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Haplogroup C-M217

March 14, 2023

Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2 (and previously as C3),[1] is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus, Middle East, South Asia, East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread areas with a low frequency of less than 2%.

Haplogroup C-M217
C2 (previously C3)[1]
Possible time of origin50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] ybp[2]

52,500 or 44,900 ybp[3]

48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] ybp[4]
Coalescence age35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] ybp[2]

34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] ybp[4]
Possible place of originProbably Central Asia or East Asia
AncestorC-M130
DescendantsC-M93 (C2a); C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
Defining mutationsM217, P44, PK2
Highest frequenciesOroqen 61%[5]-91%,[6] Evenks 12.9%[7] - 71%,[8][9] Ulchi 69%,[10] Nivkhs 38%[11]-71%,[12] Kazakhs 50.85%[13] (5.3% Ysty[13] - 80.3% Baiuly[13]),[14] Buryats 7%[15]-84%,[11] Evens 5%[9]-74%,[16] Mongolians 52.3%[16] (22.9% China,[17] 24.39% China,[18] 45% Northeast Mongolia,[19] 46.7% Oroqen Autonomous Banner,[5] 47.8% Southeast Mongolia,[19] 52.6% Northwest Mongolia,[19] 53.8% Batsümber,[5] 55% Central and Southwest Mongolia[19]), Tanana 42%,[20] Koryaks 33%[8][9]-48%,[12] Hazaras 35%[19]–40%,[21] Yukaghir 31%,[22] Daur 30%,[5][17] Sibe (Xinjiang) 26.8% (11/41)[5] - 29.5% (18/61),[23] Hezhe (Heilongjiang) 23%,[5][17] Manchu 17.67%[24] (9.3% Bijie[25] - 44.0% Heilongjiang[23]), Tujia ≈21% (16%,[26] 18% Jishou,[16] 21% Guizhou,[23] 23% Hubei,[23] 27% Hunan[27]), North Korean 23% (19%[28]-27%[23]), Altai 22%[16]-24%,[6] Dong 21% (6% Guangxi,[23] 20% Hunan,[27] 22% Hunan,[23] 30% Guizhou[23]), Kyrgyz 20%[19]-26.6%,[29] Uzbeks 20% (Uzbekistan[6]) - 54% (Takhar[30]), Hani 18% (12% Mường Tè,[31] 18%,[5] 22% Yunnan[23]), South Korean 16% (11.6%[32]-21%[33]), Cheyenne 16%,[20] Apache 15%,[20] Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),[23] Tuvans 11%[34] – 15%,[22] Ainu 12.5%[11]-25%,[16] Hui 11%,[5][6] Sioux 11%,[20] Nogais 14%,[35] Crimean Tatars 9%,[35] Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Ürümqi,[5] 0% Turpan area,[23] 2.6% Keriya,[36] 3.1% Lopnur,[36] 6.0%,[16] 6.0% Ürümqi area,[23] 6.3% Bortala area,[23] 7.0% Yining area,[23] 7.7% Yili,[5] 8.37% Hetian area,[37] 11.8% Horiqol Township,[36] 16.08% Turpan area[37]), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%[38]), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%[39]-9.2%[19]), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%),[23] Tabassarans 7%[40]}, Abazinians 7%,[41] Japanese 5.9% (0% Tokyo,[42][43] Okinawa,[16] Aomori,[16] - 7.8% Fukuoka[44]), Adygei 2.9%,[40] Kabardians 2.4%,[40] Pasthun 2.04%[30]

The haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples, indigenous Siberians, and some Native peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats,[16][34] Evens,[16] Evenks,[16] Itelmens,[15] Kalmyks,[34][45][46] Kazakhs, Koryaks,[15] Mongolians,[16][19] Negidals,[15] Nivkhs,[15] Udege,[15] and Ulchi[10] have high levels of M217.[6][16][47]

One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan,[48] though that hypothesis is controversial. According to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e. On the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia. The specific subclade Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) of the broader C-M48 subclade, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu Aisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).[49][50][51][52]

Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517, Dayan Khan, who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them.
C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols.[53] The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.[54]

Toghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi's descendants in the Kazakh Tore clan.[55]

Origin

After sharing a most recent common ancestor with Haplogroup C-F3393 approximately 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] years before present,[2] Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] years before present[2] in eastern or central Asia.

The extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult. The presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia makes that region one likely source. In addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.[56]

More precisely, haplogroup C2-M217 is now divided into two primary subclades: C2a-L1373 (sometimes called the "northern branch" of C2-M217) and C2b-F1067 (sometimes called the "southern branch" of C2-M217).

C2a-L1373 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,300 <-> 17,800] ybp[4]) has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas, and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions, such as Europe or East Asia. C2a-L1373 subsumes two subclades: C2a1-F3447 and C2a2-BY63635/MPB374. C2a1-F3447 includes all extant Eurasian members of C2a-L1373, whereas C2a2-BY63635/MPB374 contains extant South American members of C2a-L1373 as well as ancient archaeological specimens from South America and Chertovy Vorota Cave in Primorsky Krai. C2a1-F3447 (estimated TMRCA 16,000 [95% CI 14,700 <-> 17,400] ybp[4]) includes the Y-DNA of an approximately 14,000-year-old specimen from the Ust'-Kyakhta 3 site (located on the right bank of the Selenga River in Buryatia, near the present-day international border with Mongolia) and C2a1b-BY101096/ACT1942 (found in individuals from present-day Liaoning Province of China, South Korea, and a Nivkh from Russia) in addition to the expansive C2a1a-F1699 clade. C2a1a-F1699 (estimated TMRCA 14,000 [95% CI 12,700 <-> 15,300] ybp[4]) subsumes four subclades: C2a1a1-F3918, C2a1a2-M48, C2a1a3-M504, and C2a1a4-M8574. C2a1a1-F3918 subsumes C2a1a1a-P39, which has been found at high frequency in samples of some indigenous North American populations, and C2a1a1b-FGC28881, which is now found with varying (but generally quite low) frequency all over the Eurasian steppe, from Heilongjiang and Jiangsu in the east to Jihočeský kraj, Podlaskie Voivodeship, and Giresun in the west.[4] Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48 is especially frequent and diverse among present-day Tungusic peoples, but branches of it also constitute the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among present-day Mongols in Mongolia, Alshyns in western Kazakhstan, and Kalmyks in Kalmykia. Extant members of C2a1a3-M504 all share a relatively recent common ancestor (estimated TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 3,000 <-> 4,800] ybp[4]), and they are found often among Mongols, Manchus (e.g. Aisin Gioro), Kazakhs (most tribes of the Senior Zhuz as well as the Kerei tribe of the Middle Zhuz), Kyrgyz, and Hazaras. C2a1a4-M8574 is sparsely attested and deeply bifurcated into C-Y176542, which has been observed in an individual from Ulsan and an individual from Japan,[4] and C-Y11990. C-Y11990 is likewise quite ancient (estimated TMRCA 6,300 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 7,600] ybp) but rare, with one branch having been found sporadically in Jammu and Kashmir, Germany, and the United States and another branch having been found sporadically in Slovakia (Prešov Region), Turkey, and Kipchak of the central steppe (920 +- 25 BP uncal).[4]

The predominantly East Asian distributed C-F1067 subsumes a major clade, C-F2613, and a minor clade, C-CTS4660. The minor clade C-CTS4660 has been found in China (including a Dai and several Han from southern China as well as a Han from Anhui and a Han from Inner Mongolia) and Thailand[57] (including Northern Thai and Lao Isan[58]). The major clade C-F2613 has known representatives from China (Oroqen,[59] Hezhe,[59] Manchu,[60] Uyghur,[60] Han, Tibetan,[60] Tujia,[59] Dai), Korea, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Mongolia,[19][60] Kyrgyzstan (Dungan, Kyrgyz),[19] Tajikistan (Tajik[60]), Afghanistan (Hazara, Tajik),[19] Pakistan (Burusho, Hazara),[19] Nakhchivan, Chechnya, and Syria and includes the populous subclades C-F845, C-CTS2657, and C-Z8440. C-M407, a notable subclade of C-CTS2657, has expanded in a post-Neolithic time frame[61] to include large percentages of modern Buryat, Soyot, and Hamnigan males in Buryatia and Barghut males in Hulunbuir[62] in addition to many Kalmyks and other Mongols[34][45][19][63] and members of the Qongirat tribe in Kazakhstan[13] (but only 2 or 0.67% of a sample of 300 Korean males[64]).

The specific subclade haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483)[65][66][67] has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.[68][69][67]

Genetic testing also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to Daurs in the Transbaikal area. The Tungusic speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro.[70] A genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated.[71] The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.[72]

Distribution

Haplogroup C-M217 is the modal haplogroup among Mongolians and most indigenous populations of the Russian Far East, such as the Buryats, Northern Tungusic peoples, Nivkhs, Koryaks, and Itelmens. The subclade C-P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to the Na-Dené phylum. The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East, but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y-chromosome diversity among the Manchus, Koreans, Ainu, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Beyond this range of high-to-moderate frequency, which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America, Haplogroup C-M217 continues to be found at low frequencies, and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe, Turkey, Pakistan, Bhutan,[73] Bangladesh,[4] Nepal[74] and adjacent regions of India,[75][76][77] Vietnam, Maritime Southeast Asia, and the Wayuu people of South America. It is found in Ossetians 4.7% (1/21),[40] and in Russians 0.73% (3/406),frequency ranges depending on the district.[34]), It's found 0.2% in Central/Southern Russia but 0.9% Rovslav and 0.7% Belgorod. It is found 0.5% in ethnic Bulgarians but 1.2% in Montana Province, 0.8% Sofia Province and 1.4% in an unknown area[78] some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes.[23] Haplogroup C-M127 also has been found with high frequency in a small sample of Uzbeks from Takhar, Afghanistan (7/13 = 54% C-M217[30]).

In an early study of Japanese Y-chromosomes, haplogroup C-M217 was found relatively frequently among Ainus (2/16=12.5%[11] or 1/4=25%[16]) and among Japanese of the Kyūshū region (8/104=7.7%[11]). However, in other samples of Japanese, the frequency of haplogroup C-M217 was found to be only about one to three percent.[11][5][16][42] In a study published in 2014, large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined, and the frequency of C-M217 varied between a minimum of 5.0% (15/302 university students in Sapporo) and a maximum of 7.8% (8/102 adult males in Fukuoka), with a total of 6.1% (146/2390) of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup; the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C-M217 or C-M8 in that study.[44]

The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 in samples of Han from various areas has ranged from 0% (0/27) in a sample of Han from Guangxi[7] in southern China to 23.5% (4/17) in a sample of Han from Shanghai[7] in eastern China, 23.5% (8/34) in a sample of Han from Xi'an[38] in northwestern China, and 29.6% (8/27) in a sample of Han from Jilin[7] in northeastern China, with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies' pools of all Han samples ranging between 6.0% and 12.0%.[5][6][16][11][23][38] C-M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China, such as Dong (8/27 = 29.6% from Guizhou,[23] 10/45 = 22.2% from Hunan,[23] 1/17 = 5.9% from Guangxi[23]), Bulang (3/11 = 27.3% from Yunnan[23]), Tujia (6/26 = 23.1% from Hubei,[23] 7/33 = 21.2% from Guizhou,[23] 9/49 = 18.4% from Jishou, Hunan), Hani (13/60 = 21.7% from Yunnan,[23] 6/34 = 17.6%[5]), Yi (4/32 = 12.5% Boren from Yunnan,[23] 3/24 = 12.5% Yi from Sichuan,[23] 4/61 = 6.6% Yi from Yunnan[23]), Mulao (1/11 = 9.1% from Guangxi[23]), Naxi (1/12 = 8.3% from Yunnan[23]), Miao (7/92 = 7.6% from Guizhou,[23] 2/58 = 3.4%), Shui (2/29 = 6.9% from Guizhou[23]), She (3/47 = 6.4% from Fujian,[23] 1/34 = 2.9%[5]), Wa (1/16 = 6.3% from Yunnan[23]), Dai (1/18 = 5.6% from Yunnan[23]), Gelao (1/21 = 4.8% from Guizhou[23]), ethnic Vietnamese (2/45 = 4.4% from Guangxi[23]), Yao (1/28 = 3.6% from Guangdong,[23] 1/35 = 2.9% from Liannan, Guangdong,[5] 2/113 = 1.8% from Guangxi[23]), Bai (1/34 = 2.9% from Yunnan[23]), Tibetans (4/156 = 2.6%), Buyi (2/109 = 1.8% from Guizhou[23]), and Taiwanese aborigines (1/48 = 2.1%).[79][5][74]

In Vietnam, Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 7.5% of all published samples, including 12.5% (6/48) of a sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi, Vietnam,[38] 11.8% (9/76) of another sample of Kinh ("ethnic Vietnamese") from Hanoi, Vietnam, 10% (1/10) of a sample from Vietnam,[80] 8.5% (5/59) of a sample of Cham people from Binh Thuan, Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of another sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi,[81] 4.3% (3/70) of a sample of Vietnamese from an unspecified location in Vietnam,[79] 2.2% (1/46) of the KHV ("Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam") sample of the 1000 Genomes Project,[4][3] and 0% (0/27) of one study's samples of Kinh and Muong.[82] Macholdt et al. (2020) have found Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 in 4.67% (28/600) of a set of samples from Vietnam, including 26.8% (11/41) of a sample of Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ, 13.9% (5/36) of a sample of Pathen from Quang Bình District, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample of Hanhi from Mường Tè District, 10.3% (3/29) of a sample of Sila from Mường Tè District, and 10.0% (5/50) of a sample of Kinh (n=42 from Hanoi, including all five members of haplogroup C-M217).[31]

Haplogroup C-M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas, including Myanmar (3/72 = 4.2% Bamar and Rakhine[83]), Laos (1/25 = 4.0% Lao from Luang Prabang), Malaysia (2/18 = 11.1% Malaysia,[80] 0/8 Malaysia,[81] 0/12 Malaysian (ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur),[11] 0/17 Orang Asli,[84] 0/27 Malay,[84] 0/32 Malaysia[79]), Java (1/37 = 2.7%, 1/141 = 0.71%[81]), Nepal (2/77 = 2.6% general population of Kathmandu), Thailand (1/40 = 2.5% Thai, mostly sampled in Chiang Mai;[38] 13/500 = 2.6% Northern Thailand, or 11/290 = 3.8% Northern Thai people and 2/91 = 2.2% Tai Lü[85]), the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%, 1/64 = 1.6%), and Bali (1/641 = 0.2%).[74][79]

Although C-M217 is generally found with only low frequency (<5%) in Tibet and Nepal, there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup in Meghalaya, India. The indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India, where they comprise the majority of the local population, speak Khasian languages or Tibeto-Burman languages. A study published in 2007 found C-M217(xM93, P39, M86) Y-DNA in 8.5% (6/71) of a sample of Garos, who primarily inhabit the Garo Hills in the western half of Meghalaya, and in 7.6% (27/353) of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya (6/18 = 33.3% Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills, 10/60 = 16.7% Lyngngam from the West Khasi Hills, 2/29 = 6.9% War-Khasi from the East Khasi Hills, 3/44 = 6.8% Pnar from the Jaintia Hills, 1/19 = 5.3% War-Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills, 3/87 = 3.4% Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills, 2/64 = 3.1% Maram from the West Khasi Hills, and 0/32 Bhoi from Ri-Bhoi District).[76]

Subclade distribution

The subclades of Haplogroup C-M217 with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2017 ISOGG tree:

Others

P53.1 has been used in multiple studies, but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree, including multiple parts of haplogroup C. Listed 16 April 2016.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
C-M216 10 V 1F 16 Eu6 H1 C C* C C C C C C C C C C
C-M8 10 V 1F 19 Eu6 H1 C C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1
C-M38 10 V 1F 16 Eu6 H1 C C2* C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2
C-P33 10 V 1F 18 Eu6 H1 C C2a C2a C2a1 C2a1 C2a C2a C2a1 C2a1 C2a1 removed removed
C-P44 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3* C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
C-M93 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a1
C-M208 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3b C2b C2a C2a C2b C2b C2a C2a C2a C2a C2a
C-M210 36 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3c C2c C4a C4a C4b C4b C4a C4a C4a C4a C4a

Phylogenetic trees

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA C subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

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March 14, 2023
haplogroup, m217, this, article, technical, most, readers, understand, please, help, improve, make, understandable, experts, without, removing, technical, details, july, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, also, known, previously, chromosome, h. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Haplogroup C M217 also known as C2 and previously as C3 1 is a Y chromosome DNA haplogroup It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C M130 It is found mostly in Central Asia Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus Middle East South Asia East Europe It is found in a much more widespread areas with a low frequency of less than 2 Haplogroup C M217 C2 previously C3 1 Possible time of origin50 865 95 CI 38 317 lt gt 61 900 ybp 2 52 500 or 44 900 ybp 3 48 400 95 CI 46 000 lt gt 50 900 ybp 4 Coalescence age35 383 95 CI 25 943 lt gt 44 092 ybp 2 34 000 95 CI 31 500 lt gt 36 700 ybp 4 Possible place of originProbably Central Asia or East AsiaAncestorC M130DescendantsC M93 C2a C CTS117 C2b C P53 1 C2c C P62 C2d C F2613 Z1338 C2e Defining mutationsM217 P44 PK2Highest frequenciesOroqen 61 5 91 6 Evenks 12 9 7 71 8 9 Ulchi 69 10 Nivkhs 38 11 71 12 Kazakhs 50 85 13 5 3 Ysty 13 80 3 Baiuly 13 14 Buryats 7 15 84 11 Evens 5 9 74 16 Mongolians 52 3 16 22 9 China 17 24 39 China 18 45 Northeast Mongolia 19 46 7 Oroqen Autonomous Banner 5 47 8 Southeast Mongolia 19 52 6 Northwest Mongolia 19 53 8 Batsumber 5 55 Central and Southwest Mongolia 19 Tanana 42 20 Koryaks 33 8 9 48 12 Hazaras 35 19 40 21 Yukaghir 31 22 Daur 30 5 17 Sibe Xinjiang 26 8 11 41 5 29 5 18 61 23 Hezhe Heilongjiang 23 5 17 Manchu 17 67 24 9 3 Bijie 25 44 0 Heilongjiang 23 Tujia 21 16 26 18 Jishou 16 21 Guizhou 23 23 Hubei 23 27 Hunan 27 North Korean 23 19 28 27 23 Altai 22 16 24 6 Dong 21 6 Guangxi 23 20 Hunan 27 22 Hunan 23 30 Guizhou 23 Kyrgyz 20 19 26 6 29 Uzbeks 20 Uzbekistan 6 54 Takhar 30 Hani 18 12 Mường Te 31 18 5 22 Yunnan 23 South Korean 16 11 6 32 21 33 Cheyenne 16 20 Apache 15 20 Northern Han 14 7 4 3 29 6 23 Tuvans 11 34 15 22 Ainu 12 5 11 25 16 Hui 11 5 6 Sioux 11 20 Nogais 14 35 Crimean Tatars 9 35 Uyghurs 8 27 0 Urumqi 5 0 Turpan area 23 2 6 Keriya 36 3 1 Lopnur 36 6 0 16 6 0 Urumqi area 23 6 3 Bortala area 23 7 0 Yining area 23 7 7 Yili 5 8 37 Hetian area 37 11 8 Horiqol Township 36 16 08 Turpan area 37 Vietnamese 7 6 4 3 12 5 38 Tajiks Afghanistan 7 6 3 6 39 9 2 19 Southern Han 7 1 0 23 5 23 Tabassarans 7 40 Abazinians 7 41 Japanese 5 9 0 Tokyo 42 43 Okinawa 16 Aomori 16 7 8 Fukuoka 44 Adygei 2 9 40 Kabardians 2 4 40 Pasthun 2 04 30 The haplogroup C M217 is now found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples indigenous Siberians and some Native peoples of North America In particular males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats 16 34 Evens 16 Evenks 16 Itelmens 15 Kalmyks 34 45 46 Kazakhs Koryaks 15 Mongolians 16 19 Negidals 15 Nivkhs 15 Udege 15 and Ulchi 10 have high levels of M217 6 16 47 One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2 M217 has received a great deal of attention because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan 48 though that hypothesis is controversial According to the recent result C2 s subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e and in Mongolia most belong to C2b Genghis Khan modal while very few are C2e On the other hand C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia The specific subclade Haplogroup C3b2b1 M401 xF5483 of the broader C M48 subclade which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu Aisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations Heilongjiang Gansu Guangdong Sichuan and Xinjiang 49 50 51 52 Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1 M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517 Dayan Khan who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them C2b1a3a1c2 F5481 clade of C2 ST which is also widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols 53 The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3 star cluster C2 ST Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras Kazakhs and Mongols in general 54 Toghan Genghis Khan s sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1 F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan Jochi s descendants in the Kazakh Tore clan 55 Contents 1 Origin 2 Distribution 2 1 Subclade distribution 2 1 1 Others 3 Phylogenetics 3 1 Phylogenetic history 3 2 Phylogenetic trees 4 See also 4 1 Genetics 4 2 Y DNA C subclades 4 3 Y DNA backbone tree 5 References 6 External linksOrigin EditAfter sharing a most recent common ancestor with Haplogroup C F3393 approximately 48 400 95 CI 46 000 lt gt 50 900 years before present 2 Haplogroup C M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34 000 95 CI 31 500 lt gt 36 700 years before present 2 in eastern or central Asia The extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C M217 Y chromosomes coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C M217 predominates makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult The presence of Haplogroup C M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia makes that region one likely source In addition the C M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians which suggests that the marginal presence of C M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia 56 More precisely haplogroup C2 M217 is now divided into two primary subclades C2a L1373 sometimes called the northern branch of C2 M217 and C2b F1067 sometimes called the southern branch of C2 M217 C2a L1373 estimated TMRCA 16 000 95 CI 14 300 lt gt 17 800 ybp 4 has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions such as Europe or East Asia C2a L1373 subsumes two subclades C2a1 F3447 and C2a2 BY63635 MPB374 C2a1 F3447 includes all extant Eurasian members of C2a L1373 whereas C2a2 BY63635 MPB374 contains extant South American members of C2a L1373 as well as ancient archaeological specimens from South America and Chertovy Vorota Cave in Primorsky Krai C2a1 F3447 estimated TMRCA 16 000 95 CI 14 700 lt gt 17 400 ybp 4 includes the Y DNA of an approximately 14 000 year old specimen from the Ust Kyakhta 3 site located on the right bank of the Selenga River in Buryatia near the present day international border with Mongolia and C2a1b BY101096 ACT1942 found in individuals from present day Liaoning Province of China South Korea and a Nivkh from Russia in addition to the expansive C2a1a F1699 clade C2a1a F1699 estimated TMRCA 14 000 95 CI 12 700 lt gt 15 300 ybp 4 subsumes four subclades C2a1a1 F3918 C2a1a2 M48 C2a1a3 M504 and C2a1a4 M8574 C2a1a1 F3918 subsumes C2a1a1a P39 which has been found at high frequency in samples of some indigenous North American populations and C2a1a1b FGC28881 which is now found with varying but generally quite low frequency all over the Eurasian steppe from Heilongjiang and Jiangsu in the east to Jihocesky kraj Podlaskie Voivodeship and Giresun in the west 4 Haplogroup C2a1a2 M48 is especially frequent and diverse among present day Tungusic peoples but branches of it also constitute the most frequently observed Y DNA haplogroup among present day Mongols in Mongolia Alshyns in western Kazakhstan and Kalmyks in Kalmykia Extant members of C2a1a3 M504 all share a relatively recent common ancestor estimated TMRCA 3 900 95 CI 3 000 lt gt 4 800 ybp 4 and they are found often among Mongols Manchus e g Aisin Gioro Kazakhs most tribes of the Senior Zhuz as well as the Kerei tribe of the Middle Zhuz Kyrgyz and Hazaras C2a1a4 M8574 is sparsely attested and deeply bifurcated into C Y176542 which has been observed in an individual from Ulsan and an individual from Japan 4 and C Y11990 C Y11990 is likewise quite ancient estimated TMRCA 6 300 95 CI 5 100 lt gt 7 600 ybp but rare with one branch having been found sporadically in Jammu and Kashmir Germany and the United States and another branch having been found sporadically in Slovakia Presov Region Turkey and Kipchak of the central steppe 920 25 BP uncal 4 The predominantly East Asian distributed C F1067 subsumes a major clade C F2613 and a minor clade C CTS4660 The minor clade C CTS4660 has been found in China including a Dai and several Han from southern China as well as a Han from Anhui and a Han from Inner Mongolia and Thailand 57 including Northern Thai and Lao Isan 58 The major clade C F2613 has known representatives from China Oroqen 59 Hezhe 59 Manchu 60 Uyghur 60 Han Tibetan 60 Tujia 59 Dai Korea Japan Laos Thailand Vietnam Bhutan Bangladesh Mongolia 19 60 Kyrgyzstan Dungan Kyrgyz 19 Tajikistan Tajik 60 Afghanistan Hazara Tajik 19 Pakistan Burusho Hazara 19 Nakhchivan Chechnya and Syria and includes the populous subclades C F845 C CTS2657 and C Z8440 C M407 a notable subclade of C CTS2657 has expanded in a post Neolithic time frame 61 to include large percentages of modern Buryat Soyot and Hamnigan males in Buryatia and Barghut males in Hulunbuir 62 in addition to many Kalmyks and other Mongols 34 45 19 63 and members of the Qongirat tribe in Kazakhstan 13 but only 2 or 0 67 of a sample of 300 Korean males 64 The specific subclade haplogroup C3b2b1 M401 xF5483 65 66 67 has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China but completely absent from Han Chinese 68 69 67 Genetic testing also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2 F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river s middle reaches originating from ancestors related to Daurs in the Transbaikal area The Tungusic speaking peoples mostly have C3c M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2 F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur Jurchen Manchus are a Tungusic people The Mongol Genghis Khan s haplogroup C3b1a3a1 F3796 C3 Star Cluster is a fraternal brother branch of C3b1a3a2 F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro 70 A genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci Three of them turned out to share the C3b2b1 M401 xF5483 haplogroup out of them two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees The other four tested were unrelated 71 The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2 F8951 the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c M178 C2a1b F845 C2b1a3a1 F3796 and C2b1a2 M48 People from northeast China the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2 F8951 The Mongolic C2 Star Cluster C2b1a3a1 F3796 haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro s C2b1a3a2 F8951 haplogroup 72 Distribution EditHaplogroup C M217 is the modal haplogroup among Mongolians and most indigenous populations of the Russian Far East such as the Buryats Northern Tungusic peoples Nivkhs Koryaks and Itelmens The subclade C P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to the Na Dene phylum The frequency of Haplogroup C M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y chromosome diversity among the Manchus Koreans Ainu and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia Beyond this range of high to moderate frequency which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America Haplogroup C M217 continues to be found at low frequencies and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe Turkey Pakistan Bhutan 73 Bangladesh 4 Nepal 74 and adjacent regions of India 75 76 77 Vietnam Maritime Southeast Asia and the Wayuu people of South America It is found in Ossetians 4 7 1 21 40 and in Russians 0 73 3 406 frequency ranges depending on the district 34 It s found 0 2 in Central Southern Russia but 0 9 Rovslav and 0 7 Belgorod It is found 0 5 in ethnic Bulgarians but 1 2 in Montana Province 0 8 Sofia Province and 1 4 in an unknown area 78 some of whom exhibit divergent Y STR haplotypes 23 Haplogroup C M127 also has been found with high frequency in a small sample of Uzbeks from Takhar Afghanistan 7 13 54 C M217 30 In an early study of Japanese Y chromosomes haplogroup C M217 was found relatively frequently among Ainus 2 16 12 5 11 or 1 4 25 16 and among Japanese of the Kyushu region 8 104 7 7 11 However in other samples of Japanese the frequency of haplogroup C M217 was found to be only about one to three percent 11 5 16 42 In a study published in 2014 large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined and the frequency of C M217 varied between a minimum of 5 0 15 302 university students in Sapporo and a maximum of 7 8 8 102 adult males in Fukuoka with a total of 6 1 146 2390 of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C M217 or C M8 in that study 44 The frequency of Haplogroup C M217 in samples of Han from various areas has ranged from 0 0 27 in a sample of Han from Guangxi 7 in southern China to 23 5 4 17 in a sample of Han from Shanghai 7 in eastern China 23 5 8 34 in a sample of Han from Xi an 38 in northwestern China and 29 6 8 27 in a sample of Han from Jilin 7 in northeastern China with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies pools of all Han samples ranging between 6 0 and 12 0 5 6 16 11 23 38 C M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China such as Dong 8 27 29 6 from Guizhou 23 10 45 22 2 from Hunan 23 1 17 5 9 from Guangxi 23 Bulang 3 11 27 3 from Yunnan 23 Tujia 6 26 23 1 from Hubei 23 7 33 21 2 from Guizhou 23 9 49 18 4 from Jishou Hunan Hani 13 60 21 7 from Yunnan 23 6 34 17 6 5 Yi 4 32 12 5 Boren from Yunnan 23 3 24 12 5 Yi from Sichuan 23 4 61 6 6 Yi from Yunnan 23 Mulao 1 11 9 1 from Guangxi 23 Naxi 1 12 8 3 from Yunnan 23 Miao 7 92 7 6 from Guizhou 23 2 58 3 4 Shui 2 29 6 9 from Guizhou 23 She 3 47 6 4 from Fujian 23 1 34 2 9 5 Wa 1 16 6 3 from Yunnan 23 Dai 1 18 5 6 from Yunnan 23 Gelao 1 21 4 8 from Guizhou 23 ethnic Vietnamese 2 45 4 4 from Guangxi 23 Yao 1 28 3 6 from Guangdong 23 1 35 2 9 from Liannan Guangdong 5 2 113 1 8 from Guangxi 23 Bai 1 34 2 9 from Yunnan 23 Tibetans 4 156 2 6 Buyi 2 109 1 8 from Guizhou 23 and Taiwanese aborigines 1 48 2 1 79 5 74 In Vietnam Y DNA that belongs to haplogroup C M217 has been found in about 7 5 of all published samples including 12 5 6 48 of a sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi Vietnam 38 11 8 9 76 of another sample of Kinh ethnic Vietnamese from Hanoi Vietnam 10 1 10 of a sample from Vietnam 80 8 5 5 59 of a sample of Cham people from Binh Thuan Vietnam 8 3 2 24 of another sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi 81 4 3 3 70 of a sample of Vietnamese from an unspecified location in Vietnam 79 2 2 1 46 of the KHV Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam sample of the 1000 Genomes Project 4 3 and 0 0 27 of one study s samples of Kinh and Muong 82 Macholdt et al 2020 have found Y DNA that belongs to haplogroup C M217 in 4 67 28 600 of a set of samples from Vietnam including 26 8 11 41 of a sample of Hmong from Điện Bien Phủ 13 9 5 36 of a sample of Pathen from Quang Binh District 12 1 4 33 of a sample of Hanhi from Mường Te District 10 3 3 29 of a sample of Sila from Mường Te District and 10 0 5 50 of a sample of Kinh n 42 from Hanoi including all five members of haplogroup C M217 31 Haplogroup C M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas including Myanmar 3 72 4 2 Bamar and Rakhine 83 Laos 1 25 4 0 Lao from Luang Prabang Malaysia 2 18 11 1 Malaysia 80 0 8 Malaysia 81 0 12 Malaysian ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur 11 0 17 Orang Asli 84 0 27 Malay 84 0 32 Malaysia 79 Java 1 37 2 7 1 141 0 71 81 Nepal 2 77 2 6 general population of Kathmandu Thailand 1 40 2 5 Thai mostly sampled in Chiang Mai 38 13 500 2 6 Northern Thailand or 11 290 3 8 Northern Thai people and 2 91 2 2 Tai Lu 85 the Philippines 1 48 2 1 1 64 1 6 and Bali 1 641 0 2 74 79 Although C M217 is generally found with only low frequency lt 5 in Tibet and Nepal there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup in Meghalaya India The indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India where they comprise the majority of the local population speak Khasian languages or Tibeto Burman languages A study published in 2007 found C M217 xM93 P39 M86 Y DNA in 8 5 6 71 of a sample of Garos who primarily inhabit the Garo Hills in the western half of Meghalaya and in 7 6 27 353 of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya 6 18 33 3 Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills 10 60 16 7 Lyngngam from the West Khasi Hills 2 29 6 9 War Khasi from the East Khasi Hills 3 44 6 8 Pnar from the Jaintia Hills 1 19 5 3 War Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills 3 87 3 4 Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills 2 64 3 1 Maram from the West Khasi Hills and 0 32 Bhoi from Ri Bhoi District 76 Subclade distribution Edit The subclades of Haplogroup C M217 with their defining mutation s according to the 2017 ISOGG tree C2 previously C3 M217 Typical of Kazakhs Mongolians Buryats Daurs Kalmyks Hazaras Afghan Uzbeks Evenks Evens Oroqen Ulchi Udegey Manchus Sibes Nivkhs Koryaks and Itelmens with a moderate distribution among other Tungusic peoples Ainus Koreans Han Vietnamese Altaians Tuvinians Uyghurs Uzbeks Kyrgyzes Nogais and Crimean Tatars 5 16 15 11 21 35 47 86 It is found in moderate to low frequencies among Japanese Tai peoples North Caucasian peoples Abazinians Adygei Tabassarans Kabardians 41 40 Tajiks Pashtuns etc 30 C2b L1373 F1396 C2b L1373 Ecuador Bolivar Province 4 USA 57 C2b F3447 F3914 C2b Y163913 ACT1932 BY75034 C2b ACT5638 China Liaoning 4 Nivkh 4 C2b BY72441 Z31698 China Liaoning 4 South Korea 4 57 Japan 57 C2b1 F4032 C2b1a F1699 F6301 C2b1a Japanese 4 Germany 87 C2b1a1 F3918 Y10418 FGC28813 F8894 C2b1a1 Yugurs 88 C2b1a1a P39 Canada 87 USA 87 Found in several indigenous peoples of North America including some Na Dene Algonquian or Siouan speaking populations 20 C2b1a1a1 BY1360 Z30568 C2b1a1a2 Z38874 C2b1a1b FGC28881 2 C2b1a1b1 F1756 F3985 C2b1a1b1 F1756 Poland 87 C2b1a1b1a F3830 China Kazakh Yugur Mongol Manchu Hezhen Xibe Hui northern Han Russian Federation 87 Altai Kizhi etc Kazakhstan Afghanistan Uzbek Hazara 88 Pashtun Saudi Arabia citation needed Syria 87 C F3887 Kazakhstan East Kazakhstan Region 4 Russia Tatarstan 4 C F9721 Greece 87 C F9721 China Jiangsu 4 C F12439 China Heilongjiang 4 C F12439 China Shandong 4 C BY197432 Kazakhstan 4 C Z603 Kazakhstan 87 4 C2b1a1b1b Y10420 Z30402 Y10428 Z30415 C Y10420 Turkey Giresun 4 C Y11606 United Kingdom 87 C Y11606 China Shaanxi 4 Russia Bashkortostan 4 Poland Podlaskie 4 Czech Republic South Bohemian Region 4 C Y147607 Kazakhstan 4 C2b1a1b2 B77 Koryak 2 C2b1a2 previously C3c M48 C2b1a2a M77 Typical of Northern Tungusic peoples Kazakhs Oirats Kalmyks Outer Mongolians Yukaghirs Nivkhs Itelmens and Udegeys with a moderate distribution among other Southern Tungusic peoples Inner Mongolians Buryats Tuvinians Yakuts Chukchi Kyrgyz Uyghurs Uzbeks Karakalpaks and Tajiks 15 22 89 C M77 China Xibo 4 Russian Federation Ulchi 10 Even 4 Evenk 2 Buryat 2 Derbet Kalmyks 46 Torgut Kalmyks 46 Mongolia Zakhchin 2 Derbet 46 Kazakhstan 87 Turkey 87 C2b1a2a1 F11120 SK1061 Z40439 C2b1a2a1a B469 C2b1a2a1a2 B470 Zakhchin Ulchi C2b1a2a1a1 B87 Xibo C2b1a2a1a1b B88 Buryat C2b1a2a1a1a B89 Evenk Even C2b1a2a1b B80 Z32868 Evens C B1049 Tozhu Tuvan 46 C F11611 ZQ1 C2b1a2a2 Y12792 F6379 C Y138418 C Y152949 Italy Genova 4 C Y138372 C Y138372 China Shanxi 4 Shaanxi 4 Inner Mongolia 4 C Y170702 China Shaanxi 4 Heilongjiang 4 Qinghai 4 C Y182574 China Shaanxi 4 C Y12825 SK1064 F5485 C SK1066 F6193 Russian Federation 87 Kalmyks 4 Kazakhstan 87 Mongolia Bulgan 46 Tsaatan 46 C Y15849 F12970 Mongolia 87 Kazakhstan 87 Russian Federation 87 Tatarstan 4 C Y15844 C ZQ149 Tomsk Tatar 4 C Y15552 Kazakhstan 4 87 Russian Federation 4 Karakalpak 4 C2b1a2b B90 Found frequently in Koryaks and sporadically among Ulchi 10 Evenks Evens and Yukaghirs C2b1a Y4553 FGC16371 F11250 C2b1a3 F1918 M504 C2b1a3a M401 Kazakhs especially tribes of the Senior Juz and the Kereys Hazaras 19 Mongols 19 Kyrgyz 19 Uzbeks 19 Dungans 19 Tajiks 19 Pashtuns 19 Turkmens 19 C2b1a3a1 Y11121 FGC16431 F12308 C2b1a3a1 BY154208 China Liaoning 4 Shandong 4 C2b1a3a1 F3796 F4002 Kazakhstan Russian Federation Hungary Mongolia Kyrgyzstan Ukraine Uzbekistan 87 C F3796 China Liaoning 4 C2b1a3a1a Y4580 F9700 C2b1a3a1a Y4580 China Heilongjiang 4 C Y25681 China Liaoning 4 C Y4633 C Y4633 Golden Horde akaJochi Ulus 1220 1350 cal years CE 90 4 C FGC16336 Y8818 F10216 C Y8818 China Liaoning 4 C Y80821 Buryat 4 C Y4541 FGC16328 SK1075 F5481 Mongolia Derbet 46 4 China Inner Mongolia 4 Russia Tatarstan 4 C BY182928 Uzbekistan 87 C ZQ31 F10091 Kyrgyzstan Naryn Region 4 C Y4569 C Y4569 China Gansu 4 C FGC29011 China Beijing 4 C Y125520 C Y125520 China Xinjiang 4 C Y125522 SK1076 Hazaras 4 C FGC16217 Russia Ryazan Oblast 4 C Y12782 C Y12782 Ukraine 87 4 C BY18686 Kazakhstan 87 C Y20795 Kazakhstan 87 C Y20085 Y20086 Kazakhstan 87 C2b1a3a1b F3960 C2b1a3a1c SK1072 C SK1072 Kalmyk 4 C Y174643 C Y174643 China Shandong 4 C F12663 Kazakhstan 87 C ZQ394 C ZQ394 Russia Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 4 Uyghur 4 C FT37001 Russia Tatarstan 4 Republic of Crimea 4 C Y187693 China Shandong 4 C2b1a3a2 F10283 Manchu Aisin Gioro 91 Oroqen Manchurian Evenk Xibe Daur Buryat Mongol C2b1a4 Y11990 F9992 Y12018 Z30601 C2b1a4a Z22425 C2b1a4a Z22425 Jammu and Kashmir 4 87 C2b1a4a1 BY99627 Germany 87 USA 87 C2b1a4b Z30635 Slovakia Presov Region 4 Kipchak of the central steppe of 920 25 BP uncal 90 4 C2b1a5 B79 Koryak 2 C2b2 Z31698 Japan 87 C2c C F1067 C2c1 F2613 Z1338 CTS10762 Germany 87 Poland 87 C2c1a Z1300 CTS4021 C2c1a CTS4021 C2c1a1 CTS2657 C2b1a1b A14895 A14901 C2b1a1b2 Y37069 MF1580 South Korea 4 18 North Korea 18 China esp Jilin 18 Heilongjiang 18 Liaoning 18 Ningxia 18 Gansu 18 and Hubei 4 18 C2b1a1b1 A14909 A14912 China 87 Ireland 87 C2b1a1b1a MF1549 MF1553 China esp Shandong Liaoning Heilongjiang Tianjin Jilin Jiangsu 18 4 Taiwan 18 South Korea Ulsan 4 C2b1a1b1b ACT108 A14908 China esp Shanghai Jiangsu Anhui Zhejiang Liaoning Shandong 18 4 North Korea 18 C2c1a1 CTS11990 Z18177 F3921 C2c1a1 CTS11990 Japan 87 C2c1a1a CTS8579 Vietnam Ha Nhi from Mường Te 31 Kinh from Gia Lam 31 C2c1a1a CTS8579 Japan 87 C2c1a1a F3836 F6346 C2c1a1a1 Y13856 C2c1a1a1 MF1605 China Guangdong 4 C MF1605 Shanxi Han Jiangsu Hunan Liaoning Shandong etc C MF1601 S20873 China Shandong Zhejiang Hebei Liaoning Beijing Henan Anhui Heilongjiang Jiangsu Jilin Inner Mongolia Tianjin etc 18 Korean 4 C MF1724 China Beijing Shandong Shanghai Anhui etc C MF1711 China Shandong Anhui Liaoning etc C MF1718 MF1721 China Jiangsu Beijing Hebei Shandong Shanxi etc C MF1722 C MF1745 C MF187252 C MF5052 C2c1a1a1 M407 Found with high frequency in some samples of Barghuts Buryats Khamnigans Soyots and the Qongirat tribe of Kazakhs moderate frequency in Mongols and Kalmyks and low frequency in some other Kazakh tribes Naiman 13 Alban 13 Jetyru 13 Alimuly 13 Baiuly 13 Syrgeli citation needed Ysty citation needed Qangly citation needed Jalair citation needed Bai Cambodian Evenk Han Japanese Korean 64 Manchu Teleut Tujia Tuvinian Uyghur and Yakut populations 21 23 19 34 C2c1a1a1 M407 China esp Shandong Hebei Liaoning Henan Beijing Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Jiangsu Gansu Heilongjiang Shanxi 18 Kazakhstan 87 Russian Federation 87 C2c1a1a1b Z45401 Armenia 4 87 China Luliang Han 18 Dalian Han 18 C2c1a1a1a F3850 C F29522 C F29522 Gansu Han Hubei Han Sichuan Ersu Shandong Han C F8465 China Hebei Henan etc 18 C F10378 China Inner Mongolia Beijing Xinjiang etc 18 Russia 18 Kalmyk Hoshut 46 4 C F9733 F8536 China esp Inner Mongolia 18 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 4 C Z4328 Russia Buryat 4 Yakut 4 Kazakhstan Kazakh from Kostanay Region 4 C MF3197 SK1027 Northern Han Chinese HGDP01288 Sichuan Han Hubei Han Liaoning 4 Shanghai 4 C2c1a1a1a3 F7542 F3753 C F7542 Henan Han C F26027 Shanghai Han Jilin Han Sichuan Han Uyghur C2c1a1a1a4 Y12960 F3916 F13679 China Shandong Beijing Hebei Henan Liaoning Jiangsu Shaanxi etc 18 Japan Tokyo 4 C F3881 C Y263263 Xinjiang Uyghur 4 C Y312599 BY18318 China Hubei 18 Jiangsu 4 18 Jilin 18 Beijing 18 Qinghai 18 etc C MF46267 China esp Shandong Liaoning Jilin Heilongjiang 18 C2c1a1a2 CTS4449 CTS8629 China Beijing Gansu Fujian 4 Korea 87 Pakistan Hazaras 4 C F12768 C F11494 Gansu Han Beijing Han C FGC54908 Beijing Han Zhejiang Han Jiangxi Han Fujian Han C F15754 C F15754 Beijing Han C K696 C K696 Heilongjiang Han C F2471 Heilongjiang Han Shandong Han Zhejiang Han South Korea C2b1a1a2 Z31668 BY59164 China esp Liaoning Heilongjiang Jilin Jiangsu Shandong Tianjin Hebei 18 4 C2c1a1b Y112121 F18822 Z40537 China Hebei Jiangsu Liaoning etc 18 Japan Nagasaki 4 C2c1a1b MF1792 China Jiangsu 4 Yingkou 18 C2c1a1b MF2816 F20457 China 4 esp Jiangsu Shandong Hebei Liaoning 18 C Y86025 Korea 4 18 China Liaoning Jilin Inner Mongolia Shandong etc 18 C2c1a2 K700 Z12209 F3880 C2c1a2a F1319 Japan 87 Laos Laotian in Vientiane 92 Thailand Mon 92 Tai Yuan 92 Thai 92 Phutai 93 Hmong 93 Lisu 93 Vietnam Hmong from Điện Bien Phủ 31 C2c1a2a1 F3777 Japan 87 Bhutan 73 C F3777 Bangladesh 4 C F9966 C F3735 China Beijing Han 4 Guangdong 4 C Z43727 China Jiangsu 4 Shandong 4 Jilin 4 C2c1a2a2 F9935 F9765 F10056 Z36838 China Japan Saga Nakhchivan C2c1a2a2 China Jilin 4 C MF1955 China Jiangsu Shandong Hebei Zhejiang Shaanxi Anhui Liaoning Beijing Henan 4 etc 18 South Korea 4 C MF1960 China Liaoning Manchus Shandong Hebei Shanxi Shanghai Guangdong 18 C MF3000 China Jiangsu Shandong Hebei Henan Tongliao 18 C MF3096 China Shandong Beijing Tianjin etc 18 C2c1a2a2 MF1881 Azerbaijan Nakhchivan 4 87 South Korea 4 C MF2720 China Jiangsu Liaoning Shandong etc 18 C MF2824 China Anhui Shanghai etc 18 C2c1a2a2 MF1029 C MF1029 China Zhejiang 4 C MF1031 C MF1031 China Shanxi 4 C MF1037 C MF1935 C MF1935 China Shandong 4 C Y174024 C Y174024 China Hebei 4 Jilin 4 C Y173881 China Shandong 4 C MF1048 C Y9412 C Y9412 China Liaoning 4 C Y172835 China Hebei 4 C MF1055 China Shandong 4 Guizhou 4 Guangdong 4 C F2883 China C2c1a2a2 Y35926 F3909 China Shandong Sichuan Jiangxi Henan Hebei Chongqing Jilin Liaoning 4 Japan 87 C F22689 China Shandong 4 C F3555 C F3555 China Shandong 4 C F11377 C F11377 China Shandong 4 C F10356 C F10356 China Anhui 4 Jiangxi 4 C MF1892 China Hunan 4 Sichuan 4 C F13864 C F13864 China Henan 4 Shandong 4 C F8841 C F8841 China Hebei 4 Liaoning 4 C F13136 China Jilin 4 Liaoning 4 Shandong 4 Henan 4 Sichuan 4 Chongqing 4 Fujian 4 C2c1a2b CTS3385 F13857 PH1064 South Korea 87 Syria 87 Russia 87 Germany 87 Vietnam Kinh from Gia Lam Hoai Đức and Đan Phượng 31 Mae Hong Son Province of Thailand Lisu 93 C FGC45553 China Fujian Sichuan 4 Guangdong Zhejiang Henan Shanghai Hunan 18 C PH1906 F15516 China Mongol from Inner Mongolia 4 Hinggan League Liaoning Tianjin Hebei Jiangsu 18 C2c1a2b2 FGC45548 China Shandong Shanxi Jiangsu Shaanxi Anhui Hubei Zhejiang etc 18 C Z45207 China Shandong Hebei 4 Jiangsu Beijing Sichuan Henan Liaoning Shanxi Guangdong Anhui Shaanxi etc 18 C MF2000 China Beijing 4 Zunyi 18 Jincheng 18 Shangrao 18 C MF4453 China Hebei Hubei Shanxi Zhejiang Beijing Shaanxi 4 18 C MF610668 China Hebei Henan Guangxi Zhuang Guangdong Taiwan 4 18 C PH2194 FGC45566 China Shanghai Shandong Hebei Beijing etc 4 18 South Korea 4 C Z31672 China Shandong Hunan Henan Beijing Shanxi Hebei Liaoning etc 18 C Z31669 China Guangdong Sichuan Hunan Guangxi Hainan Jilin Shaanxi 18 Taiwan 18 C F21131 MF142553 China Jiangsu Shandong Henan 4 Anhui Shaanxi Shanxi Hubei etc 18 Germany 4 C FGC45589 FGC45614 China Shangqiu 18 C FTA20473 MF38210 China Shanxi Beijing Hebei Zhejiang 4 Shaanxi Hunan 4 etc 18 Syria 4 C Y37829 China Guangdong Hebei Shandong Beijing 4 etc 18 C Y83760 Russia Chechen Republic 4 C FGC45610 South Korea South Jeolla 4 North Korea 18 Cambodia Phnom Penh 4 China Shandong 4 18 C2c1a2b MF1061 China Zhejiang Shandong 4 Jiangsu Hebei Henan Beijing Shanxi Guangdong Shaanxi Anhui Sichuan etc 18 C S3190 MF37040 China Jiangsu 4 Beijing Nanyang Sichuan 4 Longnan Jinzhou Tongliao 18 C Y125448 MF2001 China Henan Shanxi 4 Hebei Shandong Zhejiang Beijing etc 18 C FGC66275 China Shanghai Jiangsu Hubei etc 18 C Y146673 China Henan Shandong 4 Hebei 4 Beijing Dandong Daqing 18 C2c1b F845 Found in Han Chinese Bai Tujia Hani Yi Lahu 93 Pathen Quang Binh 31 Hmong 93 Điện Bien Phủ 31 Iu Mien 93 Blang Nyah Kur Mon Gelao Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh City 4 Ha Đong 31 Tai Buryat Manchu Korean and Japanese populations C2c1b MF2091 C MF2091 China Chongqing Han Handan 18 Taiyuan 18 C MF2105 MF2106 Vietnam 57 Pa Then 58 China 57 Oroqen 4 Guangdong 4 Philippines 87 C MF2106 Henan Han Beijing Han C MF2110 Henan Han Beijing Han C2c1b K548 C2c1b K548 Shandong 4 C2c1b Y17534 C2c1b Y17534 Shandong Zhejiang C2c1b F10015 Shanxi Jiangxi 4 Ho Chi Minh City Kinh C2c1b1 K511 Xishuangbanna Dai C2c1b1a K516 Thailand Nyah Kur 92 Blang 92 Khon Mueang 92 Mon 92 Thai 92 Lahu 93 C2c1b Y170903 Jiangsu C2c1b Y81530 South Korea Seoul C2c1b2 F5477 SK1036 C2c1b2 F5477 SK1036 Shandong Han Zhejiang Han Japan Tokyo C2b1b1b4 M93 China Hebei Heilongjiang Shandong etc 18 Japan 21 94 C2c1b2 MF5067 Guizhou Han Fujian Han C2c1b2 F11898 F10273 C2c1b2 F11898 Guangxi C F29519 C F29519 Sichuan Yi C F29454 Guizhou Tujia Guangdong Han Beijing Han C2c1b2b SK1038 MF1015 C2c1b2b SK1038 Hunan 4 Heilongjiang Manchu C2c1b2b MF10312 Sichuan Tujia C2c1b2b F29490 C F29490 Jiangsu Han C F29446 Hunan Tujia C2c1b2b F9683 C F9683 Fujian Han C F9819 Hulunbuir Buryat Sichuan Han Hunan Tujia C2c1b2b1 MF1017 C2c1b2b1a MF1020 C MF1020 Hunan 4 C MF1022 C MF1022 Sichuan Han C Y35928 MF1023 Beijing Han Hubei Han Hunan Tujia C2c1b2b1b Y81534 C Y81534 Anhui Han 4 C Y83141 South Korea Seoul 4 C2c1b3 CTS4187 C2c1b4 FGC57604 F29493 F29494 C2c1b4 FGC57604 Yunnan Bai Sichuan Yi 4 Guangdong Han Korea Chungcheongnamdo 4 C2c1b4 F29476 Jilin Han Jiangsu Han Fujian Han C2c1b4 FGC39587 FGC39579 C2c1b4 FGC39587 Tianjin Han C2c1b4a FGC39603 C2c1b4a FGC39603 Shandong 4 Jiangsu 4 C2c1b4a FGC39588 Sichuan C2c1b4b Y63501 Henan Hubei C F19076 Guangdong Han Hunan Han Shandong Han C Z38903 Sichuan Han C2c1b5 CTS2123 S4350 C2c1b6 Z45272 C2c1b7 MF2040 F18007 C F18007 Zhejiang Han C F29469 Shanxi Han C F20118 C F20118 Heilongjiang Han C F29504 Anhui Han C2c1b8 Z45349 C2c1b9 Z45354 C2c2 CTS4660 China 57 esp Hainan Guangdong and Guangxi 18 Thailand 57 C2c2 CTS4660 Inner Mongolia Han C2c2a F29558 C2c2a1 F9436 C2c2a1a F15270 Guangdong Han Yunnan Dai 4 C2c2a1b F29553 Hunan Han Jiangxi Han C2c2a2 F10025 Anhui Han Fujian Han 4 Others Edit P53 1 has been used in multiple studies but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree including multiple parts of haplogroup C Listed 16 April 2016 C2 P53 1 Found in about 10 of Xinjiang Sibe and with low frequency in Inner Mongolian Mongol and Evenk Ningxia Hui Xizang Tibetan Xinjiang Uyghur and Gansu Han 23 Phylogenetics EditPhylogenetic history Edit Main article Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Prior to 2002 there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y Chromosome Phylogenetic tree This led to considerable confusion In 2002 the major research groups came together and formed the Y Chromosome Consortium YCC They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use Later a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures YCC 2002 2008 Shorthand a b g d e z h YCC 2002 Longhand YCC 2005 Longhand YCC 2008 Longhand YCC 2010r Longhand ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012C M216 10 V 1F 16 Eu6 H1 C C C C C C C C C C C CC M8 10 V 1F 19 Eu6 H1 C C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1C M38 10 V 1F 16 Eu6 H1 C C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2C P33 10 V 1F 18 Eu6 H1 C C2a C2a C2a1 C2a1 C2a C2a C2a1 C2a1 C2a1 removed removedC P44 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3C M93 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a C3a1C M208 10 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3b C2b C2a C2a C2b C2b C2a C2a C2a C2a C2aC M210 36 V 1F 17 Eu6 H1 C C3c C2c C4a C4a C4b C4b C4a C4a C4a C4a C4aPhylogenetic trees Edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it December 2012 See also EditGenetics Edit African admixture in Europe Genetic genealogy Haplogroup Haplotype Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup Molecular phylogenetics Paragroup Subclade Y chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world Y DNA haplogroups by ethnic group Y DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania Y DNA C subclades Edit Mega Haplogroup CF Mega Haplogroup CT C M130 C M208 C M210 C M216 C M217 C M38 C M8 C M93 C P33 C P44 Y DNA backbone tree EditReferences Edit a b ISOGG 2015 Y DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades 2015 15 September 2015 a b c d e f g h i Monika Karmin Lauri Saag Mario Vicente et al 2015 A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture Genome Research 25 1 8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISSN 1088 9051 15 http www genome org cgi doi 10 1101 gr 186684 114 a b Poznik GD Xue Y Mendez FL et al June 2016 Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1 244 worldwide Y chromosome sequences Nature Genetics 48 6 593 599 doi 10 1038 ng 3559 PMC 4884158 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Lomthaisong K Kangwanpong D Ghirotto S et al 2017 Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people PLOS ONE 12 7 e0181935 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1281935B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0181935 PMC 5524406 PMID 28742125 Nasidze I Quinque D Dupanloup I Cordaux R Kokshunova L Stoneking M December 2005 Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks Am J Phys Anthropol 128 4 846 54 doi 10 1002 ajpa 20159 PMID 16028228 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au FamilyTreeDNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy www familytreedna com a b Lan Hai Wei Yun Zhi Huang Shi Yan et al Phylogeny of Y chromosome haplogroup C3b F1756 an important paternal lineage in Altaic speaking populations Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 1 June 2017 doi 10 1038 jhg 2017 60 Khar kov VN Stepanov VA Medvedev OF et al 2008 The origin of Yakuts analysis of Y chromosome haplotypes Mol Biol Mosk in Russian 42 2 226 37 PMID 18610830 a b Peter de Barros Damgaard Nina Marchi Simon Rasmussen et al 2018 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes Nature volume 557 pages 369 374 2018 https doi org 10 1038 s41586 018 0094 2 Lan Hai Wei Shi Yan Ge Yu et al 2016 Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro the imperial house of the Qing dynasty Journal of Human Genetics 2016 1 5 doi 10 1038 jhg 2016 142 a b c d e f g h i Wibhu Kutanan Jatupol Kampuansai Metawee Srikummool Andrea Brunelli Silvia Ghirotto Leonardo Arias Enrico Macholdt Alexander Hubner Roland Schroder and Mark Stoneking Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations Mol Biol Evol Advance Access publication 12 April 2019 doi 10 1093 molbev msz083 a b c d e f g h Wibhu Kutanan Rasmi Shoocongdej Metawee Srikummool et al 2020 Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong Mien and Sino Tibetan groups from Thailand European Journal of Human Genetics https doi org 10 1038 s41431 020 0693 x Underhill PA Shen P Lin AA et al November 2000 Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations Nat Genet 26 3 358 61 doi 10 1038 81685 PMID 11062480 S2CID 12893406 External links EditC3 M217 FTDNA Spread of Haplogroup C M217 from The Genographic Project National Geographic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup C M217 amp oldid 1136401448, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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