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Thiruvananthapuram district

July 11, 2023

This article is about the district in Kerala. For other uses, see Thiruvananthapuram (disambiguation).

Thiruvananthapuram District (IPA: [t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm] (listen)), is the southernmost district in the Indian state of Kerala. The district was created in 1949, with its headquarters in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, which is also Kerala's administrative centre. The present district was created in 1956 by separating the four southernmost Taluks of the erstwhile district to form Kanyakumari district. The city of Thiruvananthapuram is also known as the Information technology capital of the State, since it is home to the first and largest IT park in India, Technopark, established in 1990. The district is home to more than 9% of total population of the state.[3]

Thiruvananthapuram district
Trivandrum district
District of Kerala
Clockwise from top:
Niyamasabha Mandiram, Kovalam Beach, Attingal, Poovar beach, Varkala underpass, and Anchuthengu Fort.
Location in Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram district
Coordinates: 8°29′N 76°56′E / 8.48°N 76.94°E / 8.48; 76.94
CountryIndia
StateKerala
HeadquartersThiruvananthapuram
Subdistricts
Government
 • Lok Sabha constituencies2
 • Vidhan Sabha constituencies14
Area
 • Total2,192 km2 (846 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total3,521,153 (male: 1,767,859; female: 1,753,294; transgender: 500)
 • Urban
55.75%
Demographics
 • Literacy93.02%[1]
Vehicle registrationKL-01 Thiruvanthapuram,
KL-15 KSRTC,
KL-16 Attingal,
KL-19 Parassala,
KL-20 Neyyattinkara,
KL-21 Nedumangad,
KL-22 Kazhakoottam,
KL-74 Kattakkada,
KL-81 Varkala
Major highwaysNH 66, NH 866
HDI (2005) 0.773[2] ( High)
Average annual precipitation1,700 mm
class=notpageimage|
Thiruvananthapuram District's location on map of India

The district covers an area of 2,192 square kilometres (541,655 acres). At the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,301,427,[4][5] making it the second most populous district in Kerala after Malappuram district.[6] Its population density is the highest in Kerala, with 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,910/sq mi).[7] The district is divided into six subdistricts: Thiruvananthapuram, Chirayinkeezhu, Neyyattinkara, Nedumangadu, Varkala, and Kattakada. The urban bodies in the district are the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, and the Varkala, Neyyattinkara, Attingal, and Nedumangad municipalities.[8]

Thiruvananthapuram district is located between 8°10′N 76°25′E / 8.17°N 76.41°E / 8.17; 76.41 and 8°32′N 77°10′E / 8.54°N 77.17°E / 8.54; 77.17. At the southernmost extremity of the district, Kaliyikkavila is 54 kilometres (34 mi) from Kanyakumari, the southernmost point on the Indian peninsula.[9] 33.75% of the population lives in urban areas.[10]

The district has three major rivers, several freshwater lakes, and over 300 ponds. Its eastern region is forested, northern regions are mostly under rubber cultivation and the remaining areas grow mixed dry-land crops of coconut, plantain, and tapioca, among others. Built-up areas and rice fields complete the land use pattern.[11]

Etymology

The name Thiruvananthapuram, shared by the district and its headquarters city, comes from the Tamil word "Thiru" and Sanskrit word "anantha-pura", meaning "Abode of Lord Anantha".[12] The name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the center of Thiruvananthapuram city. Anantha is another name of Vishnu, the deity of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple. The district's official name in English was Trivandrum until 1991, when the government reinstated the city's original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages.

History

See also: Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State
 
Kanakakkunnu Palace at Thiruvananthapuram

The city of Thiruvananthapuram features several landmarks with regards to ancient tradition, folklore, and literature. Several other locations in the district feature similar landmarks. The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Kanyakumari in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.[13] The southernmost region of present-day Malabar coast (the coastal belt between Kanyakumari and Kollam) was under the Ay dynasty, who were related to, and officially feudatories of the Cheras.[14] The Ay Dynasty (later known as the Venad Dynasty and finally the Thiruvithamkur Dynasty), followed by the Nannan Dynasty (later known as the Mushika dynasty and finally the Kolathiri dynasty), were the two oldest and most important lineages of the Velir clan, who had very frequent intermarriages with the Cheras, Cholas, and the Pandyas.[15][16][17][18][19]

Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and Kanyakumari district, were ruled by the Ay dynasty during ancient and medieval ages, which was a Tamil kingdom based in the southernmost part of Indian Subcontinent.[20] Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandyas in various periods.[20] Later it became a part of Venad in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE.[20] The Tamil-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct from the architectural style of temples in Kerala in general.[20]

 
A map of Malabar Coast drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and Kanyakumari, as shown in the map (Present-day districts of Trivandrum and Kanyakumari only).[21][22][23][24][25][26]

In 1684, during the regency of Umayamma Rani, the English East India Company acquired a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu, near Varkala on the sea coast about 32 kilometres (20 mi) north of Thiruvananthapuram city, with a view to erecting a factory and fortifying it. The location had earlier been frequented by the Dutch, then by the British. It was from here that the English gradually extended their diplomacy to other parts of Travancore.[27]

 
A map of the British Princely state of Travancore published in 1871

Modern history begins with Marthanda Varma (1729 CE–1758 CE), generally regarded as the Father of modern Travancore. In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu (a long separated younger sister dynasty of Ay/Venad/Thiruvithamkur with whom they had the tradition of mutual adoption of heirs for centuries) based in Kannur.[28] Thiruvananthapuram was known as a great center of intellectual and artistic activity at this time. Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[29]

The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple, is the most recognizable and iconic landmark of the city and the district and dates back to the 16th century. In addition to the presiding deity of Padmanabha, this temple contains several shrines, dedicated to Krishna, Narasimha, Ganesha, and Ayyappa. It was built by King Marthanda Varma of the Travancore royal family in 1745, when he transferred the Travancore capital from Padmanabhapuram, now in neighbouring Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu. King Marthanda Varma began his reign as 'Sree Padmanabhadasa', the Slave of Sree Padmanabha. The vast temple complex, with its tall Gopuram decorated with detailed carvings reflected in a huge temple tank, is today a center of attraction for devotees and sightseers.

The city was the capital of the Travancore state from 18th century CE until India's independence. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in Travancore region. After two decades, during the reign of Sree Chithira Thirunal, Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940.[30] Consequent to the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission, the Vilavancode subdistrict of Thiruvananthapuram was merged with Tamil Nadu, along with another three southern subdistricts, Thovala, Agastheewaram, and Kalkulam from Travancore which eventually formed Tamil Nadu's Kanyakumari district. The state of Kerala came into being on 1 November 1956.

Kilimanoor palace

See also: Kilimanoor palace
 
Birthplace of Raja Ravi Varma with his studio in the foreground

In 1705 (ME 880) the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of Parappanad royal house (originally based at Parappanangadi in present-day Malappuram district) were adopted into the Royal house of Venad. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters. Marthanda Varma, the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew[31] of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son became known as Dharma Raja Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma.

In 1740 when an allied force,[32] led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power. In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace[33] from taxes, and granted them autonomous status.[34] The present palace complex was built at this time, together with the Ayyappa temple.[35] for the family deity, Sastha or Ayyapan.[36]

Velu Thampi Dalawa held meetings at Kilimanoor palace while planning uprisings against the British. He handed over his sword at the palace before going into his final battle against the British, and India's first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad received this sword from the palace and it was kept in the National Museum in Delhi. Afterwards the sword was moved to the Napier Museum, Trivandrum.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
 
A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff

The district is located between 8°10′N 76°25′E / 8.17°N 76.41°E / 8.17; 76.41 and 8°32′N 77°10′E / 8.54°N 77.17°E / 8.54; 77.17. The southernmost part of the city, Parassala, is just 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from the southern peninsular tip of India, Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The district stretches 78 kilometres (48 mi) along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west. Kollam district lies to the north, with the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu to the east and south respectively.[37]

Climate

The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot and tropical. Large forest reserves have a favorable effect on the climate and induce rains. Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges. Lower down, the weather is bracing, and generally hot in the coastal regions. The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C). As the district stretches from north to south, with the Arabian Sea to the west, the relative humidity is generally high. It rises to about 95% during the southwest monsoon.[38]

The total annual rainfall in the district is about 1,827.7 mm (72 in) per annum.[39] The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season, during which the district receives most of its annual rainfall. The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon, from October to November. The district also experiences thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May.[40]

December to February are the coolest months. The average temperature drops to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months, generally considered India's winter season. The summer season starts in February and continues until May. The average temperature rises to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months.[41]

Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37
(99) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		39
(102) 		38
(100) 		38
(100) 		33
(91) 		38
(100) 		37
(99) 		36
(97) 		39
(102)
Average high °C (°F) 31.5
(88.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.6
(88.9) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.8
(87.4)
Average low °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.4
(74.1)
Record low °C (°F) 15
(59) 		17
(63) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		18
(64) 		20
(68) 		18
(64) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		15
(59)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.7
(0.89) 		24.4
(0.96) 		40.4
(1.59) 		117.4
(4.62) 		230.4
(9.07) 		320.8
(12.63) 		226.8
(8.93) 		138.1
(5.44) 		174.6
(6.87) 		281.7
(11.09) 		184.5
(7.26) 		65.9
(2.59) 		1,827.7
(71.96)
Source 1: [42]
Source 2: [43]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Thiruvananthapuram
 
A view of the city of Thiruvananthapuram from Pattom.

The media and information technology sectors are mainstays of Thiruvananthapuram district's economy, and other major sectors are tourism and leisure, agriculture, and education. India's first animation park, the Kinfra Animation Park, is in the district.

 
A Technopark building. Technopark as of 2010 has 450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft) of built-up space, and is home to over 200 companies, employing around 30,000 professionals.

Thiruvananthapuram district has 2 central-sector, 14 state-sector, 1 co-operative-sector, 4 joint-sector, and 60 private-sector medium- and large-scale enterprises. As of 31 March 2003, Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC) units employed 9,262 people, and had invested Rs. 3439.4 million.[44] In 2002, there were 901 registered working factories, including oil mills, cashew factories, Cotton mills, Sawmills, printing units, rubber industrial units, chemical units, match factories, general engineering units, and automobile workshops. The Shree Mulam Thirunal Shashtiabdapoorthy Memorial Institute (S.M.S.M. Institute) in Thiruvananthapuram city is a major state government emporium marketing products of Kerala's handicraft industries.

The Neyyar Irrigation Project, commissioned in 1959, irrigates an area of 116.65 km2 (45.0 sq mi). The Neyyar river is the source of water for the Neyyar reservoir. The dam is 294.13 metres (965.0 ft) long and 50.6 metres (166.0 ft) high. The catchment draining into the reservoir, covering an area of 140 km2 (54 sq mi) of forest, receives an annual average rainfall of about 2,260 mm (90 in) 2260 mm from the two monsoons. The total length of the main canal and its branches is 266 km (165 mi).

Administration

Main article: Administration of Trivandrum district
 
Taluks of Thiruvananthapuram district

The headquarters of the district administration is at Kudappanakunnu, Thiruvananthapuram. The district administration is headed by the District collector. He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections.[45]

Municipal towns

Main article: Municipalities of Kerala

There are 4 municipal towns in the district. They are:[46]

Municipal towns in Thiruvananthapuram district (4)
Sl no. Municipality Population (2011)
1. Neyyattinkara 70,850
2. Nedumangad 60,161
3. Varkala 40,048
4. Attingal 37,648

Legislative representation

See also: Kerala Legislative Assembly and Lok Sabha

There are two Lok Sabha constituency in Thiruvananthapuram: Attingal and Thiruvanthapuram.

There are 14 Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Thiruvananthapuram district.[47]

Kerala Legislative Assembly Constituencies from Thiruvananthapuram district (14)
Sl no. Constituency Member Party Alliance
1 Varkala V. Joy CPI(M)   LDF
2 Attingal O. S. Ambika CPI(M)   LDF
3 Chirayinkeezhu V. Sasi CPI   LDF
4 Nedumangad G. R. Anil CPI   LDF
5 Vamanapuram D. K. Murali CPI(M)   LDF
6 Kazhakootam Kadakampally Surendran CPI(M)   LDF
7 Vattiyoorkavu V. K. Prasanth CPI(M)   LDF
8 Thiruvananthapuram Antony Raju JKC   LDF
9 Nemom V. Sivankutty CPI(M)   LDF
10 Aruvikkara G. Stephen CPI(M)   LDF
11 Parassala C. K. Hareendran CPI(M)   LDF
12 Kattakkada I. B. Sathish CPI(M)   LDF
13 Kovalam M. Vincent INC   UDF
14 Neyyattinkara K. A. Ansalan CPI(M)   LDF

Taluks

Main article: List of taluks of Kerala

The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks, each of which is headed by a Tehsildar, within them.[48]

  • Taluks in the Thiruvananthapuram Revenue Division are:[48]
  • Taluks in the Nedumangad Revenue Division are:[48]

Revenue villages

Thiruvananthapuram district is divided into 124 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration.[48] They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below.[48]

Neyyattinkara Taluk

See also: Neyyattinkara

Kattakada Taluk

See also: Kattakada

Thiruvananthapuram Taluk

See also: Thiruvanthapuram

Nedumangad Taluk

See also: Nedumangad

Chirayinkeezhu Taluk

See also: Chirayinkeezhu

Varkala Taluk

See also: Varkala

Transport

Main article: Transport in Thiruvananthapuram
 
A highway at Akkulam in Thiruvananthapuram

National Highway 66 (formerly known as National Highway 47) stretches from Kaliyikkavila at its southern end to Navaikulam near Parippally in the north, covering a distance of 80 km (50 mi) within the district.[49] The Main Central Road covers a distance of 55 km (34 mi), passing through Kesavadasapuram, Vembayam, Venjaramoodu, Kilimanoor, and Nilamel in the north. The Kerala Public Works Department maintains some 1,552 km (964 mi) of road in the district. Local bodies are responsible for the maintenance of 9,500 km (5,900 mi) of road. There are 116 bridges in Thiruvananthapuram District.


Rail transport in the district is operated by Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways. Thiruvananthapuram is connected to the rest of the country by broad gauge railway line. 82 km (51 mi) of railway line passes through the district.[50] Thiruvananthapuram district currently has 20 stations, including Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station.

Domestic and international airlines operate from Trivandrum International Airport, which has direct flights to many international cities, including Kuwait City, Dubai, Dammam, Singapore, Malé, Colombo, Sharjah, Muscat, Manama, Doha, Jeddah, and Abu Dhabi. Domestic flights link it with Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, and Kolkata.

Demographics

 
The Kerala Government Secretariat at Thiruvananthapuram
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901484,493—    
1911569,472+1.63%
1921666,393+1.58%
1931856,851+2.55%
19411,015,057+1.71%
19511,327,812+2.72%
19611,744,531+2.77%
19712,198,606+2.34%
19812,596,112+1.68%
19912,946,650+1.27%
20013,234,356+0.94%
20113,301,427+0.21%
source:[51]

According to the 2011 census Thiruvananthapuram district has a population of 3,301,427. This gives it a ranking of 103rd in India out of a total of 640 districts.[6] The district has a population density of 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,910/sq mi).[6] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 2.25%.[6] Thiruvananthapuram has a sex ratio of 1088 females for every 1000 males,[6] and a literacy rate of 92.66%. 53.66% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.30% and 0.81% of the population respectively.[6]

Religion

Religions in Thiruvananthapuram district (2011)[52]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 66.46%
Christianity
 
 19.10%
Islam
 
 13.72%
Other or not stated
 
 0.72%

Hindus (66.46%) constitute the majority of the population, followed by Christians (19.10%) and Muslims (13.72%).[52] The Hindu community consists of Nairs, Nadars, Brahmins, Ezhavas, Viswakarma etc. The Christians belong mainly to the Latin Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church,the Pentecostal churches, the Church of South India, the Malankara Orthodox Church ,the Marthoma Church and the Syro Malabar Catholic Church . The Sunni Muslim community also forms a major division of the total population.

Language

Languages of Thiruvananthapuram district (2011)[53]

  Malayalam (98.25%)
  Tamil (1.18%)
  Others (0.57%)

Malayalam is the predominant mother tongue. Tamil is spoken in bordering areas. Thiruvananthapuram city is more cosmopolitan, with speakers of languages including Malayalam, English, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Tulu and a small percentage of Marathi.[53]

Socio-economic conditions

More than 50% of the total population depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Agricultural workers constitute 42% of the total labour class. Most of the workforce is engaged in low-income, low capital intensity occupations. Political and social awareness and the efforts of social, religious and cultural leaders have contributed to breaking down the traditional feudal order. Economic changes have also had an impact on community social life and attitudes.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram
 
The Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram.

In the 20th century, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed a cultural renaissance. Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran (1845–1914), who spent a major part of his life in Thiruvananthapuram, translated Kalidasa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam into Malayalam, which earned him the title of Kerala Kalidasa. He is regarded as the father of modern Malayalam prose.

A strong film culture prevails in the district. The city is home to animation companies, including Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park,[54] near the Technopark, is an advanced film and animation production facility.[55][56] The Malayalam film industry, formerly based in Chennai (Madras), began a gradual shift towards the end of the 1970s to establish itself in Thiruvananthapuram.

Other major cultural events include the annual flower show in Thiruvananthapuram city, the Attukal Pongala, the Varkala Sivagiri pilgrimage in December, the Kaalioottu in Sarkara Devi Temple near Chirayinkeezh, the Navarathri festival at the Poojamandapam near Sri Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Aaraat of Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Beemapally Uroos, and the Vettucaud Perunaal.[57]

 
One of Kerala's biggest medical exhibitions, held at Trivandrum Medical College

Flora and fauna

 
A pepper plant. Aromatic plants and spices are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts.

The district has a rich diversity of plants, ranging from rare orchids, medicinal plants, and spices to hedge plants, tuber crops, and plants yielding edible fruits and fibre. Aromatic plants and spices, such as pepper and ginger, are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts. Nedumangad taluk is one of the biggest centres for the cultivation and trade of pepper and other hill produce. A major portion of the district lies on the middle plain, where coconut, rice, tapioca, tuber crops, plantains, and vegetables are cultivated.[58]

The forests of the district abound in a variety of animals and birds, providing excellent wildlife habitats. Elephants, bison, monkeys, and rare reptiles are among the most prominent species. Nestled in the Western Ghats, a wildlife sanctuary extends over an area of nearly 777 square kilometres (300 sq mi) around the Neyyar reservoir. The forest at the foot of the Kulathupuzha range is the habitat of rare species of snakes and lizards. Among characteristic mammals of the region are the Nilgiri langur, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri brown mongoose, and the Malabar civet. Carnivores include the tiger, wild cat, jackal, leopard, and dhole (Indian wild dog). The Sloth bear, gaur, a few species of deer and elephants are also seen. Reptiles include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and tortoises. There are some 75–80 species of snakes in this area of which some are highly venomous.[59]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
 
Kovalam

Tourism is a major sector of Thiruvananthapuram's economy. A full range of tourist options is available in the district, including hill stations, the Kerala backwaters, beaches, lagoons, and wildlife sanctuaries. Kovalam & Varkala and its internationally known beaches are in Thiruvananthapuram district.

Thiruvananthapuram is a major destination for chartered flights to India for medical tourism, with over fifty recognized Ayurveda centres in and around the city. The city also offers world-class modern hospitals. Convalescent facilities are available at nearby five-star beach resorts and hill stations.

Education

 
Kerala University administrative Building in Thiruvananthapuram
 
Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram district is a major academic hub. The University of Kerala is in Thiruvananthapuram city. There are 20 arts and sciences colleges in the district, and the estimated total number of students is 15,926. The University of Kerala has its research and higher-education centres at Kariavattom.[60]

Thiruvananthapuram Medical College is the premier health institute of the state and one of the finest in the country. It is being upgraded to the status of an All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). Thiruvananthapuram's three main engineering colleges are the College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Government Engineering College, Barton Hill, and Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering. The two main law colleges are the Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram and the Kerala Law Academy Law College. Among the many other well-known arts and sciences colleges are University College Thiruvananthapuram, Mahatma Gandhi College, Mar Ivanios College, Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram, College of Fine Arts Trivandrum, Sree Narayana College Chempazhanthy and Swathi Thirunal College of Music, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Centre for Development Studies, L B S Institute of Technology for Women, Central Polytechnic College, Vattiyoorkavu and the College of Engineering Attingal.

See also: List of schools in Thiruvananthapuram district and Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram district

Media

Thiruvananthapuram has long been a media center in India. Kerala Chandrika, the first newspaper of the state, was published from Thiruvananthapuram in 1789. Now, more than 30 newspapers have been published from the district, including The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle , The Times of India, Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhoomi, Kerala Kaumudi, Desabhimani, Deepika, Madhyamam, Chandrika, Thejas, Siraj, Janmabhoomi and Metro Vaartha.[63]

Weeklies, fortnightlies, monthlies, bi-monthlies and quarterlies are published from parts of the district. The Kerala Information and Public Relations Department is the main government agency disseminating information to the public and for the provision of feedback.

Most Malayalam television channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The government-owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from the city in 1981. Asianet, the first private Malayalam channel, began its telecasts from Thiruvananthapuram in 1991.

The district has many radio stations, most broadcasting from Thiruvananthapuram city. All India Radio has an AM (1161 MHz), an FM (Ananthapuri FM; 101.9 MHz) and a SW ( various frequencies ) station in the city. FM radio channels broadcasting from Thiruvananthapuram are Gyanvani 105.6 MHz, Ananthapuri FM (AIR) 101.9 MHz, Big FM 92.7 MHz, Club FM 94.3 MHz, Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz, Red FM 93.5 MHz, and Radio DC 90.4 MHz. Radio DC broadcasts at low-power CRS. This channel is only available within a 15-kilometre (9 mi) radius from the broadcasting station.

Wireline telephone services are provided by BSNL, Reliance, and Tata Indicom. The main GSM networks operating in the district are BSNL CellOne, Airtel, Tata Docomo, Idea Cellular, Vodafone, Reliance, and Virgin Mobile. The main CDMA providers are Reliance, MTS, and Tata Indicom. Major broadband internet services are provided by BSNL DataOne, Asianet Dataline, and Siti Cable.

Sports

 
Greenfield International Stadium

The most popular sports in the district are football and cricket.[64] Basketball, badminton and volleyball, played mostly in schools, are also popular.

The Kerala Cricket Association (KCA) is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram city. The Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, in city center, is a prominent football stadium and has hosted both national and international-level matches. The University Stadium has hosted two international cricket matches. This stadium is part of the University of Kerala, and has synthetic tracks for athletics. The Central Stadium has facilities for athletics, football, basketball, and volleyball, and has cricket practice nets. The Jimmy George Sports Complex is another major sports establishment in the district. The Kariavattom Outdoor Stadium is one of the largest international stadia, and can be used for both cricket & football.

References

  1. ^ Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. District Census Handbook, Thiruvananthapuram (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. p. 22. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  2. ^ "Kerala | UNDP in India". UNDP.
  3. ^ "Population profile of Kerala - 2011". State Planning Board, Kerala. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  4. ^ "About District | Website of Thiruvananthapuram District - The city of the Holy Anantha | India". Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  5. ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS INDIA, KERALA STATE AND DISTRICTS. Government of India. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "District Census Hand Book: Thiruvananthapuram" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  7. ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals Kerala. Government of India. p. 45. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  8. ^ "Districts Thiruvananthapuram". indiastudychannel. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  9. ^ "A Brief History" (PDF). District Handbooks of Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  10. ^ . censusindia. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.
  11. ^ "Keralapages.org". keralapages.org. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  12. ^ . Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  13. ^ Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007). "Roman connection in Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  14. ^ N. Subrahmanian (1993). Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336. Ennes. p. 37.
  15. ^ Indian History Congress (1981). Proceedings Volume 42. Indian History Congress. p. 91.
  16. ^ KA Nilakanta Sastri
  17. ^ Indian History Congress (1981). Proceedings Volume 42. Indian History Congress. p. 91.
  18. ^ Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu (1994). Chieftains of the Sangam Age. International Institute of Tamil Studies.
  19. ^ B. Sheik Ali (1972). The Hoysaḷa Dynasty. Prasaranga, University of Mysore.
  20. ^ a b c d Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). A Survey of Kerala History (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
  21. ^ Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  22. ^ "Pandya dynasty | Indian dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  23. ^ Keay 2011, p. 215.
  24. ^ Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)
  25. ^ Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala". Indian Historical Review. 36 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1177/037698360903600102. ISSN 0376-9836. S2CID 145359607.
  26. ^ "Kerala's Tamil Connection". The New Indian Express. 26 June 2010.
  27. ^ . Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.
  28. ^ Travancore State Manual
  29. ^ Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times (pdf). Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp. 162–164. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010. Year of becoming a corporation
  31. ^ Sister's son. According to the matrilineal system prevalent at that time children born of the female members only belonged to that house.
  32. ^ The forces were from Kochi, Thekkumkoor, Deshinganad (present kollam) and Purakkad who had enmity towards Marthanda Varma
  33. ^ Most of the area under the present Kilimanoor and Pazhayakunnummel panchayats.
  34. ^ Although under his kingdom
  35. ^ The original temple being at Nerumkaithakotta, near Kozhikode
  36. ^ It is also said[by whom?] Shaastha and Ayyappa are different
  37. ^ . Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.
  38. ^ "Climate", kerenvis.nic.in.
  39. ^ Rainfall 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Climate-Monsoon 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ Seasons 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram". Retrieved 21 March 2010.
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  44. ^ Industry In Thiruvananthapuram District 19 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ Administration 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ District Administration, Thiruvanthapuram. "Municipalities in Thiruvananthapuram district". National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  47. ^ Niyamsabha official site
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec District Administration, Thiruvananthapuram. "Revenue villages, Taluks, and Revenue divisions in Thiruvananthapuram district". National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  49. ^ Infrastructure Roads 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Rail Transport 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  52. ^ a b "Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  53. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  54. ^ "Kinfra Film & Video Park to house animation zone". Kinfra Film Park. Hindu Business Line. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
  55. ^ . The Hindu. 21 July 2005. Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
  56. ^ "Theatre opened at Kinfra park". Kinfra Film Park. Source: IANS. 22 August 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
  57. ^ . Major Festivals. Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
  58. ^ Variety of Plants 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ^ Flora and fauna 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ . Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Government. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  61. ^ . Schools in Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Government. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  62. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram International School opens doors". The Hindu Business Line. 8 October 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
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  64. ^ . Games in Kerala. Information and Public relations office of Kerala. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2010.

1city.in

Further reading

  • Manorama Yearbook 1995 (Malayalam Edition) ISSN 0970-9096.
  • Manorama Yearbook 2003 (English Edition) ISBN 81-900461-8-7.
  • U. Sivaraman Nair (1952), 1951 Census Handbook- Trivandrum District (PDF), Trivandrum: Travancore-Cochin Government Press
  • M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Trivandrum District (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
  • Government of India (2014–15), District Census Handbook - Thiruvananthapuram (Part-A) 2011 (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
  • Government of India (2014–15), District Census Handbook - Thiruvananthapuram (Part-B) 2011 (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thiruvananthapuram district.
  • Official District website

July 11, 2023
thiruvananthapuram, district, this, article, about, district, kerala, other, uses, thiruvananthapuram, disambiguation, thiruvananthapuram, district, iɾuʋɐnɐn, ɐpuɾɐm, listen, southernmost, district, indian, state, kerala, district, created, 1949, with, headqua. This article is about the district in Kerala For other uses see Thiruvananthapuram disambiguation Thiruvananthapuram District IPA t iɾuʋɐnɐn d ɐpuɾɐm listen is the southernmost district in the Indian state of Kerala The district was created in 1949 with its headquarters in the city of Thiruvananthapuram which is also Kerala s administrative centre The present district was created in 1956 by separating the four southernmost Taluks of the erstwhile district to form Kanyakumari district The city of Thiruvananthapuram is also known as the Information technology capital of the State since it is home to the first and largest IT park in India Technopark established in 1990 The district is home to more than 9 of total population of the state 3 Thiruvananthapuram district Trivandrum districtDistrict of KeralaClockwise from top Niyamasabha Mandiram Kovalam Beach Attingal Poovar beach Varkala underpass and Anchuthengu Fort Location in KeralaThiruvananthapuram districtCoordinates 8 29 N 76 56 E 8 48 N 76 94 E 8 48 76 94CountryIndiaStateKeralaHeadquartersThiruvananthapuramSubdistrictsThiruvananthapuram Varkala Neyyattinkara Nedumangadu Chirayinkeezhu KattakadaGovernment Lok Sabha constituencies2 Vidhan Sabha constituencies14Area Total2 192 km2 846 sq mi Population 2021 Total3 521 153 male 1 767 859 female 1 753 294 transgender 500 Urban55 75 Demographics Literacy93 02 1 Vehicle registrationKL 01 Thiruvanthapuram KL 15 KSRTC KL 16 Attingal KL 19 Parassala KL 20 Neyyattinkara KL 21 Nedumangad KL 22 Kazhakoottam KL 74 Kattakkada KL 81 VarkalaMajor highwaysNH 66 NH 866HDI 2005 0 773 2 High Average annual precipitation1 700 mmclass notpageimage Thiruvananthapuram District s location on map of India The district covers an area of 2 192 square kilometres 541 655 acres At the 2011 census it had a population of 3 301 427 4 5 making it the second most populous district in Kerala after Malappuram district 6 Its population density is the highest in Kerala with 1 509 inhabitants per square kilometre 3 910 sq mi 7 The district is divided into six subdistricts Thiruvananthapuram Chirayinkeezhu Neyyattinkara Nedumangadu Varkala and Kattakada The urban bodies in the district are the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation and the Varkala Neyyattinkara Attingal and Nedumangad municipalities 8 Thiruvananthapuram district is located between 8 10 N 76 25 E 8 17 N 76 41 E 8 17 76 41 and 8 32 N 77 10 E 8 54 N 77 17 E 8 54 77 17 At the southernmost extremity of the district Kaliyikkavila is 54 kilometres 34 mi from Kanyakumari the southernmost point on the Indian peninsula 9 33 75 of the population lives in urban areas 10 The district has three major rivers several freshwater lakes and over 300 ponds Its eastern region is forested northern regions are mostly under rubber cultivation and the remaining areas grow mixed dry land crops of coconut plantain and tapioca among others Built up areas and rice fields complete the land use pattern 11 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Kilimanoor palace 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Economy 5 Administration 5 1 Municipal towns 5 2 Legislative representation 5 3 Taluks 5 4 Revenue villages 5 4 1 Neyyattinkara Taluk 5 4 2 Kattakada Taluk 5 4 3 Thiruvananthapuram Taluk 5 4 4 Nedumangad Taluk 5 4 5 Chirayinkeezhu Taluk 5 4 6 Varkala Taluk 6 Transport 7 Demographics 7 1 Religion 7 2 Language 7 3 Socio economic conditions 8 Culture 9 Flora and fauna 10 Tourism 11 Education 12 Media 13 Sports 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksEtymology EditThe name Thiruvananthapuram shared by the district and its headquarters city comes from the Tamil word Thiru and Sanskrit word anantha pura meaning Abode of Lord Anantha 12 The name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the center of Thiruvananthapuram city Anantha is another name of Vishnu the deity of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple The district s official name in English was Trivandrum until 1991 when the government reinstated the city s original name Thiruvananthapuram in all languages History EditSee also Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State Kanakakkunnu Palace at ThiruvananthapuramThe city of Thiruvananthapuram features several landmarks with regards to ancient tradition folklore and literature Several other locations in the district feature similar landmarks The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Kanyakumari in the south to Kasaragod in the north This included Palakkad Gap Coimbatore Salem and Kolli Hills The region around Coimbatore served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu 13 The southernmost region of present day Malabar coast the coastal belt between Kanyakumari and Kollam was under the Ay dynasty who were related to and officially feudatories of the Cheras 14 The Ay Dynasty later known as the Venad Dynasty and finally the Thiruvithamkur Dynasty followed by the Nannan Dynasty later known as the Mushika dynasty and finally the Kolathiri dynasty were the two oldest and most important lineages of the Velir clan who had very frequent intermarriages with the Cheras Cholas and the Pandyas 15 16 17 18 19 Present day Thiruvananthapuram city district and Kanyakumari district were ruled by the Ay dynasty during ancient and medieval ages which was a Tamil kingdom based in the southernmost part of Indian Subcontinent 20 Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandyas in various periods 20 Later it became a part of Venad in late Middle Ages which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE 20 The Tamil Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple which makes it distinct from the architectural style of temples in Kerala in general 20 A map of Malabar Coast drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733 At that time Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and Kanyakumari as shown in the map Present day districts of Trivandrum and Kanyakumari only 21 22 23 24 25 26 In 1684 during the regency of Umayamma Rani the English East India Company acquired a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu near Varkala on the sea coast about 32 kilometres 20 mi north of Thiruvananthapuram city with a view to erecting a factory and fortifying it The location had earlier been frequented by the Dutch then by the British It was from here that the English gradually extended their diplomacy to other parts of Travancore 27 A map of the British Princely state of Travancore published in 1871Modern history begins with Marthanda Varma 1729 CE 1758 CE generally regarded as the Father of modern Travancore In the early 18th century CE the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu a long separated younger sister dynasty of Ay Venad Thiruvithamkur with whom they had the tradition of mutual adoption of heirs for centuries based in Kannur 28 Thiruvananthapuram was known as a great center of intellectual and artistic activity at this time Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755 29 The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple is the most recognizable and iconic landmark of the city and the district and dates back to the 16th century In addition to the presiding deity of Padmanabha this temple contains several shrines dedicated to Krishna Narasimha Ganesha and Ayyappa It was built by King Marthanda Varma of the Travancore royal family in 1745 when he transferred the Travancore capital from Padmanabhapuram now in neighbouring Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu King Marthanda Varma began his reign as Sree Padmanabhadasa the Slave of Sree Padmanabha The vast temple complex with its tall Gopuram decorated with detailed carvings reflected in a huge temple tank is today a center of attraction for devotees and sightseers The city was the capital of the Travancore state from 18th century CE until India s independence The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in Travancore region After two decades during the reign of Sree Chithira Thirunal Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940 30 Consequent to the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission the Vilavancode subdistrict of Thiruvananthapuram was merged with Tamil Nadu along with another three southern subdistricts Thovala Agastheewaram and Kalkulam from Travancore which eventually formed Tamil Nadu s Kanyakumari district The state of Kerala came into being on 1 November 1956 Kilimanoor palace Edit See also Kilimanoor palace Birthplace of Raja Ravi Varma with his studio in the foregroundIn 1705 ME 880 the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of Parappanad royal house originally based at Parappanangadi in present day Malappuram district were adopted into the Royal house of Venad Ittammar Raja s sister and her sons Rama Varma and Raghava Varma settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters Marthanda Varma the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore was the son of Raghava Varma The nephew 31 of Raghava Varma Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran married the sister of Marthanda Varma Their son became known as Dharma Raja Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma In 1740 when an allied force 32 led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King attacked Venad an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them Although a small victory this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power In 1753 in recognition of this feat Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace 33 from taxes and granted them autonomous status 34 The present palace complex was built at this time together with the Ayyappa temple 35 for the family deity Sastha or Ayyapan 36 Velu Thampi Dalawa held meetings at Kilimanoor palace while planning uprisings against the British He handed over his sword at the palace before going into his final battle against the British and India s first President Dr Rajendra Prasad received this sword from the palace and it was kept in the National Museum in Delhi Afterwards the sword was moved to the Napier Museum Trivandrum Geography EditMain article Geography of Thiruvananthapuram A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff The district is located between 8 10 N 76 25 E 8 17 N 76 41 E 8 17 76 41 and 8 32 N 77 10 E 8 54 N 77 17 E 8 54 77 17 The southernmost part of the city Parassala is just 54 kilometres 34 mi away from the southern peninsular tip of India Cape Comorin Kanyakumari The district stretches 78 kilometres 48 mi along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west Kollam district lies to the north with the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu to the east and south respectively 37 Climate Edit The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot and tropical Large forest reserves have a favorable effect on the climate and induce rains Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges Lower down the weather is bracing and generally hot in the coastal regions The mean maximum temperature is 95 F 35 C and the mean minimum temperature is 69 F 20 C As the district stretches from north to south with the Arabian Sea to the west the relative humidity is generally high It rises to about 95 during the southwest monsoon 38 The total annual rainfall in the district is about 1 827 7 mm 72 in per annum 39 The southwest monsoon from June to September is the principal rainy season during which the district receives most of its annual rainfall The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon from October to November The district also experiences thunderstorm rains in the pre monsoon months of April and May 40 December to February are the coolest months The average temperature drops to 69 F 20 C in these months generally considered India s winter season The summer season starts in February and continues until May The average temperature rises to 95 F 35 C in these months 41 Climate data for ThiruvananthapuramMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 37 99 38 100 38 100 38 100 38 100 39 102 38 100 38 100 33 91 38 100 37 99 36 97 39 102 Average high C F 31 5 88 7 31 9 89 4 32 6 90 7 32 6 90 7 31 6 88 9 29 7 85 5 29 2 84 6 29 4 84 9 30 0 86 0 29 9 85 8 30 3 86 5 31 0 87 8 30 8 87 4 Average low C F 22 2 72 0 22 8 73 0 24 1 75 4 24 9 76 8 24 7 76 5 23 5 74 3 23 1 73 6 23 2 73 8 23 3 73 9 23 3 73 9 23 1 73 6 22 6 72 7 23 4 74 1 Record low C F 15 59 17 63 20 68 20 68 20 68 21 70 18 64 20 68 18 64 20 68 20 68 20 68 15 59 Average precipitation mm inches 22 7 0 89 24 4 0 96 40 4 1 59 117 4 4 62 230 4 9 07 320 8 12 63 226 8 8 93 138 1 5 44 174 6 6 87 281 7 11 09 184 5 7 26 65 9 2 59 1 827 7 71 96 Source 1 42 Source 2 43 Economy EditMain article Economy of Thiruvananthapuram A view of the city of Thiruvananthapuram from Pattom The media and information technology sectors are mainstays of Thiruvananthapuram district s economy and other major sectors are tourism and leisure agriculture and education India s first animation park the Kinfra Animation Park is in the district A Technopark building Technopark as of 2010 has 450 000 m2 4 800 000 sq ft of built up space and is home to over 200 companies employing around 30 000 professionals Thiruvananthapuram district has 2 central sector 14 state sector 1 co operative sector 4 joint sector and 60 private sector medium and large scale enterprises As of 31 March 2003 Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation KSIDC units employed 9 262 people and had invested Rs 3439 4 million 44 In 2002 there were 901 registered working factories including oil mills cashew factories Cotton mills Sawmills printing units rubber industrial units chemical units match factories general engineering units and automobile workshops The Shree Mulam Thirunal Shashtiabdapoorthy Memorial Institute S M S M Institute in Thiruvananthapuram city is a major state government emporium marketing products of Kerala s handicraft industries The Neyyar Irrigation Project commissioned in 1959 irrigates an area of 116 65 km2 45 0 sq mi The Neyyar river is the source of water for the Neyyar reservoir The dam is 294 13 metres 965 0 ft long and 50 6 metres 166 0 ft high The catchment draining into the reservoir covering an area of 140 km2 54 sq mi of forest receives an annual average rainfall of about 2 260 mm 90 in 2260 mm from the two monsoons The total length of the main canal and its branches is 266 km 165 mi Administration EditMain article Administration of Trivandrum district Taluks of Thiruvananthapuram districtThe headquarters of the district administration is at Kudappanakunnu Thiruvananthapuram The district administration is headed by the District collector He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters land acquisition revenue recovery land reforms and elections 45 Municipal towns Edit Main article Municipalities of Kerala There are 4 municipal towns in the district They are 46 Municipal towns in Thiruvananthapuram district 4 Sl no Municipality Population 2011 1 Neyyattinkara 70 8502 Nedumangad 60 1613 Varkala 40 0484 Attingal 37 648Legislative representation Edit See also Kerala Legislative Assembly and Lok Sabha There are two Lok Sabha constituency in Thiruvananthapuram Attingal and Thiruvanthapuram There are 14 Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Thiruvananthapuram district 47 Kerala Legislative Assembly Constituencies from Thiruvananthapuram district 14 Sl no Constituency Member Party Alliance1 Varkala V Joy CPI M LDF2 Attingal O S Ambika CPI M LDF3 Chirayinkeezhu V Sasi CPI LDF4 Nedumangad G R Anil CPI LDF5 Vamanapuram D K Murali CPI M LDF6 Kazhakootam Kadakampally Surendran CPI M LDF7 Vattiyoorkavu V K Prasanth CPI M LDF8 Thiruvananthapuram Antony Raju JKC LDF9 Nemom V Sivankutty CPI M LDF10 Aruvikkara G Stephen CPI M LDF11 Parassala C K Hareendran CPI M LDF12 Kattakkada I B Sathish CPI M LDF13 Kovalam M Vincent INC UDF14 Neyyattinkara K A Ansalan CPI M LDFTaluks Edit Main article List of taluks of Kerala The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks each of which is headed by a Tehsildar within them 48 Taluks in the Thiruvananthapuram Revenue Division are 48 Neyyattinkara Thiruvananthapuram Chirayinkeezhu Varkala 48 Taluks in the Nedumangad Revenue Division are 48 Kattakkada Nedumangad 48 Revenue villages Edit Thiruvananthapuram district is divided into 124 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration 48 They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below 48 Neyyattinkara Taluk Edit See also Neyyattinkara Anavoor 48 Athiyannur 48 Balaramapuram 48 Chenkal 48 Kanjiramkulam 48 Karode 48 Karumkulam 48 Kollayil 48 Kottukal 48 Kulathoor 48 Kulaviyode 48 Kunnathukal 48 Neyyattinkara 48 Pallichal 48 Parassala 48 Parasuvaikkal 48 Perumkadavila 48 Perumpazhuthoor 48 Poovar 48 Thirupuram 48 Vellarada 48 Vizhinjam 48 Kattakada Taluk Edit See also Kattakada Amboori 48 Kallikkad 48 Keezharoor 48 Kulathummal 48 Malayinkeezhu 48 Mannoorkara 48 Maranalloor 48 Ottasekharamangalam 48 Perumkulam 48 Vazhichal 48 Veeranakavu 48 Vilappil 48 Vilavoorkkal 48 Thiruvananthapuram Taluk Edit See also Thiruvanthapuram Andoorkonam 48 Attipra 48 Ayiroopara 48 Cheruvakkal 48 Kadakampally 48 Kadinamkulam 48 Kalliyoor 48 Kazhakoottam 48 Keezhthonnakkal 48 Kowdiar 48 Kudappanakunnu 48 Manacaud 48 Melthonnakkal 48 Menamkulam 48 Muttathara 48 Nemom 48 Pallippuram 48 Pangappara 48 Pattom 48 Peroorkada 48 Pettah 48 Sasthamangalam 48 Thirumala 48 Thiruvallam 48 Thycaud 48 Uliyazhathura 48 Ulloor 48 Vanchiyoor 48 Vattiyoorkavu 48 Veiloor 48 Venganoor 48 Nedumangad Taluk Edit See also Nedumangad Anad 48 Aruvikkara 48 Aryanadu 48 Kallara 48 Karakulam 48 Karippoor 48 Koliyakode 48 Kurupuzha 48 Manikkal 48 Nedumangad 48 Nellanad 48 Palode 48 Panavoor 48 Pangode 48 Peringamala 48 Pullampara 48 Thekkada 48 Thennoor 48 Tholicode 48 Uzhamalackal 48 Vamanapuram 48 Vattappara 48 Vellanad 48 Vembayam 48 Vithura 48 Chirayinkeezhu Taluk Edit See also Chirayinkeezhu Alamkode 48 Anchuthengu 48 Attingal 48 Avanavanchery 48 Azhoor 48 Chirayinkeezhu 48 Edakode 48 Elamba 48 Kadakkavoor 48 Karavaram 48 Keezhattingal 48 Kilimanoor 48 Kizhivillam 48 Koonthalloor 48 Koduvazhannoor 48 Mudakkal 48 Nagaroor 48 Pazhayakunnummel 48 Pulimath 48 Sarkara 48 Vakkom 48 Vellalloor 48 Varkala Taluk Edit See also Varkala Ayiroor 48 Chemmaruthy 48 Cherunniyoor 48 Edava 48 Kudavoor 48 Madavoor 48 Manamboor 48 Muthana 48 Navaikulam 48 Ottoor 48 Pallickal 48 Varkala 48 Vettoor 48 Transport EditMain article Transport in Thiruvananthapuram A highway at Akkulam in ThiruvananthapuramNational Highway 66 formerly known as National Highway 47 stretches from Kaliyikkavila at its southern end to Navaikulam near Parippally in the north covering a distance of 80 km 50 mi within the district 49 The Main Central Road covers a distance of 55 km 34 mi passing through Kesavadasapuram Vembayam Venjaramoodu Kilimanoor and Nilamel in the north The Kerala Public Works Department maintains some 1 552 km 964 mi of road in the district Local bodies are responsible for the maintenance of 9 500 km 5 900 mi of road There are 116 bridges in Thiruvananthapuram District Rail transport in the district is operated by Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways Thiruvananthapuram is connected to the rest of the country by broad gauge railway line 82 km 51 mi of railway line passes through the district 50 Thiruvananthapuram district currently has 20 stations including Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station Domestic and international airlines operate from Trivandrum International Airport which has direct flights to many international cities including Kuwait City Dubai Dammam Singapore Male Colombo Sharjah Muscat Manama Doha Jeddah and Abu Dhabi Domestic flights link it with Chennai Delhi Mumbai Hyderabad Bangalore and Kolkata Demographics Edit The Kerala Government Secretariat at ThiruvananthapuramHistorical populationYearPop p a 1901484 493 1911569 472 1 63 1921666 393 1 58 1931856 851 2 55 19411 015 057 1 71 19511 327 812 2 72 19611 744 531 2 77 19712 198 606 2 34 19812 596 112 1 68 19912 946 650 1 27 20013 234 356 0 94 20113 301 427 0 21 source 51 According to the 2011 census Thiruvananthapuram district has a population of 3 301 427 This gives it a ranking of 103rd in India out of a total of 640 districts 6 The district has a population density of 1 509 inhabitants per square kilometre 3 910 sq mi 6 Its population growth rate over the decade 2001 2011 was 2 25 6 Thiruvananthapuram has a sex ratio of 1088 females for every 1000 males 6 and a literacy rate of 92 66 53 66 of the population lives in urban areas Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11 30 and 0 81 of the population respectively 6 Religion Edit Religions in Thiruvananthapuram district 2011 52 Religion PercentHinduism 66 46 Christianity 19 10 Islam 13 72 Other or not stated 0 72 Hindus 66 46 constitute the majority of the population followed by Christians 19 10 and Muslims 13 72 52 The Hindu community consists of Nairs Nadars Brahmins Ezhavas Viswakarma etc The Christians belong mainly to the Latin Catholic Church the Syro Malankara Catholic Church the Pentecostal churches the Church of South India the Malankara Orthodox Church the Marthoma Church and the Syro Malabar Catholic Church The Sunni Muslim community also forms a major division of the total population Language Edit Languages of Thiruvananthapuram district 2011 53 Malayalam 98 25 Tamil 1 18 Others 0 57 Malayalam is the predominant mother tongue Tamil is spoken in bordering areas Thiruvananthapuram city is more cosmopolitan with speakers of languages including Malayalam English Tamil Telugu Hindi Tulu and a small percentage of Marathi 53 Socio economic conditions Edit More than 50 of the total population depends on agriculture for its livelihood Agricultural workers constitute 42 of the total labour class Most of the workforce is engaged in low income low capital intensity occupations Political and social awareness and the efforts of social religious and cultural leaders have contributed to breaking down the traditional feudal order Economic changes have also had an impact on community social life and attitudes Culture EditMain article Culture of Thiruvananthapuram The Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram In the 20th century Thiruvananthapuram witnessed a cultural renaissance Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran 1845 1914 who spent a major part of his life in Thiruvananthapuram translated Kalidasa s Abhijnanasakuntalam into Malayalam which earned him the title of Kerala Kalidasa He is regarded as the father of modern Malayalam prose A strong film culture prevails in the district The city is home to animation companies including Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd The Kinfra Film and Video Park 54 near the Technopark is an advanced film and animation production facility 55 56 The Malayalam film industry formerly based in Chennai Madras began a gradual shift towards the end of the 1970s to establish itself in Thiruvananthapuram Other major cultural events include the annual flower show in Thiruvananthapuram city the Attukal Pongala the Varkala Sivagiri pilgrimage in December the Kaalioottu in Sarkara Devi Temple near Chirayinkeezh the Navarathri festival at the Poojamandapam near Sri Padmanabha Swamy Temple the Aaraat of Padmanabha Swamy Temple the Beemapally Uroos and the Vettucaud Perunaal 57 One of Kerala s biggest medical exhibitions held at Trivandrum Medical CollegeFlora and fauna Edit A pepper plant Aromatic plants and spices are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts The district has a rich diversity of plants ranging from rare orchids medicinal plants and spices to hedge plants tuber crops and plants yielding edible fruits and fibre Aromatic plants and spices such as pepper and ginger are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts Nedumangad taluk is one of the biggest centres for the cultivation and trade of pepper and other hill produce A major portion of the district lies on the middle plain where coconut rice tapioca tuber crops plantains and vegetables are cultivated 58 The forests of the district abound in a variety of animals and birds providing excellent wildlife habitats Elephants bison monkeys and rare reptiles are among the most prominent species Nestled in the Western Ghats a wildlife sanctuary extends over an area of nearly 777 square kilometres 300 sq mi around the Neyyar reservoir The forest at the foot of the Kulathupuzha range is the habitat of rare species of snakes and lizards Among characteristic mammals of the region are the Nilgiri langur lion tailed macaque Nilgiri brown mongoose and the Malabar civet Carnivores include the tiger wild cat jackal leopard and dhole Indian wild dog The Sloth bear gaur a few species of deer and elephants are also seen Reptiles include snakes lizards crocodiles and tortoises There are some 75 80 species of snakes in this area of which some are highly venomous 59 Tourism EditMain article Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram KovalamTourism is a major sector of Thiruvananthapuram s economy A full range of tourist options is available in the district including hill stations the Kerala backwaters beaches lagoons and wildlife sanctuaries Kovalam amp Varkala and its internationally known beaches are in Thiruvananthapuram district Thiruvananthapuram is a major destination for chartered flights to India for medical tourism with over fifty recognized Ayurveda centres in and around the city The city also offers world class modern hospitals Convalescent facilities are available at nearby five star beach resorts and hill stations Education Edit Kerala University administrative Building in Thiruvananthapuram Government Medical College ThiruvananthapuramThiruvananthapuram district is a major academic hub The University of Kerala is in Thiruvananthapuram city There are 20 arts and sciences colleges in the district and the estimated total number of students is 15 926 The University of Kerala has its research and higher education centres at Kariavattom 60 Thiruvananthapuram Medical College is the premier health institute of the state and one of the finest in the country It is being upgraded to the status of an All India Institute of Medical Sciences AIIMS Thiruvananthapuram s three main engineering colleges are the College of Engineering Trivandrum Government Engineering College Barton Hill and Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering The two main law colleges are the Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram and the Kerala Law Academy Law College Among the many other well known arts and sciences colleges are University College Thiruvananthapuram Mahatma Gandhi College Mar Ivanios College Government Arts College Thiruvananthapuram College of Fine Arts Trivandrum Sree Narayana College Chempazhanthy and Swathi Thirunal College of Music Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Centre for Development Studies L B S Institute of Technology for Women Central Polytechnic College Vattiyoorkavu and the College of Engineering Attingal There are 1 129 schools in the district classified as Government Aided or Unaided schools 61 Government schools are directly run by the state government and follow the state government syllabus Aided schools also follow the state syllabus Additionally there are four Kendriya Vidyalayas and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya run directly by the Central government and following the Central Board of Secondary Education CBSE syllabus Private schools run by education trusts or boards may follow any or all of the CBSE Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ICSE National Institute of Open Schooling NIOS or Kerala state syllabi The first international school in Kerala the Trivandrum International School was started in August 2003 62 See also List of schools in Thiruvananthapuram district and Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram districtMedia EditThiruvananthapuram has long been a media center in India Kerala Chandrika the first newspaper of the state was published from Thiruvananthapuram in 1789 Now more than 30 newspapers have been published from the district including The Hindu The New Indian Express The Deccan Chronicle The Times of India Malayala Manorama Mathrubhoomi Kerala Kaumudi Desabhimani Deepika Madhyamam Chandrika Thejas Siraj Janmabhoomi and Metro Vaartha 63 Weeklies fortnightlies monthlies bi monthlies and quarterlies are published from parts of the district The Kerala Information and Public Relations Department is the main government agency disseminating information to the public and for the provision of feedback Most Malayalam television channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram The government owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from the city in 1981 Asianet the first private Malayalam channel began its telecasts from Thiruvananthapuram in 1991 The district has many radio stations most broadcasting from Thiruvananthapuram city All India Radio has an AM 1161 MHz an FM Ananthapuri FM 101 9 MHz and a SW various frequencies station in the city FM radio channels broadcasting from Thiruvananthapuram are Gyanvani 105 6 MHz Ananthapuri FM AIR 101 9 MHz Big FM 92 7 MHz Club FM 94 3 MHz Radio Mirchi 98 3 MHz Red FM 93 5 MHz and Radio DC 90 4 MHz Radio DC broadcasts at low power CRS This channel is only available within a 15 kilometre 9 mi radius from the broadcasting station Wireline telephone services are provided by BSNL Reliance and Tata Indicom The main GSM networks operating in the district are BSNL CellOne Airtel Tata Docomo Idea Cellular Vodafone Reliance and Virgin Mobile The main CDMA providers are Reliance MTS and Tata Indicom Major broadband internet services are provided by BSNL DataOne Asianet Dataline and Siti Cable Sports Edit Greenfield International StadiumThe most popular sports in the district are football and cricket 64 Basketball badminton and volleyball played mostly in schools are also popular The Kerala Cricket Association KCA is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram city The Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium in city center is a prominent football stadium and has hosted both national and international level matches The University Stadium has hosted two international cricket matches This stadium is part of the University of Kerala and has synthetic tracks for athletics The Central Stadium has facilities for athletics football basketball and volleyball and has cricket practice nets The Jimmy George Sports Complex is another major sports establishment in the district The Kariavattom Outdoor Stadium is one of the largest international stadia and can be used for both cricket amp football References Edit Directorate of Census Operations Kerala District Census Handbook Thiruvananthapuram PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala p 22 Retrieved 25 June 2020 Kerala UNDP in India UNDP Population profile of Kerala 2011 State Planning Board Kerala Government of Kerala Retrieved 21 October 2020 About District Website of Thiruvananthapuram District The city of the Holy Anantha India Retrieved 10 July 2021 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 PDF PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS INDIA KERALA STATE AND DISTRICTS Government of India Retrieved 24 April 2011 a b c d e f District Census Hand Book Thiruvananthapuram PDF Census of India Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 PDF Provisional Population Totals Kerala Government of India p 45 Retrieved 24 April 2011 Districts Thiruvananthapuram indiastudychannel Retrieved 21 July 2010 A Brief History PDF District Handbooks of Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala Retrieved 18 March 2015 TVM Urbanaisation censusindia Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 Keralapages org keralapages org Retrieved 19 March 2018 About Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 Retrieved 29 October 2010 Subramanian T S 28 January 2007 Roman connection in Tamil Nadu The Hindu Archived from the original on 19 September 2013 Retrieved 28 October 2011 N Subrahmanian 1993 Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad To A D 1336 Ennes p 37 Indian History Congress 1981 Proceedings Volume 42 Indian History Congress p 91 KA Nilakanta Sastri Indian History Congress 1981 Proceedings Volume 42 Indian History Congress p 91 Ka Ta Tirunavukkaracu 1994 Chieftains of the Sangam Age International Institute of Tamil Studies B Sheik Ali 1972 The Hoysaḷa Dynasty Prasaranga University of Mysore a b c d Sreedhara Menon A 2007 A Survey of Kerala History 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books ISBN 9788126415786 Karashima Noburu 2014 The Fall of the Old States in A Concise History of South India Issues and Interpretations ed Noburu Karashima pp 172 73 New Delhi Oxford University Press Pandya dynasty Indian dynasty Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 21 September 2017 Keay 2011 p 215 sfn error no target CITEREFKeay2011 help Majumdar contains no mention of Maldives Ganesh K N June 2009 Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala Indian Historical Review 36 1 3 21 doi 10 1177 037698360903600102 ISSN 0376 9836 S2CID 145359607 Kerala s Tamil Connection The New Indian Express 26 June 2010 TVPM History Government of Kerala Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 Travancore State Manual Shungoony Menon P 1878 A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times pdf Madras Higgin Botham amp Co pp 162 164 Retrieved 5 May 2016 Thiruvananthapuram Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 Retrieved 29 October 2010 Year of becoming a corporation Sister s son According to the matrilineal system prevalent at that time children born of the female members only belonged to that house The forces were from Kochi Thekkumkoor Deshinganad present kollam and Purakkad who had enmity towards Marthanda Varma Most of the area under the present Kilimanoor and Pazhayakunnummel panchayats Although under his kingdom The original temple being at Nerumkaithakotta near Kozhikode It is also said by whom Shaastha and Ayyappa are different Geography Government of Kerala Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 Climate kerenvis nic in Rainfall Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Climate Monsoon Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Seasons Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Thiruvananthapuram Retrieved 21 March 2010 Thiruvananthapuram India Whetherbase Retrieved 1 July 2010 Industry In Thiruvananthapuram District Archived 19 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Administration Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine District Administration Thiruvanthapuram Municipalities in Thiruvananthapuram district National Informatics Centre Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology Government of India Retrieved 21 June 2022 Niyamsabha official site a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec District Administration Thiruvananthapuram Revenue villages Taluks and Revenue divisions in Thiruvananthapuram district National Informatics Centre Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology Government of India Retrieved 21 June 2022 Infrastructure Roads Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Rail Transport Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 a b Table C 01 Population by religious community Kerala Census of India Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India 2011 a b Table C 16 Population by Mother Tongue Kerala www censusindia gov in Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India Kinfra Film amp Video Park to house animation zone Kinfra Film Park Hindu Business Line 26 December 2003 Retrieved 18 October 2006 Theatre opened at Kinfra park The Hindu 21 July 2005 Archived from the original on 29 May 2006 Retrieved 18 October 2006 Theatre opened at Kinfra park Kinfra Film Park Source IANS 22 August 2006 Retrieved 18 October 2006 Major Religious Festivals in Thiruvananthapuram Major Festivals Government of Kerala Archived from the original on 2 July 2006 Retrieved 24 November 2006 Variety of Plants Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Flora and fauna Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Technical Education in Kerala Department of Technical education Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Government Archived from the original on 2 July 2006 Retrieved 28 May 2010 Education in Thiruvananthapuram Schools in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Government Archived from the original on 2 July 2006 Retrieved 28 April 2010 Thiruvananthapuram International School opens doors The Hindu Business Line 8 October 2003 Retrieved 28 May 2010 Media in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Government Retrieved 28 April 2010 Football and Cricket the Most Popular Games Games in Kerala Information and Public relations office of Kerala Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 Retrieved 29 May 2010 1city inFurther reading EditManorama Yearbook 1995 Malayalam Edition ISSN 0970 9096 Manorama Yearbook 2003 English Edition ISBN 81 900461 8 7 U Sivaraman Nair 1952 1951 Census Handbook Trivandrum District PDF Trivandrum Travancore Cochin Government Press M K Devassy 1965 1961 Census Handbook Trivandrum District PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive Minicoy and Amindivi Islands Government of India 2014 15 District Census Handbook Thiruvananthapuram Part A 2011 PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala Government of India 2014 15 District Census Handbook Thiruvananthapuram Part B 2011 PDF Directorate of Census Operations KeralaExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thiruvananthapuram district Official District website Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thiruvananthapuram district amp oldid 1164327809, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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