fbpx
Wikipedia

Ho Chi Minh City

January 12, 2023

"HCMC" and "Saigon" redirect here. For other uses, see HCMC (disambiguation) and Saigon (disambiguation).

Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; Northern [tʰajŋ̟˨˩ fo˧˦ ho˨˩ t͡ɕi˧˦ mïŋ˧˧] (listen), Southern [tʰan˨˩ fow˦˥ how˨˩ cɪj˦˥ mɨn˧˧] (listen)), formerly (and still commonly) known as Saigon or Gia Dinh city (Vietnamese: Sài Gòn; Northern [sàj ɣɔ̀n] (listen), Southern [ʂàj ɣɔ̀ŋ] (listen)), is the largest city in Vietnam, with a population of around 9 million in 2019.[4] Situated in the Southeast region of Vietnam, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 km2 (796 sq mi).

Ho Chi Minh City
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
Saigon/Sài Gòn
Municipality
From top, left to right: Skyline of District 1; Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon; Saigon Opera House; Ho Chi Minh City Hall; Saigon Central Post Office; and Independence Palace
Seal
Nicknames: 
Paris of the Orient (historical)[1]
Motto(s): 
Paulatim crescam (historical)[2]
Meaning: Little by little we grow
Interactive map outlining Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City
Location within Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City
Location within Southeast Asia
Ho Chi Minh City
Location within Asia
Coordinates: 10°46′32″N 106°42′07″E / 10.77556°N 106.70194°E / 10.77556; 106.70194Coordinates: 10°46′32″N 106°42′07″E / 10.77556°N 106.70194°E / 10.77556; 106.70194
CountryVietnam
RegionSoutheast
Founded1698
Founded byNguyễn Hữu Cảnh
Districts16 urban districts, 5 rural districts and 1 sub-city
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyHo Chi Minh City People's Council [vi]
 • Secretary of CPVNguyễn Văn Nên
 • Chairman of People's CouncilNguyễn Thị Lệ
 • Chairman of People's CommitteePhan Văn Mãi
Area
[3]
 • Municipality2,061.2 km2 (795.83 sq mi)
 • Metro
30,595 km2 (11,813 sq mi)
Elevation
19 m (63 ft)
Population
 (2019)[4][5]
 • Municipality8,993,082 (1st)
 • Density4,292/km2 (11,120/sq mi)
 • Metro
21,281,639 (1st)
 • Metro density697.2/km2 (1,806/sq mi)
DemonymSaigonese
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code
700000–740000
Area codes28
ISO 3166 codeVN-SG
License plate41, 50–59
GRP (Nominal)2019
– TotalUS$61.7 billion[4]
– Per capitaUS$6,862
GRP (PPP)2019
– TotalUS$190.3 billion[6]
– Per capitaUS$21,163
HDI (2020)0.795 (2nd)[7]
International airportsTan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN)
Rapid transit systemHo Chi Minh City Metro
Websitehochiminhcity.gov.vn

Saigon was the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902, and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954. Following the partition of French Indochina, it became the capital of South Vietnam until the Fall of Saigon in 1975. The communist government renamed Saigon in honour of Hồ Chí Minh shortly after the Fall of Saigon. Beginning in the 1990s, the city underwent rapid modernisation and expansion, contributing to Vietnam's post-war economic recovery.[8]

It is known for its well-preserved French colonial architecture and vibrant street life.[9] Its varied cultural institutions, which include historic landmarks, walking streets, museums and galleries, attracts over 8 million international visitors each year.[10][11]

Ho Chi Minh City is a major centre for finance, media, technology, education, and transportation. The city generates nearly a quarter of the country's total GDP, and is home to many multinational companies.[12] It has a Human Development Index of 0.795 (high), ranking second among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.[13] Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the main airport serving the city, is the busiest airport in the country by passenger traffic, accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam.[14]

Etymology

Main article: Names of Ho Chi Minh City

Originally, There was a Cham settlement had settled in the area and was called Baigaur.[nb 1] The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor, a small fishing village.[15][16] Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamed Gia Định (嘉定), a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s, when it adopted the name Sài Gòn, westernized as Saïgon,[16] although the city was still indicated as 嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Hán until at least 1891.[17]

The current name, Ho Chi Minh City, was given after reunification in 1976 to honour Ho Chi Minh.[nb 2] Even today, however, the informal name of Sài Gòn remains in daily speech. However, there is a technical difference between the two terms: Sài Gòn is commonly used to refer to the city center in District 1 and the adjacent areas, while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts.[16]

Saigon

An etymology of Saigon (or Sài Gòn in Vietnamese) is that Sài is a Sino-Vietnamese word (chữ Hán: 柴;) meaning "firewood, lops, twigs; palisade", while Gòn is a word (chữ Hán: 棍; Sino-Vietnamese: Côn) meaning "stick, pole, bole", and whose meaning evolved into "cotton" in Vietnamese (bông gòn, literally "cotton stick", i.e., "cotton plant", then shortened to gòn). This name may refer to the many kapok plants that the Khmer people had planted around Prey Nokor, and which can still be seen at Cây Mai temple and surrounding areas.[19] It may also refer to the dense and tall forest that once existed around the city, a forest to which the Khmer name, Prey Nokor, already referred.[20]

Other proposed etymologies draw parallels from tai4ngon6 (Chinese: 堤岸), the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn, which means "embankment" (French: quais),[nb 3] and Vietnamese Sai Côn, a translation of the Khmer Prey Nokor (Khmer: ព្រៃនគរ). Prey means forest or jungle, and nokor is a Khmer word of Sanskrit origin meaning city or kingdom, and related to the English word 'Nation' – thus, "forest city" or "forest kingdom".[nb 4]

Ho Chi Minh City

The current official name, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, was first proclaimed in 1946, and later adopted in 1976. It is abbreviated as TP.HCM, and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City, abbreviated as HCMC, and in French as Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville (the circumflex is sometimes omitted), abbreviated as HCMV. The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh, the first leader of North Vietnam. This name, though not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, 胡) with a given name meaning "enlightened will" (from Sino-Vietnamese, 志明; Chí meaning 'will' or 'spirit', and Minh meaning 'light'), in essence, meaning "light bringer".[23] Nowadays, "Sài Gòn" is commonly used to refer to the city's central business districts, "Prey Nokor City" is well known in Khmer, whereas "Hồ Chí Minh City" is used to refer to the whole city.[24]

History

Early settlement

The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.[25] A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa.[25] Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor around 1145,[25] Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.[26]

The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords. Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn - daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên - and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon, Đồng Nai. Before that, the Funanese, Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.

The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In 1623, Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gònn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé). Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi crossroads). It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.

Nguyễn Dynasty rule

In 1679, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge. In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.[27][28] In 1788, Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.[29] Two years later, a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định, or Thành Bát Quái ("Eight Diagrams") was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel, one of the Nguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries.[30]

The citadel was captured by Lê Văn Khôi during his revolt of 1833–35 against Emperor Minh Mạng. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called Phụng Thành, was built in 1836.[31] In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa.[31] Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.[25]

French colonial era

Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon,[32] the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonisation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including a botanical garden, the Norodom Palace, Hotel Continental, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and Bến Thành Market, among many others.[33][34] In April 1865, Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.[35] During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as "Pearl of the Orient" (Hòn ngọc Viễn Đông),[36] or "Paris of the Extreme Orient".[37]

On 27 April 1931, a new région called Saigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955.[38] From about 256,000 in 1930,[39] Saigon's population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.[39]


Republic of Vietnam era

 
The Independence Palace in 1967. It was the official residence and workplace of the President of South Vietnam

In 1949, former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam with himself as head of state.[8] In 1954, the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the communist Việt Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, gaining complete control of the northern half of the country, while the southern half gaining independence from France.[40] The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1955 referendum,[40] with Saigon as its capital.[41] On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name, Đô Thành Sài Gòn ("Capital City Saigon").[42] After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.[42] In December 1966, two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to became District 9.[43] In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city's area consisted of eleven districts, Gia Định, Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), and Phú Hòa District (Bình Dương).[43]

Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.[44] In the late 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country's economy grew rapidly under capitalism;[42] by 1960, over half of South Vietnam's factories were located in Saigon.[45] However, beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries.[42] As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by the USAID as being turned "into a huge slum".[46] The city also suffered from "prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money", and according to Stanley Karnow, it was "a black-market city in the largest sense of the word".[41]

On 28 April 1955, the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Bình Xuyên military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless.[41][47] Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including the Hòa Hảo Buddhist reform movement.[41] On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức burned himself in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 1 November of the same year, Diệm was assassinated in Saigon, in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh.[41]

During the 1968 Tet Offensive, communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city. On 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured, ending the Vietnam War with a victory for North Vietnam,[48] and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People's Army.[41]


  • Gallery of Saigon during the Republic of Vietnam era
  •  

    The headquarters of StanVac (now part of Exxon) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era

  •  

    The Saigon Opera House as seen from Tự Do (Liberty) Street in 1967

  •  

    Street view of Saigon in 1968

  •  

    The US Embassy in Saigon after an attack during the Tet Offensive in 1968

Post–Vietnam War and today

In 1976, upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.[nb 5] At the time, the city covered an area of 1,295.5 square kilometres (500.2 sq mi) with eight districts and five rurals: Thủ Đức, Hóc Môn, Củ Chi, Bình Chánh, and Nhà Bè.[43] Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times,[43] most recently in 2020, when District 2, District 9, and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city.[49]

Today, Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as "the manufacturing hub" of Vietnam, and "an attractive business hub".[50] In terms of cost, it was ranked the 111th-most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities.[51] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2020, the city was classified as a "Beta" city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[52]

Geography

 
Population density and elevation above sea level in Ho Chi Minh City (2010)

Ho Chi Minh City is located in the south-eastern region of Vietnam, 1,760 km (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi. The average elevation is 5 m (16 ft) above sea level for the city centre and 16 m (52 ft) for the suburb areas.[53] It borders Tây Ninh Province and Bình Dương Province to the north, Đồng Nai Province and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province to the east, Long An Province to the west, Tiền Giang Province and East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km (9 mi) long. The city covers an area of 2,095 km2 (809 sq mi or 0.63% of the surface of Vietnam), extending up to Củ Chi District (12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border) and down to Cần Giờ on the Eastern Sea. The distance from the northernmost point (Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune, Củ Chi District) to the southernmost one (Long Hòa Commune, Cần Giờ District) is 102 km (63 mi), and from the easternmost point (Long Bình ward, District Nine) to the westernmost one (Bình Chánh Commune, Bình Chánh District) is 47 km (29 mi).[citation needed] Due to its location on the Mekong Delta, the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture.[54]

Climate

The city has a tropical climate, specifically tropical savanna (Aw), with a high average humidity of 78–82%.[55] The year is divided into two distinct seasons.[55] The rainy season, with an average rainfall of about 1,800 mm (71 in) annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually lasts from May to November.[55] The dry season lasts from December to April.[55] The average temperature is 28 °C (82 °F), with little variation throughout the year.[55] The highest temperature recorded was 40.0 °C (104 °F) in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13.8 °C (57 °F) in January.[55] On average, the city experiences between 2,400 and 2,700 hours of sunshine per year.[55]

Climate data for Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.4
(97.5) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.4
(102.9) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.3
(95.5) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.3
(97.3) 		40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 31.6
(88.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		34.0
(93.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		32.3
(90.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.0
(78.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.4
(81.3)
Average low °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.7
(74.7)
Record low °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.8
(56.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.8
(0.54) 		4.1
(0.16) 		10.5
(0.41) 		50.4
(1.98) 		218.4
(8.60) 		311.7
(12.27) 		293.7
(11.56) 		269.8
(10.62) 		327.1
(12.88) 		266.7
(10.50) 		116.5
(4.59) 		48.3
(1.90) 		1,931
(76.01)
Average rainy days 2.4 1.0 1.9 5.4 17.8 19.0 22.9 22.4 23.1 20.9 12.1 6.7 155.6
Average relative humidity (%) 72 70 70 72 79 82 83 83 85 84 80 77 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 245 246 272 239 195 171 180 172 162 182 200 226 2,490
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,[56] Asian Development Bank[55]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (rainfall)[57]

Flooding

Ho Chi Minh City is considered one of the cities most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly flooding. During the rainy season, a combination of high tide, heavy rains, high flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city.[58][59] A once-in-100 year flood would cause 23% of the city to suffer flooding.[60]

Administration

 
Ho Chi Minh City Hall is the administrative building of the city's government
 
Administrative divisions of HCMC's urban districts and municipal city
1–12. Districts 1 to 12 excludes District 2 and District 9 (Part of city of Thu Duc)
2. City of Thủ Đức
13. Bình Thạnh
14. Bình Tân
15. Gò Vấp
16. Phú Nhuận
17. Tân Bình
18. Tân Phú

Ho Chi Minh City is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam's provinces, which is subdivided into 22 district-level sub-divisions (as of 2020):

  • 1 sub-city (211 km2 or 81 sq mi in area), which is designated municipal city (thành phố thuộc thành phố trực thuộc trung ương):

They are further subdivided into 5 commune-level towns (or townlets), 58 communes, and 249 wards (as of 2020, see List of HCMC administrative units below).[61]

On 1 January 2021, it was announced that District 2, District 9 and Thủ Đức District would be consolidated and was approved by Standing Committee of the National Assembly.[62][49]

City government

The Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee is a 13-member executive branch of the city. The current chairman is Nguyễn Thành Phong. There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments.

The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Council and consists of 105 members. The current Chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Lệ.

The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Court. The current Chief Judge is Lê Thanh Phong.

The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City. The current secretary is Nguyễn Văn Nên. The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party, while chairman of the People's Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People's Council is ranked fourth.[citation needed]

Demographics

Historical population
Year Area km2 Population Person/km2 Urban Rural
Census[66]
1999 - 5,034,058 - 4,207,825 826,233
2004 - 6,117,251 - 5,140,412 976,839
2009 2,097.1 7,162,864 3,416 5,880,615 1,282,249
2019 2,061.2 8,993,082 4,363 7,127,364 1,865,718
Estimate
2010 2,095.6 7,346,600 3,506 6,114,300 1,232,300
2011 2,095.6 7,498,400 3,578 6,238,000 1,260,400
2012 2,095.6 7,660,300 3,655 6,309,100 1,351,100
2013 2,095.6 7,820,000 3,732 6,479,200 1,340,800
2014 2,095.5 7,981,900 3,809 6,554,700 1,427,200
2015 2,095.5 8,127,900 3,879 6,632,800 1,495,100
2016 2,061.4 8,287,000 4,020 6,733,100 1,553,900
2017 2,061.2 8,444,600 4,097 6,825,300 1,619,300
Sources:[67][68][69][70]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19511,230,719—    
19561,322,077+7.4%
19611,448,551+9.6%
19661,718,163+18.6%
19712,037,957+18.6%
19762,417,386+18.6%
19812,736,454+13.2%
19862,840,750+3.8%
19913,152,771+11.0%
19963,796,450+20.4%
20014,542,659+19.7%
20065,394,520+18.8%
20116,405,520+18.7%
20167,604,915+18.7%
20218,837,544+16.2%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

The population of Ho Chi Minh City, as of the 1 October 2004 census, was 6,117,251 (of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants).[61] In mid-2007, the city's population was 6,650,942 – with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants. The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city's population was 7,162,864 people,[71] about 8.34% of the total population of Vietnam, making it the highest population-concentrated city in the country. As of the end of 2012, the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people, an increase of 3.1% from 2011.[72] As an administrative unit, its population is also the largest at the provincial level. According to the 2019 census, Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8.9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area.[4]

The city's population is expected to grow to 13.9 million by 2025.[73] The population of the city is expanding faster than earlier predictions. In August 2017, the city's mayor, Nguyễn Thành Phong, admitted that previous estimates of 8–10 million were drastic underestimations.[74] The actual population (including those who have not officially registered) was estimated 13 million in 2017.[75] The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning, will have an area of 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020.[76] Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as "Saigonese" in English and "dân Sài Gòn" in Vietnamese.

Ethnic groups

The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) at about 93.52%. Ho Chi Minh City's largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese (Hoa) with 5.78%. Cholon – in District 5 and parts of Districts 6, 10, and 11 – is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam. The Hoa (Chinese) speak a number of varieties of Chinese, including Cantonese, Teochew (Chaozhou), Hokkien, Hainanese, and Hakka; smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese. Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0.34%, and Cham with 0.1%.

Various other nationalities including Koreans, Japanese, Americans, South Africans, Filipinos and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City, particularly in Thủ Đức and District 7 as expatriate workers.[77]

Religion

As of 1 April 2019, the city recognises 13 religions and there are 1,738,411 residents identify as religious people. Catholicism and Buddhism are the two predominant religions in Saigon. The largest is Catholicism as it is estimated to have 845,720 adherents, representing about 10% of residents,[78] followed by Buddhism with 770,220 followers. There are 56,762 residents are member of Caodaism, 45,678 are Protestants, 9,220 are Muslims, 7,220 are (Hoa Hao Buddhists) and 2,267 are Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhists. Other minor religions include Hinduism, Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa, Minh Sư Đạo, Bahá'í, Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương and Minh Lý Đạo, representing less than 0.01% of city's population.

Economy

Ho Chi Minh City is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam. Although the city takes up just 0.6% of the country's land area, it contains 8.34% of the population of Vietnam, 20.2% of its GDP, 27.9% of industrial output and 34.9% of the FDI projects in the country in 2005.[79] In 2005, the city had 4,344,000 labourers, of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm (in Vietnam, 60 for male and 55 for female workers).[80] In 2009, GDP per capita reached $2,800, compared to the country's average level of $1,042.[81]

Year General description
2006 As of June 2006, the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks. Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam, with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007.[82] In 2007, the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion.[83]
2007 In 2007, the city's GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion, or about $2,180 per capita, up 12.6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20% of the country's GDP. The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) reached $71.5 billion, or about $10,870 per capita (approximately three times higher than the country's average). The city's Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion, equivalent to 30% of the value of the entire nation. Export – Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion, or 40% of the national total, of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion (40% of Vietnam's total export revenues). In 2007, Ho Chi Minh City's contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent, accounting for about 20.5 percent of total revenues. The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that of Hanoi.[84]
2008 In 2008, it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI.[85] In 2010, the city's GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion, or about $2,800 per capita, up 11.8 percent from 2009.[86]
2012 By the end of 2012, the city's GDP was estimated around $28,595 billion[dubious – discuss], or about $3,700 per capita, up 9.2 percent from 2011.[87] Total trade (export and import) reached $47.7 billion, with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion.[72]
2013 In 2013, GDP of the city grew 7.6% by Q1, 8.1% by Q2, and 10.3% by the end of Q3. By the end of 2013, the city's GDP grew 9.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $4,500.[88]
2014 By the end of 2014, the city's GDP grew 9.5%, with GDP per capita reaching $5,100.[89]
2020 The city's economic performance transcended 6%, at 7.84% from 2016-2019 and 2016-2020; the town grew at 6,59%.  Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at $6.328;[90] however, it yielded the preferred growth at $9.800 per capita due to the repercussion result of Covid-19.[91]

Sectors

 
Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam, and is among the busiest container ports in the world
 
Hi-tech Park, located in District 9, is one of Vietnam's two national hi-tech parks

The economy of Ho Chi Minh City consists of industries ranging from mining, seafood processing, agriculture, and construction, to tourism, finance, industry and trade. The state-owned sector makes up 33.3% of the economy, the private sector 4.6%, and the remainder in foreign investment. Concerning its economic structure, the service sector accounts for 51.1%, industry and construction account for 47.7% and forestry, agriculture and others make up just 1.2%.[92]

The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.[93][94]

Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12. The park is approximately 15 km (9 mi) from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot.com companies. The park also includes a software training school. Dot.com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high-speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation. Together with the Hi-Tech Park in Thủ Đức, and the 32 ha. software park inside Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city, Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi-tech city in the country and the South-East Asia region.

This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries, as India has done. Some 300,000 businesses, including many large enterprises, are involved in high-tech, electronic, processing and light industries, and also in construction, building materials and agricultural products. Additionally, crude oil is a popular economic base in the city. Investors are still pouring money into the city. Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng (US$7.5 million)[95] with 18,500 newly founded companies. Investment trends to high technology, services and real estate projects.[citation needed]

As of June 2006, the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks, in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi-tech park. Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city. More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city. The Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Vietnam, was opened in 2001. There are 171 medium and large-scale markets as well as several supermarket chains, shopping malls, and fashion and beauty centers.[citation needed]

Urbanisation

 
Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation. Landmark 81, as seen in background, is the tallest building in Vietnam

With a population now of 8,382,287 (as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010)[96] (registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million), Ho Chi Minh City needs increased public infrastructure.[61] To this end, the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres. The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiêm city centre in District 2 and the Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, a new city centre in District 7 (as part of the Saigon South project) where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australian Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located. In December 2007, Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre completed the 17.8 km (11.1 mi) 10–14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas, Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area. In November 2008, a brand new trade centre, Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre, also opened its doors. Other projects include Grandview, Waterfront, Sky Garden, Riverside and Phú Gia 99. Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction.[citation needed]

Shopping

 
Saigon Centre, located in District 1, houses one of the city's largest shopping malls

Some of the larger shopping malls and plazas opened recently include:

  • Maximark – Multiple locations (District 10, Tân Bình District)
  • Satramart – 460 3/2 Street, Ward 12, District 10
  • Auchan (2016) – Multiple locations (District 10, Gò Vấp District)
  • Lotte Mart – Multiple locations (District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • AEON Mall – Multiple locations (Bình Tân District, Tân Phú District)
  • SC VivoCity (2015) – 1058 Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard, Tân Phong Ward, District 7
  • Zen Plaza (1995) – 54–56 Nguyễn Trãi St, District 1
  • Saigon Centre (1997) – 65 Lê Lợi Blvd, District 1
  • Diamond Plaza (1999) – 34 Lê Duẩn Blvd, District 1
  • Big C (2002) – Multiple locations (District 10, Bình Tân District, Gò Vấp District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District)
  • METRO Cash & Carry/Mega Market – Multiple locations (District 2, District 6, District 12)
  • Crescent Mall – Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, District 7
  • Parkson (2005–2009) – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 5, District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • Saigon Paragon (2009) – 3 Nguyễn Lương Bằng St, Tân Phú Ward, District 7
  • NowZone (2009) – 235 Nguyễn Văn Cừ Ave, District 1
  • Kumho Asiana Plaza (2010) – 39 Lê Duẩn Blvd, Bến Nghé Ward, District 1
  • Vincom Centre (2010) – 70–72 Lê Thánh Tôn St, District 1
  • Union Square – 171 Lê Thánh Tôn st, District 1
  • Vincom Mega Mall (2016) – 161 Hà Nội Highway, Thảo Điền Ward, District 2 (City of Thủ Đức)
  • Bitexco Financial Tower (2010) Alley 2 Hàm Nghi Blvd, District 1
  • Co.opmart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 3, District 5, District 6, District 7, District 8, District 10, District 11, District 12, Bình Chánh District, Bình Tân District, Bình Thạnh District, Củ Chi District, Gò Vấp District, Hóc Môn District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District, Thủ Đức District)
  • Landmark 81 (2018) – 208 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh St, Bình Thạnh District
  • WinMart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 7, District 9, District 10, Bình Chánh District, Bình Thạnh District, Gò Vấp District, Tân Bình District, Thủ Đức District)

In 2007, three million foreign tourists, about 70% of the total number of tourists to Vietnam, visited the city. Total cargo transport to Ho Chi Minh City's ports reached 50.5 million tonnes,[97] nearly one-third of the total for Vietnam.

Tourism

Main article: Declared monuments of Ho Chi Minh City
See also: List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City
 
Bùi Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels, coffee shops and bars catering to tourists

Tourist attractions in Ho Chi Minh City are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War. The city's centre has some wide American-style boulevards and a few French colonial buildings. The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other. The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace (Dinh Thống Nhất), City Hall (Ủy ban nhân dân Thành phố), Municipal Theatre (Nhà hát thành phố, also known as the Opera House), City Post Office (Bưu điện thành phố), State Bank Office (Ngân hàng Nhà nước), City People's Court (Tòa án nhân dân thành phố), and Notre-Dame Cathedral (Nhà thờ Đức Bà Sài Gòn), which was constructed between 1863 and 1880. Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic, dating from the French colonial era, and the Rex and Caravelle hotels, both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & '70s.[98]

The city has various museums including the Ho Chi Minh City Museum, Museum of Vietnamese History, the Revolutionary Museum, the Museum of south-eastern Armed Forces, the War Remnants Museum, the Museum of Southern Women, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Nhà Rồng Memorial House, and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels. The Củ Chi tunnels are north-west of the city in Củ Chi District. The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, in District 1, dates from 1865. The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park, Suối Tiên Amusement and Culture Park, and Cần Giờ's Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists. Aside from the Municipal Theatre, there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thành Theatre, Hòa Bình Theatre, and the Lan Anh Music Stage. Ho Chi Minh City is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres, with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60–70% of Vietnam's total revenue in this industry.[citation needed] Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam's provinces and municipalities, residents of Ho Chi Minh City keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government. The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam.[citation needed]

Like many of Vietnam's smaller cities, the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such as phở or rice vermicelli. Backpacking travellers most often frequent the "Backpackers’ Quarter" on Phạm Ngũ Lão Street and Bùi Viện Street, District 1.[99]

It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007, of which 70 percent, approximately 3 million tourists, visited Ho Chi Minh City.[100] According to the most recent international tourist statistic, Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017.[101]

According to Mastercard's 2019 report, Ho Chi Minh City is also the country's second most visited city (18th in Asia Pacific), with 4.1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 (after Hanoi with 4.8 million visitors).[102]

Transport

Air

 
Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam

The city is served by Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled (with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010, accounting for more than half of Vietnam's air passenger traffic[103][104]). Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025. Based in Long Thành District, Đồng Nai Province, about 40 km (25 mi) east of Ho Chi Minh City, Long Thành Airport will serve international flights, with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights.[105]

Rail

Ho Chi Minh City is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3, with stops at cities and provinces along the line.[106] Within the city, the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn. In addition, there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An, Thủ Đức, Bình Triệu, Gò Vấp. However, rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0.6% of passenger traffic and 6% of goods shipments.[107]

Water transport

The city's location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port; besides a constant stream of cargo ships, passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, including Vũng Tàu, Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta, and Phnom Penh. Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam's southern provinces has steadily increased over the years; the Đôi and Tẻ Canals, the main routes to the Mekong Delta, receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year, representing around 13 million tons of cargo. A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport, to be implemented in 2011–14.[108] In 2017, the Saigon Waterbus launched, connecting District 1 to Thu Duc City.[109]

Public transport

Metro

The Ho Chi Minh City Metro, a rapid transit network, is being built in stages. The first line is under construction, and expected to be fully operational by 2024.[110] This first line will connect Bến Thành to Suối Tiên Park in District 9, with a depot in Long Bình. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily.[111] A line between Bến Thành and Tham Lương in District 12 has been approved by the government,[112] and several more lines are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies.[111]

Bus

Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus. Ho Chi Minh City has a number of coach houses, which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam. The largest coach station – in terms of passengers handled – is the Miền Đông Coach Station in the Bình Thạnh District.

Private transport

The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes, cars, buses, taxis, and bicycles. Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city. Taxis are plentiful and usually have metres, although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip, for example, from the airport to the city centre. For short trips, "xe ôm" (literally, "hug vehicle") motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city, usually congregating at a major intersection. You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride-hailing apps like Grab and GoJek. A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos, which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace. For the last few years, cars have become more popular.[113] There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city, which is almost double compared with Hanoi.[107] The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution. The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport.[114]

Expressway

Main articles: Ho Chi Minh City–Trung Luong Expressway and Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dầu Giây Expressway

Ho Chi Minh City has two expressways making up the North-South Expressway system, connecting the city with other provinces. The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City - Trung Lương Expressway, opened in 2010, connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta.[115] The second one is Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thành - Dầu Giây Expressway, opened in 2015, connecting the city with Đồng Nai, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu and the Southeast of Vietnam.[116] The Ho Chi Minh City - Long Khánh Expressway is under planning and will be constructed in the near future.

Healthcare

 
Franco-Vietnamese Hospital in District 7, Ho Chi Minh City

The health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of international facilities,[117] as well as privately owned clinics.[61] The 1,400-bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital, upgraded by Japanese aid and the French-sponsored Institute of Cardiology and City International Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South-East Asia region.

Education

High schools

Notable high schools in Ho Chi Minh City include Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted, Phổ Thông Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted, Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School, Gia Định High School [vi], Lê Quý Đôn High School [vi], Marie Curie High School, Võ Thị Sáu High School, and others. Though the former schools are all public, private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City. High school consists of grade 10–12 (sophomore, junior, and senior).[118]

List of Public High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City (non-exhaustive)

List of Private High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City (non-exhaustive)

Universities

See also: List of universities in Ho Chi Minh City
 
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam

Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry; the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400,000 students.[61] Notable universities include Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, with 50,000 students distributed among six schools; The University of Technology (Đại học Bách khoa, formerly Phú Thọ National Center of Technology); The University of Sciences (formerly Saigon College of Sciences); The University of Social Sciences and Humanities (formerly Saigon College of Letters); The International University; The University of Economics and Law; and the newly established University of Information Technology.

Some other important higher education establishments include HCMC University of Pedagogy, University of Economics, University of Architecture, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Nong Lam University (formerly University of Agriculture and Forestry), University of Law, University of Technical Education, University of Banking, University of Industry, Open University,[119] University of Sports and Physical Education, University of Fine Arts, University of Culture, the Conservatory of Music, the Saigon Institute of Technology, Văn Lang University, Saigon University, and Hoa Sen University.

In addition to the above public universities, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities. One of the most notable is RMIT International University Vietnam, a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students. Tuition at RMIT is about US$40,000 for an entire course of study.[120] Other private universities include The Saigon International University (or SIU) is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education.[121] Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students[122] Depending on the type of program, tuition at SIU costs US$5,000–6,000 per year.[123]

Culture

Museums and art galleries

Due to its history, artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles. Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Trần Phú street, and Bùi Viện street.[124]

Food and drink

Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants, coffee shops, and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices.[125] It's currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food.[126]

Media

See also: Media of Vietnam and Telecommunications in Vietnam
 
HTV, the second largest television network in Vietnam, has its headquarters in District 1

The city's media is the most developed in the country. At present, there are seven daily newspapers: Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Liberated Saigon), and its Vietnamese, investment and finance, sports, evening, and weekly editions; Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam; Thanh Niên (Young People), the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam; Người Lao Động (Labourer); Thể Thao (Sports); Pháp Luật (Law); The Saigon Times Daily, an English-language newspaper; as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines. The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses, many bookstores, and a widespread network of public and school libraries; the city's General Library houses over 1.5 million books. Locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) is the second largest television network in the nation, just behind the national Vietnam Television (VTV), broadcasting 24/7 on 7 different channels (using analog and digital technology). Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks (SCTV and HTVC), with over one million subscribers. The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam.[citation needed]

Internet coverage, especially through ADSL connections, is rapidly expanding, with over 2,200,000 subscribers and around 5.5 million frequent users. Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company (VDC), Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology (FPT), Netnam Company, Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation (Saigon Postel Corporation, SPT) and Viettel Company. The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones (the latter growing annually by 20%). Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies, including Viettel Mobile, MobiFone, VinaPhone, and Vietnam Mobile.

Sport

As of 2005, Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields, 86 swimming pools, 256 gyms.[127] The largest stadium in the city is the 25,000-seat Thống Nhất Stadium, located on Đào Duy Từ Street, in Ward 6 of District 10. The next largest is Army Stadium, located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tân Bình district. Army Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals. As well as being a sporting venue, it is also the site of a music school. Phú Thọ Racecourse, another notable sporting venue established during colonial times, is the only racetrack in Vietnam. The city's Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs, including Phan Đình Phùng, Thanh Đa, and Yết Kiêu.

Ho Chi Minh City is home to a number of association football clubs. One of the city's largest clubs, Ho Chi Minh City F.C., is based at Thống Nhất Stadium. As Cảng Sài Gòn, they were four-time champions of Vietnam's V.League 1 (in 1986, 1993–94, 1997, and 2001–02). Navibank Saigon F.C., founded as Quân Khu 4, also based at Thống Nhất Stadium, emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season, and were promoted to the V-League in 2009. The city's police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s, Công An Thành Phố, which won the V-League championship in 1995. Celebrated striker Lê Huỳnh Đức, now manager of SHB Đà Nẵng F.C., played for the Police F.C. from 1995 to 2000, setting a league record of 25 goals in the 1996 season. Since 2016, Sài Gòn F.C. has competed in V.League 1.

In 2011, Ho Chi Minh City was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League.[128] SSA Saigon Heat is the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam.[129]

Ho Chi Minh City hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year, such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run. Several other sports are represented by teams in the city, such as Irish (Gaelic) Football, rugby, cricket,[130] volleyball, basketball, chess, athletics, and table tennis.[131]

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City is twinned with:[132]

Cooperation and friendship

In addition to its twin towns, Ho Chi Minh City is in cooperation with:[132]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Saigon began as the Cham village of Baigaur, then became the Khmer Prey Nôkôr before being taken over by the Vietnamese and renamed Gia Dinh Thanh and then Saigon." Vo, Nghia M., ed. (2009). The Viet Kieu in America: Personal Accounts of Postwar Immigrants from Vietnam. McFarland & Co. p. 218. ISBN 9780786454907.
  2. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows: "By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon-Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon-Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honor of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly's meeting;
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City."[18]
  3. ^ "Un siècle plus tard (1773), la révolte des TÁYON (sic) [qu’éclata] tout, d'abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui-Nhon, et s'étendit rapidement dans le sud, chassa de Bien-Hoa le mouvement commercial qu'y avaient attiré les Chinois. Ceux-ci abandonnèrent Cou-lao-pho, remontèrent de fleuve de Tan-Binh, et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN. Cette création date d'environ 1778. Ils appelèrent leur nouvelle résidence TAI-NGON ou TIN-GAN. Le nom transformé par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis appliqué à tort, par l'expédition française, au SAIGON actuel dont la dénomination locale est BEN-NGHE ou BEN-THANH."[21]
  4. ^ "The Khmer name for Saigon, by the way, is Prey Nokor; prey means forest, nokor home or city."[22]
  5. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows: "By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon – Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon–Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly's meeting;
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City."[18]

References

  1. ^ "Lodi News-Sentinel – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  2. ^ Cherry, Haydon (2019). Down and Out in Saigon: Stories of the Poor in a Colonial City. Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-300-21825-1.
  3. ^ "Area, population and population density by province". GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE of VIETNAM. from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d "Báo cáo sơ bộ Tổng điều tra Dân số và nhà ở 2019" [General statistics for Population and households investigation 2019] (PDF) (in Vietnamese). General Statistics Office of Vietnam. from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  5. ^ "Phần III – biểu tổng hợp" [Part III – Tabulated tables] (PDF). Kết quả Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở thời điểm 0 giờ ngày 01 tháng 4 năm 2019 [Results of the Census of Population and Housing at 0 o'clock April 1, 2019] (PDF) (in Vietnamese). Statistical publishing house, Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, General Statistics Office of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Nhà xuất bản thống kê, Ban chỉ đạo Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở Trung ương, Tổng cục Thống kê). December 2019. ISBN 978-604-75-1448-9. (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  6. ^ . Statistical Office in Ho Chi Minh City (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  7. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2021). Vietnam's Human Development Index (2016–2020) (Report). p. 29. from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  8. ^ a b Taylor, K. W. (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
  9. ^ "Charming French architecture in Saigon". Vietnam News Agency. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  10. ^ "Tourism festival opens in Ho Chi Minh City". Vietnam National Administration of Tourism. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  11. ^ "Downtown Saigon street poised to become pedestrian zone boosting nighttime economy". VnExpress. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  12. ^ Onishi, Tomoya. "Vietnam to boost Ho Chi Minh budget for first time in 18 years". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 30 August 2022. (Subscription required.)
  13. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2021). Vietnam's Human Development Index (2016–2020) (Report). p. 29. from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  14. ^ "Military land approved for new Tan Son Nhat airport terminal". VnExpress. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  15. ^ Vo, Nghia M. (2011). Saigon: A History. McFarland. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-7864-6466-1.
  16. ^ a b c Salkin, Robert M.; Ring, Trudy (1996). Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. (eds.). Asia and Oceania. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 5. Taylor & Francis. pp. 353–354. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
  17. ^ . World Digital Library. UNESCO. 1890. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  18. ^ a b . People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  19. ^ Ky, Pétrus (1885). "Souvenirs historiques sur Saigon et ses environs" (PDF). Excursions et Reconnaissance (in French). Vol. X. Saigon: Imprimerie Coloniale. (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  20. ^ Vo 2011, p. 9
  21. ^ Francis Garnier, quoted in: Hồng Sến Vương, Q. Thắng Nguyễn (2002). . Nhà xuất bản Văn học. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  22. ^ Norodom Sihanouk (1980). War and hope: the case for Cambodia. Pantheon Books. p. 54. ISBN 0-394-51115-8.
  23. ^ "Historic Figures: Hồ Chí Minh (1890–1969)". BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  24. ^ Sinha, Sayoni (4 July 2019). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  25. ^ a b c d Corfield, Justin (2014). Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City. Anthem Press. p. xvii. ISBN 978-1-78308-333-6. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  26. ^ Vo 2011, pp. 8, 12
  27. ^ "Chúa Nguyễn cử thống suất Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh vào Nam kinh lược". HCM CityWeb (in Vietnamese). from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  28. ^ Harms, Erik (2011). Saigon's Edge: On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8166-5605-9.
  29. ^ Vo 2011, p. 36
  30. ^ McLeod, Mark W. (1991). The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874. New York: Praeger. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-275-93562-7.
  31. ^ a b Vo 2011, p. 56
  32. ^ Corfield 2014, p. xix
  33. ^ Vo 2011, pp. 75, 85–86
  34. ^ Corfield 2014, pp. xix−xx
  35. ^ Vo 2011, p. 82
  36. ^ Bogle, James E. (January 1972). Dialectics of Urban Proposals for the Saigon Metropolitan Area (PDF). Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Vietnam; United States Agency for International Development. p. 11. (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  37. ^ Vo 2011, pp. 1, 77
  38. ^ Corfield 2014, p. xxi
  39. ^ a b Banens, Maks; Bassino, Jean-Pascal; Egretaud, Eric (1998). Estimating population and labour force in Vietnam under French rule (1900−1954). Montpellier: Paul Valéry University. from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  40. ^ a b Vo 2011, p. 130
  41. ^ a b c d e f Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). "Saigon". The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. III (2nd ed.). California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1010–1011. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.
  42. ^ a b c d . HCM CityWeb (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  43. ^ a b c d (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City Cooperative Alliance. Archived from the original on 7 September 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  44. ^ Bogle 1972, p. 14
  45. ^ Bogle 1972, p. 13
  46. ^ Bogle 1972, p. 31
  47. ^ Vo 2011, pp. 129–130
  48. ^ Woollacott, Martin (21 April 2015). "Forty years on from the fall of Saigon: witnessing the end of the Vietnam war". the Guardian. from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  49. ^ a b Đoàn Loan; Viết Tuân (9 December 2020). "Thành lập thành phố Thủ Đức". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  50. ^ Truong, Truong Hoang; Thao, Truong Thanh; Tung, Son Thanh (2017). Housing and Transportation in Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh City (PDF). Hanoi: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. p. 2. (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  51. ^ "Mercer Cost of Living Survey – Worldwide Rankings 2020". Mercer. 9 June 2020. from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  52. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC – Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  53. ^ "Cổng thông tin điện tử Bộ Kế hoạch và Đầu tư". www.mpi.gov.vn. from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021. Độ cao trung bình so với mặt nước biển: nội thành là 5 m, ngoại thành là 16 m.
  54. ^ Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014). "Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 12 (5): 267–272. doi:10.1890/130260. (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  56. ^ (PDF) (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  57. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Ho Chi Minh City". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  58. ^ . www.royalhaskoningdhv.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  59. ^ "Saigon braces for more record tides this year – VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  60. ^ "Can coastal cities turn the tide on climate change flooding risk?". www.mckinsey.com. from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  61. ^ a b c d e . Pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  62. ^ VnExpress. "HCMC set to carve out class-1 city by merging three districts – VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  63. ^ http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=5fdc62bc-0523-453a-b596-57ad36af9831&groupId=18
  64. ^ http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/web/guest/niengiamthongke-nam2011
  65. ^ http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=7311d5ad-c5a4-4383-8fb4-36c209afa120&groupId=18
  66. ^ 01.04.1999
    01.10.2004
    01.04.2009
    01.04.2019
  67. ^ TỔNG CỤC THỐNG KÊ 3 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine __gso.gov.vn
  68. ^ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2009 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine __gso.gov.vn
  69. ^ GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE of VIET NAM 27 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine __gso.gov.vn
  70. ^ "Report on Results of the 2019 Census". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  71. ^ "General Statistics Office of Vietnam". Gso.gov.vn. from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  72. ^ a b "Tong Cuc Thong Ke". Gso.gov.vn. from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  73. ^ Wendell Cox (22 March 2012). . New Geography. New Geography. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  74. ^ "Guess how many people are jamming into Saigon? Hint: It's as bad as Tokyo - VnExpress International". from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  75. ^ Thảo Nguyên (17 August 2017). . Trí thức trẻ. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  76. ^ "Quy hoạch xây dựng vùng Tp.HCM". VnEconomy. 25 April 2008. from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  77. ^ . Pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn. 4 January 2001. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  78. ^ David M. Cheney. "Thành-Phô Hô Chí Minh (Hôchiminh Ville) (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". catholic-hierarchy.org. from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  79. ^ Statistics in 2005 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine on the city's official website.
  80. ^ Ho Chi Minh City Economics Institute 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ^ Hana R. Alberts (21 December 2009). "Forbes profile of Vietnam". Forbes. from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  82. ^ Hàn Ni, "TPHCM dẫn đầu thu hút vốn FDI vì biết cách bứt phá" 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Sài Gòn giải phóng, 2007.
  83. ^ "TPHCM sau 1 năm gia nhập WTO – Vượt lên chính mình..." 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Trung tâm thông tin thương mại.
  84. ^ Minh Anh, "Sài Gòn trong mắt bạn trẻ" 3 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 May 2009.
  86. ^ . Bsc.com.vn. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  87. ^ VnExpress. . VnExpress. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  88. ^ . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  89. ^ "GDP bình quân đầu người của TP Hồ Chí Minh đạt 5.131 USD – Hànộimới". Hanoimoi.com.vn. from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  90. ^ etime.danviet.vn. "GRDP bình quân đầu người TP. HCM năm 2020 ước đạt 6.328 USD". danviet.vn (in Vietnamese). from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  91. ^ Mai, Ban (14 March 2021). "Vì sao Tp.HCM lỡ mục tiêu thu nhập đầu người 9.800 USD/năm?". Nhịp sống kinh tế Việt Nam & Thế giới (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 10 February 2022.[permanent dead link]
  92. ^ Chỉ tiêu tổng hợp giai đoạn 2001–06 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Ho Chi Minh City government website. (Dead Link)
  93. ^ "Chinese state port operator's India and Vietnam acquisitions stall". Nikkei Asia. from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  94. ^ . Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  95. ^ Exchange rate from XE.com
  96. ^ "Tong Cuc Thong Ke". Gso.gov.vn. from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  97. ^ (in Vietnamese). mofahcm. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010. Số lượng khách quốc tế đến TPHCM đã đạt tới 3 triệu lượt người, tăng 14,6% so với năm 2006, chiếm 70% tổng lượng du khách đến VN... Lượng hàng hóa vận chuyển qua cảng đạt 50,5 triệu tấn...
  98. ^ In 2014, tourism revenue has hit VND 78.7 trillion (US$3.7 billion), up to 4 percent compared to the same period in 2013.
  99. ^ "Ho Chi Minh City backpackers' town – Tuoi Tre News". from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  100. ^ [1] 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ^ TITC. "HCM City welcomes six millionth int'l visitor in 2017". Tổng cục Du lịch Việt Nam.[permanent dead link]
  102. ^ "Mastercard lists Hanoi, HCMC among top 20 Asia-Pacific travel destinations". VNExpress. from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  103. ^ "Expansion of Saigon – Tan Son Nhat International Airport on", Sài Gòn Giải Phóng Newspaper, 13 October 2007 [2] 24 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  104. ^ Two more Hanoi<>Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on Vietnamnet.net, accessdate 11 November 2007, (in Vietnamese) [3] 22 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  106. ^ "Train from Ho Chi Minh City – Ticket fare and Schedule | Vietnam Railways". vietnam-railway.com. from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  107. ^ a b . .mt.gov.vn. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  108. ^ . Vietnam News Service. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  109. ^ VnExpress. "Saigon River bus not convenient enough to lure commuters - VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  110. ^ Insider, Vietnam (18 February 2020). "First metro line in Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh fully linked, expected to launch next year". Vietnam Insider. from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  111. ^ a b . Railway-technology.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  112. ^ Dinh Muoi. . Thanh Nien. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  113. ^ VnExpress. "November auto sales achieve year record – VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  114. ^ Hans-Heinrich Bass, Thanh Trung Nguyen (April 2013). "Imminent gridlocks". dandc.eu. from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  115. ^ . Tedi.vn. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  116. ^ . VnExpress. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  117. ^ "International Hospitals and Clinics in Saigon – A Short Guide for Expats". Urban Sesame. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  118. ^ . Archived from the original on 28 April 2018.
  119. ^ . Ou.edu.vn. Archived from the original on 13 August 2004. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  120. ^ . Rmit.edu.vn. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  121. ^ . siu.edu.vn. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  122. ^ . siu.edu.vn. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  123. ^ . siu.edu.vn. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  124. ^ Kalmusky, Katie (20 May 2020). "The 6 Best Art Galleries in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam". Culture Trip. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  125. ^ Guide, City Pass. "City Pass Guide". Why Is Food So Cheap in Vietnam?. from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  126. ^ VnExpress. "Saigon among top five global cities for street food: survey – VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  127. ^ Exercise and sports 30 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine. PSO Ho Chi Minh City.
  128. ^ . Aseanbasketballleague.com. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  129. ^ . ABL News. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011.
  130. ^ "Saigon Sports Clubs and Activities – with Men's and Women's Teams". Urbansesame.com. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  131. ^ "Sports Clubs & Associations – Ho Chi Minh City Business Directory – Angloinfo". Angloinfo Ho Chi Minh City. from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  132. ^ a b "Danh sách địa phương nước ngoài kết nghĩa với TpHCM" (in Vietnamese). Sở ngoại vụ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  133. ^ "Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt". Stadt Leipzig. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  134. ^ "Partnerské mestá mesta Košice" (in Slovak). Košice. from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.

External links

  • (in Vietnamese and English) (archived 18 February 2010)
  •   Geographic data related to Ho Chi Minh City at OpenStreetMap

January 12, 2023
minh, city, hcmc, saigon, redirect, here, other, uses, hcmc, disambiguation, saigon, disambiguation, vietnamese, thành, phố, hồ, chí, minh, northern, tʰajŋ, mïŋ, listen, southern, tʰan, cɪj, mɨn, listen, formerly, still, commonly, known, saigon, dinh, city, vi. HCMC and Saigon redirect here For other uses see HCMC disambiguation and Saigon disambiguation Ho Chi Minh City Vietnamese Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh Northern tʰajŋ fo ho t ɕi miŋ listen Southern tʰan fow how cɪj mɨn listen formerly and still commonly known as Saigon or Gia Dinh city Vietnamese Sai Gon Northern saj ɣɔ n listen Southern ʂaj ɣɔ ŋ listen is the largest city in Vietnam with a population of around 9 million in 2019 4 Situated in the Southeast region of Vietnam the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2 061 km2 796 sq mi Ho Chi Minh City Thanh phố Hồ Chi MinhSaigon Sai GonMunicipalityFrom top left to right Skyline of District 1 Notre Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon Saigon Opera House Ho Chi Minh City Hall Saigon Central Post Office and Independence PalaceSealNicknames Paris of the Orient historical 1 Motto s Paulatim crescam historical 2 Meaning Little by little we growInteractive map outlining Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh CityLocation within VietnamShow map of VietnamHo Chi Minh CityLocation within Southeast AsiaShow map of Southeast AsiaHo Chi Minh CityLocation within AsiaShow map of AsiaCoordinates 10 46 32 N 106 42 07 E 10 77556 N 106 70194 E 10 77556 106 70194 Coordinates 10 46 32 N 106 42 07 E 10 77556 N 106 70194 E 10 77556 106 70194CountryVietnamRegionSoutheastFounded1698Founded byNguyễn Hữu CảnhDistricts16 urban districts 5 rural districts and 1 sub cityGovernment TypeMunicipality BodyHo Chi Minh City People s Council vi Secretary of CPVNguyễn Văn Nen Chairman of People s CouncilNguyễn Thị Lệ Chairman of People s CommitteePhan Văn MaiArea 3 Municipality2 061 2 km2 795 83 sq mi Metro30 595 km2 11 813 sq mi Elevation19 m 63 ft Population 2019 4 5 Municipality8 993 082 1st Density4 292 km2 11 120 sq mi Metro21 281 639 1st Metro density697 2 km2 1 806 sq mi DemonymSaigoneseTime zoneUTC 07 00 ICT Postal code700000 740000Area codes28ISO 3166 codeVN SGLicense plate41 50 59GRP Nominal 2019 TotalUS 61 7 billion 4 Per capitaUS 6 862GRP PPP 2019 TotalUS 190 3 billion 6 Per capitaUS 21 163HDI 2020 0 795 2nd 7 International airportsTan Son Nhat International Airport SGN Rapid transit systemHo Chi Minh City MetroWebsitehochiminhcity wbr gov wbr vnSaigon was the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954 Following the partition of French Indochina it became the capital of South Vietnam until the Fall of Saigon in 1975 The communist government renamed Saigon in honour of Hồ Chi Minh shortly after the Fall of Saigon Beginning in the 1990s the city underwent rapid modernisation and expansion contributing to Vietnam s post war economic recovery 8 It is known for its well preserved French colonial architecture and vibrant street life 9 Its varied cultural institutions which include historic landmarks walking streets museums and galleries attracts over 8 million international visitors each year 10 11 Ho Chi Minh City is a major centre for finance media technology education and transportation The city generates nearly a quarter of the country s total GDP and is home to many multinational companies 12 It has a Human Development Index of 0 795 high ranking second among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam 13 Tan Sơn Nhất International Airport the main airport serving the city is the busiest airport in the country by passenger traffic accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam 14 Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Saigon 1 2 Ho Chi Minh City 2 History 2 1 Early settlement 2 2 Nguyễn Dynasty rule 2 3 French colonial era 2 4 Republic of Vietnam era 2 5 Post Vietnam War and today 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Flooding 4 Administration 4 1 City government 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnic groups 5 2 Religion 6 Economy 6 1 Sectors 6 2 Urbanisation 6 3 Shopping 7 Tourism 8 Transport 8 1 Air 8 2 Rail 8 3 Water transport 8 4 Public transport 8 4 1 Metro 8 4 2 Bus 8 5 Private transport 8 6 Expressway 9 Healthcare 10 Education 10 1 High schools 10 1 1 List of Public High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City non exhaustive 10 1 2 List of Private High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City non exhaustive 10 2 Universities 11 Culture 11 1 Museums and art galleries 11 2 Food and drink 12 Media 13 Sport 14 International relations 14 1 Twin towns sister cities 14 2 Cooperation and friendship 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External linksEtymology EditMain article Names of Ho Chi Minh City Originally There was a Cham settlement had settled in the area and was called Baigaur nb 1 The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor a small fishing village 15 16 Over time under the control of the Vietnamese it was officially renamed Gia Định 嘉定 a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s when it adopted the name Sai Gon westernized as Saigon 16 although the city was still indicated as 嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Han until at least 1891 17 The current name Ho Chi Minh City was given after reunification in 1976 to honour Ho Chi Minh nb 2 Even today however the informal name of Sai Gon remains in daily speech However there is a technical difference between the two terms Sai Gon is commonly used to refer to the city center in District 1 and the adjacent areas while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts 16 Saigon Edit An etymology of Saigon or Sai Gon in Vietnamese is that Sai is a Sino Vietnamese word chữ Han 柴 meaning firewood lops twigs palisade while Gon is a word chữ Han 棍 Sino Vietnamese Con meaning stick pole bole and whose meaning evolved into cotton in Vietnamese bong gon literally cotton stick i e cotton plant then shortened to gon This name may refer to the many kapok plants that the Khmer people had planted around Prey Nokor and which can still be seen at Cay Mai temple and surrounding areas 19 It may also refer to the dense and tall forest that once existed around the city a forest to which the Khmer name Prey Nokor already referred 20 Other proposed etymologies draw parallels from tai4ngon6 Chinese 堤岸 the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn which means embankment French quais nb 3 and Vietnamese Sai Con a translation of the Khmer Prey Nokor Khmer ព រ នគរ Prey means forest or jungle and nokor is a Khmer word of Sanskrit origin meaning city or kingdom and related to the English word Nation thus forest city or forest kingdom nb 4 Ho Chi Minh City Edit The current official name Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh was first proclaimed in 1946 and later adopted in 1976 It is abbreviated as TP HCM and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City abbreviated as HCMC and in French as Ho Chi Minh Ville the circumflex is sometimes omitted abbreviated as HCMV The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh the first leader of North Vietnam This name though not his given name was one he favored throughout his later years It combines a common Vietnamese surname Hồ 胡 with a given name meaning enlightened will from Sino Vietnamese 志明 Chi meaning will or spirit and Minh meaning light in essence meaning light bringer 23 Nowadays Sai Gon is commonly used to refer to the city s central business districts Prey Nokor City is well known in Khmer whereas Hồ Chi Minh City is used to refer to the whole city 24 History EditEarly settlement Edit The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple founded in the 4th century AD 25 A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa 25 Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor around 1145 25 Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest 26 The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phuc Ngọc Vạn daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phuc Nguyen and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620 the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon Đồng Nai Before that the Funanese Khmer and Cham had lived there scattered from time immemorial The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon In 1623 Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son in law King Chey Chettha II to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor Sai Gonn and Kas Krobei Bến Nghe Although this was a deserted jungle area it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam Cambodia and Siam The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tan Mỹ near the present day Cống Quỳnh Nguyễn Trai crossroads It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies Nguyễn Dynasty rule Edit In 1679 Lord Nguyễn Phuc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho Bien Hoa and Saigon to seek refuge In 1698 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh a Vietnamese noble was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area thus detaching the area from Cambodia which was not strong enough to intervene He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement 27 28 In 1788 Nguyễn Anh captured the city and used it as a centre of resistance against Tay Sơn 29 Two years later a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định or Thanh Bat Quai Eight Diagrams was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel one of the Nguyễn Anh s French mercenaries 30 The citadel was captured by Le Văn Khoi during his revolt of 1833 35 against Emperor Minh Mạng Following the revolt Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled and a new citadel called Phụng Thanh was built in 1836 31 In 1859 the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hoa 31 Initially called Gia Định the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century 25 French colonial era Edit Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon 32 the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonisation During the late 19th and early 20th centuries construction of various French style buildings began including a botanical garden the Norodom Palace Hotel Continental Notre Dame Cathedral and Bến Thanh Market among many others 33 34 In April 1865 Gia Định Bao was established in Saigon becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam 35 During the French colonial era Saigon became known as Pearl of the Orient Hon ngọc Viễn Đong 36 or Paris of the Extreme Orient 37 On 27 April 1931 a new region called Saigon Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955 38 From about 256 000 in 1930 39 Saigon s population rose to 1 2 million in 1950 39 Gallery of Saigon during the French colonial era The Siege of Saigon in 1859 by Franco Spanish forces French soldiers stationed at a barrack in Saigon in 1930 Imperial Japanese soldiers entering Saigon in 1941 during World War II Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945Republic of Vietnam era Edit The Independence Palace in 1967 It was the official residence and workplace of the President of South Vietnam In 1949 former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam with himself as head of state 8 In 1954 the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel Bến Hải River with the communist Việt Minh under Ho Chi Minh gaining complete control of the northern half of the country while the southern half gaining independence from France 40 The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngo Đinh Diệm in the 1955 referendum 40 with Saigon as its capital 41 On 22 October 1956 the city was given the official name Đo Thanh Sai Gon Capital City Saigon 42 After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards 42 In December 1966 two wards from old An Khanh Commune of Gia Định were formed into District 1 then seceded shortly later to became District 9 43 In July 1969 District 10 and District 11 were founded and by 1975 the city s area consisted of eleven districts Gia Định Củ Chi District Hậu Nghĩa and Phu Hoa District Binh Dương 43 Saigon served as the financial industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam 44 In the late 1950s with the U S providing nearly 2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime the country s economy grew rapidly under capitalism 42 by 1960 over half of South Vietnam s factories were located in Saigon 45 However beginning in the 1960s Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation as it was completely dependent on U S aid and imports from other countries 42 As a result of widespread urbanisation with the population reaching 3 3 million by 1970 the city was described by the USAID as being turned into a huge slum 46 The city also suffered from prostitutes drug addicts corrupt officials beggars orphans and Americans with money and according to Stanley Karnow it was a black market city in the largest sense of the word 41 On 28 April 1955 the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Binh Xuyen military force in the city The battle lasted until May killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20 000 homeless 41 47 Ngo Đinh Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon including the Hoa Hảo Buddhist reform movement 41 On 11 June 1963 Buddhist monk Thich Quảng Đức burned himself in the city in protest of the Diệm regime On 1 November of the same year Diệm was assassinated in Saigon in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh 41 During the 1968 Tet Offensive communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city On 30 April 1975 Saigon was captured ending the Vietnam War with a victory for North Vietnam 48 and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People s Army 41 Gallery of Saigon during the Republic of Vietnam era The headquarters of StanVac now part of Exxon is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era The Saigon Opera House as seen from Tự Do Liberty Street in 1967 Street view of Saigon in 1968 The US Embassy in Saigon after an attack during the Tet Offensive in 1968Post Vietnam War and today Edit In 1976 upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam the city of Saigon including the Cholon area the province of Gia Dịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh nb 5 At the time the city covered an area of 1 295 5 square kilometres 500 2 sq mi with eight districts and five rurals Thủ Đức Hoc Mon Củ Chi Binh Chanh and Nha Be 43 Since 1978 administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times 43 most recently in 2020 when District 2 District 9 and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city 49 Today Ho Chi Minh City along with its surrounding provinces is described as the manufacturing hub of Vietnam and an attractive business hub 50 In terms of cost it was ranked the 111th most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities 51 In terms of international connectedness as of 2020 the city was classified as a Beta city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 52 Geography Edit Population density and elevation above sea level in Ho Chi Minh City 2010 Ho Chi Minh City is located in the south eastern region of Vietnam 1 760 km 1 090 mi south of Hanoi The average elevation is 5 m 16 ft above sea level for the city centre and 16 m 52 ft for the suburb areas 53 It borders Tay Ninh Province and Binh Dương Province to the north Đồng Nai Province and Ba Rịa Vũng Tau province to the east Long An Province to the west Tiền Giang Province and East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km 9 mi long The city covers an area of 2 095 km2 809 sq mi or 0 63 of the surface of Vietnam extending up to Củ Chi District 12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border and down to Cần Giờ on the Eastern Sea The distance from the northernmost point Phu Mỹ Hưng Commune Củ Chi District to the southernmost one Long Hoa Commune Cần Giờ District is 102 km 63 mi and from the easternmost point Long Binh ward District Nine to the westernmost one Binh Chanh Commune Binh Chanh District is 47 km 29 mi citation needed Due to its location on the Mekong Delta the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture 54 Climate Edit The city has a tropical climate specifically tropical savanna Aw with a high average humidity of 78 82 55 The year is divided into two distinct seasons 55 The rainy season with an average rainfall of about 1 800 mm 71 in annually about 150 rainy days per year usually lasts from May to November 55 The dry season lasts from December to April 55 The average temperature is 28 C 82 F with little variation throughout the year 55 The highest temperature recorded was 40 0 C 104 F in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13 8 C 57 F in January 55 On average the city experiences between 2 400 and 2 700 hours of sunshine per year 55 Climate data for Tan Son Nhat International Airport Ho Chi Minh CityMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 36 4 97 5 38 7 101 7 39 4 102 9 40 0 104 0 39 0 102 2 37 5 99 5 35 2 95 4 35 0 95 0 35 3 95 5 35 0 95 0 35 0 95 0 36 3 97 3 40 0 104 0 Average high C F 31 6 88 9 32 9 91 2 33 9 93 0 34 6 94 3 34 0 93 2 32 4 90 3 32 0 89 6 31 8 89 2 31 3 88 3 31 2 88 2 31 0 87 8 30 8 87 4 32 3 90 1 Daily mean C F 26 0 78 8 26 8 80 2 28 0 82 4 29 2 84 6 28 8 83 8 27 8 82 0 27 5 81 5 27 4 81 3 27 2 81 0 27 0 80 6 26 7 80 1 26 0 78 8 27 4 81 3 Average low C F 21 1 70 0 22 5 72 5 24 4 75 9 25 8 78 4 25 2 77 4 24 6 76 3 24 3 75 7 24 3 75 7 24 4 75 9 23 9 75 0 22 8 73 0 21 4 70 5 23 7 74 7 Record low C F 13 8 56 8 16 0 60 8 17 4 63 3 20 0 68 0 20 0 68 0 19 0 66 2 16 2 61 2 20 0 68 0 16 3 61 3 16 5 61 7 15 9 60 6 13 9 57 0 13 8 56 8 Average rainfall mm inches 13 8 0 54 4 1 0 16 10 5 0 41 50 4 1 98 218 4 8 60 311 7 12 27 293 7 11 56 269 8 10 62 327 1 12 88 266 7 10 50 116 5 4 59 48 3 1 90 1 931 76 01 Average rainy days 2 4 1 0 1 9 5 4 17 8 19 0 22 9 22 4 23 1 20 9 12 1 6 7 155 6Average relative humidity 72 70 70 72 79 82 83 83 85 84 80 77 78Mean monthly sunshine hours 245 246 272 239 195 171 180 172 162 182 200 226 2 490Source 1 Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology 56 Asian Development Bank 55 Source 2 World Meteorological Organization rainfall 57 Flooding Edit Ho Chi Minh City is considered one of the cities most vulnerable to the effects of climate change particularly flooding During the rainy season a combination of high tide heavy rains high flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city 58 59 A once in 100 year flood would cause 23 of the city to suffer flooding 60 Administration Edit Ho Chi Minh City Hall is the administrative building of the city s government Administrative divisions of HCMC s urban districts and municipal city1 12 Districts 1 to 12 excludes District 2 and District 9 Part of city of Thu Duc 2 City of Thủ Đức13 Binh Thạnh14 Binh Tan15 Go Vấp16 Phu Nhuận17 Tan Binh18 Tan Phu Ho Chi Minh City is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam s provinces which is subdivided into 22 district level sub divisions as of 2020 5 rural districts 1 601 km2 or 618 sq mi in area which are designated as rural huyện Củ Chi Hoc Mon Binh Chanh Nha Be Cần Giờ 16 urban districts 283 km2 or 109 sq mi in area which are designated urban or suburban quận District 1 District 3 District 4 District 5 District 6 District 7 District 8 District 10 District 11 District 12 Go Vấp Tan Binh Tan Phu Binh Thạnh Phu Nhuận Binh Tan 1 sub city 211 km2 or 81 sq mi in area which is designated municipal city thanh phố thuộc thanh phố trực thuộc trung ương Thủ Đức They are further subdivided into 5 commune level towns or townlets 58 communes and 249 wards as of 2020 update see List of HCMC administrative units below 61 On 1 January 2021 it was announced that District 2 District 9 and Thủ Đức District would be consolidated and was approved by Standing Committee of the National Assembly 62 49 City government Edit The Ho Chi Minh City People s Committee is a 13 member executive branch of the city The current chairman is Nguyễn Thanh Phong There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People s Council and consists of 105 members The current Chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Lệ The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People s Court The current Chief Judge is Le Thanh Phong The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City The current secretary is Nguyễn Văn Nen The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party while chairman of the People s Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People s Council is ranked fourth citation needed List of HCMC administrative unitsvteName of districtDec 2003 Sub division unitsDec 2003 Area km2 Dec 2008 Population as of census1 October 2004 Population as of census1 April 2009 Population2010 63 Population2011 64 Population2015 65 Population km22011Municipal cityThủ Đức 34 wards 213 5 664 655 845 924 860 006 880 109 966 201 4 122Urban districtsDistrict 1 10 wards 7 73 198 032 180 225 187 435 185 715 193 632 24 025District 3 14 wards 4 92 201 122 190 553 188 945 188 898 196 333 38 393District 4 15 wards 4 18 180 548 180 980 183 261 183 043 186 727 43 790District 5 15 wards 4 27 170 367 171 452 174 154 175 217 178 615 41 034District 6 14 wards 7 19 241 379 249 329 253 474 251 902 258 945 35 035District 7 10 wards 35 69 159 490 244 276 274 828 265 997 310 178 7 453District 8 16 wards 19 18 360 722 408 772 418 961 421 547 431 969 21 978District 10 15 wards 5 72 235 231 230 345 232 450 234 188 238 558 40 942District 11 16 wards 5 14 224 785 226 854 232 536 234 293 230 596 45 582District 12 11 wards 52 78 290 129 405 360 427 083 451 737 510 326 8 589Go Vấp District 16 wards 19 74 452 083 522 690 548 145 561 068 634 146 28 423Tan Binh District 15 wards 22 38 397 569 421 724 430 436 430 350 459 029 19 229Tan Phu District 11 wards 16 06 366 399 398 102 407 924 419 227 464 493 26 103Binh Thạnh District 20 wards 20 76 423 896 457 362 470 054 479 733 487 985 23 109Phu Nhuận District 15 wards 4 88 175 293 174 535 175 175 175 631 182 477 35 990Binh Tan District 10 wards 51 89 398 712 572 132 595 335 611 170 686 474 11 778Total urban districts and municipal city 249 wards 496 04 5 140 412 5 880 615 6 060 202 6 149 817 6 508 647 12 398DistrictsCủ Chi District 20 communes 1 township 434 5 288 279 343 155 355 822 362 454 403 038 834Hoc Mon District 11 communes 1 township 109 18 245 381 349 065 358 640 363 171 422 471 3326Binh Chanh District 15 communes 1 township 252 69 304 168 420 109 447 291 465 248 591 451 1841Nha Be District 6 communes 1 township 100 41 72 740 101 074 103 793 109 949 139 225 1095Cần Giờ District 6 communes 1 township 704 22 66 272 68 846 70 697 70 499 74 960 100Total suburban districts 58 communes 5 townships 1 601 976 839 1 282 249 1 336 244 1 371 321 1 631 145 857Whole city 249 wards 58 communes 5 townships 2 097 06 6 117 251 7 162 864 7 396 446 7 521 138 8 072 129 3 587Demographics EditHistorical populationYear Area km2 Population Person km2 Urban RuralCensus 66 1999 5 034 058 4 207 825 826 2332004 6 117 251 5 140 412 976 8392009 2 097 1 7 162 864 3 416 5 880 615 1 282 2492019 2 061 2 8 993 082 4 363 7 127 364 1 865 718Estimate2010 2 095 6 7 346 600 3 506 6 114 300 1 232 3002011 2 095 6 7 498 400 3 578 6 238 000 1 260 4002012 2 095 6 7 660 300 3 655 6 309 100 1 351 1002013 2 095 6 7 820 000 3 732 6 479 200 1 340 8002014 2 095 5 7 981 900 3 809 6 554 700 1 427 2002015 2 095 5 8 127 900 3 879 6 632 800 1 495 1002016 2 061 4 8 287 000 4 020 6 733 100 1 553 9002017 2 061 2 8 444 600 4 097 6 825 300 1 619 300Sources 67 68 69 70 Historical populationYearPop 19511 230 719 19561 322 077 7 4 19611 448 551 9 6 19661 718 163 18 6 19712 037 957 18 6 19762 417 386 18 6 19812 736 454 13 2 19862 840 750 3 8 19913 152 771 11 0 19963 796 450 20 4 20014 542 659 19 7 20065 394 520 18 8 20116 405 520 18 7 20167 604 915 18 7 20218 837 544 16 2 Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions The population of Ho Chi Minh City as of the 1 October 2004 census was 6 117 251 of which 19 inner districts had 5 140 412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976 839 inhabitants 61 In mid 2007 the city s population was 6 650 942 with the 19 inner districts home to 5 564 975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1 085 967 inhabitants The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city s population was 7 162 864 people 71 about 8 34 of the total population of Vietnam making it the highest population concentrated city in the country As of the end of 2012 the total population of the city was 7 750 900 people an increase of 3 1 from 2011 72 As an administrative unit its population is also the largest at the provincial level According to the 2019 census Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8 9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area 4 The city s population is expected to grow to 13 9 million by 2025 73 The population of the city is expanding faster than earlier predictions In August 2017 the city s mayor Nguyễn Thanh Phong admitted that previous estimates of 8 10 million were drastic underestimations 74 The actual population including those who have not officially registered was estimated 13 million in 2017 75 The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning will have an area of 30 000 km2 12 000 sq mi with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020 76 Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as Saigonese in English and dan Sai Gon in Vietnamese Ethnic groups Edit The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese Kinh at about 93 52 Ho Chi Minh City s largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese Hoa with 5 78 Cholon in District 5 and parts of Districts 6 10 and 11 is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam The Hoa Chinese speak a number of varieties of Chinese including Cantonese Teochew Chaozhou Hokkien Hainanese and Hakka smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0 34 and Cham with 0 1 Various other nationalities including Koreans Japanese Americans South Africans Filipinos and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City particularly in Thủ Đức and District 7 as expatriate workers 77 Religion Edit As of 1 April 2019 the city recognises 13 religions and there are 1 738 411 residents identify as religious people Catholicism and Buddhism are the two predominant religions in Saigon The largest is Catholicism as it is estimated to have 845 720 adherents representing about 10 of residents 78 followed by Buddhism with 770 220 followers There are 56 762 residents are member of Caodaism 45 678 are Protestants 9 220 are Muslims 7 220 are Hoa Hao Buddhists and 2 267 are Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhists Other minor religions include Hinduism Tứ An Hiếu Nghĩa Minh Sư Đạo Baha i Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương and Minh Ly Đạo representing less than 0 01 of city s population Economy EditThis section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions December 2018 Ho Chi Minh City is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam Although the city takes up just 0 6 of the country s land area it contains 8 34 of the population of Vietnam 20 2 of its GDP 27 9 of industrial output and 34 9 of the FDI projects in the country in 2005 79 In 2005 the city had 4 344 000 labourers of whom 130 000 are over the labour age norm in Vietnam 60 for male and 55 for female workers 80 In 2009 GDP per capita reached 2 800 compared to the country s average level of 1 042 81 Year General description2006 As of June 2006 the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam with 2 530 FDI projects worth 16 6 billion at the end of 2007 82 In 2007 the city received over 400 FDI projects worth 3 billion 83 2007 In 2007 the city s GDP was estimated at 14 3 billion or about 2 180 per capita up 12 6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20 of the country s GDP The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity PPP reached 71 5 billion or about 10 870 per capita approximately three times higher than the country s average The city s Industrial Product Value was 6 4 billion equivalent to 30 of the value of the entire nation Export Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for 36 billion or 40 of the national total of which export revenue reached 18 3 billion 40 of Vietnam s total export revenues In 2007 Ho Chi Minh City s contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent accounting for about 20 5 percent of total revenues The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1 5 times higher than that of Hanoi 84 2008 In 2008 it attracted 8 5 billion in FDI 85 In 2010 the city s GDP was estimated at 20 902 billion or about 2 800 per capita up 11 8 percent from 2009 86 2012 By the end of 2012 the city s GDP was estimated around 28 595 billion dubious discuss or about 3 700 per capita up 9 2 percent from 2011 87 Total trade export and import reached 47 7 billion with export at 21 57 billion and import 26 14 billion 72 2013 In 2013 GDP of the city grew 7 6 by Q1 8 1 by Q2 and 10 3 by the end of Q3 By the end of 2013 the city s GDP grew 9 3 with GDP per capita reaching 4 500 88 2014 By the end of 2014 the city s GDP grew 9 5 with GDP per capita reaching 5 100 89 2020 The city s economic performance transcended 6 at 7 84 from 2016 2019 and 2016 2020 the town grew at 6 59 Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at 6 328 90 however it yielded the preferred growth at 9 800 per capita due to the repercussion result of Covid 19 91 Sectors Edit Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam and is among the busiest container ports in the world Hi tech Park located in District 9 is one of Vietnam s two national hi tech parks The economy of Ho Chi Minh City consists of industries ranging from mining seafood processing agriculture and construction to tourism finance industry and trade The state owned sector makes up 33 3 of the economy the private sector 4 6 and the remainder in foreign investment Concerning its economic structure the service sector accounts for 51 1 industry and construction account for 47 7 and forestry agriculture and others make up just 1 2 92 The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe 93 94 Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12 The park is approximately 15 km 9 mi from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot com companies The park also includes a software training school Dot com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation Together with the Hi Tech Park in Thủ Đức and the 32 ha software park inside Tan Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi tech city in the country and the South East Asia region This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries as India has done Some 300 000 businesses including many large enterprises are involved in high tech electronic processing and light industries and also in construction building materials and agricultural products Additionally crude oil is a popular economic base in the city Investors are still pouring money into the city Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng US 7 5 million 95 with 18 500 newly founded companies Investment trends to high technology services and real estate projects citation needed As of June 2006 the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi tech park Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city The Stock Exchange the first stock exchange in Vietnam was opened in 2001 There are 171 medium and large scale markets as well as several supermarket chains shopping malls and fashion and beauty centers citation needed Urbanisation Edit Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation Landmark 81 as seen in background is the tallest building in Vietnam With a population now of 8 382 287 as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010 96 registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million Ho Chi Minh City needs increased public infrastructure 61 To this end the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiem city centre in District 2 and the Phu Mỹ Hưng Urban Area a new city centre in District 7 as part of the Saigon South project where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australian Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located In December 2007 Phu Mỹ Hưng s new City Centre completed the 17 8 km 11 1 mi 10 14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas Tan Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area In November 2008 a brand new trade centre Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre also opened its doors Other projects include Grandview Waterfront Sky Garden Riverside and Phu Gia 99 Phu Mỹ Hưng s new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction citation needed Shopping Edit Saigon Centre located in District 1 houses one of the city s largest shopping malls Some of the larger shopping malls and plazas opened recently include Maximark Multiple locations District 10 Tan Binh District Satramart 460 3 2 Street Ward 12 District 10 Auchan 2016 Multiple locations District 10 Go Vấp District Lotte Mart Multiple locations District 7 District 11 Tan Binh District AEON Mall Multiple locations Binh Tan District Tan Phu District SC VivoCity 2015 1058 Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard Tan Phong Ward District 7 Zen Plaza 1995 54 56 Nguyễn Trai St District 1 Saigon Centre 1997 65 Le Lợi Blvd District 1 Diamond Plaza 1999 34 Le Duẩn Blvd District 1 Big C 2002 Multiple locations District 10 Binh Tan District Go Vấp District Phu Nhuận District Tan Phu District METRO Cash amp Carry Mega Market Multiple locations District 2 District 6 District 12 Crescent Mall Phu Mỹ Hưng Urban Area District 7 Parkson 2005 2009 Multiple locations District 1 District 2 District 5 District 7 District 11 Tan Binh District Saigon Paragon 2009 3 Nguyễn Lương Bằng St Tan Phu Ward District 7 NowZone 2009 235 Nguyễn Văn Cừ Ave District 1 Kumho Asiana Plaza 2010 39 Le Duẩn Blvd Bến Nghe Ward District 1 Vincom Centre 2010 70 72 Le Thanh Ton St District 1 Union Square 171 Le Thanh Ton st District 1 Vincom Mega Mall 2016 161 Ha Nội Highway Thảo Điền Ward District 2 City of Thủ Đức Bitexco Financial Tower 2010 Alley 2 Ham Nghi Blvd District 1 Co opmart Multiple locations District 1 District 3 District 5 District 6 District 7 District 8 District 10 District 11 District 12 Binh Chanh District Binh Tan District Binh Thạnh District Củ Chi District Go Vấp District Hoc Mon District Phu Nhuận District Tan Phu District Thủ Đức District Landmark 81 2018 208 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh St Binh Thạnh District WinMart Multiple locations District 1 District 2 District 7 District 9 District 10 Binh Chanh District Binh Thạnh District Go Vấp District Tan Binh District Thủ Đức District In 2007 three million foreign tourists about 70 of the total number of tourists to Vietnam visited the city Total cargo transport to Ho Chi Minh City s ports reached 50 5 million tonnes 97 nearly one third of the total for Vietnam Tourism EditMain article Declared monuments of Ho Chi Minh CitySee also List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City Bui Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels coffee shops and bars catering to tourists Tourist attractions in Ho Chi Minh City are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War The city s centre has some wide American style boulevards and a few French colonial buildings The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace Dinh Thống Nhất City Hall Ủy ban nhan dan Thanh phố Municipal Theatre Nha hat thanh phố also known as the Opera House City Post Office Bưu điện thanh phố State Bank Office Ngan hang Nha nước City People s Court Toa an nhan dan thanh phố and Notre Dame Cathedral Nha thờ Đức Ba Sai Gon which was constructed between 1863 and 1880 Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic dating from the French colonial era and the Rex and Caravelle hotels both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s amp 70s 98 The city has various museums including the Ho Chi Minh City Museum Museum of Vietnamese History the Revolutionary Museum the Museum of south eastern Armed Forces the War Remnants Museum the Museum of Southern Women the Museum of Fine Arts the Nha Rồng Memorial House and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels The Củ Chi tunnels are north west of the city in Củ Chi District The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens in District 1 dates from 1865 The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park Suối Tien Amusement and Culture Park and Cần Giờ s Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists Aside from the Municipal Theatre there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thanh Theatre Hoa Binh Theatre and the Lan Anh Music Stage Ho Chi Minh City is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60 70 of Vietnam s total revenue in this industry citation needed Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam s provinces and municipalities residents of Ho Chi Minh City keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam citation needed Like many of Vietnam s smaller cities the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such as phở or rice vermicelli Backpacking travellers most often frequent the Backpackers Quarter on Phạm Ngũ Lao Street and Bui Viện Street District 1 99 It was approximated that 4 3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007 of which 70 percent approximately 3 million tourists visited Ho Chi Minh City 100 According to the most recent international tourist statistic Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017 101 According to Mastercard s 2019 report Ho Chi Minh City is also the country s second most visited city 18th in Asia Pacific with 4 1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 after Hanoi with 4 8 million visitors 102 Transport EditAir Edit Tan Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam The city is served by Tan Sơn Nhất International Airport the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled with an estimated number of over 15 5 million passengers per year in 2010 accounting for more than half of Vietnam s air passenger traffic 103 104 Long Thanh International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025 Based in Long Thanh District Đồng Nai Province about 40 km 25 mi east of Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh Airport will serve international flights with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed Tan Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights 105 Rail Edit Ho Chi Minh City is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country The Reunification Express tau Thống Nhất runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3 with stops at cities and provinces along the line 106 Within the city the two main stations are Song Thần and Sai Gon In addition there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An Thủ Đức Binh Triệu Go Vấp However rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0 6 of passenger traffic and 6 of goods shipments 107 Water transport Edit The city s location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port besides a constant stream of cargo ships passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia including Vũng Tau Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta and Phnom Penh Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam s southern provinces has steadily increased over the years the Đoi and Tẻ Canals the main routes to the Mekong Delta receive 100 000 waterway vehicles every year representing around 13 million tons of cargo A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport to be implemented in 2011 14 108 In 2017 the Saigon Waterbus launched connecting District 1 to Thu Duc City 109 Public transport Edit Metro Edit The Ho Chi Minh City Metro a rapid transit network is being built in stages The first line is under construction and expected to be fully operational by 2024 110 This first line will connect Bến Thanh to Suối Tien Park in District 9 with a depot in Long Binh Planners expect the route to serve more than 160 000 passengers daily 111 A line between Bến Thanh and Tham Lương in District 12 has been approved by the government 112 and several more lines are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies 111 Bus Edit Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus Ho Chi Minh City has a number of coach houses which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam The largest coach station in terms of passengers handled is the Miền Đong Coach Station in the Binh Thạnh District Private transport Edit The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes cars buses taxis and bicycles Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city Taxis are plentiful and usually have metres although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip for example from the airport to the city centre For short trips xe om literally hug vehicle motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city usually congregating at a major intersection You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride hailing apps like Grab and GoJek A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace For the last few years cars have become more popular 113 There are approximately 340 000 cars and 3 5 million motorcycles in the city which is almost double compared with Hanoi 107 The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport 114 Expressway Edit Main articles Ho Chi Minh City Trung Luong Expressway and Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh Dầu Giay Expressway HCMC LT DG Expressway Ho Chi Minh City has two expressways making up the North South Expressway system connecting the city with other provinces The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City Trung Lương Expressway opened in 2010 connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta 115 The second one is Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh Dầu Giay Expressway opened in 2015 connecting the city with Đồng Nai Ba Rịa Vũng Tau and the Southeast of Vietnam 116 The Ho Chi Minh City Long Khanh Expressway is under planning and will be constructed in the near future Healthcare Edit Franco Vietnamese Hospital in District 7 Ho Chi Minh City The health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of international facilities 117 as well as privately owned clinics 61 The 1 400 bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital upgraded by Japanese aid and the French sponsored Institute of Cardiology and City International Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South East Asia region Education EditHigh schools Edit Notable high schools in Ho Chi Minh City include Le Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted Phổ Thong Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School Gia Định High School vi Le Quy Đon High School vi Marie Curie High School Vo Thị Sau High School and others Though the former schools are all public private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City High school consists of grade 10 12 sophomore junior and senior 118 List of Public High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City non exhaustive Edit VNUHCM High School for the Gifted Le Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School Bui Thị Xuan High School Phu Nhuận High School Binh Phu High School Gia Định High School vi Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School Le Quy Đon High School vi Nguyễn Du Secondary School Nguyễn Hữu Cầu High School Nguyễn Hữu Huan High School Marie Curie High School Vo Thị Sau High School Vo Trường Toản High School Hung Vương High School Chu Văn An High School Trưng Vương High School Lương Thế Vinh High School Trần Khai Nguyen High School Ten Lơ Man High School Nguyễn Trai High School Nguyễn Khuyến High School Nguyễn Du High School Nguyễn Cong Trứ High School Trần Hưng Đạo High School Nguyễn Chi Thanh High School Nguyễn Thai Binh High School Thủ Đức High School Nguyễn Thị Diệu High SchoolList of Private High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City non exhaustive Edit British International School Ho Chi Minh City International School Ho Chi Minh City Saigon South International School Ngo Thời Nhiệm High School Nguyễn Khuyến High School Khai Tri High School Quang Trung Nguyễn Huệ High School Tri Đức High School Trương Vĩnh Ky High School VinSchool VStar School Australian International School Western Australian International School Systems The Canadian International School Hong Ha Secondary High SchoolUniversities Edit See also List of universities in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400 000 students 61 Notable universities include Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City with 50 000 students distributed among six schools The University of Technology Đại học Bach khoa formerly Phu Thọ National Center of Technology The University of Sciences formerly Saigon College of Sciences The University of Social Sciences and Humanities formerly Saigon College of Letters The International University The University of Economics and Law and the newly established University of Information Technology Some other important higher education establishments include HCMC University of Pedagogy University of Economics University of Architecture Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine Nong Lam University formerly University of Agriculture and Forestry University of Law University of Technical Education University of Banking University of Industry Open University 119 University of Sports and Physical Education University of Fine Arts University of Culture the Conservatory of Music the Saigon Institute of Technology Văn Lang University Saigon University and Hoa Sen University In addition to the above public universities Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities One of the most notable is RMIT International University Vietnam a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6 000 students Tuition at RMIT is about US 40 000 for an entire course of study 120 Other private universities include The Saigon International University or SIU is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education 121 Enrollment at SIU averages about 12 000 students 122 Depending on the type of program tuition at SIU costs US 5 000 6 000 per year 123 Culture EditMuseums and art galleries Edit Due to its history artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street Trần Phu street and Bui Viện street 124 Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts War Remnants MuseumFood and drink Edit Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants coffee shops and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices 125 It s currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food 126 Media EditSee also Media of Vietnam and Telecommunications in Vietnam HTV the second largest television network in Vietnam has its headquarters in District 1 The city s media is the most developed in the country At present there are seven daily newspapers Sai Gon Giải Phong Liberated Saigon and its Vietnamese investment and finance sports evening and weekly editions Tuổi Trẻ Youth the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam Thanh Nien Young People the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam Người Lao Động Labourer Thể Thao Sports Phap Luật Law The Saigon Times Daily an English language newspaper as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses many bookstores and a widespread network of public and school libraries the city s General Library houses over 1 5 million books Locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television HTV is the second largest television network in the nation just behind the national Vietnam Television VTV broadcasting 24 7 on 7 different channels using analog and digital technology Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks SCTV and HTVC with over one million subscribers The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam citation needed Internet coverage especially through ADSL connections is rapidly expanding with over 2 200 000 subscribers and around 5 5 million frequent users Internet service providers ISPs operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company VDC Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology FPT Netnam Company Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation Saigon Postel Corporation SPT and Viettel Company The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones the latter growing annually by 20 Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies including Viettel Mobile MobiFone VinaPhone and Vietnam Mobile Sport Edit Thống Nhất Stadium is home to the V League 1 football club Ho Chi Minh City F C As of 2005 update Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields 86 swimming pools 256 gyms 127 The largest stadium in the city is the 25 000 seat Thống Nhất Stadium located on Đao Duy Từ Street in Ward 6 of District 10 The next largest is Army Stadium located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tan Binh district Army Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals As well as being a sporting venue it is also the site of a music school Phu Thọ Racecourse another notable sporting venue established during colonial times is the only racetrack in Vietnam The city s Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs including Phan Đinh Phung Thanh Đa and Yết Kieu Ho Chi Minh City is home to a number of association football clubs One of the city s largest clubs Ho Chi Minh City F C is based at Thống Nhất Stadium As Cảng Sai Gon they were four time champions of Vietnam s V League 1 in 1986 1993 94 1997 and 2001 02 Navibank Saigon F C founded as Quan Khu 4 also based at Thống Nhất Stadium emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season and were promoted to the V League in 2009 The city s police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s Cong An Thanh Phố which won the V League championship in 1995 Celebrated striker Le Huỳnh Đức now manager of SHB Đa Nẵng F C played for the Police F C from 1995 to 2000 setting a league record of 25 goals in the 1996 season Since 2016 Sai Gon F C has competed in V League 1 In 2011 Ho Chi Minh City was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League 128 SSA Saigon Heat is the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam 129 Ho Chi Minh City hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run Several other sports are represented by teams in the city such as Irish Gaelic Football rugby cricket 130 volleyball basketball chess athletics and table tennis 131 International relations EditTwin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City is twinned with 132 Ahmadi Governorate Kuwait 2010 Almaty Kazakhstan 2011 Auvergne Rhone Alpes France 1998 Bangkok Thailand 2014 Champasak Province Laos 2001 Busan South Korea 1995 Guangdong Province China 2009 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China 2013 Leipzig Germany 2021 133 Lyon France 1997 Manila Philippines 1994 Minsk Belarus 2008 Moscow Russia 2003 Osaka Prefecture Japan 2007 Phnom Penh Cambodia 1999 Saint Petersburg Russia 2005 San Francisco United States 1995 Shandong Province China 2013 Shanghai China 1994 Sofia Bulgaria 2015 Vientiane Laos 2001 Vladivostok Russia 2009 Yangon Myanmar 2012 Zhejiang Province China 2009 Cooperation and friendship Edit In addition to its twin towns Ho Chi Minh City is in cooperation with 132 Barcelona Spain 2009 Budapest Hungary 2013 Daegu South Korea 2015 Geneva Switzerland 2007 Guangzhou China 1996 Johannesburg South Africa 2009 Kosice Slovakia 2016 134 Moscow Oblast Russia 2015 Northern Territory Australia 2014 Osaka Japan 2011 Queensland Australia 2005 Seville Spain 2009 Shenyang China 1999 Shiga Prefecture Japan 2014 Sverdlovsk Oblast Russia 2000 Toronto Canada 2006 Yokohama Japan 2009 See also Edit Vietnam portal175 Hospital History of Organized Crime in Saigon List of East Asian ports List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City List of historical capitals of VietnamNotes Edit Saigon began as the Cham village of Baigaur then became the Khmer Prey Nokor before being taken over by the Vietnamese and renamed Gia Dinh Thanh and then Saigon Vo Nghia M ed 2009 The Viet Kieu in America Personal Accounts of Postwar Immigrants from Vietnam McFarland amp Co p 218 ISBN 9780786454907 The text of the resolution is as follows By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 6th tenure 1st session for officially renaming Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon Gia Dinh City with several glorious feats deserves the honor of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly s meeting Decides to rename Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City 18 Un siecle plus tard 1773 la revolte des TAYON sic qu eclata tout d abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui Nhon et s etendit rapidement dans le sud chassa de Bien Hoa le mouvement commercial qu y avaient attire les Chinois Ceux ci abandonnerent Cou lao pho remonterent de fleuve de Tan Binh et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN Cette creation date d environ 1778 Ils appelerent leur nouvelle residence TAI NGON ou TIN GAN Le nom transforme par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis applique a tort par l expedition francaise au SAIGON actuel dont la denomination locale est BEN NGHE ou BEN THANH 21 The Khmer name for Saigon by the way is Prey Nokor prey means forest nokor home or city 22 The text of the resolution is as follows By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 6th tenure 1st session for officially renaming Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon Gia Dinh City with several glorious feats deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly s meeting Decides to rename Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City 18 References Edit Lodi News Sentinel Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 25 December 2020 Cherry Haydon 2019 Down and Out in Saigon Stories of the Poor in a Colonial City Yale University Press p 29 ISBN 978 0 300 21825 1 Area population and population density by province GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE of VIETNAM Archived from the original on 6 November 2018 Retrieved 26 September 2018 a b c d Bao cao sơ bộ Tổng điều tra Dan số va nha ở 2019 General statistics for Population and households investigation 2019 PDF in Vietnamese General Statistics Office of Vietnam Archived from the original on 13 November 2019 Retrieved 20 March 2020 Phần III biểu tổng hợp Part III Tabulated tables PDF Kết quả Tổng điều tra dan số va nha ở thời điểm 0 giờ ngay 01 thang 4 năm 2019 Results of the Census of Population and Housing at 0 o clock April 1 2019 PDF in Vietnamese Statistical publishing house Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee General Statistics Office of Vietnam Vietnamese Nha xuất bản thống ke Ban chỉ đạo Tổng điều tra dan số va nha ở Trung ương Tổng cục Thống ke December 2019 ISBN 978 604 75 1448 9 Archived PDF from the original on 9 May 2020 Retrieved 15 May 2020 Tinh hinh kinh tế xa hội thang 12 va năm 2018 Statistical Office in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 4 January 2019 Retrieved 4 January 2019 General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2021 Vietnam s Human Development Index 2016 2020 Report p 29 Archived from the original on 18 May 2022 Retrieved 1 April 2022 a b Taylor K W 2013 A History of the Vietnamese Cambridge University Press p 547 ISBN 978 0 521 87586 8 Charming French architecture in Saigon Vietnam News Agency 12 July 2019 Retrieved 30 August 2022 Tourism festival opens in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam National Administration of Tourism Retrieved 30 August 2022 Downtown Saigon street poised to become pedestrian zone boosting nighttime economy VnExpress Retrieved 30 August 2022 Onishi Tomoya Vietnam to boost Ho Chi Minh budget for first time in 18 years Nikkei Asia Retrieved 30 August 2022 Subscription required General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2021 Vietnam s Human Development Index 2016 2020 Report p 29 Archived from the original on 18 May 2022 Retrieved 1 April 2022 Military land approved for new Tan Son Nhat airport terminal VnExpress Retrieved 30 August 2022 Vo Nghia M 2011 Saigon A History McFarland pp 7 8 ISBN 978 0 7864 6466 1 a b c Salkin Robert M Ring Trudy 1996 Schellinger Paul E Salkin Robert M eds Asia and Oceania International Dictionary of Historic Places Vol 5 Taylor amp Francis pp 353 354 ISBN 1 884964 04 4 Comprehensive Map of Vietnam s Provinces World Digital Library UNESCO 1890 Archived from the original on 30 June 2011 Retrieved 13 April 2011 a b From Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City People s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City Archived from the original on 7 February 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2010 Ky Petrus 1885 Souvenirs historiques sur Saigon et ses environs PDF Excursions et Reconnaissance in French Vol X Saigon Imprimerie Coloniale Archived PDF from the original on 20 May 2021 Retrieved 20 May 2021 Vo 2011 p 9 Francis Garnier quoted in Hồng Sến Vương Q Thắng Nguyễn 2002 Tuyển tập Vương Hồng Sến Nha xuất bản Văn học Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 Retrieved 9 September 2017 Norodom Sihanouk 1980 War and hope the case for Cambodia Pantheon Books p 54 ISBN 0 394 51115 8 Historic Figures Hồ Chi Minh 1890 1969 BBC British Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 22 January 2010 Retrieved 1 June 2010 Sinha Sayoni 4 July 2019 Craft brews and skyline views the ultimate Ho Chi Minh City itinerary National Geographic Archived from the original on 5 July 2019 Retrieved 23 November 2019 a b c d Corfield Justin 2014 Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City Anthem Press p xvii ISBN 978 1 78308 333 6 Archived from the original on 28 October 2018 Retrieved 27 October 2018 Vo 2011 pp 8 12 Chua Nguyễn cử thống suất Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh vao Nam kinh lược HCM CityWeb in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 18 May 2007 Retrieved 19 May 2021 Harms Erik 2011 Saigon s Edge On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City Minnesota University of Minnesota Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 8166 5605 9 Vo 2011 p 36 McLeod Mark W 1991 The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention 1862 1874 New York Praeger p 10 ISBN 978 0 275 93562 7 a b Vo 2011 p 56 Corfield 2014 p xix Vo 2011 pp 75 85 86 Corfield 2014 pp xix xx Vo 2011 p 82 Bogle James E January 1972 Dialectics of Urban Proposals for the Saigon Metropolitan Area PDF Ministry of Public Works Republic of Vietnam United States Agency for International Development p 11 Archived PDF from the original on 20 May 2021 Retrieved 20 May 2021 Vo 2011 pp 1 77 Corfield 2014 p xxi a b Banens Maks Bassino Jean Pascal Egretaud Eric 1998 Estimating population and labour force in Vietnam under French rule 1900 1954 Montpellier Paul Valery University Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 Retrieved 20 May 2021 a b Vo 2011 p 130 a b c d e f Tucker Spencer C ed 2011 Saigon The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political Social and Military History Vol III 2nd ed California ABC CLIO pp 1010 1011 ISBN 978 1 85109 960 3 a b c d Sai Gon dưới thời Mỹ Ngụy HCM CityWeb in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 18 May 2007 Retrieved 19 May 2021 a b c d Lịch sử vung đất in Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh City Cooperative Alliance Archived from the original on 7 September 2005 Retrieved 22 May 2021 Bogle 1972 p 14 Bogle 1972 p 13 Bogle 1972 p 31 Vo 2011 pp 129 130 Woollacott Martin 21 April 2015 Forty years on from the fall of Saigon witnessing the end of the Vietnam war the Guardian Archived from the original on 1 May 2017 Retrieved 14 December 2016 a b Đoan Loan Viết Tuan 9 December 2020 Thanh lập thanh phố Thủ Đức VnExpress in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 9 December 2020 Retrieved 22 May 2021 Truong Truong Hoang Thao Truong Thanh Tung Son Thanh 2017 Housing and Transportation in Vietnam s Ho Chi Minh City PDF Hanoi Friedrich Ebert Foundation p 2 Archived PDF from the original on 22 May 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2021 Mercer Cost of Living Survey Worldwide Rankings 2020 Mercer 9 June 2020 Archived from the original on 22 May 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2021 The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Archived from the original on 24 August 2020 Retrieved 31 August 2020 Cổng thong tin điện tử Bộ Kế hoạch va Đầu tư www mpi gov vn Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 16 May 2021 Độ cao trung binh so với mặt nước biển nội thanh la 5 m ngoại thanh la 16 m Murray N J Clemens R S Phinn S R Possingham H P Fuller R A 2014 Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea PDF Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12 5 267 272 doi 10 1890 130260 Archived PDF from the original on 7 December 2021 Retrieved 21 August 2021 a b c d e f g h Viet Nam Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City Power Grid Development Sector Project PDF Asian Development Bank Archived from the original PDF on 23 July 2018 Retrieved 27 January 2015 Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical amp Climatic Data for Construction PDF in Vietnamese Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology Archived from the original PDF on 22 July 2018 Retrieved 23 July 2018 World Weather Information Service Ho Chi Minh City World Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Flood management in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam www royalhaskoningdhv com Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Retrieved 18 June 2020 Saigon braces for more record tides this year VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Retrieved 18 June 2020 Can coastal cities turn the tide on climate change flooding risk www mckinsey com Archived from the original on 16 June 2020 Retrieved 18 June 2020 a b c d e Statistical office in Ho Chi Minh City Pso hochiminhcity gov vn Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2010 VnExpress HCMC set to carve out class 1 city by merging three districts VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 Retrieved 12 November 2020 http www pso hochiminhcity gov vn c document library get file uuid 5fdc62bc 0523 453a b596 57ad36af9831 amp groupId 18 http www pso hochiminhcity gov vn web guest niengiamthongke nam2011 http www pso hochiminhcity gov vn c document library get file uuid 7311d5ad c5a4 4383 8fb4 36c209afa120 amp groupId 18 01 04 199901 10 200401 04 200901 04 2019 TỔNG CỤC THỐNG KE Archived 3 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine gso gov vn Tổng điều tra dan số va nha ở năm 2009 Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine gso gov vn GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE of VIET NAM Archived 27 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine gso gov vn Report on Results of the 2019 Census General Statistics Office of Vietnam Archived PDF from the original on 9 May 2020 Retrieved 1 May 2020 General Statistics Office of Vietnam Gso gov vn Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 4 October 2010 a b Tong Cuc Thong Ke Gso gov vn Archived from the original on 4 April 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Wendell Cox 22 March 2012 THE EVOLVING URBAN FORM HO CHI MINH CITY SAIGON New Geography New Geography Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 Retrieved 15 October 2012 Guess how many people are jamming into Saigon Hint It s as bad as Tokyo VnExpress International Archived from the original on 21 March 2018 Retrieved 21 March 2018 Thảo Nguyen 17 August 2017 Chủ tịch Nguyễn Thanh Phong Dự bao dan số Tp Hồ Chi Minh đến năm 2025 la 10 triệu người nhưng nay đa đạt 13 triệu người Chairman Nguyễn Thanh Phong The official population of Ho Chi Minh City is estimated to reach 10 million by 2025 but this number reached 13 million in 2017 Tri thức trẻ Archived from the original on 17 July 2018 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Quy hoạch xay dựng vung Tp HCM VnEconomy 25 April 2008 Archived from the original on 10 June 2008 Retrieved 18 June 2008 Cục thống ke Tom tắt kết quả điều tra dan số Pso hochiminhcity gov vn 4 January 2001 Archived from the original on 23 September 2010 Retrieved 4 October 2010 David M Cheney Thanh Pho Ho Chi Minh Hochiminh Ville Archdiocese Catholic Hierarchy catholic hierarchy org Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 Retrieved 12 August 2013 Statistics in 2005 Archived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine on the city s official website Ho Chi Minh City Economics Institute Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Hana R Alberts 21 December 2009 Forbes profile of Vietnam Forbes Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 Han Ni TPHCM dẫn đầu thu hut vốn FDI vi biết cach bứt pha Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Sai Gon giải phong 2007 TPHCM sau 1 năm gia nhập WTO Vượt len chinh minh Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Trung tam thong tin thương mại Minh Anh Sai Gon trong mắt bạn trẻ Archived 3 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine Ho Chi Minh City attracts record FDI in 2008 Archived from the original on 19 May 2009 10 điểm nổi bật trong tinh hinh kinh tế xa hội TPHCM năm 2010 Bsc com vn Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 24 April 2012 VnExpress TP HCM đặt mục tieu thu nhập binh quan 4 000 USD mỗi người VnExpress Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 Retrieved 5 January 2013 Archived copy Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 10 October 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link GDP binh quan đầu người của TP Hồ Chi Minh đạt 5 131 USD Hanộimới Hanoimoi com vn Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 Retrieved 29 May 2015 etime danviet vn GRDP binh quan đầu người TP HCM năm 2020 ước đạt 6 328 USD danviet vn in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 10 February 2022 Retrieved 10 February 2022 Mai Ban 14 March 2021 Vi sao Tp HCM lỡ mục tieu thu nhập đầu người 9 800 USD năm Nhịp sống kinh tế Việt Nam amp Thế giới in Vietnamese Retrieved 10 February 2022 permanent dead link Chỉ tieu tổng hợp giai đoạn 2001 06 Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ho Chi Minh City government website Dead Link Chinese state port operator s India and Vietnam acquisitions stall Nikkei Asia Archived from the original on 28 January 2021 Retrieved 30 January 2021 A primer on China s Belt and Road Initiative plans in South east Asia Archived from the original on 5 February 2021 Retrieved 30 January 2021 Exchange rate from XE com Tong Cuc Thong Ke Gso gov vn Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 mofahcm in Vietnamese mofahcm Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2010 Số lượng khach quốc tế đến TPHCM đa đạt tới 3 triệu lượt người tăng 14 6 so với năm 2006 chiếm 70 tổng lượng du khach đến VN Lượng hang hoa vận chuyển qua cảng đạt 50 5 triệu tấn In 2014 tourism revenue has hit VND 78 7 trillion US 3 7 billion up to 4 percent compared to the same period in 2013 Ho Chi Minh City backpackers town Tuoi Tre News Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 Retrieved 23 June 2016 1 Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine TITC HCM City welcomes six millionth int l visitor in 2017 Tổng cục Du lịch Việt Nam permanent dead link Mastercard lists Hanoi HCMC among top 20 Asia Pacific travel destinations VNExpress Archived from the original on 22 October 2019 Retrieved 13 November 2019 Expansion of Saigon Tan Son Nhat International Airport on Sai Gon Giải Phong Newspaper 13 October 2007 2 Archived 24 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Two more Hanoi lt gt Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on Vietnamnet net accessdate 11 November 2007 in Vietnamese 3 Archived 22 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Airport Development News PDF Archived from the original PDF on 8 October 2006 Retrieved 19 May 2008 Train from Ho Chi Minh City Ticket fare and Schedule Vietnam Railways vietnam railway com Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 Retrieved 31 January 2017 a b Print Version mt gov vn 29 May 2008 Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 City to expand waterway transport Vietnam News Service 19 April 2010 Archived from the original on 21 April 2010 Retrieved 3 October 2017 VnExpress Saigon River bus not convenient enough to lure commuters VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Retrieved 31 August 2022 Insider Vietnam 18 February 2020 First metro line in Vietnam s Ho Chi Minh fully linked expected to launch next year Vietnam Insider Archived from the original on 7 April 2021 Retrieved 1 April 2021 a b Ho Chi Minh City Metro Railway technology com Archived from the original on 4 May 2010 Retrieved 4 April 2010 Dinh Muoi HCMC s subway route No 2 approved Thanh Nien Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 Retrieved 29 April 2010 VnExpress November auto sales achieve year record VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 16 December 2020 Retrieved 17 December 2020 Hans Heinrich Bass Thanh Trung Nguyen April 2013 Imminent gridlocks dandc eu Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 Retrieved 7 May 2013 Dự an đường cao tốc TP HCM Trung Lương Tedi vn Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 Retrieved 8 May 2016 Ngay 8 2 thong xe toan cao tốc TP HCM Long Thanh Dầu Giay VnExpress Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 Retrieved 8 May 2016 International Hospitals and Clinics in Saigon A Short Guide for Expats Urban Sesame 2 August 2022 Retrieved 15 August 2022 High School Education system Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Ou edu vn Archived from the original on 13 August 2004 Retrieved 3 April 2010 RMIT University website Rmit edu vn Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 Saigon International University siu edu vn Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 Retrieved 2 March 2013 SIU Group of Asian International Education siu edu vn Archived from the original on 7 March 2013 Retrieved 2 March 2013 Schedule of Course Fees siu edu vn Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 Retrieved 2 March 2013 Kalmusky Katie 20 May 2020 The 6 Best Art Galleries in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Culture Trip Retrieved 10 December 2022 Guide City Pass City Pass Guide Why Is Food So Cheap in Vietnam Archived from the original on 4 May 2021 Retrieved 17 December 2020 VnExpress Saigon among top five global cities for street food survey VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 22 January 2021 Retrieved 17 December 2020 Exercise and sports Archived 30 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine PSO Ho Chi Minh City ASEAN Basketball League website Aseanbasketballleague com 22 October 2011 Archived from the original on 27 December 2011 Retrieved 24 April 2012 SSA Saigon Heat Joins the AirAsia ASEAN Basketball League ABL News 20 October 2011 Archived from the original on 27 December 2011 Saigon Sports Clubs and Activities with Men s and Women s Teams Urbansesame com Retrieved 15 August 2022 Sports Clubs amp Associations Ho Chi Minh City Business Directory Angloinfo Angloinfo Ho Chi Minh City Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 a b Danh sach địa phương nước ngoai kết nghĩa với TpHCM in Vietnamese Sở ngoại vụ Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh Archived from the original on 7 June 2021 Retrieved 25 July 2021 Ho Chi Minh Stadt Stadt Leipzig Retrieved 16 April 2022 Partnerske mesta mesta Kosice in Slovak Kosice Archived from the original on 13 June 2021 Retrieved 25 July 2021 External links EditHo Chi Minh City at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website in Vietnamese and English archived 18 February 2010 Ho Chi Minh City People s Council Geographic data related to Ho Chi Minh City at OpenStreetMap Portal Vietnam Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ho Chi Minh City amp oldid 1133062974, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.