Laccadive Sea
The Laccadive Sea, also known as the Lakshadweep Sea, is a body of water bordering India (including its Lakshadweep islands), the Maldives, and Sri Lanka. It is located to the southwest of Karnataka, to the west of Kerala and to the south of Tamil Nadu. This warm sea has a stable water temperature through the year and is rich in marine life, the Gulf of Mannar alone hosting about 3,600 species. Mangaluru, Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode, Ponnani, Kochi, Alappuzha, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram, Tuticorin, Colombo, and Malé are the major cities on the shore of the Laccadive Sea. Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of peninsular India, also borders this sea.[2]
Extent edit
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Laccadive Sea as follows:[3]
On the West. A line running from Sadashivgad Lt. on West Coast of India (14°48′N 74°07′E / 14.800°N 74.117°E) to Corah Divh (13°42′N 72°10′E / 13.700°N 72.167°E) and thence down the West side of the Laccadive and Maldive Archipelagos to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives.
On the South. A line running from Dondra Head in Sri Lanka to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll.
On the East. The West coasts of Sri Lanka and India.
On the Northeast. Adams Bridge (between India and Sri Lanka).
Hydrology edit
Water temperature is rather constant through the year, averaging 26–28 °C in summer and 25 °C in winter. Salinity is 34‰ (parts per thousand) in the center and northern part and up to 35.5‰ in the south. The coasts are sandy and the deeper parts covered in silt. There are numerous coral reefs in the sea, such as the Lakshadweep islands which are made up of atolls and contain 105 coral species.[1][4][5]
Fauna and human activities edit
The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of Pinctada radiata and Pinctada fucata for at least two thousand years. Pliny the Elder (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as the most productive in the world.[6][7] Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still conducted in the gulf.[8][9] Also collected in large numbers are Shankha mollusks (Xancus pyrum)[8] whose shells are used as a ritual and religious object. Other mollusks of the sea[10] are either too scarce or not popular in Indian society and therefore have no commercial value.[11]
Another traditional occupation in the Laccadive Sea is fishing. The annual fish catch is 2,000 to 5,000 tonnes from the Lakshadweep islands, which is mostly constituted by tuna (about 70%) and shark. Perches, halfbeaks, Carangidae, needlefish and rays are also caught near the reefs. Shrimp, Achelata[1] and small fish, such as Sprattus, Pomacentridae and Apogonidae are widely used as a bait by the Laccadive islanders.[12]
With about 3,600 species of flora and fauna, the Gulf of Mannar is regarded as one of the richest marine biological resources in the world. Of these 3,600 species, 44 are protected, 117 are corals, 79 crustaceans, 108 sponges, 260 mollusks, 441 fin fishes, 147 seaweeds and 17 mangroves.[13] In 1986, a group of 21 islands and nearby waters with a total area of 560 km2 were declared Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park. The park and its buffer zone were designated as a Biosphere Reserve in 1989. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km2 of ocean, islands and the adjoining coastline, and is the largest such reserve in India. Most of its area is restricted for outsiders and the access of boats is subject to strict rules,[14] but local people continue fishing activities which they crucially depend on. About 150,000 people live in the buffer zone, and more than 70% of them depend on the coastal marine resources. There are about 125 fishing villages with 35,000 active fishers and 25,000 divers for sea cucumbers in the area, about 5,000 women collect seaweed.[15][16] About 106,000 tonnes of fish were produced in the gulf in 2006, mostly oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps), lesser sardines(Sardinella spp.), ponyfish (Letognathus sp.), mackerel, penaeid shrimp, perches, squid (Sepioteuthis arctipinni), deep-sea lobster (Puerulus sewelli), crab (Varuna littorata), skates and sting rays.[11][17] The seaweed collection aims at shallow-water species Gelidiella acerosa (marikozhundu passi), Gracilaria edulis (Agarophytes, Kanchi passi), Sargassum spp. (kattakorai), Turbinaria (Alginophyte, Pakoda passi) and Ulva lactuca, and is conducted between October and March. Because of National Park related restrictions, the production of seaweeds declined from 5,800 tonnes (dry weight) in 1978 to 3,250 tonnes in 2003.[18]
References edit
- ^ a b c V. M. Kotlyakov, ed. (2006). (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
- ^ "Laccadive Sea". World Atlas.
- ^ (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ Coral Reefs of India: Review of Their Extent, Condition, Research and Management Status by Vineeta Hoon, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
- ^ Status of Coral Reefs of India. Envfor.nic.in. Retrieved on 2013-03-22. 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Arnold Wright (1999). Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources. p. 227. ISBN 978-81-206-1335-5.
- ^ James Hornell (2009). The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay. BiblioBazaar. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-110-87096-7.
- ^ a b ICSF p. 27
- ^ Michael O'Donoghue (2006). Gems: their sources, descriptions and identification. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 566. ISBN 978-0-7506-5856-0.
- ^ Taxa reported from regions in Indo-Arabia – see Maldives, Laccadive islands
- ^ a b R. Raghu Prasad; P. V. Ramachandran Nair (1973). "India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 15: 1–19.
- ^ T. R. McClanahan; Charles R. C. Sheppard; David O. Obura (2000). Coral reefs of the Indian Ocean: their ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-19-512596-2.
- ^ ICSF p.25
- ^ ICSF pp. 27–30
- ^ ICSF pp. 1–2, 21, 24, 30
- ^ J. Sacratees; R. Karthigarani (2008). Environment impact assessment. APH Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-313-0407-5.
- ^ ICSF p. 26
- ^ ICSF pp. 42–43
Bibliography edit
- , International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF), April 2008, ISBN 978-81-904590-9-9