string orchestra 1966 Jennifer Higdon Oboe Concerto 2005 Paul Hindemith Sonata for Oboe and Piano Heinz Holliger Sonata for unaccompanied oboe 1956 57 99 Mobile for oboe and harp 1962 Trio for oboe doubling English horn viola and harp 1966 Studie uber Mehrklange for unaccompanied oboe 1971 Sechs Stucke for oboe doubling oboe d amore and harp 1998 99 Charles Koechlin Sonata for Oboe and Piano Op 58 Antonio Lotti Concerto for oboe d amore Witold Lutoslawski Double Concerto for Oboe Harp and Chamber Orchestra Bruno Maderna 3 oboe concertos 1962 63 1967 1973 Grande aulodia for flute oboe and orchestra 1970 Aulodia for Oboe d amore and guitar ad Libitum Alessandro Marcello Concerto in D minor Bohuslav Martinu Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra Olivier Messiaen Concert a quatre Darius Milhaud Les reves de Jacob op 294 for oboe violin viola cello and doublebass 1949 Sonatina op 337 for oboe and piano 1954 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Oboe Concerto in C major Quartet in F major for oboe violin viola and cello Carl Nielsen Two Fantasy Pieces for Oboe and Piano op 2 Antonio Pasculli oboe concertos for oboe and piano orchestra Francis Poulenc Oboe Sonata Sergei Prokofiev Quintet for Oboe Clarinet Violin Viola and Bass op 39 1923 Sergei Prokofiev Peter and the Wolf the duck Maurice Ravel Le Tombeau de Couperin Edmund Rubbra Oboe Sonata Camille Saint Saens Sonata for Oboe and Piano in D Major Robert Schumann Three Romances for Oboe and Piano Karlheinz Stockhausen In Freundschaft for oboe Nr 46 Oboe for oboe and electronic music from Orchester Finalisten scene 2 of Mittwoch aus Licht Richard Strauss Oboe Concerto Igor Stravinsky Pastorale transcribed in 1933 for Violin and Wind Quartet Bernd Alois Zimmermann Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra 1952 Toru Takemitsu Distance for Oboe and Shō ad lib 1971 Toru Takemitsu Entre Temps for Oboe and String Quartett 1981 Joan Tower Island Prelude 1988 Isang Yun Concerto for Oboe Oboe d amore and Orchestra 1990 Josef Tal Duo for oboe amp English horn 1992 Ralph Vaughan Williams Concerto for Oboe and Strings Ten Blake Songs for oboe and tenor John Woolrich Oboe Concerto 1996 Jan Dismas Zelenka 1723 Concertanti Oboe Trios and other works 29 Ellen Taaffe Zwilich Oboe Concerto Flor Alpaerts Concertstuk for Oboe and Piano Lior Navok Fuzzy for oboe and piano 2018 Unaccompanied pieces Edit Benjamin Britten Six Metamorphoses after Ovid Op 49 1951 Carlos Chavez Upingos 1957 Eugene Aynsley Goossens Islamite Dance 1962 Searching For Lambs Op 49 1930 When Thou Art Dead Op 43 1926 Luciano Berio Sequenza VII 1969 Isang Yun Piri 1971 Antal Dorati Five Pieces for Solo Oboe 1980 Peter Maxwell Davies First Grace of Light 1991 John Palmer Hinayana 1999 including extended techniques 30 Use in non classical music EditJazz Edit The oboe remains uncommon in jazz music but there have been notable uses of the instrument Some early bands in the 1920s and 30s most notably that of Paul Whiteman included it for coloristic purposes The multi instrumentalist Garvin Bushell 1902 1991 played the oboe in jazz bands as early as 1924 and used the instrument throughout his career eventually recording with John Coltrane in 1961 31 Gil Evans featured oboe in sections of his famous Sketches of Spain collaboration with trumpeter Miles Davis Though primarily a tenor saxophone and flute player Yusef Lateef was among the first in 1961 to use the oboe as a solo instrument in modern jazz performances and recordings Composer and double bassist Charles Mingus gave the oboe a brief but prominent role played by Dick Hafer in his composition I X Love on the 1963 album Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus With the birth of jazz fusion in the late 1960s and its continuous development through the following decade the oboe became somewhat more prominent replacing on some occasions the saxophone as the focal point The oboe was used with great success by the Welsh multi instrumentalist Karl Jenkins in his work with the groups Nucleus and Soft Machine and by the American woodwind player Paul McCandless co founder of the Paul Winter Consort and later Oregon The 1980s saw an increasing number of oboists try their hand at non classical work and many players of note have recorded and performed alternative music on oboe Some present day jazz groups influenced by classical music such as the Maria Schneider Orchestra feature the oboe 32 Rock and pop Edit Indie singer songwriter and composer Sufjan Stevens having studied the instrument in school often includes the instrument in his arrangements and compositions most frequently in his geographic tone poems Illinois Michigan 33 Peter Gabriel played the oboe while he was a member of Genesis most prominently on The Musical Box 34 Film music Edit The oboe is frequently featured in film music often to underscore a particularly poignant or sad scene for example in the 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July One of the most prominent uses of the oboe in a film score is Ennio Morricone s Gabriel s Oboe theme from the 1986 film The Mission It is featured as a solo instrument in the theme Across the Stars from the John Williams score to the 2002 film Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones 35 The oboe is also featured as a solo instrument in the Love Theme in Nino Rota s score to The Godfather 1972 36 Notable oboists EditMain article List of oboistsOboe manufacturers EditBarrington Instruments Inc Barrington Illinois US Boosey amp Hawkes 1851 1970s London UK Buffet Crampon Mantes la Ville France Bulgheroni Pare Italy Cabart or Thibouville Cabart 1869 1974 bought out by F Loree Paris France Carmichael UK Chauvet until 1975 Paris France Mark Chudnow MCW Sierra Napa California US Constantinides Poggstall Austria Covey Blairsville Georgia US Dupin Archived 2016 01 05 at the Wayback Machine Moutfort Luxembourg D W K Seoul Korea Fossati incl Tiery Paris France Fox South Whitley Indiana US Frank Berlin Germany Graessel Nurnberg Germany Heckel until the 1960s Wiesbaden Germany Thomas Hiniker Woodwinds Rochester Minnesota US TW Howarth London UK Incagnoli Archived 2008 11 04 at the Wayback Machine Rome Italy A Jarde prior to WWII Paris France Josef Okinawa and Tokyo Japan V Kohlert amp Sohne 1840 1948 Graslitz Czechoslovakia 1948 1970s Kohlert amp Co Winnenden Germany Kreul incl Mirafone Tubingen Germany J R LaFleur 1865 1938 bought by Boosey amp Hawkes London UK Larilee Woodwind Corp US Elkhart Indiana US A Laubin 37 incl A Barre Peekskill New York G LeBlanc France US 38 Linton Elkhart Indiana US 39 F Loree 40 incl Cabart Paris France Louis prior to WWII London UK 41 Malerne until 1974 bought by Marigaux La Couture Boussey France Marigaux 42 Mantes la Ville France Markardt until 1976 bought by Monnig Erlbach Germany Mollenhauer before WWII now only recorders Fulda Germany Gebr Monnig Oscar Adler Markneukirchen Germany 43 John Packer Taunton UK 44 Patricola Castelnuovo Scrivia Italy 45 Puchner Nauheim Germany 46 Karl Radovanovic Vienna Austria 47 Rigoutat incl RIEC Saint Maur des Fosses France 48 A Robert prior to WWII Paris France Sand N Dalton instrument maker Lopez Island Washington 49 Selmer incl Bundy Lesher Omega Signet France US Tom Sparkes Hornsby New South Wales Australia 50 Ward amp Winterbourne London UK Guntram Wolf Kronach Germany 51 Yamaha Japan Notes Edit Fletcher amp Rossing 1998 401 403 Sound Characteristics of the Oboe Vienna Symphonic Library Retrieved 9 September 2012 Why do orchestras tune to an A Classic FM Retrieved 2019 11 02 The Amazing Instruments of the Orchestra Difference Between a Clarinet and an Oboe 22 July 2022 J B 1695 The Spritely Companion London printed by J Heptinstall for Henry Playford p 2 Retrieved 19 May 2022 Kushner 1993 167 The oboe official instrument of the International Order of Travel Agents If the duck was a songbird it would sing like this Nasal desolate the call of migratory things American Symphony Orchestra League Oxford Music Online Oxford University Press 2001 doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article 00790 ifCompare ifCompare de Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 19 April 2021 Thomas Julia Executive Director of the Rockford Symphony Orchestra Rockford Symphony Orchestra Rockford Symphony Orchestra Archived from the original on June 5 2020 Retrieved October 20 2014 About the Orchestra American League of Orchestras accessed January 1 2009 Oboe vs Bassoon Similarities and Differences Joppig 1988 208 209 Reed Styles and Reed Testing Oboehelp 2017 08 11 Retrieved 2020 01 10 How to Play the Oboe The most attention is paid to the reeds Musical Instrument Guide Yamaha Corporation Yamaha com Retrieved 19 April 2021 legereadmin Oboe Reeds Legere Reeds Retrieved 2021 06 24 Marcuse 1975 371 Burgess amp Haynes 2004 27 Burgess amp Haynes 2004 28 ff Carse 1965 120 Burgess amp Haynes 2004 102 Haynes amp Burgess 2016 Haynes amp Burgess 2016 176 Burgess amp Haynes 2004 212 Modern Woodwind Instruments Guntram Wolf Archived from the original on August 3 2008 Retrieved 27 November 2012 Howe 2003 Hurd Peter Heckelphone Bass Oboe Repertoire oboes us Retrieved 14 December 2020 Howe amp Hurd 2004 Zelenka Jdzelenka net Hinayana John Palmer Coltrane Discography Archived 2009 01 02 at the Wayback Machine Dave Wild Maria Schneider Concert in the Garden Reviews Credits mariaschneider com Maria Schneider Retrieved 4 December 2019 Album Credits for Sufjan Stevens Allmusic com Gabriel Spin September 1986 p 53 Rascon Eduardo Garcia 2017 09 01 The music of Star Wars analyzed Across the Stars Love Theme from Episode II Medium Retrieved 2020 01 13 Fitzgerald Liam August 18 2015 The Godfather Film Music Analysis by Liam Fitzgerald Press Retrieved November 20 2020 A Laubin Inc Oboes and English Horns Alaubin com Leblanc Clarinets Never Look Back Archived from the original on 2009 03 26 Retrieved 2009 03 28 Linton Woodwinds Bassoons and Oboes Archived from the original on 2009 02 25 Retrieved 2009 03 01 Loree Paris loree paris com Nora Post Home Norapost com Retrieved 19 April 2021 Home Oboe Marigaux Marigaux com Gebr Monnig Archived from the original on 2002 05 12 Retrieved 2005 06 05 Musical Instruments UK For Sale Woodwind amp Brass John Packer Johnpacker co uk Retrieved 19 April 2021 Patricola Patricola com Retrieved 19 April 2021 Quality is the first word at Puchner J Puchner Spezial Holzblasinstrumentebau GmbH Puchner com Retrieved 19 April 2021 Wiener Instrumente Wienerinstrumente at Retrieved 19 April 2021 Rigoutat Archived from the original on 2006 02 17 Retrieved 2005 07 26 Sand N Dalton Baroque and Classical Oboes Baroqueoboes com Retrieved 19 April 2021 Tom Sparkes Oboes Musical Instrument Repair Service and Sales Tomsparkesoboes com au Retrieved 19 April 2021 Guntram Wolf Archived from the original on 2009 06 16 Retrieved 2009 03 28 References EditBurgess Geoffrey Haynes Bruce 2004 The Oboe The Yale Musical Instrument Series New Haven Connecticut and London Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 09317 9 Carse Adam 1965 Musical Wind Instruments A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time New York Da Capo Press ISBN 0 306 80005 5 Fletcher Neville H Rossing Thomas D 1998 The Physics of Musical Instruments second ed New York Berlin Heidelberg Springer Verlag ISBN 978 1 4419 3120 7 Haynes Bruce Burgess Geoffrey 2016 05 01 The Pathetick Musician Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199373734 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 937373 4 Howe Robert 2003 The Boehm System Oboe and Its Role in the Development of the Modern Oboe Galpin Society Journal 56 27 60 plates on 190 192 Howe Robert Hurd Peter 2004 The Heckelphone at 100 Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society 30 98 165 Joppig Gunther 1988 The Oboe and the Bassoon Translated by Alfred Clayton Portland Amadeus Press ISBN 0 931340 12 8 Kushner Tony 1993 Angels in America A Gay Fantasia on National Themes single volume edition New York Theatre Communications Group ISBN 1 55936 107 7 Marcuse Sybil 1975 Musical Instruments A Comprehensive Dictionary Revised ed New York W W Norton ISBN 0 393 00758 8 Further reading EditBaines Anthony 1967 Woodwind Instruments and Their History third edition with a foreword by Sir Adrian Boult London Faber and Faber Beckett Morgan Hughes 2008 The Sensuous Oboe Orange California Scuffin University Press ISBN 0 456 00432 7 Gioielli Mauro 1999 La calamaula di Eutichiano Utriculus 8 no 4 32 October December 44 45 Harris Warrick Rebecca 1990 A Few Thoughts on Lully s Hautbois Early Music 18 no 1 February The Baroque Stage II 97 98 101 102 105 106 Haynes Bruce 1985 Music for Oboe 1650 1800 A Bibliography Fallen Leaf Reference Books in Music 8755 268X no 4 Berkeley California Fallen Leaf Press ISBN 0 914913 03 4 Haynes Bruce 1988 Lully and the Rise of the Oboe as Seen in Works of Art Early Music 16 no 3 August 324 38 Haynes Bruce 2001 The Eloquent Oboe A History of the Hautboy 1640 1760 Oxford Early Music Series Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 816646 X External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to oboes Peter Wuttke The Haynes Catalog bibliography of literature for oboe written between 1650 and 1800 A Guide to Choosing an Oboe Student intermediate amp professional oboes explained Experiments in Jazz Oboe by Alison Wilson archive link Oboist Liang Wang His Reeds Come First NPR story by Debbie Elliott Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Oboe Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Oboe sound gallery Archived 2018 03 03 at the Wayback Machine of clips of dozens of prominent oboists in the United States Europe and Australia Fingering chart from the Woodwind Fingering Guide Fingering chart for Android devices Pictures of oboe reeds made by famous oboists Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oboe amp oldid 1133155760, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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