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Fellow of the Royal Society

Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by the judges of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science, and medical science".[1]

Fellowship of the Royal Society
Headquarters of the Royal Society in Carlton House Terrace in London
Awarded for"Contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge"[1]
Sponsored byRoyal Society
Date1663; 359 years ago (1663)
LocationLondon
CountryUnited Kingdom
Total no. FellowsApproximately 8,000[2] (1,707 living members)

Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honour. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672),[2] Michael Faraday (1824),[2] Charles Darwin (1839),[2] Ernest Rutherford (1903),[3] Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918),[4] Albert Einstein (1921),[5] Paul Dirac (1930), Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944),[6] Dorothy Hodgkin (1947),[7] Alan Turing (1951),[8] Lise Meitner (1955)[9] and Francis Crick (1959).[10][11] More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), David Attenborough (1983), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venki Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur-Rahman (2006),[12] Andre Geim (2007),[13] James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017) and around 8,000 others in total,[2] including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018, there are approximately 1,689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of which over 60 are Nobel Laureates.[14]

Elected in 1672, Isaac Newton was one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Society.

Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian as "the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar"[15] with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

Fellowships

 
Stephen Hawking was elected a fellow in 1974[23]

Up to 60 new Fellows (FRS), honorary (HonFRS) and foreign members (ForMemRS) are elected annually in late April or early May, from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year.[24] New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of the fellowships described below:

Fellow

Every year, up to 52 new fellows are elected from the United Kingdom, the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland, which make up around 90% of the society.[25][26] Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS.[1]

Foreign member

 
Jennifer Doudna was elected a Foreign Member in 2016

Every year, fellows elect up to ten new foreign members. Like fellows, foreign members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016, there are around 165 foreign members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS.[27]

Honorary fellow

 
Bill Bryson was elected an Honorary Member in 2013

Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to the cause of science, but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members. Honorary Fellows include the World Health Organization's Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (2022), Bill Bryson (2013), Melvyn Bragg (2010), Robin Saxby (2015), David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville (2008), Onora O'Neill (2007), John Maddox (2000),[28] Patrick Moore (2001) and Lisa Jardine (2015).[29] Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS.[30]

Former statute 12 fellowships

 
David Attenborough was elected a fellow in 1983, under former statute 12

Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997.[citation needed] Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough (1983) and John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne (1991).

Royal Fellow

The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British royal family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society. As of 2016 there are five royal fellows:

  1. Charles III, elected 1978[31]
  2. Anne, Princess Royal, elected 1987[32]
  3. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, elected 1990[33]
  4. William, Prince of Wales, elected 2009[34]
  5. Prince Andrew, Duke of York, elected 2013[35]

Elizabeth II was not a Royal Fellow, but provided her patronage to the society, as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951) was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow.[36]

Election of new fellows

The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination and a period of peer-reviewed selection.[1]

Nomination

Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society (a proposer and a seconder), who sign a certificate of proposal.[37] Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer,[37] which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old boy network and elitist gentlemen's club.[38][39][40] The certificate of election (see for example[41]) includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership.[1]

Selection

The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 11 subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees,[14] to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April, and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May. A candidate is elected if they secure two-thirds of votes of those Fellows voting.

An indicative allocation of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences; and up to 10 from Applied Sciences, Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences. A further maximum of six can be 'Honorary', 'General' or 'Royal' Fellows. Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by Sectional Committees, each with at least 12 Members and a Chair. Members of the 10 Sectional Committees change every three years to mitigate in-group bias,[37] each group covers different specialist areas including:

1. Mathematics

2. Astronomy and physics

3. Chemistry

4. Engineering

5. Earth science and environmental science

6. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology

7. Microbiology, immunology and developmental biology

8. Anatomy, physiology and neuroscience

9. Organismal biology, evolution and ecology

10. Health and human sciences[42]

Admission

New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July,[43] when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads: "We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from the Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future".[1]

Since 2014, portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re-use.[44][45]

Research Fellowships and other awards

 
Brian Cox, a professor of physics, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2016 having previously held a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF) from 2005 to 2013[46]

In addition to the main fellowships of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS), other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals, rather than through election. Holders of these fellowships are known as Royal Society Research Fellows.[47]

In addition to the award of Fellowship (FRS, HonFRS & ForMemRS) and the Research Fellowships described above, several other awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society are also given.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Anon (2015). . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e Anon (2015). . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015.
  3. ^ Eve, A. S.; Chadwick, J. (1938). "Lord Rutherford 1871–1937". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2 (6): 394–423. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0025.
  4. ^ Neville, Eric Harold (1921). "The Late Srinivasa Ramanujan". Nature. 106 (2673): 661–662. Bibcode:1921Natur.106..661N. doi:10.1038/106661b0. S2CID 4185656.
  5. ^ Whittaker, E. (1955). "Albert Einstein. 1879–1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 37–67. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005. JSTOR 769242. S2CID 619823.
  6. ^ Tayler, Roger J. (1996). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 42: 80–94. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1996.0006. S2CID 58736242.
  7. ^ Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.
  8. ^ Newman, M. H. A. (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 253–263. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019. JSTOR 769256.
  9. ^ . The Royal Society. 13 September 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  10. ^ Bretscher, Mark S.; Mitchison, Graeme (2017). "Francis Harry Compton Crick OM. 8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 63: rsbm20170010. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2017.0010. ISSN 0080-4606.
  11. ^ Rich, Alexander; Stevens, Charles F. (2004). "Obituary: Francis Crick (1916–2004)". Nature. 430 (7002): 845–847. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..845R. doi:10.1038/430845a. PMID 15318208.
  12. ^ "Atta-Ur Rahman – Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  13. ^ "Andre Geim – Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  14. ^ a b Anon (2007). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2016.
  15. ^ Blackstock, Colin (2004). . The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015.
  16. ^ Anon (2016). . London: Institute of Cancer Research. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  17. ^ Anon (2016). . London: Francis Crick Institute. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  18. ^ "Manchester scientists elected as Fellows of Royal Society". Manchester.ac.uk. Manchester: University of Manchester. 2016. from the original on 7 May 2016.
  19. ^ "Royal Society Fellows at Imperial College". London: Imperial College London. 2016. from the original on 15 April 2016.
  20. ^ "Three University of Aberdeen researchers elected to Royal Society". Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen. 2016. from the original on 25 May 2016.
  21. ^ "The Royal Society announces election of new Fellows 2015". Cambridge: University of Cambridge. 2016. from the original on 24 April 2016.
  22. ^ "Seven Oxford academics elected Fellows of the Royal Society". Oxford: University of Oxford. 2016. from the original on 30 April 2016.
  23. ^ "Stephen Hawking – Royal Society". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  24. ^ Keeler, C. Richard (2011). "Three Hundred Fifty Years of the Royal Society". Archives of Ophthalmology. 129 (10): 1361–1365. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.222. PMID 21987680.
  25. ^ Council of the Royal Society (29 January 2015). "Statutes of the Royal Society" (PDF). London: Royal Society. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  26. ^ "Fellowship of the Royal Society - a window on the election process" (PDF). London: Royal Society. October 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  27. ^ Gulyas, Balázs; Somogyi, Peter (2012). "János Szentágothai 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994: Elected ForMemRs 20 April 1978". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 59: 383–406. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2012.0038. PMC 4477047. PMID 26113752.
  28. ^ Gratzer, Walter (2010). "Sir John Royden Maddox. 27 November 1925 – 12 April 2009". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 56: 237–255. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2009.0024.
  29. ^ Hunter, Michael (2017). "Lisa Jardine CBE. 12 April 1944 – 25 October 2015". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 63: rsbm20170015. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2017.0015. ISSN 0080-4606.
  30. ^ "Fellows Directory".
  31. ^ "Prince Charles". London: Royal Society. from the original on 17 November 2015.
  32. ^ Anon (1987). . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  33. ^ Anon (1990). . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  34. ^ Anon (2009). . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  35. ^ Anon (2013). . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  36. ^ Anon (1951). . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015.
  37. ^ a b c Athene Donald (20 April 2012). . Occam's Typewriter. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014.
  38. ^ Gallagher, Paul (2013). . The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  39. ^ Gallagher, Paul (2002). . Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014.
  40. ^ Connor, Steve (2002). . The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  41. ^ . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019.
  42. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015.
  43. ^ McManus, Jo (2010). . Archived from the original on 14 April 2015.
  44. ^ "Images released by the Royal Society". Wikimedia Commons.
  45. ^ Byrne, John (2014). . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014.
  46. ^ Anon (2016). . Royalsociety.org. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016.
  47. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 May 2016.
  48. ^ . Royal Society. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016.
  49. ^ Cook, Alan (2000). "URFs become FRS: Frances Ashcroft, Athene Donald and John Pethica". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 54 (3): 409–411. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2000.0181. S2CID 58095147.
  50. ^ . Royal Society. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016.
  51. ^ . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016.
  52. ^ . royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016.
  53. ^ . London: royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.

fellow, royal, society, fellowship, royal, society, formemrs, honfrs, award, granted, judges, royal, society, london, individuals, have, made, substantial, contribution, improvement, natural, knowledge, including, mathematics, engineering, science, medical, sc. Fellowship of the Royal Society FRS ForMemRS and HonFRS is an award granted by the judges of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge including mathematics engineering science and medical science 1 Fellowship of the Royal SocietyHeadquarters of the Royal Society in Carlton House Terrace in LondonAwarded for Contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge 1 Sponsored byRoyal SocietyDate1663 359 years ago 1663 LocationLondonCountryUnited KingdomTotal no FellowsApproximately 8 000 2 1 707 living members Fellowship of the Society the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence is a significant honour It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history including Isaac Newton 1672 2 Michael Faraday 1824 2 Charles Darwin 1839 2 Ernest Rutherford 1903 3 Srinivasa Ramanujan 1918 4 Albert Einstein 1921 5 Paul Dirac 1930 Winston Churchill 1941 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1944 6 Dorothy Hodgkin 1947 7 Alan Turing 1951 8 Lise Meitner 1955 9 and Francis Crick 1959 10 11 More recently fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking 1974 David Attenborough 1983 Tim Hunt 1991 Elizabeth Blackburn 1992 Tim Berners Lee 2001 Venki Ramakrishnan 2003 Atta ur Rahman 2006 12 Andre Geim 2007 13 James Dyson 2015 Ajay Kumar Sood 2015 Subhash Khot 2017 and around 8 000 others in total 2 including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900 As of October 2018 update there are approximately 1 689 living Fellows Foreign and Honorary Members of which over 60 are Nobel Laureates 14 Elected in 1672 Isaac Newton was one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian as the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar 15 with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Contents 1 Fellowships 1 1 Fellow 1 2 Foreign member 1 3 Honorary fellow 1 4 Former statute 12 fellowships 1 5 Royal Fellow 2 Election of new fellows 2 1 Nomination 2 2 Selection 2 3 Admission 3 Research Fellowships and other awards 4 ReferencesFellowships Edit Stephen Hawking was elected a fellow in 1974 23 Up to 60 new Fellows FRS honorary HonFRS and foreign members ForMemRS are elected annually in late April or early May from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year 24 New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of the fellowships described below Fellow Edit Further information List of fellows of the Royal Society Every year up to 52 new fellows are elected from the United Kingdom the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland which make up around 90 of the society 25 26 Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post nominal letters FRS 1 Foreign member Edit Jennifer Doudna was elected a Foreign Member in 2016 Every year fellows elect up to ten new foreign members Like fellows foreign members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science As of 2016 update there are around 165 foreign members who are entitled to use the post nominal ForMemRS 27 Honorary fellow Edit Bill Bryson was elected an Honorary Member in 2013 Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to the cause of science but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members Honorary Fellows include the World Health Organization s Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus 2022 Bill Bryson 2013 Melvyn Bragg 2010 Robin Saxby 2015 David Sainsbury Baron Sainsbury of Turville 2008 Onora O Neill 2007 John Maddox 2000 28 Patrick Moore 2001 and Lisa Jardine 2015 29 Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS 30 Former statute 12 fellowships Edit David Attenborough was elected a fellow in 1983 under former statute 12 Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997 citation needed Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough 1983 and John Palmer 4th Earl of Selborne 1991 Royal Fellow Edit The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British royal family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society As of 2016 update there are five royal fellows Charles III elected 1978 31 Anne Princess Royal elected 1987 32 Prince Edward Duke of Kent elected 1990 33 William Prince of Wales elected 2009 34 Prince Andrew Duke of York elected 2013 35 Elizabeth II was not a Royal Fellow but provided her patronage to the society as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh 1951 was elected under statute 12 not as a Royal Fellow 36 Election of new fellows EditThe election of new fellows is announced annually in May after their nomination and a period of peer reviewed selection 1 Nomination Edit Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society a proposer and a seconder who sign a certificate of proposal 37 Previously nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer 37 which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old boy network and elitist gentlemen s club 38 39 40 The certificate of election see for example 41 includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year In 2015 there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership 1 Selection Edit The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 11 subject area committees known as Sectional Committees 14 to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May A candidate is elected if they secure two thirds of votes of those Fellows voting An indicative allocation of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences and up to 10 from Applied Sciences Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences A further maximum of six can be Honorary General or Royal Fellows Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by Sectional Committees each with at least 12 Members and a Chair Members of the 10 Sectional Committees change every three years to mitigate in group bias 37 each group covers different specialist areas including 1 Mathematics2 Astronomy and physics3 Chemistry4 Engineering5 Earth science and environmental science6 Biochemistry and molecular cell biology7 Microbiology immunology and developmental biology8 Anatomy physiology and neuroscience9 Organismal biology evolution and ecology10 Health and human sciences 42 Admission Edit New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July 43 when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads We who have hereunto subscribed do hereby promise that we will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded that we will carry out as far as we are able those actions requested of us in the name of the Council and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society Provided that whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands that we desire to withdraw from the Society we shall be free from this Obligation for the future 1 Since 2014 portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re use 44 45 Research Fellowships and other awards Edit Brian Cox a professor of physics was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2016 having previously held a Royal Society University Research Fellowship URF from 2005 to 2013 46 In addition to the main fellowships of the Royal Society FRS ForMemRS amp HonFRS other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals rather than through election Holders of these fellowships are known as Royal Society Research Fellows 47 University research fellowships URFs Royal Society University Research Fellowships are for outstanding scientists in the UK who are in the early stages of their research career and have the potential to become leaders in their field 48 Previous holders of URFs to have been elected FRS at a later date include Richard Borcherds 1994 Jean Beggs 1998 Frances Ashcroft 1999 Athene Donald 1999 and John Pethica 1999 49 More recent awardees include Terri Attwood Sarah Jayne Blakemore Brian Cox Sarah Bridle Shahn Majid Tanya Monro Beth Shapiro David J Wales and Katherine Willis Royal Society Leverhulme Trust senior research fellowships are for scientists who would benefit from a period of full time research without teaching and administrative duties supported by the Leverhulme Trust 50 Newton advanced fellowships provide established international researchers with an opportunity to develop the research strengths and capabilities of their research group These are provided by the Newton Fund as part of the UK s official development assistance 51 Industry fellowships are for academic scientists who want to work on a collaborative project with industry and for scientists in industry who want to work on a collaborative project with an academic organisation 52 Dorothy Hodgkin fellowships are for outstanding scientists in the UK at an early stage of their research career who require a flexible working pattern due to personal circumstances These fellowships are named after Dorothy Hodgkin 53 In addition to the award of Fellowship FRS HonFRS amp ForMemRS and the Research Fellowships described above several other awards lectures and medals of the Royal Society are also given References Edit a b c d e f Anon 2015 Royal Society Elections London Royal Society Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 a b c d e Anon 2015 Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660 2015 London Royal Society Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 Eve A S Chadwick J 1938 Lord Rutherford 1871 1937 Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 2 6 394 423 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1938 0025 Neville Eric Harold 1921 The Late Srinivasa Ramanujan Nature 106 2673 661 662 Bibcode 1921Natur 106 661N doi 10 1038 106661b0 S2CID 4185656 Whittaker E 1955 Albert Einstein 1879 1955 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1 37 67 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1955 0005 JSTOR 769242 S2CID 619823 Tayler Roger J 1996 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 19 October 1910 21 August 1995 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 42 80 94 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1996 0006 S2CID 58736242 Dodson Guy 2002 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin O M 12 May 1910 29 July 1994 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 48 179 219 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2002 0011 PMID 13678070 S2CID 61764553 Newman M H A 1955 Alan Mathison Turing 1912 1954 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1 253 263 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1955 0019 JSTOR 769256 The Royal Society Fellow Details The Royal Society 13 September 2020 Archived from the original on 7 March 2021 Retrieved 13 September 2020 Bretscher Mark S Mitchison Graeme 2017 Francis Harry Compton Crick OM 8 June 1916 28 July 2004 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 63 rsbm20170010 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2017 0010 ISSN 0080 4606 Rich Alexander Stevens Charles F 2004 Obituary Francis Crick 1916 2004 Nature 430 7002 845 847 Bibcode 2004Natur 430 845R doi 10 1038 430845a PMID 15318208 Atta Ur Rahman Royal Society Royalsociety org Retrieved 23 August 2018 Andre Geim Royal Society Royalsociety org Retrieved 23 August 2018 a b Anon 2007 Fellowship of the Royal Society a window on the election process PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 April 2016 Blackstock Colin 2004 Fellows keep Susan Greenfield off Royal Society list The Guardian London Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 Anon 2016 Eminent cancer researchers elected to Royal Society Fellowship London Institute of Cancer Research Archived from the original on 25 May 2016 Anon 2016 Royal Society Fellowship for Crick scientist London Francis Crick Institute Archived from the original on 25 May 2016 Manchester scientists elected as Fellows of Royal Society Manchester ac uk Manchester University of Manchester 2016 Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 Royal Society Fellows at Imperial College London Imperial College London 2016 Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 Three University of Aberdeen researchers elected to Royal Society Aberdeen University of Aberdeen 2016 Archived from the original on 25 May 2016 The Royal Society announces election of new Fellows 2015 Cambridge University of Cambridge 2016 Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 Seven Oxford academics elected Fellows of the Royal Society Oxford University of Oxford 2016 Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 Stephen Hawking Royal Society Royalsociety org Retrieved 23 August 2018 Keeler C Richard 2011 Three Hundred Fifty Years of the Royal Society Archives of Ophthalmology 129 10 1361 1365 doi 10 1001 archophthalmol 2011 222 PMID 21987680 Council of the Royal Society 29 January 2015 Statutes of the Royal Society PDF London Royal Society Retrieved 29 March 2021 Fellowship of the Royal Society a window on the election process PDF London Royal Society October 2007 Retrieved 29 March 2021 Gulyas Balazs Somogyi Peter 2012 Janos Szentagothai 31 October 1912 8 September 1994 Elected ForMemRs 20 April 1978 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 59 383 406 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2012 0038 PMC 4477047 PMID 26113752 Gratzer Walter 2010 Sir John Royden Maddox 27 November 1925 12 April 2009 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 56 237 255 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2009 0024 Hunter Michael 2017 Lisa Jardine CBE 12 April 1944 25 October 2015 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 63 rsbm20170015 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2017 0015 ISSN 0080 4606 Fellows Directory Prince Charles London Royal Society Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Anon 1987 Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal Princess Anne KG KT GCVO GCStJ QSO GCL FRS Royal Fellow London Royal Society Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Anon 1990 His Royal Highness Prince Edward Duke of Kent KG GCMG GCVO ADC P FRS Royal Fellow London Royal Society Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Anon 2009 His Royal Highness Prince William Duke of Cambridge KG KT ADC P FRS Royal Fellow London Royal Society Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Anon 2013 His Royal Highness Prince Andrew Duke of York KG GCVO FRS Royal Fellow London Royal Society Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Anon 1951 His Royal Highness Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh KG Kt OM GBE FRS Statute 12 London Royal Society Archived from the original on 24 November 2015 a b c Athene Donald 20 April 2012 Ten Things You Should Know about Election to the Royal Society Occam s Typewriter Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 Gallagher Paul 2013 Sparks fly over Royal Society gender study The Independent Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 Gallagher Paul 2002 A bunch of jolly good fellows or old cronies who don t deserve 25m a year Times Higher Education Archived from the original on 30 December 2014 Connor Steve 2002 Royal societies not recruiting enough women say MPs The Independent Archived from the original on 25 May 2016 Certificate of Election and candidature EC 2007 16 Andre Geim London Royal Society Archived from the original on 4 July 2019 Membership of Sectional Committees 2015 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 May 2015 McManus Jo 2010 Royal Society Admissions Day photographing new Fellows Archived from the original on 14 April 2015 Images released by the Royal Society Wikimedia Commons Byrne John 2014 New images released are quickly put to use Wikimedia Foundation Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 Anon 2016 Professor Brian Cox OBE FRS Royalsociety org London Royal Society Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 Research Fellows directory Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 University Research Fellowship for outstanding scientists in the UK Royal Society Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 Cook Alan 2000 URFs become FRS Frances Ashcroft Athene Donald and John Pethica Notes and Records of the Royal Society 54 3 409 411 doi 10 1098 rsnr 2000 0181 S2CID 58095147 Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship Royal Society Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 Newton Advanced Fellowships London Royal Society Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 Industry Fellowships royalsociety org Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship London royalsociety org Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fellow of the Royal Society amp oldid 1129969855, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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