Kabardians
The Kabardians (Highland Adyghe: Къэбэрдей адыгэхэр; Lowland Adyghe: Къэбэртай адыгэхэр; Russian: Кабардинцы) or Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag.[8] They are also commonly known by the plural terms Kabardin, Kebertei, or Kabarday. Along with the Besleney tribe, they speak a distinctive dialect of the Adyghe language. Historically the Kabardians lived in Kabardia, a region of the north Caucasus. In modern times the Kabardians live mostly in the Russian republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, which partly corresponds to the historic region.
Къэбэрдэй Адыгэ | |
|---|---|
Flag of Kabardia | |
| Total population | |
| ~1,628,500 Kabardian dialect speakers[1][2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Turkey | More than 1,000,000[3] |
| Russia | 590,010 (2010 census)[4] |
| Kabardino-Balkaria | 498,702 |
| Karachay-Cherkessia | 56,466 |
| Jordan | 102,000[citation needed] |
| Syria | 43,000[citation needed] |
| Saudi Arabia | 23,000[citation needed] |
| Germany | 15,000[citation needed] |
| United States | 5,500[citation needed] |
| Uzbekistan | 1,300[citation needed] |
| Ukraine | 473[5] |
| Languages | |
| Kabardian, Russian, Turkish | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Sunni Islam[6][7] Minority Eastern Orthodox Church, Catholicism, Adyghe Xabze | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Adyghe tribes, Abkhaz, Abaza | |
Despite the Soviet administrative divisions that placed Circassians under four different designations and political units, namely Adygeans (Adyghe in Adygea), Cherkessians (Adyghe in Karachay-Cherkessia), Kabardians (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria), and Shapsugians (Adyghe in Krasnodar Krai), all four groups are essentially the same people (Adyghe). Furthermore, Cherkessians are mostly of the Kabardian and Besleney tribes.
Population
The Kabardians are the largest Circassian (Adyghe) tribe in the world in general, and form the largest Circassian tribe in Russia, Turkey, Egypt, and in some other countries in the region. As of 2002[update] Kabardians numbered around 520,000 in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia.[9] and about 50,000 in Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia. In Turkey, where more than 1 million of them live,[3] they are concentrated on the Uzunyayla plateau of Kayseri Province and around (Central Turkey), though there are Kabardian villages in Balıkesir, Düzce, Eskişehir (Northwest Turkey), Çorum, Samsun, and Tokat (Black Sea region), amongst many others. Significant populations of Kabardians also live in Jordan;[10] and there are communities in the United States. However, in Israel and Jordan, the Shapsug and Abzakh tribes respectively are the largest.
Religion
Religions historically practiced by Kabardians include the native Adyghe Xabze faith, Christianity and Islam. The majority of Kabardians had converted to Islam by the early 19th century. There are also still some adherents to traditional Xabze beliefs, with 1,8% being practiced in Kabardino-Balkaria, although most Kabardians are either Non-denominational or Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school[11][12]
Kabardians also constituted one of the earliest Christian communities in Europe, converting in the late 2nd and early 3rd Centuries. Kabardians living in Mozdoksky District in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania are Orthodox Christians.[13][14] Some of the Kabardians living in the southern part of the neighbouring Kursky district of Stavropol Krai are also Orthodox Christians.[13] There are also some Roman Catholic Kabardians (possibly descended from families who reportedly converted from Orthodoxy during the 13th century). According to the 2012 survey census, of the 240,000 Catholics who lived in Russia, 1.8% were Kabardians.[15][16]
Notable Kabardians
- Aleguko Shogenukov
- Alexander A. Cherkassky
- Alexey Cherkassky – Chancellor of the Russian Empire during the reign of Empress Elizabeth
- Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky – Prince of Kabarda
- Alexander N. Bekovich-Cherkassky
- Amirkhan Shomakhov
- Atazhuko Atazhukin
- Armande Kumpal Kabartay Altaï-Magini
- Aslanbek Khushtov – Member of the Parliament of Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and athlete who has won a gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics
- Avenir Tchemerzine – Colonel of the Russian imperial army and mathematician before becoming a bibliographer
- Bidar Kadın – Imperial consort of Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire
- Boris Cherkassky
- Dmitry Cherkassky
- Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza – Princess consort of the Voivode of Moldavia as the wife of Vasile Lupu
- Elmirza Bekovich-Cherkassky
- Fyodor A. Bekovich-Cherkasski
- Fyodor N. Bekovich-Cherkasski
- Grigory Cherkassky
- Idar of Kabardia
- Inal the Great – Prince of Kabarda
- Ismail Bey Atazhukin
- Ivan Amashuk
- Ivan B. Cherkassky – Cousin of Michael I of Russia[17]
- Ivan E. Cherkassky
- Jacop Cherkassky
- Kasbulat Cherkassky
- Kasei Atazhukin
- Kambulat Cherkassky
- Kelemet Cherkassky
- Kudenet Cherkassky
- Kurgoko Atazhukin
- Ladislas du Luart, Comtesse Leïla Hagondokoff – Recipient of the National Order of Merit and National Order of the Legion of Honor (Commander), model for the French high-fashion house Chanel[18][19][20][21][22]
- Ludmilla Monique Tchérina[23]
- Mahidevran – Imperial consort of Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire
- Mamstryuk Cherkassky
- Maria Temryukovna – Tsaritsa of the Tsardom of Russia as the wife of Ivan the Terrible
- Michael A. Cherkassky I
- Michael A. Cherkassky II
- Michael T. Cherkassky
- Michael Y. Cherkassky
- Mutsal Cherkassky
- Nikita Egupov-Cherkassky
- Peter Amashukov-Cherkassky
- Peter B. Cherkassky
- Roslanbek Atazhukin
- Rusudan of Circassia – Queen consort of Georgia (Kartli) as the wife of Vakhtang the Lawgiver
- Servetseza Kadın – First wife of Abdulmejid I of the Ottoman Empire
- Sholokh Cherkassky
- Simon Cherkassky
- Sunchalei Cherkassky
- Temryuk – Prince of Kabarda
- Vasily Amashukov-Cherkassky
- Vasily Kardanukovich Cherkassky
- Vladimir Cherkassky – Mayor of Moscow (1868–1870)
- Yefim Bekovich-Cherkassky
- Yuri Temirkanov – Music Director and Chief Conductor of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra since 1988
- Zaur Tutov
See also
References
- ^ "Kabardian: A Language of the Russian Federation". Etnologue.com. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2005. from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ Skutsch, Carl (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 675. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1.
- ^ a b . Jineps. March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ . Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2010 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^ . Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ Svetlana Lyagusheva (2005). "Islam and the Traditional Moral Code of Adyghes". Iran and the Caucasus. Brill. 9 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1163/1573384054068123. JSTOR 4030903.
- ^ James Stuart Olson, ed. (1994). An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. Greenwood. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ . Adiga-home.net. 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
The 12 Circassian tribes: Abadzeh Besleney Bzhedug Yegeruqay Zhaney Kabarday Mamheg Natuhay Temirgoy Ubyh Shapsug Hatukay. The twelve stars on the Adyghe Flag also refers to the twelve tribes.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ . Perepis2002.ru. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ "Kabard distribution". Ethnologue.com. from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. .
- ^ a b James Stuart Olson, ed. (1994). An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. Greenwood. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Jamie Stokes, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z. Facts on File. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
- ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
- ^ Bushkovitch, Paul (1 January 2004). "Princes Cherkasskii or Circassian Murzas". Cahiers du Monde RusseIndépendants. 45 (45/1–2): 9–30. doi:10.4000/monderusse.2600. ISSN 1252-6576.
- ^ français, Sénat. "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : du LUART Ladislas". senat.fr. from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ^ "Mme de Sairigné reçoit le prix littéraire de l'armée de Terre-Erwan Bergot 2011". defense.gouv.fr. from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ^ "Bilder von Horst". voltigeur.net. from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ^ d'Encausse, Hélène Carrère (10 February 2011). "Comtesse du Luart, princesse courage". Le Figaro (in French). ISSN 0182-5852. from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ^ "Les milles vies de la comtesse du Luart". Nonfiction.fr. from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ^ "L'article est en cours de traduction". Русский очевидец|L’Observateur Russe (in French). from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.