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Karakalpaks

February 18, 2023

For the medieval border-guards of the Kievan Rus, see Chorni Klobuky.
Not to be confused with Qarapapaqs.

The Karakalpaks or Qaraqalpaqs (/ˈkærəkɑːlpɑːks, -pæks/ (listen); Karakalpak: Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар, قاراقلپقلر), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan. During the 18th century, they settled in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the (former) delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea.[2] The name "Karakalpak" comes from two words: qara meaning "black" and qalpaq meaning "hat". The Karakalpaks number nearly 620,000 worldwide, out of which about 500,000 live in the Uzbek Republic of Karakalpakstan.

Karakalpaks
Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар, قاراقلپقلر
Karakalpak boys race in Taxtako‘pir
Total population
approx. 800,000[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
 Uzbekistan
 Karakalpakstan
752,000[1]
720,940
 Kazakhstan56,000[citation needed]
 Turkmenistan5,000[citation needed]
 Russia4,466[citation needed]
Languages
Karakalpak, Russian, Uzbek
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups

Etymology

The word Karakalpak is derived from the Russian Cyrillic spelling of their name and has become the accepted name for these people in the West. The Karakalpaks endonymically refer to themselves as Qaraqalpaqs, whilst the Uzbeks call them Qoraqalpoqs. The word means "black hat" and has caused much confusion in the past, since historians linked them with other earlier peoples (such as Cherniye Klobuki), who have borne the appellation "black hat" in Slavic vernacular. The Qaraqul hat is made from the fur of the Qaraqul breed of sheep which originated in Central Asia with archaeological evidence pointing to the breed being raised there continuously since 1400 BCE.[relevant?] The breed is named after Qorako‘l which is a city in Bukhara Province in Uzbekistan.

History

Many accounts continue to link the present-day Karakalpaks with the Turkic confederation known as the Cherniye Klobuki of the 11th century, whose name also means "black hat" in Russian. Cherniye Klobuki were mercenary military troops of the Kievan Rus. Apart from the fact that their names have the same meaning, there is no archaeological or historical evidence to link these two groups.

The Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, and Kazakhs are regarded to be subgroups of the same Uzbek Confederation that arose in the fifteenth century following the breakdown of Genghis Khan's empire and the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Karakalpak group was formed in the seventeenth century as a result of a split from the Kazakh confederation.[3]

Recent archaeological evidence indicates that the Karakalpaks may have formed as a confederation of different tribes at some time in the late 15th or the 16th centuries at some location along the Syr Darya or its southern Zhany Darya outlet, in proximity to the Kazakhs of the Lesser Horde. This would explain why their language, customs, and material culture are so similar to that of the Kazakhs.

Geography

The Karakalpak population is mainly confined to the central part of Karakalpakstan that is irrigated by the Amu Darya. The largest communities live in Nukus, the capital of Karakalpakstan and the surrounding large towns, such as Khodzheli, Shimbay, Takhtaitash, Shomanay and Kungrad. Although their homeland bears their name, the Karakalpaks are not the largest ethnic group living in Karakalpakstan. They are increasingly being outnumbered by Uzbeks, many of whom are being encouraged to move into the rich agricultural region around Turtkul and Beruniy.

Rural Karakalpaks mainly live on former collective or state farms, most of which have been recently privatised. Many rural Karakalpaks have been seriously affected by the desiccation of the Aral Sea, which has destroyed the local fishing industry along with much of the grazing and agricultural land in the north of the delta. Karakalpaks have nowhere to go. The majority of Karakalpakstan is occupied by desert: the Kyzyl Kum on the eastern side, the barren Ustyurt Plateau to the west and now the growing Aralkum to the north, once the bed of the former Aral Sea.

Language

 
A frame of traditional Karakalpak yurt or qara u'y

The Karakalpak language belongs to the Kipchak–Nogai group of Turkic languages, which also includes Kazakh and Nogai. Spoken Karakalpak has two dialects: Northeastern and Southwestern.[4] Written Karakalpak uses both a modified form of the Cyrillic alphabet and Latin alphabet, with the former being standard during the Soviet Union and the latter modelled on Uzbekistan's alphabet reform for Uzbek. Before the Soviet Union, Karakalpak was rarely written, but when it was it used a modified form of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.

Due to the geography and history of the Karakalpak people, Karakalpak has been influenced by Uzbek, Mongol, Tajik and Russian. A Karakalpak-Uzbek pidgin language is often spoken by those bilingual in both languages.

Religion

Karakalpaks are primarily followers of the Hanafi School of Sunni Islam. It is probable they adopted Islam between the 10th and 13th centuries, a period when they first appeared as a distinct ethnic group.

Dervish orders such as the Naqshbandi, Kubrawiya, Yasawi and Qalandari are fairly common in the region. The religious order that established the strongest relationship with the people of the region is the Kubrawiya, which has Shi'i adherents.

Of 553 mosques recorded in 1914, a few remain in No'kis, Törtkül, Xojeli, and Shimbay. Many Karakalpak mullahs use their homes for Friday prayers.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Uzbekistan - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  2. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Karakalpakstan". Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 December 2014. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Heyer, Evelyne; Balaresque, Patricia; Jobling, Mark A; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Chaix, Raphaelle; Segurel, Laure; Aldashev, Almaz; Hegay, Tanya (1 September 2009). "Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia". BMC Genetics. 10: 49. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-49. ISSN 1471-2156. PMC 2745423. PMID 19723301.
  4. ^ "Glottolog 4.4 - Kara-Kalpak". glottolog.org. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

References

  • Richardson, David; Richardson, Sue (2012), Qaraqalpaqs of the Aral Delta, Prestel Verlag, ISBN 978-3-7913-4738-7. Retrieved 2012-07-27
  • MaryLee Knowlton: Uzbekistan. Marshall Cavendish 2005, ISBN 0-7614-2016-9, pp. 54–58 (online copy, p. 54, at Google Books)
  • Shirin Akiner: Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, Taylor & Francis 1983, ISBN 0-7103-0025-5, pp. 338–345 (online copy, p. 338, at Google Books)
  • James Stuart Olson, Nicholas Charles Pappas: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. Greenwood Publishing Group 1994, ISBN 0-313-27497-5, pp. 343–345 (online copy, p. 345, at Google Books)
  • David J. Phillips: Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library 2001, ISBN 0-87808-352-9, p. 304 (online copy, p. 304, at Google Books)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karakalpak people.

February 18, 2023
karakalpaks, medieval, border, guards, kievan, chorni, klobuky, confused, with, qarapapaqs, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precis. For the medieval border guards of the Kievan Rus see Chorni Klobuky Not to be confused with Qarapapaqs This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations January 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Karakalpaks or Qaraqalpaqs ˈ k aer e k ɑː l p ɑː k s p ae k s listen Karakalpak Qaraqalpaqlar Қarakalpaklar قاراقلپقلر are a Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan During the 18th century they settled in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the former delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea 2 The name Karakalpak comes from two words qara meaning black and qalpaq meaning hat The Karakalpaks number nearly 620 000 worldwide out of which about 500 000 live in the Uzbek Republic of Karakalpakstan KarakalpaksQaraqalpaqlar Қarakalpaklar قاراقلپقلرFlag of KarakalpakstanKarakalpak boys race in Taxtako pirTotal populationapprox 800 000 citation needed Regions with significant populations Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan752 000 1 720 940 Kazakhstan56 000 citation needed Turkmenistan5 000 citation needed Russia4 466 citation needed LanguagesKarakalpak Russian UzbekReligionSunni IslamRelated ethnic groupsthe KazakhsKyrgyzNogaiTurkmen Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 4 Language 5 Religion 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksEtymology EditThe word Karakalpak is derived from the Russian Cyrillic spelling of their name and has become the accepted name for these people in the West The Karakalpaks endonymically refer to themselves as Qaraqalpaqs whilst the Uzbeks call them Qoraqalpoqs The word means black hat and has caused much confusion in the past since historians linked them with other earlier peoples such as Cherniye Klobuki who have borne the appellation black hat in Slavic vernacular The Qaraqul hat is made from the fur of the Qaraqul breed of sheep which originated in Central Asia with archaeological evidence pointing to the breed being raised there continuously since 1400 BCE relevant The breed is named after Qorako l which is a city in Bukhara Province in Uzbekistan History EditMany accounts continue to link the present day Karakalpaks with the Turkic confederation known as the Cherniye Klobuki of the 11th century whose name also means black hat in Russian Cherniye Klobuki were mercenary military troops of the Kievan Rus Apart from the fact that their names have the same meaning there is no archaeological or historical evidence to link these two groups The Karakalpaks Uzbeks and Kazakhs are regarded to be subgroups of the same Uzbek Confederation that arose in the fifteenth century following the breakdown of Genghis Khan s empire and the collapse of the Golden Horde The Karakalpak group was formed in the seventeenth century as a result of a split from the Kazakh confederation 3 Recent archaeological evidence indicates that the Karakalpaks may have formed as a confederation of different tribes at some time in the late 15th or the 16th centuries at some location along the Syr Darya or its southern Zhany Darya outlet in proximity to the Kazakhs of the Lesser Horde This would explain why their language customs and material culture are so similar to that of the Kazakhs Geography EditThe Karakalpak population is mainly confined to the central part of Karakalpakstan that is irrigated by the Amu Darya The largest communities live in Nukus the capital of Karakalpakstan and the surrounding large towns such as Khodzheli Shimbay Takhtaitash Shomanay and Kungrad Although their homeland bears their name the Karakalpaks are not the largest ethnic group living in Karakalpakstan They are increasingly being outnumbered by Uzbeks many of whom are being encouraged to move into the rich agricultural region around Turtkul and Beruniy Rural Karakalpaks mainly live on former collective or state farms most of which have been recently privatised Many rural Karakalpaks have been seriously affected by the desiccation of the Aral Sea which has destroyed the local fishing industry along with much of the grazing and agricultural land in the north of the delta Karakalpaks have nowhere to go The majority of Karakalpakstan is occupied by desert the Kyzyl Kum on the eastern side the barren Ustyurt Plateau to the west and now the growing Aralkum to the north once the bed of the former Aral Sea Language Edit A frame of traditional Karakalpak yurt or qara u y The Karakalpak language belongs to the Kipchak Nogai group of Turkic languages which also includes Kazakh and Nogai Spoken Karakalpak has two dialects Northeastern and Southwestern 4 Written Karakalpak uses both a modified form of the Cyrillic alphabet and Latin alphabet with the former being standard during the Soviet Union and the latter modelled on Uzbekistan s alphabet reform for Uzbek Before the Soviet Union Karakalpak was rarely written but when it was it used a modified form of the Perso Arabic alphabet Due to the geography and history of the Karakalpak people Karakalpak has been influenced by Uzbek Mongol Tajik and Russian A Karakalpak Uzbek pidgin language is often spoken by those bilingual in both languages Religion EditKarakalpaks are primarily followers of the Hanafi School of Sunni Islam It is probable they adopted Islam between the 10th and 13th centuries a period when they first appeared as a distinct ethnic group Dervish orders such as the Naqshbandi Kubrawiya Yasawi and Qalandari are fairly common in the region The religious order that established the strongest relationship with the people of the region is the Kubrawiya which has Shi i adherents Of 553 mosques recorded in 1914 a few remain in No kis Tortkul Xojeli and Shimbay Many Karakalpak mullahs use their homes for Friday prayers See also EditUzbeks Chorni KlobukyNotes Edit Uzbekistan The World Factbook www cia gov Retrieved 9 August 2021 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Karakalpakstan Britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 22 December 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a last1 has generic name help Heyer Evelyne Balaresque Patricia Jobling Mark A Quintana Murci Lluis Chaix Raphaelle Segurel Laure Aldashev Almaz Hegay Tanya 1 September 2009 Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia BMC Genetics 10 49 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 10 49 ISSN 1471 2156 PMC 2745423 PMID 19723301 Glottolog 4 4 Kara Kalpak glottolog org Retrieved 14 July 2021 References EditRichardson David Richardson Sue 2012 Qaraqalpaqs of the Aral Delta Prestel Verlag ISBN 978 3 7913 4738 7 Retrieved 2012 07 27 MaryLee Knowlton Uzbekistan Marshall Cavendish 2005 ISBN 0 7614 2016 9 pp 54 58 online copy p 54 at Google Books Shirin Akiner Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union Taylor amp Francis 1983 ISBN 0 7103 0025 5 pp 338 345 online copy p 338 at Google Books James Stuart Olson Nicholas Charles Pappas An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires Greenwood Publishing Group 1994 ISBN 0 313 27497 5 pp 343 345 online copy p 345 at Google Books David J Phillips Peoples on the Move Introducing the Nomads of the World William Carey Library 2001 ISBN 0 87808 352 9 p 304 online copy p 304 at Google Books External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karakalpak people Kara Kalpaks Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 The Qaraqalpaqs Karakalpakstan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Karakalpaks amp oldid 1133028601, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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