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Bertrand Russell

May 09, 2023

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS[66] (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science and various areas of analytic philosophy, especially philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.[67][68]

The Right Honourable

The Earl Russell

OM FRS
Russell in 1957
Born
Bertrand Arthur William Russell

(1872-05-18)18 May 1872
Trellech, Monmouthshire, Wales[a]
Died2 February 1970(1970-02-02) (aged 97)
Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales
EducationTrinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1893)
Spouses
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    (m. 1894; div. 1921)​
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    (m. 1921; div. 1935)​
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    (m. 1936; div. 1952)​
    [1]
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    (m. 1952)​
Awards
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolAnalytic philosophy
InstitutionsTrinity College, Cambridge, London School of Economics, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles
Academic advisorsJames Ward[2]
A. N. Whitehead
Doctoral studentsLudwig Wittgenstein
Other notable studentsRaphael Demos
Main interests
Notable ideas
 
Influences
Influenced
Member of the House of Lords
In office
4 March 1931 – 2 February 1970
Hereditary peerage
Preceded byThe 2nd Earl Russell
Succeeded byThe 4th Earl Russell
Personal details
Political partyLabour (1922–1965)
Other political
affiliations		Liberal (1907–1922)
Signature

He was one of the early 20th century's most prominent logicians,[68] and a founder of analytic philosophy, along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, his friend and colleague G. E. Moore and his student and protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. Russell with Moore led the British "revolt against idealism".[b] Together with his former teacher A. N. Whitehead, Russell wrote Principia Mathematica, a milestone in the development of classical logic, and a major attempt to reduce the whole of mathematics to logic (see Logicism). Russell's article "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy".[70]

Russell was a pacifist who championed anti-imperialism and chaired the India League.[71][72][73] He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I,[74] but also saw the war against Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany as a necessary "lesser of two evils". In the wake of World War II, he welcomed American global hegemony in favour of either Soviet hegemony or no (or ineffective) world leadership, even if it were to come at the cost of using their nuclear weapons.[75] He would later criticize Stalinist totalitarianism, condemn the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War and become an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament.[76]

In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".[77][78] He was also the recipient of the De Morgan Medal (1932), Sylvester Medal (1934), Kalinga Prize (1957), and Jerusalem Prize (1963).

Biography

Early life and background

Bertrand Arthur William Russell was born at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire, United Kingdom,[a] on 18 May 1872, into an influential and liberal family of the British aristocracy.[79][80] His parents, Viscount and Viscountess Amberley, were radical for their times. Lord Amberley consented to his wife's affair with their children's tutor,[81][82] the biologist Douglas Spalding. Both were early advocates of birth control at a time when this was considered scandalous.[83] Lord Amberley was a deist, and even asked the philosopher John Stuart Mill to act as Russell's secular godfather.[84] Mill died the year after Russell's birth, but his writings had a great effect on Russell's life.

 
Russell as a 4-year-old

His paternal grandfather, Lord John Russell, later 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878), had twice been prime minister in the 1840s and 1860s.[85] A member of Parliament since the early 1810s, he met with Napoleon Bonaparte in Elba.[86] The Russells had been prominent in England for several centuries before this, coming to power and the peerage with the rise of the Tudor dynasty (see: Duke of Bedford). They established themselves as one of the leading Whig families and participated in every great political event from the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536–1540 to the Glorious Revolution in 1688–1689 and the Great Reform Act in 1832.[85][87]

Lady Amberley was the daughter of Lord and Lady Stanley of Alderley.[76] Russell often feared the ridicule of his maternal grandmother,[88] one of the campaigners for education of women.[89]

Childhood and adolescence

Russell had two siblings: brother Frank (nearly seven years older than Bertrand), and sister Rachel (four years older). In June 1874, Russell's mother died of diphtheria, followed shortly by Rachel's death. In January 1876, his father died of bronchitis after a long period of depression.[citation needed] Frank and Bertrand were placed in the care of staunchly Victorian paternal grandparents, who lived at Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park. His grandfather, former Prime Minister Earl Russell, died in 1878, and was remembered by Russell as a kindly old man in a wheelchair. His grandmother, the Countess Russell (née Lady Frances Elliot), was the dominant family figure for the rest of Russell's childhood and youth.[76][83]

The Countess was from a Scottish Presbyterian family and successfully petitioned the Court of Chancery to set aside a provision in Amberley's will requiring the children to be raised as agnostics. Despite her religious conservatism, she held progressive views in other areas (accepting Darwinism and supporting Irish Home Rule), and her influence on Bertrand Russell's outlook on social justice and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life. Her favourite Bible verse, "Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil",[90] became his motto. The atmosphere at Pembroke Lodge was one of frequent prayer, emotional repression and formality; Frank reacted to this with open rebellion, but the young Bertrand learned to hide his feelings.

 
Childhood home, Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, London

Russell's adolescence was lonely and he often contemplated suicide. He remarked in his autobiography that his keenest interests in "nature and books and (later) mathematics saved me from complete despondency;"[91] only his wish to know more mathematics kept him from suicide.[92] He was educated at home by a series of tutors.[93] When Russell was eleven years old, his brother Frank introduced him to the work of Euclid, which he described in his autobiography as "one of the great events of my life, as dazzling as first love".[94][95]

During these formative years he also discovered the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Russell wrote: "I spent all my spare time reading him, and learning him by heart, knowing no one to whom I could speak of what I thought or felt, I used to reflect how wonderful it would have been to know Shelley, and to wonder whether I should meet any live human being with whom I should feel so much sympathy."[96] Russell claimed that beginning at age 15, he spent considerable time thinking about the validity of Christian religious dogma, which he found unconvincing.[97] At this age, he came to the conclusion that there is no free will and, two years later, that there is no life after death. Finally, at the age of 18, after reading Mill's Autobiography, he abandoned the "First Cause" argument and became an atheist.[98][99]

He travelled to the continent in 1890 with an American friend, Edward FitzGerald, and with FitzGerald's family he visited the Paris Exhibition of 1889 and climbed the Eiffel Tower soon after it was completed.[100]

University and first marriage

 
Russell at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1893

Russell won a scholarship to read for the Mathematical Tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge, and began his studies there in 1890,[101] taking as coach Robert Rumsey Webb. He became acquainted with the younger George Edward Moore and came under the influence of Alfred North Whitehead, who recommended him to the Cambridge Apostles. He quickly distinguished himself in mathematics and philosophy, graduating as seventh Wrangler in the former in 1893 and becoming a Fellow in the latter in 1895.[102][103]

Russell was 17 years old in the summer of 1889 when he met the family of Alys Pearsall Smith, an American Quaker five years older, who was a graduate of Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia.[104][105] He became a friend of the Pearsall Smith family. They knew him primarily as "Lord John's grandson" and enjoyed showing him off.[106]

He soon fell in love with the puritanical, high-minded Alys, and contrary to his grandmother's wishes, married her on 13 December 1894. Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell, while cycling, that he no longer loved her.[107] She asked him if he loved her and he replied that he did not. Russell also disliked Alys's mother, finding her controlling and cruel. A lengthy period of separation began in 1911 with Russell's affair with Lady Ottoline Morrell,[108] and he and Alys finally divorced in 1921 to enable Russell to remarry.[109]

During his years of separation from Alys, Russell had passionate (and often simultaneous) affairs with a number of women, including Morrell and the actress Lady Constance Malleson.[110] Some have suggested that at this point he had an affair with Vivienne Haigh-Wood, the English governess and writer, and first wife of T. S. Eliot.[111]

Early career

See also: Axiom of reducibility

Russell began his published work in 1896 with German Social Democracy, a study in politics that was an early indication of a lifelong interest in political and social theory. In 1896 he taught German social democracy at the London School of Economics.[112] He was a member of the Coefficients dining club of social reformers set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb.[113]

He now started an intensive study of the foundations of mathematics at Trinity. In 1897, he wrote An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry (submitted at the Fellowship Examination of Trinity College) which discussed the Cayley–Klein metrics used for non-Euclidean geometry.[114] He attended the First International Congress of Philosophy in Paris in 1900 where he met Giuseppe Peano and Alessandro Padoa. The Italians had responded to Georg Cantor, making a science of set theory; they gave Russell their literature including the Formulario mathematico. Russell was impressed by the precision of Peano's arguments at the Congress, read the literature upon returning to England, and came upon Russell's paradox. In 1903 he published The Principles of Mathematics, a work on foundations of mathematics. It advanced a thesis of logicism, that mathematics and logic are one and the same.[115]

At the age of 29, in February 1901, Russell underwent what he called a "sort of mystic illumination", after witnessing Whitehead's wife's acute suffering in an angina attack. "I found myself filled with semi-mystical feelings about beauty... and with a desire almost as profound as that of the Buddha to find some philosophy which should make human life endurable", Russell would later recall. "At the end of those five minutes, I had become a completely different person."[116]

In 1905, he wrote the essay "On Denoting", which was published in the philosophical journal Mind. Russell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1908.[66][76] The three-volume Principia Mathematica, written with Whitehead, was published between 1910 and 1913. This, along with the earlier The Principles of Mathematics, soon made Russell world-famous in his field.

In 1910, he became a University of Cambridge lecturer at Trinity College, where he had studied. He was considered for a Fellowship, which would give him a vote in the college government and protect him from being fired for his opinions, but was passed over because he was "anti-clerical", essentially because he was agnostic. He was approached by the Austrian engineering student Ludwig Wittgenstein, who became his PhD student. Russell viewed Wittgenstein as a genius and a successor who would continue his work on logic. He spent hours dealing with Wittgenstein's various phobias and his frequent bouts of despair. This was often a drain on Russell's energy, but Russell continued to be fascinated by him and encouraged his academic development, including the publication of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in 1922.[117] Russell delivered his lectures on logical atomism, his version of these ideas, in 1918, before the end of World War I. Wittgenstein was, at that time, serving in the Austrian Army and subsequently spent nine months in an Italian prisoner of war camp at the end of the conflict.

First World War

 
Russell served on the National Committee of the No-Conscription Fellowship, shown here in May 1916 (back right).[118]

During World War I, Russell was one of the few people to engage in active pacifist activities. In 1916, because of his lack of a Fellowship, he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914.[119] He later described this, in Free Thought and Official Propaganda, as an illegitimate means the state used to violate freedom of expression. Russell championed the case of Eric Chappelow, a poet jailed and abused as a conscientious objector.[120] Russell played a significant part in the Leeds Convention in June 1917, a historic event which saw well over a thousand "anti-war socialists" gather; many being delegates from the Independent Labour Party and the Socialist Party, united in their pacifist beliefs and advocating a peace settlement.[121] The international press reported that Russell appeared with a number of Labour Members of Parliament (MPs), including Ramsay MacDonald and Philip Snowden, as well as former Liberal MP and anti-conscription campaigner, Professor Arnold Lupton. After the event, Russell told Lady Ottoline Morrell that, "to my surprise, when I got up to speak, I was given the greatest ovation that was possible to give anybody".[122][123]

His conviction in 1916 resulted in Russell being fined £100 (equivalent to £6,000 in 2021), which he refused to pay in hope that he would be sent to prison, but his books were sold at auction to raise the money. The books were bought by friends; he later treasured his copy of the King James Bible that was stamped "Confiscated by Cambridge Police".

A later conviction for publicly lecturing against inviting the United States to enter the war on the United Kingdom's side resulted in six months' imprisonment in Brixton Prison (see Bertrand Russell's political views) in 1918.[124] He later said of his imprisonment:

I found prison in many ways quite agreeable. I had no engagements, no difficult decisions to make, no fear of callers, no interruptions to my work. I read enormously; I wrote a book, "Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy"... and began the work for "The Analysis of Mind". I was rather interested in my fellow-prisoners, who seemed to me in no way morally inferior to the rest of the population, though they were on the whole slightly below the usual level of intelligence as was shown by their having been caught.[125]

While he was reading Strachey's Eminent Victorians chapter about Gordon he laughed out loud in his cell prompting the warder to intervene and reminding him that "prison was a place of punishment".[126]

Russell was reinstated to Trinity in 1919, resigned in 1920, was Tarner Lecturer in 1926 and became a Fellow again in 1944 until 1949.[127]

In 1924, Russell again gained press attention when attending a "banquet" in the House of Commons with well-known campaigners, including Arnold Lupton, who had been an MP and had also endured imprisonment for "passive resistance to military or naval service".[128]

G. H. Hardy on the Trinity controversy

In 1941, G. H. Hardy wrote a 61-page pamphlet titled Bertrand Russell and Trinity – published later as a book by Cambridge University Press with a foreword by C. D. Broad—in which he gave an authoritative account of Russell's 1916 dismissal from Trinity College, explaining that a reconciliation between the college and Russell had later taken place and gave details about Russell's personal life. Hardy writes that Russell's dismissal had created a scandal since the vast majority of the Fellows of the College opposed the decision. The ensuing pressure from the Fellows induced the Council to reinstate Russell. In January 1920, it was announced that Russell had accepted the reinstatement offer from Trinity and would begin lecturing from October. In July 1920, Russell applied for a one year leave of absence; this was approved. He spent the year giving lectures in China and Japan. In January 1921, it was announced by Trinity that Russell had resigned and his resignation had been accepted. This resignation, Hardy explains, was completely voluntary and was not the result of another altercation.

The reason for the resignation, according to Hardy, was that Russell was going through a tumultuous time in his personal life with a divorce and subsequent remarriage. Russell contemplated asking Trinity for another one-year leave of absence but decided against it, since this would have been an "unusual application" and the situation had the potential to snowball into another controversy. Although Russell did the right thing, in Hardy's opinion, the reputation of the College suffered with Russell's resignation, since the 'world of learning' knew about Russell's altercation with Trinity but not that the rift had healed. In 1925, Russell was asked by the Council of Trinity College to give the Tarner Lectures on the Philosophy of the Sciences; these would later be the basis for one of Russell's best-received books according to Hardy: The Analysis of Matter, published in 1927.[129] In the preface to the Trinity pamphlet, Hardy wrote:

I wish to make it plain that Russell himself is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for the writing of the pamphlet.... I wrote it without his knowledge and, when I sent him the typescript and asked for his permission to print it, I suggested that, unless it contained misstatement of fact, he should make no comment on it. He agreed to this... no word has been changed as the result of any suggestion from him.

Between the wars

In August 1920, Russell travelled to Soviet Russia as part of an official delegation sent by the British government to investigate the effects of the Russian Revolution.[130] He wrote a four-part series of articles, titled "Soviet Russia—1920", for the magazine The Nation.[131][132] He met Vladimir Lenin and had an hour-long conversation with him. In his autobiography, he mentions that he found Lenin disappointing, sensing an "impish cruelty" in him and comparing him to "an opinionated professor". He cruised down the Volga on a steamship. His experiences destroyed his previous tentative support for the revolution. He subsequently wrote a book, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism,[133] about his experiences on this trip, taken with a group of 24 others from the UK, all of whom came home thinking well of the Soviet regime, despite Russell's attempts to change their minds. For example, he told them that he had heard shots fired in the middle of the night and was sure that these were clandestine executions, but the others maintained that it was only cars backfiring.[citation needed]

 
Russell with his children, John and Kate

Russell's lover Dora Black, a British author, feminist and socialist campaigner, visited Soviet Russia independently at the same time; in contrast to his reaction, she was enthusiastic about the Bolshevik revolution.[133]

The following year, Russell, accompanied by Dora, visited Peking (as Beijing was then known outside of China) to lecture on philosophy for a year.[93] He went with optimism and hope, seeing China as then being on a new path.[134] Other scholars present in China at the time included John Dewey[135] and Rabindranath Tagore, the Indian Nobel-laureate poet.[93] Before leaving China, Russell became gravely ill with pneumonia, and incorrect reports of his death were published in the Japanese press.[135] When the couple visited Japan on their return journey, Dora took on the role of spurning the local press by handing out notices reading "Mr. Bertrand Russell, having died according to the Japanese press, is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists".[136][137] Apparently they found this harsh and reacted resentfully.[citation needed][138][139]

Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England on 26 August 1921. Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys, marrying Dora six days after the divorce was finalised, on 27 September 1921. Russell's children with Dora were John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell, born on 16 November 1921, and Katharine Jane Russell (now Lady Katharine Tait), born on 29 December 1923. Russell supported his family during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of physics, ethics, and education to the layman.

 
 
Bertrand Russell in 1924

From 1922 to 1927 the Russells divided their time between London and Cornwall, spending summers in Porthcurno.[140] In the 1922 and 1923 general elections Russell stood as a Labour Party candidate in the Chelsea constituency, but only on the basis that he knew he was extremely unlikely to be elected in such a safe Conservative seat, and he was unsuccessful on both occasions.

After the birth of his two children, he became interested in education, especially early childhood education. He was not satisfied with the old traditional education and thought that progressive education also had some flaws;[141] as a result, together with Dora, Russell founded the experimental Beacon Hill School in 1927. The school was run from a succession of different locations, including its original premises at the Russells' residence, Telegraph House, near Harting, West Sussex. During this time, he published "On Education, Especially in Early Childhood". On 8 July 1930 Dora gave birth to her third child Harriet Ruth. After he left the school in 1932, Dora continued it until 1943.[142][143]

In 1927 Russell met Barry Fox (later Barry Stevens), who became a well-known Gestalt therapist and writer in later years.[144] They developed an intensive relationship, and in Fox's words: "... for three years we were very close."[145] Fox sent her daughter Judith to Beacon Hill School.[146] From 1927 to 1932 Russell wrote 34 letters to Fox.[147] Upon the death of his elder brother Frank, in 1931, Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell.

Russell's marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous, and it reached a breaking point over her having two children with an American journalist, Griffin Barry.[143] They separated in 1932 and finally divorced. On 18 January 1936, Russell married his third wife, an Oxford undergraduate named Patricia ("Peter") Spence, who had been his children's governess since 1930. Russell and Peter had one son, Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell, 5th Earl Russell, who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the Liberal Democrat party.[76]

Russell returned in 1937 to the London School of Economics to lecture on the science of power.[112] During the 1930's, Russell became a friend and collaborator of V. K. Krishna Menon, then President of the India League, the foremost lobby in the United Kingdom for Indian independence.[73] Russell chaired the India League from 1932 to 1939.[148]

Second World War

Russell's political views changed over time, mostly about war. He opposed rearmament against Nazi Germany. In 1937, he wrote in a personal letter: "If the Germans succeed in sending an invading army to England we should do best to treat them as visitors, give them quarters and invite the commander and chief to dine with the prime minister."[149] In 1940, he changed his appeasement view that avoiding a full-scale world war was more important than defeating Hitler. He concluded that Adolf Hitler taking over all of Europe would be a permanent threat to democracy. In 1943, he adopted a stance toward large-scale warfare called "relative political pacifism": "War was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be the lesser of two evils."[150][151]

Before World War II, Russell taught at the University of Chicago, later moving on to Los Angeles to lecture at the UCLA Department of Philosophy.[152] He was appointed professor at the City College of New York (CCNY) in 1940, but after a public outcry the appointment was annulled by a court judgment that pronounced him "morally unfit" to teach at the college because of his opinions, especially those relating to sexual morality, detailed in Marriage and Morals (1929). The matter was however taken to the New York Supreme Court by Jean Kay who was afraid that her daughter would be harmed by the appointment, though her daughter was not a student at CCNY.[152][153] Many intellectuals, led by John Dewey, protested at his treatment.[154] Albert Einstein's oft-quoted aphorism that "great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds" originated in his open letter, dated 19 March 1940, to Morris Raphael Cohen, a professor emeritus at CCNY, supporting Russell's appointment.[155] Dewey and Horace M. Kallen edited a collection of articles on the CCNY affair in The Bertrand Russell Case. Russell soon joined the Barnes Foundation, lecturing to a varied audience on the history of philosophy; these lectures formed the basis of A History of Western Philosophy. His relationship with the eccentric Albert C. Barnes soon soured, and he returned to the UK in 1944 to rejoin the faculty of Trinity College.[156]

Later life

See also: 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature
 
Russell in 1954

Russell participated in many broadcasts over the BBC, particularly The Brains Trust and for the Third Programme, on various topical and philosophical subjects. By this time Russell was world-famous outside academic circles, frequently the subject or author of magazine and newspaper articles, and was called upon to offer opinions on a wide variety of subjects, even mundane ones. En route to one of his lectures in Trondheim, Russell was one of 24 survivors (among a total of 43 passengers) of an aeroplane crash in Hommelvik in October 1948. He said he owed his life to smoking since the people who drowned were in the non-smoking part of the plane.[157][158] A History of Western Philosophy (1945) became a best-seller and provided Russell with a steady income for the remainder of his life.

In 1942, Russell argued in favour of a moderate socialism, capable of overcoming its metaphysical principles. In an inquiry on dialectical materialism, launched by the Austrian artist and philosopher Wolfgang Paalen in his journal DYN, Russell said: "I think the metaphysics of both Hegel and Marx plain nonsense—Marx's claim to be 'science' is no more justified than Mary Baker Eddy's. This does not mean that I am opposed to socialism."[159]

In 1943, Russell expressed support for Zionism: "I have come gradually to see that, in a dangerous and largely hostile world, it is essential to Jews to have some country which is theirs, some region where they are not suspected aliens, some state which embodies what is distinctive in their culture".[160]

In a speech in 1948, Russell said that if the USSR's aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West's victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there were atomic bombs on both sides.[161][162] At that time, only the United States possessed an atomic bomb, and the USSR was pursuing an extremely aggressive policy towards the countries in Eastern Europe which were being absorbed into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. Many understood Russell's comments to mean that Russell approved of a first strike in a war with the USSR, including Nigel Lawson, who was present when Russell spoke of such matters. Others, including Griffin, who obtained a transcript of the speech, have argued that he was merely explaining the usefulness of America's atomic arsenal in deterring the USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe.[157]

Just after the atomic bombs exploded over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Russell wrote letters, and published articles in newspapers from 1945 to 1948, stating clearly that it was morally justified and better to go to war against the USSR using atomic bombs while the United States possessed them and before the USSR did.[163] In September 1949, one week after the USSR tested its first A-bomb, but before this became known, Russell wrote that USSR would be unable to develop nuclear weapons because following Stalin's purges only science based on Marxist principles would be practised in the Soviet Union.[164] After it became known that the USSR had carried out its nuclear bomb tests, Russell declared his position advocating the total abolition of atomic weapons.[163]

In 1948, Russell was invited by the BBC to deliver the inaugural Reith Lectures[165]—what was to become an annual series of lectures, still broadcast by the BBC. His series of six broadcasts, titled Authority and the Individual,[166] explored themes such as the role of individual initiative in the development of a community and the role of state control in a progressive society. Russell continued to write about philosophy. He wrote a foreword to Words and Things by Ernest Gellner, which was highly critical of the later thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein and of ordinary language philosophy. Gilbert Ryle refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal Mind, which caused Russell to respond via The Times. The result was a month-long correspondence in The Times between the supporters and detractors of ordinary language philosophy, which was only ended when the paper published an editorial critical of both sides but agreeing with the opponents of ordinary language philosophy.[167]

In the King's Birthday Honours of 9 June 1949, Russell was awarded the Order of Merit,[168] and the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.[76][93] When he was given the Order of Merit, George VI was affable but slightly embarrassed at decorating a former jailbird, saying, "You have sometimes behaved in a manner that would not do if generally adopted".[169] Russell merely smiled, but afterwards claimed that the reply "That's right, just like your brother" immediately came to mind.

In 1950, Russell attended the inaugural conference for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a CIA-funded anti-communist organisation committed to the deployment of culture as a weapon during the Cold War.[170] Russell was one of the best-known patrons of the Congress, until he resigned in 1956.[171]

In 1952, Russell was divorced by Spence, with whom he had been very unhappy.[citation needed] Conrad, Russell's son by Spence, did not see his father between the time of the divorce and 1968 (at which time his decision to meet his father caused a permanent breach with his mother). Russell married his fourth wife, Edith Finch, soon after the divorce, on 15 December 1952. They had known each other since 1925, and Edith had taught English at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, sharing a house for 20 years with Russell's old friend Lucy Donnelly. Edith remained with him until his death, and, by all accounts, their marriage was a happy, close, and loving one. Russell's eldest son John suffered from serious mental illness, which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and his former wife Dora.[citation needed]

In September 1961, at the age of 89, Russell was jailed for seven days in Brixton Prison for a "breach of the peace" after taking part in an anti-nuclear demonstration in London. The magistrate offered to exempt him from jail if he pledged himself to "good behaviour", to which Russell replied: "No, I won't."[172][173]

In 1962 Russell played a public role in the Cuban Missile Crisis: in an exchange of telegrams with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev assured him that the Soviet government would not be reckless.[174][175] Russell sent this telegram to President Kennedy:

YOUR ACTION DESPERATE. THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL. NO CONCEIVABLE JUSTIFICATION. CIVILIZED MAN CONDEMNS IT. WE WILL NOT HAVE MASS MURDER. ULTIMATUM MEANS WAR... END THIS MADNESS.[176]

According to historian Peter Knight, after JFK's assassination, Russell, "prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer Mark Lane in the US ... rallied support from other noteworthy and left-leaning compatriots to form a Who Killed Kennedy Committee in June 1964, members of which included Michael Foot MP, Caroline Benn, the publisher Victor Gollancz, the writers John Arden and J. B. Priestley, and the Oxford history professor Hugh Trevor-Roper." Russell published a highly critical article weeks before the Warren Commission Report was published, setting forth 16 Questions on the Assassination and equating the Oswald case with the Dreyfus affair of late 19th-century France, in which the state convicted an innocent man. Russell also criticised the American press for failing to heed any voices critical of the official version.[177]

Political causes

Bertrand Russell was opposed to war from a young age; his opposition to World War I being used as grounds for his dismissal from Trinity College at Cambridge. This incident fused two of his most controversial causes, as he had failed to be granted Fellow status which would have protected him from firing, because he was not willing to either pretend to be a devout Christian, or at least avoid admitting he was agnostic.

He later described the resolution of these issues as essential to freedom of thought and expression, citing the incident in Free Thought and Official Propaganda, where he explained that the expression of any idea, even the most obviously "bad", must be protected not only from direct State intervention, but also economic leveraging and other means of being silenced:

The opinions which are still persecuted strike the majority as so monstrous and immoral that the general principle of toleration cannot be held to apply to them. But this is exactly the same view as that which made possible the tortures of the Inquisition.[178]

Russell spent the 1950s and 1960s engaged in political causes primarily related to nuclear disarmament and opposing the Vietnam War. The 1955 Russell–Einstein Manifesto was a document calling for nuclear disarmament and was signed by eleven of the most prominent nuclear physicists and intellectuals of the time.[179] In 1966–1967, Russell worked with Jean-Paul Sartre and many other intellectual figures to form the Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal to investigate the conduct of the United States in Vietnam. He wrote a great many letters to world leaders during this period.

Early in his life Russell supported eugenicist policies. He proposed in 1894 that the state issue certificates of health to prospective parents and withhold public benefits from those considered unfit.[180] In 1929 he wrote that people deemed "mentally defective" and "feebleminded" should be sexually sterilized because they "are apt to have enormous numbers of illegitimate children, all, as a rule, wholly useless to the community."[181] Russell was also an advocate of population control:[182][183]

The nations which at present increase rapidly should be encouraged to adopt the methods by which, in the West, the increase of population has been checked. Educational propaganda, with government help, could achieve this result in a generation. There are, however, two powerful forces opposed to such a policy: one is religion, the other is nationalism. I think it is the duty of all to proclaim that opposition to the spread of birth is appalling depth of misery and degradation, and that within another fifty years or so. I do not pretend that birth control is the only way in which population can be kept from increasing. There are others, which, one must suppose, opponents of birth control would prefer. War, as I remarked a moment ago, has hitherto been disappointing in this respect, but perhaps bacteriological war may prove more effective. If a Black Death could be spread throughout the whole world once in every generation survivors could procreate freely without making the world too full.

On 20 November 1948, in a public speech at Westminster School, addressing a gathering arranged by the New Commonwealth, Russell shocked some observers by suggesting that a preemptive nuclear strike on the Soviet Union was justified. Russell argued that war between the United States and the Soviet Union seemed inevitable, so it would be a humanitarian gesture to get it over with quickly and have the United States in the dominant position. Currently, Russell argued, humanity could survive such a war, whereas a full nuclear war after both sides had manufactured large stockpiles of more destructive weapons was likely to result in the extinction of the human race. Russell later relented from this stance, instead arguing for mutual disarmament by the nuclear powers.

In 1956, immediately before and during the Suez Crisis, Russell expressed his opposition to European imperialism in the Middle East. He viewed the crisis as another reminder of the pressing need for a more effective mechanism for international governance, and to restrict national sovereignty to places such as the Suez Canal area "where general interest is involved". At the same time the Suez Crisis was taking place, the world was also captivated by the Hungarian Revolution and the subsequent crushing of the revolt by intervening Soviet forces. Russell attracted criticism for speaking out fervently against the Suez war while ignoring Soviet repression in Hungary, to which he responded that he did not criticise the Soviets "because there was no need. Most of the so-called Western World was fulminating". Although he later feigned a lack of concern, at the time he was disgusted by the brutal Soviet response, and on 16 November 1956, he expressed approval for a declaration of support for Hungarian scholars which Michael Polanyi had cabled to the Soviet embassy in London twelve days previously, shortly after Soviet troops had entered Budapest.[184]

In November 1957 Russell wrote an article addressing US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, urging a summit to consider "the conditions of co-existence". Khrushchev responded that peace could be served by such a meeting. In January 1958 Russell elaborated his views in The Observer, proposing a cessation of all nuclear weapons production, with the UK taking the first step by unilaterally suspending its own nuclear-weapons program if necessary, and with Germany "freed from all alien armed forces and pledged to neutrality in any conflict between East and West". US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles replied for Eisenhower. The exchange of letters was published as The Vital Letters of Russell, Khrushchev, and Dulles.[185]

Russell was asked by The New Republic, a liberal American magazine, to elaborate his views on world peace. He urged that all nuclear weapons testing and flights by planes armed with nuclear weapons be halted immediately, and negotiations be opened for the destruction of all hydrogen bombs, with the number of conventional nuclear devices limited to ensure a balance of power. He proposed that Germany be reunified and accept the Oder-Neisse line as its border, and that a neutral zone be established in Central Europe, consisting at the minimum of Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, with each of these countries being free of foreign troops and influence, and prohibited from forming alliances with countries outside the zone. In the Middle East, Russell suggested that the West avoid opposing Arab nationalism, and proposed the creation of a United Nations peacekeeping force to guard Israel's frontiers to ensure that Israel was prevented from committing aggression and protected from it. He also suggested Western recognition of the People's Republic of China, and that it be admitted to the UN with a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.[185]

He was in contact with Lionel Rogosin while the latter was filming his anti-war film Good Times, Wonderful Times in the 1960s. He became a hero to many of the youthful members of the New Left. In early 1963, Russell became increasingly vocal in his disapproval of the Vietnam War, and felt that the US government's policies there were near-genocidal. In 1963 he became the inaugural recipient of the Jerusalem Prize, an award for writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society.[186] In 1964 he was one of eleven world figures who issued an appeal to Israel and the Arab countries to accept an arms embargo and international supervision of nuclear plants and rocket weaponry.[187] In October 1965 he tore up his Labour Party card because he suspected Harold Wilson's Labour government was going to send troops to support the United States in Vietnam.[76]

Final years, death and legacy

 
Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth
 
Russell on a 1972 stamp of India

In June 1955, Russell had leased Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales and on 5 July of the following year it became his and Edith's principal residence.[188]

 
Bust of Russell in Red Lion Square

Russell published his three-volume autobiography in 1967, 1968, and 1969. He made a cameo appearance playing himself in the anti-war Hindi film Aman, by Mohan Kumar, which was released in India in 1967. This was Russell's only appearance in a feature film.[189]

On 23 November 1969, he wrote to The Times newspaper saying that the preparation for show trials in Czechoslovakia was "highly alarming". The same month, he appealed to Secretary General U Thant of the United Nations to support an international war crimes commission to investigate alleged torture and genocide by the United States in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The following month, he protested to Alexei Kosygin over the expulsion of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn from the Soviet Union of Writers.

On 31 January 1970, Russell issued a statement condemning "Israel's aggression in the Middle East", and in particular, Israeli bombing raids being carried out deep in Egyptian territory as part of the War of Attrition, which he compared to German bombing raids in the Battle of Britain and the US bombing of Vietnam. He called for an Israeli withdrawal to the pre-Six-Day War borders. This was Russell's final political statement or act. It was read out at the International Conference of Parliamentarians in Cairo on 3 February 1970, the day after his death.[190]

Russell died of influenza, just after 8 pm on 2 February 1970 at his home in Penrhyndeudraeth, aged 97.[191] His body was cremated in Colwyn Bay on 5 February 1970 with five people present.[192] In accordance with his will, there was no religious ceremony but one minute's silence; his ashes were later scattered over the Welsh mountains.[193] Although he was born in Monmouthshire, and died in Penrhyndeudraeth in Wales, Russell identified as English.[194][195][196] Later in 1970, on 23 October, his will was published showing he'd left an estate valued at £69,423 (equivalent to £1.1 million in 2021).[193] In 1980, a memorial to Russell was commissioned by a committee including the philosopher A. J. Ayer. It consists of a bust of Russell in Red Lion Square in London sculpted by Marcelle Quinton.[197]

Lady Katharine Jane Tait, Russell's daughter, founded the Bertrand Russell Society in 1974 to preserve and understand his work. It publishes the Bertrand Russell Society Bulletin, holds meetings and awards prizes for scholarship, including the Bertrand Russell Society Award.[198][199] She also authored several essays about her father; as well as a book, My Father, Bertrand Russell, which was published in 1975.[200] All members receive Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies.

For the sesquicentennial of his birth, in May 2022, McMaster University's Bertrand Russell Archive, the university’s largest and most heavily used research collection, organized both a physical and virtual exhibition on Russell’s anti-nuclear stance in the post-war era, Scientists for Peace: the Russell-Einstein Manifesto and the Pugwash Conference, which included the earliest version of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto.[201] The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation held a commemoration at Conway Hall in Red Lion Square, London, on 18 May, the anniversary of his birth.[202] For its part, on the same day, La Estrella de Panamá published a biographical sketch by Francisco Díaz Montilla, who commented that "[if he] had to characterize Russell's work in one sentence [he] would say: criticism and rejection of dogmatism."[203]

Bangladesh's first leader, Mujibur Rahman, named his youngest son Sheikh Russel in honour of Bertrand Russell.

Marriages and issue

Russell first married Alys Whitall Smith (died 1951) in 1894. The marriage was dissolved in 1921 with no issue. His second marriage was to Dora Winifred Black MBE (died 1986), daughter of Sir Frederick Black, in 1921. This was dissolved in 1935, having produced two children:

Russell's third marriage was to Patricia Helen Spence (died 2004) in 1936, with the marriage producing one child:

Russell's third marriage ended in divorce in 1952. He married Edith Finch in the same year. Finch survived Russell, dying in 1978.[204]

Titles and honours from birth

Russell held throughout his life the following styles and honours:

  • from birth until 1908: The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell
  • from 1908 until 1931: The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell, FRS
  • from 1931 until 1949: The Right Honourable The Earl Russell, FRS
  • from 1949 until death: The Right Honourable The Earl Russell, OM, FRS

Views

See also: Bertrand Russell's political views

Philosophy

Main article: Bertrand Russell's philosophical views

Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of analytic philosophy. He was deeply impressed by Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716), and wrote on every major area of philosophy except aesthetics. He was particularly prolific in the fields of metaphysics, logic and the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, ethics and epistemology. When Brand Blanshard asked Russell why he did not write on aesthetics, Russell replied that he did not know anything about it, though he hastened to add "but that is not a very good excuse, for my friends tell me it has not deterred me from writing on other subjects".[205]

On ethics, Russell wrote that he was a utilitarian in his youth, yet he later distanced himself from this view.[206]

For the advancement of science and protection of liberty of expression, Russell advocated The Will to Doubt, the recognition that all human knowledge is at most a best guess, that one should always remember:

None of our beliefs are quite true; all have at least a penumbra of vagueness and error. The methods of increasing the degree of truth in our beliefs are well known; they consist in hearing all sides, trying to ascertain all the relevant facts, controlling our own bias by discussion with people who have the opposite bias, and cultivating a readiness to discard any hypothesis which has proved inadequate. These methods are practised in science, and have built up the body of scientific knowledge. Every man of science whose outlook is truly scientific is ready to admit that what passes for scientific knowledge at the moment is sure to require correction with the progress of discovery; nevertheless, it is near enough to the truth to serve for most practical purposes, though not for all. In science, where alone something approximating to genuine knowledge is to be found, men's attitude is tentative and full of doubt.[178]

Religion

Russell described himself in 1947 as an agnostic or an atheist: he found it difficult to determine which term to adopt, saying:

Therefore, in regard to the Olympic gods, speaking to a purely philosophical audience, I would say that I am an Agnostic. But speaking popularly, I think that all of us would say in regard to those gods that we were Atheists. In regard to the Christian God, I should, I think, take exactly the same line.[207]

For most of his adult life, Russell maintained religion to be little more than superstition and, despite any positive effects, largely harmful to people. He believed that religion and the religious outlook serve to impede knowledge and foster fear and dependency, and to be responsible for much of our world's wars, oppression, and misery. He was a member of the Advisory Council of the British Humanist Association and President of Cardiff Humanists until his death.[208]

Society

Main article: Bertrand Russell's political views

Political and social activism occupied much of Russell's time for most of his life. Russell remained politically active almost to the end of his life, writing to and exhorting world leaders and lending his name to various causes.

Russell argued for a "scientific society", where war would be abolished, population growth would be limited, and prosperity would be shared.[209] He suggested the establishment of a "single supreme world government" able to enforce peace,[210] claiming that "the only thing that will redeem mankind is co-operation".[211] Russell also expressed support for guild socialism, and commented positively on several socialist thinkers and activists.[212]

Russell was an active supporter of the Homosexual Law Reform Society, being one of the signatories of A. E. Dyson's 1958 letter to The Times calling for a change in the law regarding male homosexual practices, which were partly legalised in 1967, when Russell was still alive.[213]

Russell advocated – and was one of the first people in the UK to suggest[214] – a universal basic income.[215]

In "Reflections on My Eightieth Birthday" ("Postscript" in his Autobiography), Russell wrote: "I have lived in the pursuit of a vision, both personal and social. Personal: to care for what is noble, for what is beautiful, for what is gentle; to allow moments of insight to give wisdom at more mundane times. Social: to see in imagination the society that is to be created, where individuals grow freely, and where hate and greed and envy die because there is nothing to nourish them. These things I believe, and the world, for all its horrors, has left me unshaken".[216]

Freedom of opinion and expression

Russell was a champion of freedom of opinion and an opponent of both censorship and indoctrination. In 1928, he wrote: "The fundamental argument for freedom of opinion is the doubtfulness of all our belief... when the State intervenes to ensure the indoctrination of some doctrine, it does so because there is no conclusive evidence in favour of that doctrine ... It is clear that thought is not free if the profession of certain opinions make it impossible to make a living".[217] In 1957, he wrote: "'Free thought' means thinking freely ... to be worthy of the name freethinker he must be free of two things: the force of tradition and the tyranny of his own passions."[218]

Education

Russell has presented ideas on the possible means of control of education in case of scientific dictatorship governments, of the kind of this excerpt taken from chapter II "General Effects of Scientific Technique" of "The Impact of Science on society".[219]

This subject will make great strides when it is taken up by scientists under a scientific dictatorship. Anaxagoras maintained that snow is black, but no one believed him. The social psychologists of the future will have a number of classes of school children on whom they will try different methods of producing an unshakable conviction that snow is black. Various results will soon be arrived at. First, that the influence of home is obstructive. Second, that not much can be done unless indoctrination begins before the age of ten. Third, that verses set to music and repeatedly intoned are very effective. Fourth, that the opinion that snow is white must be held to show a morbid taste for eccentricity. But I anticipate. It is for future scientists to make these maxims precise and discover exactly how much it costs per head to make children believe that snow is black, and how much less it would cost to make them believe it is dark grey. Although this science will be diligently studied, it will be rigidly confined to the governing class. The populace will not be allowed to know how its convictions were generated. When the technique has been perfected, every government that has been in charge of education for a generation will be able to control its subjects securely without the need of armies or policemen. As yet there is only one country which has succeeded in creating this politician's paradise. The social effects of scientific technique have already been many and important, and are likely to be even more noteworthy in the future. Some of these effects depend upon the political and economic character of the country concerned; others are inevitable, whatever this character may be.

He pushed his visionary scenarios even further into details, in the chapter III "Scientific Technique in an Oligarchy" of the same book,[220] stating as an example

In future such failures are not likely to occur where there is dictatorship. Diet, injections, and injunctions will combine, from a very early age, to produce the sort of character and the sort of beliefs that the authorities consider desirable, and any serious criticism of the powers that be will become psychologically impossible. Even if all are miserable, all will believe themselves happy, because the government will tell them that they are so.

Selected works

Below are selected Russell's works in English, sorted by year of first publication:

  • 1896. German Social Democracy. London: Longmans, Green
  • 1897. An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry.[221] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • 1900. A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • 1903. The Principles of Mathematics.[222] Cambridge University Press
  • 1903. A Free man's worship, and other essays.[223]
  • 1905. On Denoting, Mind, Vol. 14. ISSN 0026-4423. Basil Blackwell
  • 1910. Philosophical Essays. London: Longmans, Green
  • 1910–1913. Principia Mathematica.[224] (with Alfred North Whitehead). 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • 1912. The Problems of Philosophy.[225] London: Williams and Norgate
  • 1914. Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy.[226] Chicago and London: Open Court Publishing.[227]
  • 1916. Principles of Social Reconstruction.[228] London, George Allen and Unwin
  • 1916. Why Men Fight. New York: The Century Co
  • 1916. The Policy of the Entente, 1904–1914 : a reply to Professor Gilbert Murray.[229] Manchester: The National Labour Press
  • 1916. Justice in War-time. Chicago: Open Court
  • 1917. Political Ideals.[230] New York: The Century Co.
  • 1918. Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1918. Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism.[231] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1919. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.[232][233] London: George Allen & Unwin. (ISBN 0-415-09604-9 for Routledge paperback)[234]
  • 1920. The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism.[235] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1921. The Analysis of Mind.[236] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1922. The Problem of China.[237] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1922. Free Thought and Official Propaganda, delivered at South Place Institute[178]
  • 1923. The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, in collaboration with Dora Russell. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1923. The ABC of Atoms, London: Kegan Paul. Trench, Trubner
  • 1924. Icarus; or, The Future of Science. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
  • 1925. The ABC of Relativity. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
  • 1925. What I Believe. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
  • 1926. On Education, Especially in Early Childhood. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1927. The Analysis of Matter. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
  • 1927. An Outline of Philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1927. Why I Am Not a Christian.[238] London: Watts
  • 1927. Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell. New York: Modern Library
  • 1928. Sceptical Essays. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1929. Marriage and Morals. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1930. The Conquest of Happiness. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1931. The Scientific Outlook,[239] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1932. Education and the Social Order,[240] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1934. Freedom and Organization, 1814–1914. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1935. In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays.[241] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1935. Religion and Science. London: Thornton Butterworth
  • 1936. Which Way to Peace?. London: Jonathan Cape
  • 1937. The Amberley Papers: The Letters and Diaries of Lord and Lady Amberley, with Patricia Russell, 2 vols., London: Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press; reprinted (1966) as The Amberley Papers. Bertrand Russell's Family Background, 2 vols., London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1938. Power: A New Social Analysis. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1940. An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.[242]
  • 1945. The Bomb and Civilisation. Published in the Glasgow Forward on 18 August 1945
  • 1945. A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day[243] New York: Simon and Schuster
  • 1948. Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1949. Authority and the Individual.[244] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1950. Unpopular Essays.[245] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1951. New Hopes for a Changing World. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1952. The Impact of Science on Society. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1953. Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1954. Human Society in Ethics and Politics. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1954. Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories.[246] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1956. Portraits from Memory and Other Essays.[247] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1956. Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901–1950, edited by Robert C. Marsh. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1957. Why I Am Not A Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects, edited by Paul Edwards. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1958. Understanding History and Other Essays. New York: Philosophical Library
  • 1958. The Will to Doubt. New York: Philosophical Library
  • 1959. Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare.[248] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1959. My Philosophical Development.[249] London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1959. Wisdom of the West: A Historical Survey of Western Philosophy in Its Social and Political Setting, edited by Paul Foulkes. London: Macdonald
  • 1960. Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind, Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company
  • 1961. The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, edited by R. E. Egner and L. E. Denonn. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1961. Fact and Fiction. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1961. Has Man a Future? London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1963. Essays in Skepticism. New York: Philosophical Library
  • 1963. Unarmed Victory. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1965. Legitimacy Versus Industrialism, 1814–1848. London: George Allen & Unwin (first published as Parts I and II of Freedom and Organization, 1814–1914, 1934)
  • 1965. On the Philosophy of Science, edited by Charles A. Fritz, Jr. Indianapolis: The Bobbs–Merrill Company
  • 1966. The ABC of Relativity. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1967. Russell's Peace Appeals, edited by Tsutomu Makino and Kazuteru Hitaka. Japan: Eichosha's New Current Books
  • 1967. War Crimes in Vietnam. London: George Allen & Unwin
  • 1951–1969. The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell,[250] 3 vols., London: George Allen & Unwin. Vol. 2, 1956[250]
  • 1969. Dear Bertrand Russell... A Selection of his Correspondence with the General Public 1950–1968, edited by Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils. London: George Allen and Unwin

Russell was the author of more than sixty books and over two thousand articles.[251][252] Additionally, he wrote many pamphlets, introductions, and letters to the editor. One pamphlet titled, I Appeal unto Caesar': The Case of the Conscientious Objectors, ghostwritten for Margaret Hobhouse, the mother of imprisoned peace activist Stephen Hobhouse, allegedly helped secure the release from prison of hundreds of conscientious objectors.[253]

His works can be found in anthologies and collections, including The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. By March 2017 this collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works included 18 volumes,[254] and several more are in progress. A bibliography in three additional volumes catalogues his publications. The Russell Archives held by McMaster's William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections possess over 40,000 of his letters.[255]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Monmouthshire's Welsh status was ambiguous at this time, and it was considered by some to be part of England. See Monmouthshire (historic)#Ambiguity over status.
  2. ^ Russell and G. E. Moore broke themselves free from British Idealism which, for nearly 90 years, had been dominating British philosophy. Russell would later recall that "with a sense of escaping from prison, we allowed ourselves to think that grass is green, that the sun and stars would exist if no one was aware of them ..."[69]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Irvine, Andrew David (1 January 2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Bertrand Russell. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  2. ^ James Ward 1 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
  3. ^ Wettstein, Howard, "Frege-Russell Semantics?", Dialectica 44(1–2), 1990, pp. 113–135, esp. 115: "Russell maintains that when one is acquainted with something, say, a present sense datum or oneself, one can refer to it without the mediation of anything like a Fregean sense. One can refer to it, as we might say, directly."
  4. ^ "Structural Realism" 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine: entry by James Ladyman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  5. ^ Russellian Monism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2019.
  6. ^ Dowe, Phil (10 September 2007). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Causal Processes. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  7. ^ Jager, Ronald (2002). The Development of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy, Volume 11. Psychology Press. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-415-29545-1.
  8. ^ Nicholas Griffin, ed. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-63634-6.
  9. ^ Milkov, Nikolay (2003). A Hundred Years of English Philosophy. Springer. p. 47.
  10. ^ Roberts, George W. (2013). Bertrand Russell Memorial Volume. Routledge. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-317-83302-4.
  11. ^ Carey, Rosalind; John Ongley (2009). Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy. Scarecrow Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8108-6292-0.
  12. ^ Basile, Pierfrancesco (14 May 2019). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 May 2019 – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  13. ^ Schultz, Bart (2015). Henry Sidgwick. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  14. ^ Niiniluoto, Ilkka (2003). Thomas Bonk (ed.). Language, Truth and Knowledge: Contributions to the Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. Springer. p. [1]. ISBN 978-1-4020-1206-8.
  15. ^ Händler, Wolfgang; Dieter Haupt; Rolf Jelitsch; Wilfried Juling; Otto Lange (1986). CONPAR 1986. Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-540-16811-9.
  16. ^ Wang, Hao (1990). Reflections on Kurt Gödel. MIT Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-262-73087-7.
  17. ^ Parvin, Phil (2013). Karl Popper. C. Black. ISBN 978-1-62356-733-0.
  18. ^ Roger F. Gibson, ed. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Quine. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-63949-1.
  19. ^ Barsky, Robert F. (1998). Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. MIT Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-262-52255-7.
  20. ^ Cusset, François (2008). French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States. University of Minnesota Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8166-4732-3.
  21. ^ Alan Berger, ed. (2011). Saul Kripke. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50066-1.
  22. ^ Gabbay, Dov M.; Paul Thagard; John Woods; Theo A. F. Kuipers (2007). "The Logical Approach of the Vienna Circle and their Followers from the 1920s to the 1950s". General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues: Focal Issues. Elsevier. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-08-054854-8.
  23. ^ Moran, Dermot (2012). Husserl's Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-521-89536-1.
  24. ^ Nikolay Milkov (2013), "The Berlin Group and the Vienna Circle: Affinities and Divergences", in: N. Milkov & V. Peckhaus (eds.), The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism. Springer, pp. 3–32. esp. p. 19.
  25. ^ Grattan-Guinness. "Russell and G.H. Hardy: A study of their Relationship". McMaster University Library Press. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  26. ^ Patterson, Douglas (2012). Alfred Tarski: Philosophy of Language and Logic. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-36722-7.
  27. ^ Rosalind Carey; John Ongley (2009). Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell's Philosophy. Scarecrow Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-8108-6292-0.
  28. ^ Monk, Ray (2013). Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-50413-3.
  29. ^ Anita Burdman Feferman; Solomon Feferman (2004). Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-521-80240-6.
  30. ^ Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7.
  31. ^ Bronowski, Jacob (2008). The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15718-5.
  32. ^ Nicholas Griffin; Dale Jacquette, eds. (2008). Russell vs. Meinong: The Legacy of "On Denoting". Taylor & Francis. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-203-88802-5.
  33. ^ Ghose, Sankar (1993). "V: Europe Revisited". Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography. Allied Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 978-81-7023-369-5.
  34. ^ . Verso. p. 2005. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  35. ^ Hossain, Farhad; Masud Kamal, Sheikh (17 October 2021). "Sheikh Russel: A bullet-hit innocent boy". m.theindependentbd.com. Retrieved 19 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ Albert, Michael (2011). Remembering Tomorrow: From SDS to Life After Capitalism: A Memoir. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-001-7.
  37. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee (1997). Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. Grove Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8021-9725-2.
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Sources

Primary sources

  • 1900, Sur la logique des relations avec des applications à la théorie des séries, Rivista di matematica 7: 115–148.
  • 1901, On the Notion of Order, Mind (n.s.) 10: 35–51.
  • 1902, (with Alfred North Whitehead), On Cardinal Numbers, American Journal of Mathematics 24: 367–384.
  • 1948, BBC Reith Lectures: Authority and the Individual A series of six radio lectures broadcast on the BBC Home Service in December 1948.

Secondary sources

  • John Newsome Crossley. A Note on Cantor's Theorem and Russell's Paradox, Australian Journal of Philosophy 51, 1973, 70–71.
  • Ivor Grattan-Guinness. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
  • Alan Ryan. Bertrand Russell: A Political Life, New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Further reading

Books about Russell's philosophy
  • Alfred Julius Ayer. Russell, London: Fontana, 1972. ISBN 0-00-632965-9. A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
  • Elizabeth Ramsden Eames. Bertrand Russell's Theory of Knowledge, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1969. OCLC 488496910. A clear description of Russell's philosophical development.
  • Celia Green. The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem, Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003. ISBN 0-9536772-1-4 Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell's views on causality.
  • A. C. Grayling. Russell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Nicholas Griffin. Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • A. D. Irvine, ed. Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.
  • Michael K. Potter. Bertrand Russell's Ethics, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. A clear and accessible explanation of Russell's moral philosophy.
  • P. A. Schilpp, ed. The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
  • John Slater. Bertrand Russell, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
Biographical books
  • A. J. Ayer. Bertrand Russell, New York: Viking Press, 1972, reprint ed. London: University of Chicago Press, 1988, ISBN 0-226-03343-0
  • Andrew Brink. Bertrand Russell: A Psychobiography of a Moralist, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, Inc., 1989, ISBN 0-391-03600-9
  • Ronald W. Clark. The Life of Bertrand Russell, London: Jonathan Cape, 1975, ISBN 0-394-49059-2
  • Ronald W. Clark. Bertrand Russell and His World, London: Thames & Hudson, 1981, ISBN 0-500-13070-1
  • Rupert Crawshay-Williams. Russell Remembered, London: Oxford University Press, 1970. Written by a close friend of Russell's
  • John Lewis. Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist, London: Lawerence & Wishart, 1968
  • Ray Monk. Bertrand Russell: Mathematics: Dreams and Nightmares, London: Phoenix, 1997, ISBN 0-7538-0190-6
  • Ray Monk. Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of Solitude, 1872–1920 Vol. I, New York: Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-09-973131-2
  • Ray Monk. Bertrand Russell: The Ghost of Madness, 1921–1970 Vol. II, New York: Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-09-927275-X
  • Caroline Moorehead. Bertrand Russell: A Life, New York: Viking, 1993, ISBN 0-670-85008-X
  • George Santayana. "Bertrand Russell", in Selected Writings of George Santayana, Norman Henfrey (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, I, 1968, pp. 326–329
  • Peter Stone et al. Bertrand Russell's Life and Legacy. Wilmington: Vernon Press, 2017.
  • Katharine Tait. My Father Bertrand Russell, New York: Thoemmes Press, 1975
  • Alan Wood. Bertrand Russell: The Passionate Sceptic, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1957.

External links

May 09, 2023
bertrand, russell, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, march, 2. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Bertrand Russell news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS 66 18 May 1872 2 February 1970 was a British mathematician philosopher logician and public intellectual He had a considerable influence on mathematics logic set theory linguistics artificial intelligence cognitive science computer science and various areas of analytic philosophy especially philosophy of mathematics philosophy of language epistemology and metaphysics 67 68 The Right HonourableThe Earl RussellOM FRSRussell in 1957BornBertrand Arthur William Russell 1872 05 18 18 May 1872Trellech Monmouthshire Wales a Died2 February 1970 1970 02 02 aged 97 Penrhyndeudraeth Merionethshire WalesEducationTrinity College Cambridge BA 1893 SpousesAlys Pearsall Smith m 1894 div 1921 wbr Dora Black m 1921 div 1935 wbr Patricia Spence m 1936 div 1952 wbr 1 Edith Finch m 1952 wbr AwardsDe Morgan Medal 1932 Sylvester Medal 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 Kalinga Prize 1957 Jerusalem Prize 1963 Era20th century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalytic philosophyInstitutionsTrinity College Cambridge London School of Economics University of Chicago University of California Los AngelesAcademic advisorsJames Ward 2 A N WhiteheadDoctoral studentsLudwig WittgensteinOther notable studentsRaphael DemosMain interestsEpistemology ethics logic mathematics metaphysics philosophyNotable ideas Analytic philosophyAutomated reasoningAutomated theorem provingAxiom of reducibilityBarber paradoxBerry paradoxChickenConnectiveCriticism of the coherence theory of truthCriticism of the doctrine of internal relations logical holismDefinite descriptionDescriptivist theory of namesDirect reference theory 3 Double negationEpistemic structural realism 4 Existential fallacyFailure of referenceKnowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by descriptionLogical atomism atomic proposition Logical formMathematical beautyMathematical logicMeaningMetamathematicsPhilosophical logicPredicativismPropositional analysisPropositional calculusNaive set theoryNeutral monism 5 Paradoxes of set theoryPeano Russell notationPropositional formulaSelf refuting ideaQuantificationRussell Myhill paradoxRussell s conjugationRussell style universesRussell s paradoxRussell s teapotRussell s theory of causal lines 6 Russellian changeRussellian propositionsRussellian view Russell s critique of Meinong s theory of objects Set theoretic definition of natural numbersSingletonTheory of descriptionsTheory of relationsType theory ramified type theoryTensor product of graphsUnity of the propositionInfluences Euclid Mill Peano Boole 7 De Morgan 8 Frege Cantor Kant 9 Santayana Meinong Spinoza James Mach 10 Hume 11 Leibniz Wittgenstein Whitehead Moore Stout Ward 12 Sidgwick 13 ShelleyInfluenced Ludwig Wittgenstein A J Ayer Rudolf Carnap 14 John von Neumann 15 Kurt Godel 16 Karl Popper 17 W V Quine 18 Noam Chomsky 19 Hilary Putnam 20 Saul Kripke 21 Moritz Schlick 22 Vienna Circle 23 J L Austin Kurt Grelling 24 G H Hardy 25 Alfred Tarski 26 Norbert Wiener 27 Robert Oppenheimer 28 Leon Chwistek 29 Alan Turing 30 Jacob Bronowski 31 Frank P Ramsey 32 Jawaharlal Nehru 33 Tariq Ali 34 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 35 Michael Albert 36 Che Guevara 37 Bernard Williams Donald Davidson 38 Thomas Kuhn 39 Nathan Salmon 40 Christopher Hitchens 41 Richard Dawkins 42 Carl Sagan 43 Isaiah Berlin 44 Albert Ellis 45 Martin Gardner 46 Daniel Dennett 47 Buckminster Fuller 48 Pervez Hoodbhoy 49 John Maynard Keynes 50 Isaac Asimov 51 Paul Kurtz 52 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn James Joyce 53 Kurt Vonnegut 54 Ray Kurzweil 55 Marvin Minsky 56 Herbert A Simon 57 B F Skinner 58 John Searle 59 Andrei Sakharov 60 Stephen Hawking 61 Joseph Rotblat 62 Edward Said 63 Sidney Hook Frank Wilczek 64 A C Grayling Colin McGinn Txillardegi 65 Member of the House of LordsLord TemporalIn office 4 March 1931 2 February 1970Hereditary peeragePreceded byThe 2nd Earl RussellSucceeded byThe 4th Earl RussellPersonal detailsPolitical partyLabour 1922 1965 Other politicalaffiliationsLiberal 1907 1922 SignatureHe was one of the early 20th century s most prominent logicians 68 and a founder of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege his friend and colleague G E Moore and his student and protege Ludwig Wittgenstein Russell with Moore led the British revolt against idealism b Together with his former teacher A N Whitehead Russell wrote Principia Mathematica a milestone in the development of classical logic and a major attempt to reduce the whole of mathematics to logic see Logicism Russell s article On Denoting has been considered a paradigm of philosophy 70 Russell was a pacifist who championed anti imperialism and chaired the India League 71 72 73 He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I 74 but also saw the war against Adolf Hitler s Nazi Germany as a necessary lesser of two evils In the wake of World War II he welcomed American global hegemony in favour of either Soviet hegemony or no or ineffective world leadership even if it were to come at the cost of using their nuclear weapons 75 He would later criticize Stalinist totalitarianism condemn the United States involvement in the Vietnam War and become an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament 76 In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought 77 78 He was also the recipient of the De Morgan Medal 1932 Sylvester Medal 1934 Kalinga Prize 1957 and Jerusalem Prize 1963 Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life and background 1 2 Childhood and adolescence 1 3 University and first marriage 1 4 Early career 1 5 First World War 1 6 G H Hardy on the Trinity controversy 1 7 Between the wars 1 8 Second World War 1 9 Later life 1 10 Political causes 1 11 Final years death and legacy 1 11 1 Marriages and issue 1 12 Titles and honours from birth 2 Views 2 1 Philosophy 2 2 Religion 2 3 Society 2 4 Freedom of opinion and expression 2 5 Education 3 Selected works 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksBiography EditEarly life and background Edit Bertrand Arthur William Russell was born at Ravenscroft Trellech Monmouthshire United Kingdom a on 18 May 1872 into an influential and liberal family of the British aristocracy 79 80 His parents Viscount and Viscountess Amberley were radical for their times Lord Amberley consented to his wife s affair with their children s tutor 81 82 the biologist Douglas Spalding Both were early advocates of birth control at a time when this was considered scandalous 83 Lord Amberley was a deist and even asked the philosopher John Stuart Mill to act as Russell s secular godfather 84 Mill died the year after Russell s birth but his writings had a great effect on Russell s life Russell as a 4 year old His paternal grandfather Lord John Russell later 1st Earl Russell 1792 1878 had twice been prime minister in the 1840s and 1860s 85 A member of Parliament since the early 1810s he met with Napoleon Bonaparte in Elba 86 The Russells had been prominent in England for several centuries before this coming to power and the peerage with the rise of the Tudor dynasty see Duke of Bedford They established themselves as one of the leading Whig families and participated in every great political event from the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536 1540 to the Glorious Revolution in 1688 1689 and the Great Reform Act in 1832 85 87 Lady Amberley was the daughter of Lord and Lady Stanley of Alderley 76 Russell often feared the ridicule of his maternal grandmother 88 one of the campaigners for education of women 89 Childhood and adolescence Edit Russell had two siblings brother Frank nearly seven years older than Bertrand and sister Rachel four years older In June 1874 Russell s mother died of diphtheria followed shortly by Rachel s death In January 1876 his father died of bronchitis after a long period of depression citation needed Frank and Bertrand were placed in the care of staunchly Victorian paternal grandparents who lived at Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park His grandfather former Prime Minister Earl Russell died in 1878 and was remembered by Russell as a kindly old man in a wheelchair His grandmother the Countess Russell nee Lady Frances Elliot was the dominant family figure for the rest of Russell s childhood and youth 76 83 The Countess was from a Scottish Presbyterian family and successfully petitioned the Court of Chancery to set aside a provision in Amberley s will requiring the children to be raised as agnostics Despite her religious conservatism she held progressive views in other areas accepting Darwinism and supporting Irish Home Rule and her influence on Bertrand Russell s outlook on social justice and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life Her favourite Bible verse Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil 90 became his motto The atmosphere at Pembroke Lodge was one of frequent prayer emotional repression and formality Frank reacted to this with open rebellion but the young Bertrand learned to hide his feelings Childhood home Pembroke Lodge Richmond Park London Russell s adolescence was lonely and he often contemplated suicide He remarked in his autobiography that his keenest interests in nature and books and later mathematics saved me from complete despondency 91 only his wish to know more mathematics kept him from suicide 92 He was educated at home by a series of tutors 93 When Russell was eleven years old his brother Frank introduced him to the work of Euclid which he described in his autobiography as one of the great events of my life as dazzling as first love 94 95 During these formative years he also discovered the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley Russell wrote I spent all my spare time reading him and learning him by heart knowing no one to whom I could speak of what I thought or felt I used to reflect how wonderful it would have been to know Shelley and to wonder whether I should meet any live human being with whom I should feel so much sympathy 96 Russell claimed that beginning at age 15 he spent considerable time thinking about the validity of Christian religious dogma which he found unconvincing 97 At this age he came to the conclusion that there is no free will and two years later that there is no life after death Finally at the age of 18 after reading Mill s Autobiography he abandoned the First Cause argument and became an atheist 98 99 He travelled to the continent in 1890 with an American friend Edward FitzGerald and with FitzGerald s family he visited the Paris Exhibition of 1889 and climbed the Eiffel Tower soon after it was completed 100 University and first marriage Edit Russell at Trinity College Cambridge in 1893 Russell won a scholarship to read for the Mathematical Tripos at Trinity College Cambridge and began his studies there in 1890 101 taking as coach Robert Rumsey Webb He became acquainted with the younger George Edward Moore and came under the influence of Alfred North Whitehead who recommended him to the Cambridge Apostles He quickly distinguished himself in mathematics and philosophy graduating as seventh Wrangler in the former in 1893 and becoming a Fellow in the latter in 1895 102 103 Russell was 17 years old in the summer of 1889 when he met the family of Alys Pearsall Smith an American Quaker five years older who was a graduate of Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia 104 105 He became a friend of the Pearsall Smith family They knew him primarily as Lord John s grandson and enjoyed showing him off 106 He soon fell in love with the puritanical high minded Alys and contrary to his grandmother s wishes married her on 13 December 1894 Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell while cycling that he no longer loved her 107 She asked him if he loved her and he replied that he did not Russell also disliked Alys s mother finding her controlling and cruel A lengthy period of separation began in 1911 with Russell s affair with Lady Ottoline Morrell 108 and he and Alys finally divorced in 1921 to enable Russell to remarry 109 During his years of separation from Alys Russell had passionate and often simultaneous affairs with a number of women including Morrell and the actress Lady Constance Malleson 110 Some have suggested that at this point he had an affair with Vivienne Haigh Wood the English governess and writer and first wife of T S Eliot 111 Early career Edit See also Axiom of reducibility Russell began his published work in 1896 with German Social Democracy a study in politics that was an early indication of a lifelong interest in political and social theory In 1896 he taught German social democracy at the London School of Economics 112 He was a member of the Coefficients dining club of social reformers set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb 113 He now started an intensive study of the foundations of mathematics at Trinity In 1897 he wrote An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry submitted at the Fellowship Examination of Trinity College which discussed the Cayley Klein metrics used for non Euclidean geometry 114 He attended the First International Congress of Philosophy in Paris in 1900 where he met Giuseppe Peano and Alessandro Padoa The Italians had responded to Georg Cantor making a science of set theory they gave Russell their literature including the Formulario mathematico Russell was impressed by the precision of Peano s arguments at the Congress read the literature upon returning to England and came upon Russell s paradox In 1903 he published The Principles of Mathematics a work on foundations of mathematics It advanced a thesis of logicism that mathematics and logic are one and the same 115 At the age of 29 in February 1901 Russell underwent what he called a sort of mystic illumination after witnessing Whitehead s wife s acute suffering in an angina attack I found myself filled with semi mystical feelings about beauty and with a desire almost as profound as that of the Buddha to find some philosophy which should make human life endurable Russell would later recall At the end of those five minutes I had become a completely different person 116 In 1905 he wrote the essay On Denoting which was published in the philosophical journal Mind Russell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society FRS in 1908 66 76 The three volume Principia Mathematica written with Whitehead was published between 1910 and 1913 This along with the earlier The Principles of Mathematics soon made Russell world famous in his field In 1910 he became a University of Cambridge lecturer at Trinity College where he had studied He was considered for a Fellowship which would give him a vote in the college government and protect him from being fired for his opinions but was passed over because he was anti clerical essentially because he was agnostic He was approached by the Austrian engineering student Ludwig Wittgenstein who became his PhD student Russell viewed Wittgenstein as a genius and a successor who would continue his work on logic He spent hours dealing with Wittgenstein s various phobias and his frequent bouts of despair This was often a drain on Russell s energy but Russell continued to be fascinated by him and encouraged his academic development including the publication of Wittgenstein s Tractatus Logico Philosophicus in 1922 117 Russell delivered his lectures on logical atomism his version of these ideas in 1918 before the end of World War I Wittgenstein was at that time serving in the Austrian Army and subsequently spent nine months in an Italian prisoner of war camp at the end of the conflict First World War Edit Russell served on the National Committee of the No Conscription Fellowship shown here in May 1916 back right 118 During World War I Russell was one of the few people to engage in active pacifist activities In 1916 because of his lack of a Fellowship he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 119 He later described this in Free Thought and Official Propaganda as an illegitimate means the state used to violate freedom of expression Russell championed the case of Eric Chappelow a poet jailed and abused as a conscientious objector 120 Russell played a significant part in the Leeds Convention in June 1917 a historic event which saw well over a thousand anti war socialists gather many being delegates from the Independent Labour Party and the Socialist Party united in their pacifist beliefs and advocating a peace settlement 121 The international press reported that Russell appeared with a number of Labour Members of Parliament MPs including Ramsay MacDonald and Philip Snowden as well as former Liberal MP and anti conscription campaigner Professor Arnold Lupton After the event Russell told Lady Ottoline Morrell that to my surprise when I got up to speak I was given the greatest ovation that was possible to give anybody 122 123 His conviction in 1916 resulted in Russell being fined 100 equivalent to 6 000 in 2021 which he refused to pay in hope that he would be sent to prison but his books were sold at auction to raise the money The books were bought by friends he later treasured his copy of the King James Bible that was stamped Confiscated by Cambridge Police A later conviction for publicly lecturing against inviting the United States to enter the war on the United Kingdom s side resulted in six months imprisonment in Brixton Prison see Bertrand Russell s political views in 1918 124 He later said of his imprisonment I found prison in many ways quite agreeable I had no engagements no difficult decisions to make no fear of callers no interruptions to my work I read enormously I wrote a book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy and began the work for The Analysis of Mind I was rather interested in my fellow prisoners who seemed to me in no way morally inferior to the rest of the population though they were on the whole slightly below the usual level of intelligence as was shown by their having been caught 125 While he was reading Strachey s Eminent Victorians chapter about Gordon he laughed out loud in his cell prompting the warder to intervene and reminding him that prison was a place of punishment 126 Russell was reinstated to Trinity in 1919 resigned in 1920 was Tarner Lecturer in 1926 and became a Fellow again in 1944 until 1949 127 In 1924 Russell again gained press attention when attending a banquet in the House of Commons with well known campaigners including Arnold Lupton who had been an MP and had also endured imprisonment for passive resistance to military or naval service 128 G H Hardy on the Trinity controversy Edit In 1941 G H Hardy wrote a 61 page pamphlet titled Bertrand Russell and Trinity published later as a book by Cambridge University Press with a foreword by C D Broad in which he gave an authoritative account of Russell s 1916 dismissal from Trinity College explaining that a reconciliation between the college and Russell had later taken place and gave details about Russell s personal life Hardy writes that Russell s dismissal had created a scandal since the vast majority of the Fellows of the College opposed the decision The ensuing pressure from the Fellows induced the Council to reinstate Russell In January 1920 it was announced that Russell had accepted the reinstatement offer from Trinity and would begin lecturing from October In July 1920 Russell applied for a one year leave of absence this was approved He spent the year giving lectures in China and Japan In January 1921 it was announced by Trinity that Russell had resigned and his resignation had been accepted This resignation Hardy explains was completely voluntary and was not the result of another altercation The reason for the resignation according to Hardy was that Russell was going through a tumultuous time in his personal life with a divorce and subsequent remarriage Russell contemplated asking Trinity for another one year leave of absence but decided against it since this would have been an unusual application and the situation had the potential to snowball into another controversy Although Russell did the right thing in Hardy s opinion the reputation of the College suffered with Russell s resignation since the world of learning knew about Russell s altercation with Trinity but not that the rift had healed In 1925 Russell was asked by the Council of Trinity College to give the Tarner Lectures on the Philosophy of the Sciences these would later be the basis for one of Russell s best received books according to Hardy The Analysis of Matter published in 1927 129 In the preface to the Trinity pamphlet Hardy wrote I wish to make it plain that Russell himself is not responsible directly or indirectly for the writing of the pamphlet I wrote it without his knowledge and when I sent him the typescript and asked for his permission to print it I suggested that unless it contained misstatement of fact he should make no comment on it He agreed to this no word has been changed as the result of any suggestion from him Between the wars Edit In August 1920 Russell travelled to Soviet Russia as part of an official delegation sent by the British government to investigate the effects of the Russian Revolution 130 He wrote a four part series of articles titled Soviet Russia 1920 for the magazine The Nation 131 132 He met Vladimir Lenin and had an hour long conversation with him In his autobiography he mentions that he found Lenin disappointing sensing an impish cruelty in him and comparing him to an opinionated professor He cruised down the Volga on a steamship His experiences destroyed his previous tentative support for the revolution He subsequently wrote a book The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism 133 about his experiences on this trip taken with a group of 24 others from the UK all of whom came home thinking well of the Soviet regime despite Russell s attempts to change their minds For example he told them that he had heard shots fired in the middle of the night and was sure that these were clandestine executions but the others maintained that it was only cars backfiring citation needed Russell with his children John and Kate Russell s lover Dora Black a British author feminist and socialist campaigner visited Soviet Russia independently at the same time in contrast to his reaction she was enthusiastic about the Bolshevik revolution 133 The following year Russell accompanied by Dora visited Peking as Beijing was then known outside of China to lecture on philosophy for a year 93 He went with optimism and hope seeing China as then being on a new path 134 Other scholars present in China at the time included John Dewey 135 and Rabindranath Tagore the Indian Nobel laureate poet 93 Before leaving China Russell became gravely ill with pneumonia and incorrect reports of his death were published in the Japanese press 135 When the couple visited Japan on their return journey Dora took on the role of spurning the local press by handing out notices reading Mr Bertrand Russell having died according to the Japanese press is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists 136 137 Apparently they found this harsh and reacted resentfully citation needed 138 139 Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England on 26 August 1921 Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys marrying Dora six days after the divorce was finalised on 27 September 1921 Russell s children with Dora were John Conrad Russell 4th Earl Russell born on 16 November 1921 and Katharine Jane Russell now Lady Katharine Tait born on 29 December 1923 Russell supported his family during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of physics ethics and education to the layman Bertrand Russell in 1924 From 1922 to 1927 the Russells divided their time between London and Cornwall spending summers in Porthcurno 140 In the 1922 and 1923 general elections Russell stood as a Labour Party candidate in the Chelsea constituency but only on the basis that he knew he was extremely unlikely to be elected in such a safe Conservative seat and he was unsuccessful on both occasions After the birth of his two children he became interested in education especially early childhood education He was not satisfied with the old traditional education and thought that progressive education also had some flaws 141 as a result together with Dora Russell founded the experimental Beacon Hill School in 1927 The school was run from a succession of different locations including its original premises at the Russells residence Telegraph House near Harting West Sussex During this time he published On Education Especially in Early Childhood On 8 July 1930 Dora gave birth to her third child Harriet Ruth After he left the school in 1932 Dora continued it until 1943 142 143 In 1927 Russell met Barry Fox later Barry Stevens who became a well known Gestalt therapist and writer in later years 144 They developed an intensive relationship and in Fox s words for three years we were very close 145 Fox sent her daughter Judith to Beacon Hill School 146 From 1927 to 1932 Russell wrote 34 letters to Fox 147 Upon the death of his elder brother Frank in 1931 Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell Russell s marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous and it reached a breaking point over her having two children with an American journalist Griffin Barry 143 They separated in 1932 and finally divorced On 18 January 1936 Russell married his third wife an Oxford undergraduate named Patricia Peter Spence who had been his children s governess since 1930 Russell and Peter had one son Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell 5th Earl Russell who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the Liberal Democrat party 76 Russell returned in 1937 to the London School of Economics to lecture on the science of power 112 During the 1930 s Russell became a friend and collaborator of V K Krishna Menon then President of the India League the foremost lobby in the United Kingdom for Indian independence 73 Russell chaired the India League from 1932 to 1939 148 Second World War Edit Russell s political views changed over time mostly about war He opposed rearmament against Nazi Germany In 1937 he wrote in a personal letter If the Germans succeed in sending an invading army to England we should do best to treat them as visitors give them quarters and invite the commander and chief to dine with the prime minister 149 In 1940 he changed his appeasement view that avoiding a full scale world war was more important than defeating Hitler He concluded that Adolf Hitler taking over all of Europe would be a permanent threat to democracy In 1943 he adopted a stance toward large scale warfare called relative political pacifism War was always a great evil but in some particularly extreme circumstances it may be the lesser of two evils 150 151 Before World War II Russell taught at the University of Chicago later moving on to Los Angeles to lecture at the UCLA Department of Philosophy 152 He was appointed professor at the City College of New York CCNY in 1940 but after a public outcry the appointment was annulled by a court judgment that pronounced him morally unfit to teach at the college because of his opinions especially those relating to sexual morality detailed in Marriage and Morals 1929 The matter was however taken to the New York Supreme Court by Jean Kay who was afraid that her daughter would be harmed by the appointment though her daughter was not a student at CCNY 152 153 Many intellectuals led by John Dewey protested at his treatment 154 Albert Einstein s oft quoted aphorism that great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds originated in his open letter dated 19 March 1940 to Morris Raphael Cohen a professor emeritus at CCNY supporting Russell s appointment 155 Dewey and Horace M Kallen edited a collection of articles on the CCNY affair in The Bertrand Russell Case Russell soon joined the Barnes Foundation lecturing to a varied audience on the history of philosophy these lectures formed the basis of A History of Western Philosophy His relationship with the eccentric Albert C Barnes soon soured and he returned to the UK in 1944 to rejoin the faculty of Trinity College 156 Later life Edit See also 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature Russell in 1954 Russell participated in many broadcasts over the BBC particularly The Brains Trust and for the Third Programme on various topical and philosophical subjects By this time Russell was world famous outside academic circles frequently the subject or author of magazine and newspaper articles and was called upon to offer opinions on a wide variety of subjects even mundane ones En route to one of his lectures in Trondheim Russell was one of 24 survivors among a total of 43 passengers of an aeroplane crash in Hommelvik in October 1948 He said he owed his life to smoking since the people who drowned were in the non smoking part of the plane 157 158 A History of Western Philosophy 1945 became a best seller and provided Russell with a steady income for the remainder of his life In 1942 Russell argued in favour of a moderate socialism capable of overcoming its metaphysical principles In an inquiry on dialectical materialism launched by the Austrian artist and philosopher Wolfgang Paalen in his journal DYN Russell said I think the metaphysics of both Hegel and Marx plain nonsense Marx s claim to be science is no more justified than Mary Baker Eddy s This does not mean that I am opposed to socialism 159 In 1943 Russell expressed support for Zionism I have come gradually to see that in a dangerous and largely hostile world it is essential to Jews to have some country which is theirs some region where they are not suspected aliens some state which embodies what is distinctive in their culture 160 In a speech in 1948 Russell said that if the USSR s aggression continued it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before it possessed one because if the USSR had no bomb the West s victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there were atomic bombs on both sides 161 162 At that time only the United States possessed an atomic bomb and the USSR was pursuing an extremely aggressive policy towards the countries in Eastern Europe which were being absorbed into the Soviet Union s sphere of influence Many understood Russell s comments to mean that Russell approved of a first strike in a war with the USSR including Nigel Lawson who was present when Russell spoke of such matters Others including Griffin who obtained a transcript of the speech have argued that he was merely explaining the usefulness of America s atomic arsenal in deterring the USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe 157 Just after the atomic bombs exploded over Hiroshima and Nagasaki Russell wrote letters and published articles in newspapers from 1945 to 1948 stating clearly that it was morally justified and better to go to war against the USSR using atomic bombs while the United States possessed them and before the USSR did 163 In September 1949 one week after the USSR tested its first A bomb but before this became known Russell wrote that USSR would be unable to develop nuclear weapons because following Stalin s purges only science based on Marxist principles would be practised in the Soviet Union 164 After it became known that the USSR had carried out its nuclear bomb tests Russell declared his position advocating the total abolition of atomic weapons 163 In 1948 Russell was invited by the BBC to deliver the inaugural Reith Lectures 165 what was to become an annual series of lectures still broadcast by the BBC His series of six broadcasts titled Authority and the Individual 166 explored themes such as the role of individual initiative in the development of a community and the role of state control in a progressive society Russell continued to write about philosophy He wrote a foreword to Words and Things by Ernest Gellner which was highly critical of the later thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein and of ordinary language philosophy Gilbert Ryle refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal Mind which caused Russell to respond via The Times The result was a month long correspondence in The Times between the supporters and detractors of ordinary language philosophy which was only ended when the paper published an editorial critical of both sides but agreeing with the opponents of ordinary language philosophy 167 In the King s Birthday Honours of 9 June 1949 Russell was awarded the Order of Merit 168 and the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 76 93 When he was given the Order of Merit George VI was affable but slightly embarrassed at decorating a former jailbird saying You have sometimes behaved in a manner that would not do if generally adopted 169 Russell merely smiled but afterwards claimed that the reply That s right just like your brother immediately came to mind In 1950 Russell attended the inaugural conference for the Congress for Cultural Freedom a CIA funded anti communist organisation committed to the deployment of culture as a weapon during the Cold War 170 Russell was one of the best known patrons of the Congress until he resigned in 1956 171 In 1952 Russell was divorced by Spence with whom he had been very unhappy citation needed Conrad Russell s son by Spence did not see his father between the time of the divorce and 1968 at which time his decision to meet his father caused a permanent breach with his mother Russell married his fourth wife Edith Finch soon after the divorce on 15 December 1952 They had known each other since 1925 and Edith had taught English at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia sharing a house for 20 years with Russell s old friend Lucy Donnelly Edith remained with him until his death and by all accounts their marriage was a happy close and loving one Russell s eldest son John suffered from serious mental illness which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and his former wife Dora citation needed In September 1961 at the age of 89 Russell was jailed for seven days in Brixton Prison for a breach of the peace after taking part in an anti nuclear demonstration in London The magistrate offered to exempt him from jail if he pledged himself to good behaviour to which Russell replied No I won t 172 173 In 1962 Russell played a public role in the Cuban Missile Crisis in an exchange of telegrams with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev assured him that the Soviet government would not be reckless 174 175 Russell sent this telegram to President Kennedy YOUR ACTION DESPERATE THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL NO CONCEIVABLE JUSTIFICATION CIVILIZED MAN CONDEMNS IT WE WILL NOT HAVE MASS MURDER ULTIMATUM MEANS WAR END THIS MADNESS 176 According to historian Peter Knight after JFK s assassination Russell prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer Mark Lane in the US rallied support from other noteworthy and left leaning compatriots to form a Who Killed Kennedy Committee in June 1964 members of which included Michael Foot MP Caroline Benn the publisher Victor Gollancz the writers John Arden and J B Priestley and the Oxford history professor Hugh Trevor Roper Russell published a highly critical article weeks before the Warren Commission Report was published setting forth 16 Questions on the Assassination and equating the Oswald case with the Dreyfus affair of late 19th century France in which the state convicted an innocent man Russell also criticised the American press for failing to heed any voices critical of the official version 177 Political causes Edit Bertrand Russell was opposed to war from a young age his opposition to World War I being used as grounds for his dismissal from Trinity College at Cambridge This incident fused two of his most controversial causes as he had failed to be granted Fellow status which would have protected him from firing because he was not willing to either pretend to be a devout Christian or at least avoid admitting he was agnostic He later described the resolution of these issues as essential to freedom of thought and expression citing the incident in Free Thought and Official Propaganda where he explained that the expression of any idea even the most obviously bad must be protected not only from direct State intervention but also economic leveraging and other means of being silenced The opinions which are still persecuted strike the majority as so monstrous and immoral that the general principle of toleration cannot be held to apply to them But this is exactly the same view as that which made possible the tortures of the Inquisition 178 Russell spent the 1950s and 1960s engaged in political causes primarily related to nuclear disarmament and opposing the Vietnam War The 1955 Russell Einstein Manifesto was a document calling for nuclear disarmament and was signed by eleven of the most prominent nuclear physicists and intellectuals of the time 179 In 1966 1967 Russell worked with Jean Paul Sartre and many other intellectual figures to form the Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal to investigate the conduct of the United States in Vietnam He wrote a great many letters to world leaders during this period Early in his life Russell supported eugenicist policies He proposed in 1894 that the state issue certificates of health to prospective parents and withhold public benefits from those considered unfit 180 In 1929 he wrote that people deemed mentally defective and feebleminded should be sexually sterilized because they are apt to have enormous numbers of illegitimate children all as a rule wholly useless to the community 181 Russell was also an advocate of population control 182 183 The nations which at present increase rapidly should be encouraged to adopt the methods by which in the West the increase of population has been checked Educational propaganda with government help could achieve this result in a generation There are however two powerful forces opposed to such a policy one is religion the other is nationalism I think it is the duty of all to proclaim that opposition to the spread of birth is appalling depth of misery and degradation and that within another fifty years or so I do not pretend that birth control is the only way in which population can be kept from increasing There are others which one must suppose opponents of birth control would prefer War as I remarked a moment ago has hitherto been disappointing in this respect but perhaps bacteriological war may prove more effective If a Black Death could be spread throughout the whole world once in every generation survivors could procreate freely without making the world too full On 20 November 1948 in a public speech at Westminster School addressing a gathering arranged by the New Commonwealth Russell shocked some observers by suggesting that a preemptive nuclear strike on the Soviet Union was justified Russell argued that war between the United States and the Soviet Union seemed inevitable so it would be a humanitarian gesture to get it over with quickly and have the United States in the dominant position Currently Russell argued humanity could survive such a war whereas a full nuclear war after both sides had manufactured large stockpiles of more destructive weapons was likely to result in the extinction of the human race Russell later relented from this stance instead arguing for mutual disarmament by the nuclear powers In 1956 immediately before and during the Suez Crisis Russell expressed his opposition to European imperialism in the Middle East He viewed the crisis as another reminder of the pressing need for a more effective mechanism for international governance and to restrict national sovereignty to places such as the Suez Canal area where general interest is involved At the same time the Suez Crisis was taking place the world was also captivated by the Hungarian Revolution and the subsequent crushing of the revolt by intervening Soviet forces Russell attracted criticism for speaking out fervently against the Suez war while ignoring Soviet repression in Hungary to which he responded that he did not criticise the Soviets because there was no need Most of the so called Western World was fulminating Although he later feigned a lack of concern at the time he was disgusted by the brutal Soviet response and on 16 November 1956 he expressed approval for a declaration of support for Hungarian scholars which Michael Polanyi had cabled to the Soviet embassy in London twelve days previously shortly after Soviet troops had entered Budapest 184 In November 1957 Russell wrote an article addressing US President Dwight D Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev urging a summit to consider the conditions of co existence Khrushchev responded that peace could be served by such a meeting In January 1958 Russell elaborated his views in The Observer proposing a cessation of all nuclear weapons production with the UK taking the first step by unilaterally suspending its own nuclear weapons program if necessary and with Germany freed from all alien armed forces and pledged to neutrality in any conflict between East and West US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles replied for Eisenhower The exchange of letters was published as The Vital Letters of Russell Khrushchev and Dulles 185 Russell was asked by The New Republic a liberal American magazine to elaborate his views on world peace He urged that all nuclear weapons testing and flights by planes armed with nuclear weapons be halted immediately and negotiations be opened for the destruction of all hydrogen bombs with the number of conventional nuclear devices limited to ensure a balance of power He proposed that Germany be reunified and accept the Oder Neisse line as its border and that a neutral zone be established in Central Europe consisting at the minimum of Germany Poland Hungary and Czechoslovakia with each of these countries being free of foreign troops and influence and prohibited from forming alliances with countries outside the zone In the Middle East Russell suggested that the West avoid opposing Arab nationalism and proposed the creation of a United Nations peacekeeping force to guard Israel s frontiers to ensure that Israel was prevented from committing aggression and protected from it He also suggested Western recognition of the People s Republic of China and that it be admitted to the UN with a permanent seat on the UN Security Council 185 He was in contact with Lionel Rogosin while the latter was filming his anti war film Good Times Wonderful Times in the 1960s He became a hero to many of the youthful members of the New Left In early 1963 Russell became increasingly vocal in his disapproval of the Vietnam War and felt that the US government s policies there were near genocidal In 1963 he became the inaugural recipient of the Jerusalem Prize an award for writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society 186 In 1964 he was one of eleven world figures who issued an appeal to Israel and the Arab countries to accept an arms embargo and international supervision of nuclear plants and rocket weaponry 187 In October 1965 he tore up his Labour Party card because he suspected Harold Wilson s Labour government was going to send troops to support the United States in Vietnam 76 Final years death and legacy Edit Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth Russell on a 1972 stamp of India In June 1955 Russell had leased Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth Merionethshire Wales and on 5 July of the following year it became his and Edith s principal residence 188 Bust of Russell in Red Lion Square Russell published his three volume autobiography in 1967 1968 and 1969 He made a cameo appearance playing himself in the anti war Hindi film Aman by Mohan Kumar which was released in India in 1967 This was Russell s only appearance in a feature film 189 On 23 November 1969 he wrote to The Times newspaper saying that the preparation for show trials in Czechoslovakia was highly alarming The same month he appealed to Secretary General U Thant of the United Nations to support an international war crimes commission to investigate alleged torture and genocide by the United States in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War The following month he protested to Alexei Kosygin over the expulsion of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn from the Soviet Union of Writers On 31 January 1970 Russell issued a statement condemning Israel s aggression in the Middle East and in particular Israeli bombing raids being carried out deep in Egyptian territory as part of the War of Attrition which he compared to German bombing raids in the Battle of Britain and the US bombing of Vietnam He called for an Israeli withdrawal to the pre Six Day War borders This was Russell s final political statement or act It was read out at the International Conference of Parliamentarians in Cairo on 3 February 1970 the day after his death 190 Russell died of influenza just after 8 pm on 2 February 1970 at his home in Penrhyndeudraeth aged 97 191 His body was cremated in Colwyn Bay on 5 February 1970 with five people present 192 In accordance with his will there was no religious ceremony but one minute s silence his ashes were later scattered over the Welsh mountains 193 Although he was born in Monmouthshire and died in Penrhyndeudraeth in Wales Russell identified as English 194 195 196 Later in 1970 on 23 October his will was published showing he d left an estate valued at 69 423 equivalent to 1 1 million in 2021 193 In 1980 a memorial to Russell was commissioned by a committee including the philosopher A J Ayer It consists of a bust of Russell in Red Lion Square in London sculpted by Marcelle Quinton 197 Lady Katharine Jane Tait Russell s daughter founded the Bertrand Russell Society in 1974 to preserve and understand his work It publishes the Bertrand Russell Society Bulletin holds meetings and awards prizes for scholarship including the Bertrand Russell Society Award 198 199 She also authored several essays about her father as well as a book My Father Bertrand Russell which was published in 1975 200 All members receive Russell The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies For the sesquicentennial of his birth in May 2022 McMaster University s Bertrand Russell Archive the university s largest and most heavily used research collection organized both a physical and virtual exhibition on Russell s anti nuclear stance in the post war era Scientists for Peace the Russell Einstein Manifesto and the Pugwash Conference which included the earliest version of the Russell Einstein Manifesto 201 The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation held a commemoration at Conway Hall in Red Lion Square London on 18 May the anniversary of his birth 202 For its part on the same day La Estrella de Panama published a biographical sketch by Francisco Diaz Montilla who commented that if he had to characterize Russell s work in one sentence he would say criticism and rejection of dogmatism 203 Bangladesh s first leader Mujibur Rahman named his youngest son Sheikh Russel in honour of Bertrand Russell Marriages and issue Edit Russell first married Alys Whitall Smith died 1951 in 1894 The marriage was dissolved in 1921 with no issue His second marriage was to Dora Winifred Black MBE died 1986 daughter of Sir Frederick Black in 1921 This was dissolved in 1935 having produced two children John Conrad Russell 4th Earl Russell 1921 1987 Lady Katharine Jane Russell 1923 2021 who married Rev Charles Tait in 1948 and had issueRussell s third marriage was to Patricia Helen Spence died 2004 in 1936 with the marriage producing one child Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell 5th Earl Russell 1937 2004 Russell s third marriage ended in divorce in 1952 He married Edith Finch in the same year Finch survived Russell dying in 1978 204 Titles and honours from birth Edit Russell held throughout his life the following styles and honours from birth until 1908 The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell from 1908 until 1931 The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell FRS from 1931 until 1949 The Right Honourable The Earl Russell FRS from 1949 until death The Right Honourable The Earl Russell OM FRSViews EditSee also Bertrand Russell s political views Philosophy Edit Main article Bertrand Russell s philosophical views Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of analytic philosophy He was deeply impressed by Gottfried Leibniz 1646 1716 and wrote on every major area of philosophy except aesthetics He was particularly prolific in the fields of metaphysics logic and the philosophy of mathematics the philosophy of language ethics and epistemology When Brand Blanshard asked Russell why he did not write on aesthetics Russell replied that he did not know anything about it though he hastened to add but that is not a very good excuse for my friends tell me it has not deterred me from writing on other subjects 205 On ethics Russell wrote that he was a utilitarian in his youth yet he later distanced himself from this view 206 For the advancement of science and protection of liberty of expression Russell advocated The Will to Doubt the recognition that all human knowledge is at most a best guess that one should always remember None of our beliefs are quite true all have at least a penumbra of vagueness and error The methods of increasing the degree of truth in our beliefs are well known they consist in hearing all sides trying to ascertain all the relevant facts controlling our own bias by discussion with people who have the opposite bias and cultivating a readiness to discard any hypothesis which has proved inadequate These methods are practised in science and have built up the body of scientific knowledge Every man of science whose outlook is truly scientific is ready to admit that what passes for scientific knowledge at the moment is sure to require correction with the progress of discovery nevertheless it is near enough to the truth to serve for most practical purposes though not for all In science where alone something approximating to genuine knowledge is to be found men s attitude is tentative and full of doubt 178 Religion EditRussell described himself in 1947 as an agnostic or an atheist he found it difficult to determine which term to adopt saying Therefore in regard to the Olympic gods speaking to a purely philosophical audience I would say that I am an Agnostic But speaking popularly I think that all of us would say in regard to those gods that we were Atheists In regard to the Christian God I should I think take exactly the same line 207 For most of his adult life Russell maintained religion to be little more than superstition and despite any positive effects largely harmful to people He believed that religion and the religious outlook serve to impede knowledge and foster fear and dependency and to be responsible for much of our world s wars oppression and misery He was a member of the Advisory Council of the British Humanist Association and President of Cardiff Humanists until his death 208 Society Edit Main article Bertrand Russell s political views Political and social activism occupied much of Russell s time for most of his life Russell remained politically active almost to the end of his life writing to and exhorting world leaders and lending his name to various causes Russell argued for a scientific society where war would be abolished population growth would be limited and prosperity would be shared 209 He suggested the establishment of a single supreme world government able to enforce peace 210 claiming that the only thing that will redeem mankind is co operation 211 Russell also expressed support for guild socialism and commented positively on several socialist thinkers and activists 212 Russell was an active supporter of the Homosexual Law Reform Society being one of the signatories of A E Dyson s 1958 letter to The Times calling for a change in the law regarding male homosexual practices which were partly legalised in 1967 when Russell was still alive 213 Russell advocated and was one of the first people in the UK to suggest 214 a universal basic income 215 In Reflections on My Eightieth Birthday Postscript in his Autobiography Russell wrote I have lived in the pursuit of a vision both personal and social Personal to care for what is noble for what is beautiful for what is gentle to allow moments of insight to give wisdom at more mundane times Social to see in imagination the society that is to be created where individuals grow freely and where hate and greed and envy die because there is nothing to nourish them These things I believe and the world for all its horrors has left me unshaken 216 Freedom of opinion and expression Edit Russell was a champion of freedom of opinion and an opponent of both censorship and indoctrination In 1928 he wrote The fundamental argument for freedom of opinion is the doubtfulness of all our belief when the State intervenes to ensure the indoctrination of some doctrine it does so because there is no conclusive evidence in favour of that doctrine It is clear that thought is not free if the profession of certain opinions make it impossible to make a living 217 In 1957 he wrote Free thought means thinking freely to be worthy of the name freethinker he must be free of two things the force of tradition and the tyranny of his own passions 218 Education Edit Russell has presented ideas on the possible means of control of education in case of scientific dictatorship governments of the kind of this excerpt taken from chapter II General Effects of Scientific Technique of The Impact of Science on society 219 This subject will make great strides when it is taken up by scientists under a scientific dictatorship Anaxagoras maintained that snow is black but no one believed him The social psychologists of the future will have a number of classes of school children on whom they will try different methods of producing an unshakable conviction that snow is black Various results will soon be arrived at First that the influence of home is obstructive Second that not much can be done unless indoctrination begins before the age of ten Third that verses set to music and repeatedly intoned are very effective Fourth that the opinion that snow is white must be held to show a morbid taste for eccentricity But I anticipate It is for future scientists to make these maxims precise and discover exactly how much it costs per head to make children believe that snow is black and how much less it would cost to make them believe it is dark grey Although this science will be diligently studied it will be rigidly confined to the governing class The populace will not be allowed to know how its convictions were generated When the technique has been perfected every government that has been in charge of education for a generation will be able to control its subjects securely without the need of armies or policemen As yet there is only one country which has succeeded in creating this politician s paradise The social effects of scientific technique have already been many and important and are likely to be even more noteworthy in the future Some of these effects depend upon the political and economic character of the country concerned others are inevitable whatever this character may be He pushed his visionary scenarios even further into details in the chapter III Scientific Technique in an Oligarchy of the same book 220 stating as an exampleIn future such failures are not likely to occur where there is dictatorship Diet injections and injunctions will combine from a very early age to produce the sort of character and the sort of beliefs that the authorities consider desirable and any serious criticism of the powers that be will become psychologically impossible Even if all are miserable all will believe themselves happy because the government will tell them that they are so Selected works EditBelow are selected Russell s works in English sorted by year of first publication 1896 German Social Democracy London Longmans Green 1897 An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry 221 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1900 A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1903 The Principles of Mathematics 222 Cambridge University Press 1903 A Free man s worship and other essays 223 1905 On Denoting Mind Vol 14 ISSN 0026 4423 Basil Blackwell 1910 Philosophical Essays London Longmans Green 1910 1913 Principia Mathematica 224 with Alfred North Whitehead 3 vols Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1912 The Problems of Philosophy 225 London Williams and Norgate 1914 Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy 226 Chicago and London Open Court Publishing 227 1916 Principles of Social Reconstruction 228 London George Allen and Unwin 1916 Why Men Fight New York The Century Co 1916 The Policy of the Entente 1904 1914 a reply to Professor Gilbert Murray 229 Manchester The National Labour Press 1916 Justice in War time Chicago Open Court 1917 Political Ideals 230 New York The Century Co 1918 Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays London George Allen amp Unwin 1918 Proposed Roads to Freedom Socialism Anarchism and Syndicalism 231 London George Allen amp Unwin 1919 Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy 232 233 London George Allen amp Unwin ISBN 0 415 09604 9 for Routledge paperback 234 1920 The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism 235 London George Allen amp Unwin 1921 The Analysis of Mind 236 London George Allen amp Unwin 1922 The Problem of China 237 London George Allen amp Unwin 1922 Free Thought and Official Propaganda delivered at South Place Institute 178 1923 The Prospects of Industrial Civilization in collaboration with Dora Russell London George Allen amp Unwin 1923 The ABC of Atoms London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner 1924 Icarus or The Future of Science London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner 1925 The ABC of Relativity London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner 1925 What I Believe London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner 1926 On Education Especially in Early Childhood London George Allen amp Unwin 1927 The Analysis of Matter London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner 1927 An Outline of Philosophy London George Allen amp Unwin 1927 Why I Am Not a Christian 238 London Watts 1927 Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell New York Modern Library 1928 Sceptical Essays London George Allen amp Unwin 1929 Marriage and Morals London George Allen amp Unwin 1930 The Conquest of Happiness London George Allen amp Unwin 1931 The Scientific Outlook 239 London George Allen amp Unwin 1932 Education and the Social Order 240 London George Allen amp Unwin 1934 Freedom and Organization 1814 1914 London George Allen amp Unwin 1935 In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays 241 London George Allen amp Unwin 1935 Religion and Science London Thornton Butterworth 1936 Which Way to Peace London Jonathan Cape 1937 The Amberley Papers The Letters and Diaries of Lord and Lady Amberley with Patricia Russell 2 vols London Leonard amp Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press reprinted 1966 as The Amberley Papers Bertrand Russell s Family Background 2 vols London George Allen amp Unwin 1938 Power A New Social Analysis London George Allen amp Unwin 1940 An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth New York W W Norton amp Company 242 1945 The Bomb and Civilisation Published in the Glasgow Forward on 18 August 1945 1945 A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day 243 New York Simon and Schuster 1948 Human Knowledge Its Scope and Limits London George Allen amp Unwin 1949 Authority and the Individual 244 London George Allen amp Unwin 1950 Unpopular Essays 245 London George Allen amp Unwin 1951 New Hopes for a Changing World London George Allen amp Unwin 1952 The Impact of Science on Society London George Allen amp Unwin 1953 Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories London George Allen amp Unwin 1954 Human Society in Ethics and Politics London George Allen amp Unwin 1954 Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories 246 London George Allen amp Unwin 1956 Portraits from Memory and Other Essays 247 London George Allen amp Unwin 1956 Logic and Knowledge Essays 1901 1950 edited by Robert C Marsh London George Allen amp Unwin 1957 Why I Am Not A Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects edited by Paul Edwards London George Allen amp Unwin 1958 Understanding History and Other Essays New York Philosophical Library 1958 The Will to Doubt New York Philosophical Library 1959 Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare 248 London George Allen amp Unwin 1959 My Philosophical Development 249 London George Allen amp Unwin 1959 Wisdom of the West A Historical Survey of Western Philosophy in Its Social and Political Setting edited by Paul Foulkes London Macdonald 1960 Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind Cleveland and New York World Publishing Company 1961 The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell edited by R E Egner and L E Denonn London George Allen amp Unwin 1961 Fact and Fiction London George Allen amp Unwin 1961 Has Man a Future London George Allen amp Unwin 1963 Essays in Skepticism New York Philosophical Library 1963 Unarmed Victory London George Allen amp Unwin 1965 Legitimacy Versus Industrialism 1814 1848 London George Allen amp Unwin first published as Parts I and II of Freedom and Organization 1814 1914 1934 1965 On the Philosophy of Science edited by Charles A Fritz Jr Indianapolis The Bobbs Merrill Company 1966 The ABC of Relativity London George Allen amp Unwin 1967 Russell s Peace Appeals edited by Tsutomu Makino and Kazuteru Hitaka Japan Eichosha s New Current Books 1967 War Crimes in Vietnam London George Allen amp Unwin 1951 1969 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 250 3 vols London George Allen amp Unwin Vol 2 1956 250 1969 Dear Bertrand Russell A Selection of his Correspondence with the General Public 1950 1968 edited by Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils London George Allen and UnwinRussell was the author of more than sixty books and over two thousand articles 251 252 Additionally he wrote many pamphlets introductions and letters to the editor One pamphlet titled I Appeal unto Caesar The Case of the Conscientious Objectors ghostwritten for Margaret Hobhouse the mother of imprisoned peace activist Stephen Hobhouse allegedly helped secure the release from prison of hundreds of conscientious objectors 253 His works can be found in anthologies and collections including The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell which McMaster University began publishing in 1983 By March 2017 this collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works included 18 volumes 254 and several more are in progress A bibliography in three additional volumes catalogues his publications The Russell Archives held by McMaster s William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections possess over 40 000 of his letters 255 See also EditCambridge University Moral Sciences Club Criticism of Jesus Joseph Conrad Russell s impression List of peace activists List of pioneers in computer science Information Research Department Type theory Type system Logicomix a graphic novel about the foundational quest in mathematics the narrator of the story being Bertrand Russell and with his life as the main storylineNotes Edit a b Monmouthshire s Welsh status was ambiguous at this time and it was considered by some to be part of England See Monmouthshire historic Ambiguity over status Russell and G E Moore broke themselves free from British Idealism which for nearly 90 years had been dominating British philosophy Russell would later recall that with a sense of escaping from prison we allowed ourselves to think that grass is green that the sun and stars would exist if no one was aware of them 69 References EditCitations Edit Irvine Andrew David 1 January 2015 Zalta Edward N ed Bertrand Russell Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University James Ward Archived 1 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Wettstein Howard Frege Russell Semantics Dialectica 44 1 2 1990 pp 113 135 esp 115 Russell maintains that when one is acquainted with something say a present sense datum or oneself one can refer to it without the mediation of anything like a Fregean sense One can refer to it as we might say directly Structural Realism Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine entry by James Ladyman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Russellian Monism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University 2019 Dowe Phil 10 September 2007 Zalta Edward N ed Causal Processes Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University Jager Ronald 2002 The Development of Bertrand Russell s Philosophy Volume 11 Psychology Press pp 113 114 ISBN 978 0 415 29545 1 Nicholas Griffin ed 2003 The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell Cambridge University Press p 85 ISBN 978 0 521 63634 6 Milkov Nikolay 2003 A Hundred Years of English Philosophy Springer p 47 Roberts George W 2013 Bertrand Russell Memorial Volume Routledge p 311 ISBN 978 1 317 83302 4 Carey Rosalind John Ongley 2009 Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell s Philosophy Scarecrow Press p 94 ISBN 978 0 8108 6292 0 Basile Pierfrancesco 14 May 2019 Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University Retrieved 14 May 2019 via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Schultz Bart 2015 Henry Sidgwick Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University Niiniluoto Ilkka 2003 Thomas Bonk ed Language Truth and Knowledge Contributions to the Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap Springer p 1 ISBN 978 1 4020 1206 8 Handler Wolfgang Dieter Haupt Rolf Jelitsch Wilfried Juling Otto Lange 1986 CONPAR 1986 Springer p 15 ISBN 978 3 540 16811 9 Wang Hao 1990 Reflections on Kurt Godel MIT Press p 305 ISBN 978 0 262 73087 7 Parvin Phil 2013 Karl Popper C Black ISBN 978 1 62356 733 0 Roger F Gibson ed 2004 The Cambridge Companion to Quine Cambridge University Press p 2 ISBN 978 0 521 63949 1 Barsky Robert F 1998 Noam Chomsky A Life of Dissent MIT Press p 32 ISBN 978 0 262 52255 7 Cusset Francois 2008 French Theory How Foucault Derrida Deleuze amp Co Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States University of Minnesota Press p 97 ISBN 978 0 8166 4732 3 Alan Berger ed 2011 Saul Kripke Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 50066 1 Gabbay Dov M Paul Thagard John Woods Theo A F Kuipers 2007 The Logical Approach of the Vienna Circle and their Followers from the 1920s to the 1950s General Philosophy of Science Focal Issues Focal Issues Elsevier p 432 ISBN 978 0 08 054854 8 Moran Dermot 2012 Husserl s Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology An Introduction Cambridge University Press p 204 ISBN 978 0 521 89536 1 Nikolay Milkov 2013 The Berlin Group and the Vienna Circle Affinities and Divergences in N Milkov amp V Peckhaus eds The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism Springer pp 3 32 esp p 19 Grattan Guinness Russell and G H Hardy A study of their Relationship McMaster University Library Press Retrieved 3 January 2014 Patterson Douglas 2012 Alfred Tarski Philosophy of Language and Logic Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 36722 7 Rosalind Carey John Ongley 2009 Historical Dictionary of Bertrand Russell s Philosophy Scarecrow Press pp 15 16 ISBN 978 0 8108 6292 0 Monk Ray 2013 Robert Oppenheimer A Life Inside the Center Random House ISBN 978 0 385 50413 3 Anita Burdman Feferman Solomon Feferman 2004 Alfred Tarski Life and Logic Cambridge University Press p 67 ISBN 978 0 521 80240 6 Hodges Andrew 2012 Alan Turing The Enigma Princeton University Press p 81 ISBN 978 0 691 15564 7 Bronowski Jacob 2008 The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 15718 5 Nicholas Griffin Dale Jacquette eds 2008 Russell vs Meinong The Legacy of On Denoting Taylor amp Francis p 4 ISBN 978 0 203 88802 5 Ghose Sankar 1993 V Europe Revisited Jawaharlal Nehru a Biography Allied Publishers p 46 ISBN 978 81 7023 369 5 Street Fighting Years An Autobiography of the Sixties Verso p 2005 Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 Retrieved 5 January 2014 Hossain Farhad Masud Kamal Sheikh 17 October 2021 Sheikh Russel A bullet hit innocent boy m theindependentbd com Retrieved 19 February 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Albert Michael 2011 Remembering Tomorrow From SDS to Life After Capitalism A Memoir Seven Stories Press ISBN 978 1 60980 001 7 Anderson Jon Lee 1997 Che Guevara A Revolutionary Life Grove Press p 38 ISBN 978 0 8021 9725 2 Joseph Marc 2004 1 Introduction Davidson s Philosophical Project Donald Davidson McGill Queen s Press MQUP p 1 ISBN 978 0 7735 2781 2 Marcum James A 2005 1 Who is Thomas Kuhn Thomas Kuhn s Revolution An Historical Philosophy of Science Continuum p 5 ISBN 978 1 84714 194 1 Salmon Nathan 2007 Introduction to Volume II Content Cognition and Communication Philosophical Papers II Philosophical Papers II Oxford University Press p xi ISBN 978 0 19 153610 6 Christopher Hitchens ed 2007 The Portable Atheist Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 81608 6 Landini Gregory 2010 Russell Routledge p 444 ISBN 978 0 203 84649 0 Sagan Carl 2006 Ann Druyan ed The Varieties of Scientific Experience A Personal View of the Search for God Penguin ISBN 978 1 59420 107 3 Crowder George 2004 Isaiah Berlin Liberty Pluralism and Liberalism Polity p 15 ISBN 978 0 7456 2477 8 ones Smith Elsie J 2011 Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy An Integrative Approach SAGE p 142 ISBN 978 1 4129 1004 0 Interview with Martin Gardner PDF American Mathematical Society June July 2005 p 603 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 5 January 2014 Williams Peter S 2013 C S Lewis Vs The New Atheists Authentic Media ISBN 978 1 78078 093 1 Lorance Loretta Richard Buckminster Fuller 2009 Becoming Bucky Fuller MIT Press p 72 ISBN 978 0 262 12302 0 Sohail K February 2000 How Difficult it is to Help People Change their Thinking Interview with Dr Pervez Hoodbhoy Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 Retrieved 31 December 2013 Bradley W Bateman Toshiaki Hirai Maria Cristina Marcuzzo eds 2010 The Return to Keynes Harvard University Press p 146 ISBN 978 0 674 05354 0 Asimov Isaac 2009 I Asimov A Memoir Random House ISBN 978 0 307 57353 7 Kurtz Paul 1994 Vern L Bullough Tim Madigan eds Toward a New Enlightenment The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz Transaction Publishers p 233 ISBN 978 1 4128 4017 0 Anderson John P 2000 Finding Joy in Joyce A Readers Guide to Ulysses Universal Publishers p 580 ISBN 978 1 58112 762 1 Thomas Paul Lee 2006 Reading Learning Teaching Kurt Vonnegut Peter Lang p 46 ISBN 978 0 8204 6337 7 Ulmer Gregory L 2005 Electronic Monuments U of Minnesota Press p 180 ISBN 978 0 8166 4583 1 Nahin Paul J 2011 9 Number Crunching Taming Unruly Computational Problems from Mathematical Physics to Science Fiction Princeton University Press p 332 ISBN 978 1 4008 3958 2 Mie Augier Herbert Alex er Simon James G March eds 2004 Models of a Man Essays in Memory of Herbert A Simon MIT Press p 21 ISBN 978 0 262 01208 9 O Donohue William Kyle E Ferguson 2001 The Psychology of B F Skinner SAGE p 19 ISBN 978 0 7619 1759 5 Faigenbaum Gustavo 2001 Conversations with John Searle LibrosEnRed com p 28 ISBN 978 987 1022 11 3 William M Brinton Alan Rinzler eds 1990 Without Force Or Lies Voices from the Revolution of Central Europe in 1989 90 Mercury House p 37 ISBN 978 0 916515 92 8 Wilkinson David 2001 God Time and Stephen Hawking Kregel Publications p 18 ISBN 978 0 8254 6029 6 Reiner Braun Robert Hinde David Krieger Harold Kroto Sally Milne eds 2007 Joseph Rotblat Visionary for Peace John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 3 527 61127 0 Ned Curthoys Debjani Ganguly eds 2007 Edward Said The Legacy of a Public Intellectual Academic Monographs p 27 ISBN 978 0 522 85357 5 Frank Wilczek Biographical Nobel Media AB 2017 Another thing that shaped my thinking was religious training I was brought up as a Roman Catholic I loved the idea that there was a great drama and a grand plan behind existence Later under the influence of Bertrand Russell s writings and my increasing awareness of scientific knowledge I lost faith in conventional religion Azurmendi Joxe 1999 Txillardegiren saioa hastapenen bila Jakin 114 pp 17 45 ISSN 0211 495X a b Kreisel G 1973 Bertrand Arthur William Russell Earl Russell 1872 1970 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 19 583 620 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1973 0021 JSTOR 769574 The Life of Bertrand Russell Knopf 1976 p 119 ISBN 978 0 394 49059 5 He became a relentless political activist during World War I and throughout his life was an ardent advocate of parliamentary democracy through his support first of the Liberal Party and then of Labour a b Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Bertrand Russell Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine 1 May 2003 Russell B 1944 My Mental Development in Paul Arthur Schilpp The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell New York Tudor 1951 pp 3 20 Ludlow Peter Descriptions The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2008 Edition Edward N Zalta ed Rempel Richard 1979 From Imperialism to Free Trade Couturat Halevy and Russell s First Crusade Journal of the History of Ideas University of Pennsylvania Press 40 3 423 443 doi 10 2307 2709246 JSTOR 2709246 Russell Bertrand 1988 1917 Political Ideals Routledge ISBN 0 415 10907 8 a b Nasta Susheila ed 2013 India in Britain South Asian networks and connections 1858 1950 New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 39271 7 OCLC 802321049 Samoiloff Louise Cripps C L R James Memories and Commentaries p 19 Associated University Presses 1997 ISBN 0 8453 4865 5 Russell Bertrand October 1946 Atomic Weapon and the Prevention of War Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2 7 8 October 1 1946 p 20 a b c d e f g The Bertrand Russell oGallery Russell mcmaster ca 6 June 2011 Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 Retrieved 1 October 2011 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 Bertrand Russell Archived 2 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 22 March 2013 British Nobel Prize Winners 1950 13 April 2014 Archived from the original on 23 November 2021 via YouTube Hestler Anna 2001 Wales Marshall Cavendish p 53 ISBN 978 0 7614 1195 6 Sidney Hook Lord Russell and the War Crimes Trial Bertrand Russell critical assessments Vol 1 edited by A D Irvine New York 1999 p 178 Bertrand Russell Is Dead British Philosopher 97 The New York Times 3 February 1970 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 April 2022 Douglas A Spalding Nature 8 November 1877 ISSN 1476 4687 Retrieved 14 April 2022 a b Paul Ashley Bertrand Russell The Man and His Ideas Archived from the original on 1 May 2006 Retrieved 28 October 2007 Russell Bertrand and Perkins Ray ed Yours faithfully Bertrand Russell Open Court Publishing 2001 p 4 a b Bloy Marjie PhD Lord John Russell 1792 1878 Retrieved 28 October 2007 My Grandfather Who Raised Me Met Napoleon Bertrand Russell Interview 1952 Restored Video Audio retrieved 2 May 2022 G E Cokayne Vicary Gibbs H A Doubleday Geoffrey H White Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden eds The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom Extant Extinct or Dormant new ed 13 volumes in 14 1910 1959 Reprint in 6 volumes Gloucester UK Alan Sutton Publishing 2000 Booth Wayne C 1974 Modern Dogma and the Rhetoric of Assent University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 06572 3 Retrieved 6 December 2012 Crawford Elizabeth The Women s Suffrage Movement A Reference Guide 1866 1928 Exodus 23 2 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell Volume I 1872 1914 George Allen and Unwin Ltd 1971 page 31 Bertrand Russell 1998 Autobiography Psychology Press p 38 ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 a b c d The Nobel Foundation 1950 Bertrand Russell The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11 June 2007 Russell Bertrand 2000 1967 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872 1914 New York Routledge p 30 Paul Ashley Bertrand Russell The Man and His Ideas Chapter 2 Archived from the original on 1 January 2009 Retrieved 6 December 2018 Bertrand Russell 1998 Autobiography Psychology Press p 35 ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 1959 Bertrand Russell CBC interview YouTube 1959 Bertrand Russell 1998 2 Adolescence Autobiography Psychology Press ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 Bertrand Russell on God Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1959 Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 Retrieved 8 March 2010 Russell Bertrand 2000 1967 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872 1914 New York Routledge p 39 Russell the Hon Bertrand Arthur William RSL890BA A Cambridge Alumni Database University of Cambridge O Connor J J Robertson E F October 2003 Alfred North Whitehead School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews Scotland Retrieved 8 November 2007 Griffin Nicholas Lewis Albert C 1990 Russell s Mathematical Education Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 44 1 51 71 doi 10 1098 rsnr 1990 0004 JSTOR 531585 Russell Bertrand 2000 1967 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872 1914 New York Routledge p 72 Monk Ray 1996 Bertrand Russell The Spirit of Solitude 1872 1921 Simon and Schuster p 37 ISBN 978 0 684 82802 2 Monk Ray 1996 Bertrand Russell The Spirit of Solitude 1872 1921 Simon and Schuster p 48 ISBN 978 0 684 82802 2 Bertrand Russell 1998 Autobiography p 150 ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 Moran Margaret 1991 Bertrand Russell Meets His Muse The Impact of Lady Ottoline Morrell 1911 12 Russell The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies McMaster University Library Press 11 2 doi 10 15173 russell v11i2 1807 Russell Bertrand 2002 Griffin Nicholas ed The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell The Public Years 1914 1970 Psychology Press p 230 ISBN 978 0 415 26012 1 Kimball Roger September 1992 Love logic amp unbearable pity The private Bertrand Russell The New Criterion Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 Retrieved 15 November 2007 Monk Ray September 2004 Russell Bertrand Arthur William third Earl Russell 1872 1970 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 35875 Retrieved 14 March 2008 Subscription or UK public library membership required subscription required a b London School of Economics London School of Economics 26 August 2015 Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 Russell Bertrand 2001 Ray Perkins ed Yours Faithfully Bertrand Russell Letters to the Editor 1904 1969 Chicago Open Court Publishing p 16 ISBN 0 8126 9449 X Retrieved 16 November 2007 Russell Bertrand 1897 An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry p 32 re issued 1956 by Dover Books Bertrand Russell biography Nobel Foundation Retrieved 23 June 2010 Bertrand Russell 1998 6 Principia Mathematica Autobiography Psychology Press ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 Russell on Wittgenstein Rbjones com Retrieved 1 October 2011 Cyril Pearce 2004 Typical Conscientious Objectors A Better Class of Conscience No Conscription Fellowship image management and the Manchester contribution 1916 1918 Manchester Region History Review vol 17 no 1 p 38 Hochschild Adam 2011 I Tried to Stop the Bloody Thing The American Scholar Retrieved 10 May 2011 Caroline Moorehead Bertrand Russell A Life 1992 p 247 Scharfenburger Paul 17 October 2012 1917 MusicandHistory com Archived from the original on 17 January 2012 Retrieved 7 January 2014 Russell Bertrand 1995 A Summer of Hope Pacifism and Revolution Routledge p xxxiv British Socialists Peace Terms Discussed The Sydney Morning Herald 5 June 1917 Retrieved 7 January 2014 Vellacott Jo 1980 Bertrand Russell and the Pacifists in the First World War Brighton Harvester Press ISBN 0 85527 454 9 Bertrand Russell 1998 8 The First War Autobiography Psychology Press p 256 ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell by Bertrand Russell Nicholas Griffin 2002 letter to Gladys Rinder on May 1918 Trinity in Literature Trinity College Retrieved 3 August 2017 M P s Who Have Been in Jail To Hold Banquet The Reading Eagle 8 January 1924 Retrieved 18 May 2014 G H Hardy 1970 Bertrand Russell and Trinity pp 57 8 Bertrand Russell 1872 1970 Farlex Retrieved 11 December 2007 Russell Bertrand 31 July 1920 Soviet Russia 1920 The Nation pp 121 125 Russell Bertrand 20 February 2008 First published 1920 Lenin Trotzky and Gorky The Nation Retrieved 20 August 2016 a b Russell Bertrand The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism by Bertrand Russell Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine 1920 Russell Bertrand 1972 The Problem of China London George Allen amp Unwin Ltd p 252 a b Bertrand Russell Reported Dead PDF The New York Times 21 April 1921 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2007 Russell Bertrand 2000 Rempel Richard A ed Uncertain Paths to Freedom Russia and China 1919 22 The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell Vol 15 Routledge lxviii ISBN 0 415 09411 9 Russell Bertrand 1998 10 China Autobiography Psychology Press ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 It provided me with the pleasure of reading my obituary notices which I had always desired without expecting my wishes to be fulfilled As the Japanese papers had refused to contradict the news of my death Dora gave each of them a type written slip saying that as I was dead I could not be interviewed A man ahead of his time 29 September 2011 Russell Bertrand THE PROBLEM OF CHINA Bertrand Russell 1998 Autobiography Psychology Press p 386 ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 YouTube www youtube com Archived from the original on 24 November 2018 Inside Beacon Hill Bertrand Russell as Schoolmaster Jespersen Shirley ERIC EJ360344 published 1987 a b Dora Russell 12 May 2007 Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 Retrieved 17 February 2008 Kranz D 2011 Barry Stevens Leben Gestalten Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine In Gestaltkritik 2 2011 p 4 11 Stevens B 1970 Don t Push the River Lafayette Cal Real People Press p 26 Gorham D 2005 Dora and Bertrand Russell and Beacon Hill School in Russell the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies n s 25 summer 2005 p 39 76 p 57 Spadoni C 1981 Recent Acquisitions Correspondence in Russell the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies Vol 1 Iss 1 Article 6 43 67 Nasta Susheila India League Museum Of Tolerance Acquires Bertrand Russell s Nazi Appeasement Letter Losangeles cbslocal com 19 February 2014 Retrieved 29 March 2017 Russell Bertrand The Future of Pacifism The American Scholar 1943 13 7 13 Bertrand Russell 1998 12 Later Years of Telegraph House Autobiography Psychology Press ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 I found the Nazis utterly revolting cruel bigoted and stupid Morally and intellectually they were alike odious to me Although I clung to my pacifist convictions I did so with increasing difficulty When in 1940 England was threatened with invasion I realised that throughout the First War I had never seriously envisaged the possibility of utter defeat I found this possibility unbearable and at last consciously and definitely decided that I must support what was necessary for victory in the Second War however difficult victory might be to achieve and however painful in its consequences a b Bertrand Russell Rides Out Collegiate Cyclone Archived 30 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Life Vol 8 No 14 1 April 1940 McCarthy Joseph M May 1993 The Russell Case Academic Freedom vs Public Hysteria PDF Educational Resources Information Center p 9 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Leberstein Stephen November December 2001 Appointment Denied The Inquisition of Bertrand Russell Academe Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 Retrieved 17 February 2008 Einstein quotations and sources Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 9 July 2009 Bertrand Russell 2006 Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 Retrieved 17 February 2008 a b Griffin Nicholas ed 2002 The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell Routledge p 660 ISBN 0 415 26012 4 Bertrand Russell 1998 Autobiograph y Psychology Press p 512 ISBN 978 0 415 18985 9 Russell to Edward Renouf assistant of Wolfgang Paalen 23 March 1942 Succession Wolfgang Paalen Berlin this letter is cited in DYN No 2 Mexico July August 1942 p 52 Bertrand Russell On Zionism Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 13 September 2014 Bertrand Russell and Preventive War PDF Plymouth edu Archived from the original PDF on 5 March 2017 Retrieved 29 March 2017 A philosopher s letters Love Bertie The Economist 21 July 2001 a b Clark Ronald William 1976 The life of Bertrand Russell Ronald William Clark 9780394490595 Amazon com Books ISBN 0 394 49059 2 He wrote There is reason to think Stalin will insist on a new orthodoxy in atomic physics since there is much in quantum theory that runs contrary to Communist dogma An atomic bomb made on Marxist principles would probably not explode because after all Marxist science was that of a hundred years ago For those who fear the military power of Russia there is therefore some reason to rejoice in the muzzling of Russian science Russell Bertrand Stalin Declares War on Science Review of Langdon Davies Russia Puts Back the Clock Evening Standard London 7 September 1949 p 9 Radio 4 Programmes The Reith Lectures BBC Retrieved 1 October 2011 Radio 4 Programmes The Reith Lectures Bertrand Russell Authority and the Individual 1948 BBC Retrieved 1 October 2011 T P Uschanov The Strange Death of Ordinary Language Philosophy Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine The controversy has been described by the writer Ved Mehta in Fly and the Fly Bottle 1963 No 38628 The London Gazette Supplement 3 June 1949 p 2796 Ronald W Clark Bertrand Russell and His World p 94 1981 ISBN 0 500 13070 1 Frances Stonor Saunders The Cultural Cold War The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters New York Press 1999 Print Frances Stonor Saunder The Cultural Cold War The CIA And the World of Arts and Letters New York Press 1999 Print Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation Bertrand Russell 1872 1970 1970 p 12 Russell Bertrand 1967 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell Vol 3 Little Brown p 157 Russell and the Cuban missile crisis Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine by Al Seckel California Institute of Technology Russell the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies Archived 17 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine McMaster University Vol 4 1984 Issue 2 Winter 1984 85 pp 253 261 Archived 17 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Sanderson Beck 2003 2005 Pacifism of Bertrand Russell and A J Muste World Peace Efforts Since Gandhi Sanderson Beck Retrieved 24 June 2012 John H Davis The Kennedys Dynasty and Disaster S P Books p 437 Peter Knight The Kennedy Assassination Edinburgh University Press Ltd 2007 p 77 a b c Russell Bertrand Free Thought and Official Propaganda Retrieved 14 May 2019 via Project Gutenberg Russell Bertrand Albert Einstein 9 July 1955 Russell Einstein Manifesto Archived from the original on 1 August 2009 Retrieved 17 February 2008 Griffin Nicholas 2002 The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell The Private Years 1884 1914 Routledge p 588 ISBN 978041526014 5 Russell Bertrand 1929 Marriage and Morals H Liverwright Pandey V C 2005 Population Education Gyan Publishing House p 211 ISBN 978 81 8205 176 8 Russell Bertrand 1951 The Impact of Science On Society p 89 ISBN 978 1 329 53928 0 Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell Psychology Press 2005 a b Yours Faithfully Bertrand Russell pp 212 213 Jerusalem International Book Fair Jerusalembookfair com Archived from the original on 22 January 2008 Retrieved 1 October 2011 Bertrand Russell Appeals to Arabs and Israel on Rocket Weapons Jewish Telegraphic Agency 26 February 1964 Russell Bertrand 12 October 2012 Andrew G Bone ed The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell Volume 29 Detente Or Destruction 1955 57 Abingdon Routledge p iii ISBN 978 0 415 35837 8 Aman 1967 IMDb Bertrand Russell s Last Message Connexions org 31 January 1970 Retrieved 29 March 2017 The Guardian 3 February 1970 The Guardian Page 7 6 February 1970 a b Russell 1970 p Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine at probatesearch service gov uk Retrieved 29 August 2015 Waters Ivor 1983 The Rise and Fall of Monmouthshire Chepstow Packets p 44 ISBN 0 906134 21 8 Russell Bertrand 23 April 2014 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell Routledge p 434 ISBN 978 1 317 83503 5 Russell Bertrand The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1914 1944 PDF pp 184 253 292 380 Archived PDF from the original on 7 May 2021 Bertrand Russell Memorial Mind 353 320 1980 Bertrand Russell Society Award 9 September 2018 The Bertrand Russell Society The Bertrand Russell Society Retrieved 14 May 2019 My Father Bertrand Russell National Library of Australia 1975 ISBN 978 0 15 130432 5 Retrieved 28 May 2010 Lipari Nicole 12 May 2022 New exhibit celebrates 150 years of Bertrand Russell Daily News McMaster University Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 Retrieved 18 May 2022 Bertrand Russell 150 Celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Bertrand Russell Spokesman Books Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 Retrieved 18 May 2022 Diaz Montilla Francisco 18 May 2022 150 anos con Bertrand Russell 150 Years with Bertrand Russell La Estrella de Panama in Spanish Archived from the original on 18 May 2022 Retrieved 18 May 2022 Morris Susan 20 April 2020 Debrett s Peerage and Baronetage 2019 p 4218 ISBN 9781999767051 Retrieved 27 December 2021 Blanshard in Paul Arthur Schilpp ed The Philosophy of Brand Blanshard Open Court 1980 p 88 quoting a private letter from Russell The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell London Routledge 2000 London Allen and Unwin 1969 Vol 1 p 39 It appeared to me obvious that the happiness of mankind should be the aim of all action and I discovered to my surprise that there were those who thought otherwise Belief in happiness I found was called Utilitarianism and was merely one among a number of ethical theories I adhered to it after this discovery and was rash enough to tell my grandmother that I was a utilitarian In a letter from 1902 in which Russell criticized utilitarianism he wrote I may as well begin by confessing that for many years it seemed to me perfectly self evident that pleasure is the only good and pain the only evil Now however the opposite seems to me self evident This change has been brought about by what I may call moral experience Ibid p 161 Russell Bertrand 1947 Am I An Atheist or an Agnostic Encyclopedia of Things Archived from the original on 22 June 2005 Retrieved 6 July 2005 I never know whether I should say Agnostic or whether I should say Atheist As a philosopher if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove sic that there is not a God On the other hand if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist Humanist News March 1970 not specific enough to verify Russell Bertrand 1952 Conclusions The Impact of Science on Society New York Columbia University Press Russell Bertrand 1936 Which Way to Peace Part 12 M Joseph Ltd p 173 Russell Bertrand 1954 Human Society in Ethics and Politics London G Allen amp Unwin p 212 Kleene G A 1920 Bertrand Russell on Socialism The Quarterly Journal of Economics 34 4 756 762 doi 10 2307 1885165 JSTOR 1885165 via JSTOR Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association 2 November 1997 Lesbian and Gay Rights The Humanist and Religious Stances Retrieved 17 February 2008 Axenderrie Gareth 23 May 2021 Is it time for Wales to move to a universal basic income The National Retrieved 10 September 2021 Weir Stuart 20 June 2014 Basic Income transforming lives in rural India openDemocracy Retrieved 10 September 2021 Russell Bertrand 1968 The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1944 1969 Little Brown p 330 Published separately as Reflections on My Eightieth Birthday in Portraits from Memory Skeptical Essays 1928 ISBN 978 0 415 32508 0 Understanding History and other Essays Russell Bertrand 1953 General Effects of Scientific Technique The Impact of Science on Society New York AMS Press Russell Bertrand 1953 Scientific Technique in an Oligarchy The Impact of Science on Society New York AMS Press An essay on the foundations of geometry Internet Archive Cambridge University press 1897 The Principles of Mathematics fair use org Free man s worship and other essays London Unwin Books 1976 ISBN 0048240214 Principia mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell umich edu 2005 The Problems of Philosophy ditext com Our Knowledge of the External World Internet Archive George Allen amp Unwin Our Knowledge of the External World PDF Principles of social reconstruction Internet Archive 1916 Russell Bertrand 14 May 2019 The Policy of the Entente 1904 1914 A Reply to Professor Gilbert Murray National Labour Press Retrieved 14 May 2019 via Google Books Political Ideals Project Gutenberg Proposed Roads to Freedom Project Gutenberg Klement Kevin C Russell s Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy umass edu Pfeiffer G A 1920 Review Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy by Bertrand Russell PDF Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 27 2 81 90 doi 10 1090 s0002 9904 1920 03365 3 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Introduction to mathematical philosophy Internet Archive 1920 The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism Project Gutenberg The Analysis of Mind Project Gutenberg The Problem of China Project Gutenberg Why I Am Not A Christian positiveatheism org Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 The Scientific Outlook Internet Archive George Allen And Unwin Limited 1954 Education and the Social Order Internet Archive In Praise of Idleness By Bertrand Russell zpub com Archived from the original on 22 August 2019 Retrieved 4 November 2001 An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth at archive org Western Philosophy Internet Archive Authority and the individual Internet Archive Unpopular Essays Internet Archive Simon and Schuster 1950 Nightmares of Eminent Persons And Other Stories Internet Archive The Bodley Head 1954 Portraits From Memory And Other Essays Internet Archive Simon and Schuster 1956 Common Sense And Nuclear Warfare Internet Archive Simon and Schuster 1959 My Philosophical Development Internet Archive Simon and Schuster 1959 a b The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872 1914 Internet Archive Little Brown and company 1951 Charles Pigden in Bertrand Russell Russell on Ethics Selections from the Writings of Bertrand Russell Routledge 2013 p 14 Klagge James C ed 2001 Wittgenstein Biography and Philosophy Cambridge University Press p 12 Hochschild Adam 2011 To end all wars a story of loyalty and rebellion 1914 1918 Boston Houghton Mifflin Harcourt pp 270 272 ISBN 978 0 618 75828 9 McMaster University The Bertrand Russell Research Centre Russell humanities mcmaster ca 6 March 2017 Retrieved 11 October 2019 Bertrand Russell Archives Catalogue Entry and Research System McMaster University Library The William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections Retrieved 5 February 2016 Sources Edit Primary sources 1900 Sur la logique des relations avec des applications a la theorie des series Rivista di matematica 7 115 148 1901 On the Notion of Order Mind n s 10 35 51 1902 with Alfred North Whitehead On Cardinal Numbers American Journal of Mathematics 24 367 384 1948 BBC Reith Lectures Authority and the Individual A series of six radio lectures broadcast on the BBC Home Service in December 1948 Secondary sources John Newsome Crossley A Note on Cantor s Theorem and Russell s Paradox Australian Journal of Philosophy 51 1973 70 71 Ivor Grattan Guinness The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870 1940 Princeton Princeton University Press 2000 Alan Ryan Bertrand Russell A Political Life New York Oxford University Press 1981 Further reading EditBooks about Russell s philosophyAlfred Julius Ayer Russell London Fontana 1972 ISBN 0 00 632965 9 A lucid summary exposition of Russell s thought Elizabeth Ramsden Eames Bertrand Russell s Theory of Knowledge London George Allen and Unwin 1969 OCLC 488496910 A clear description of Russell s philosophical development Celia Green The Lost Cause Causation and the Mind Body Problem Oxford Oxford Forum 2003 ISBN 0 9536772 1 4 Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell s views on causality A C Grayling Russell A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press 2002 Nicholas Griffin Russell s Idealist Apprenticeship Oxford Oxford University Press 1991 A D Irvine ed Bertrand Russell Critical Assessments 4 volumes London Routledge 1999 Consists of essays on Russell s work by many distinguished philosophers Michael K Potter Bertrand Russell s Ethics Bristol Thoemmes Continuum 2006 A clear and accessible explanation of Russell s moral philosophy P A Schilpp ed The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell Evanston and Chicago Northwestern University 1944 John Slater Bertrand Russell Bristol Thoemmes Press 1994 Biographical booksA J Ayer Bertrand Russell New York Viking Press 1972 reprint ed London University of Chicago Press 1988 ISBN 0 226 03343 0 Andrew Brink Bertrand Russell A Psychobiography of a Moralist Atlantic Highlands NJ Humanities Press International Inc 1989 ISBN 0 391 03600 9 Ronald W Clark The Life of Bertrand Russell London Jonathan Cape 1975 ISBN 0 394 49059 2 Ronald W Clark Bertrand Russell and His World London Thames amp Hudson 1981 ISBN 0 500 13070 1 Rupert Crawshay Williams Russell Remembered London Oxford University Press 1970 Written by a close friend of Russell s John Lewis Bertrand Russell Philosopher and Humanist London Lawerence amp Wishart 1968 Ray Monk Bertrand Russell Mathematics Dreams and Nightmares London Phoenix 1997 ISBN 0 7538 0190 6 Ray Monk Bertrand Russell The Spirit of Solitude 1872 1920 Vol I New York Routledge 1997 ISBN 0 09 973131 2 Ray Monk Bertrand Russell The Ghost of Madness 1921 1970 Vol II New York Routledge 2001 ISBN 0 09 927275 X Caroline Moorehead Bertrand Russell A Life New York Viking 1993 ISBN 0 670 85008 X George Santayana Bertrand Russell in Selected Writings of George Santayana Norman Henfrey ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press I 1968 pp 326 329 Peter Stone et al Bertrand Russell s Life and Legacy Wilmington Vernon Press 2017 Katharine Tait My Father Bertrand Russell New York Thoemmes Press 1975 Alan Wood Bertrand Russell The Passionate Sceptic London George Allen amp Unwin 1957 External links EditBertrand Russell at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Bertrand Russell s Ethics Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Bertrand Russell s Logic Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Bertrand Russell s Metaphysics Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Works by Bertrand Russell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Bertrand Russell at Internet Archive Works by Bertrand Russell at Open Library Works by Bertrand Russell at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Bertrand Russell media on YouTube The Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University The Bertrand Russell Society O Connor John J Robertson Edmund F Bertrand Russell MacTutor History of Mathematics archive University of St Andrews BBC Face to Face interview with Bertrand Russell and John Freeman broadcast 4 March 1959 Bertrand Russell on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture 11 December 1950 What Desires Are Politically Important Interview with Ray Monk at Today 18 May 2022 from 2 58 35 Peerage of the United KingdomPreceded byFrank Russell Earl Russell1931 1970 Succeeded byJohn Russell Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bertrand Russell amp oldid 1153942010, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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