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Bihari languages

April 10, 2023

Not to be confused with the languages of Bihar.

Bihari is a group of the Indo-Aryan languages.[1][2] The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and also in Nepal.[3][4] The most widely spoken languages of the Bihari group are Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili.

Despite the large number of speakers of these languages, only Maithili has been constitutionally recognised in India, which gained constitutional status via the 92nd amendment to the Constitution of India, of 2003 (gaining assent in 2004).[5] Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal.[6] Bhojpuri is also official in Fiji as Fiji Baat. There are demands for including Bhojpuri in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution.

In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters.[7] These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.[8] After independence Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.[9] Hindi was displaced as the sole official language of Bihar in 1981, when Urdu was accorded the status of the second official language.[10]

Speakers

See also: Languages in Bihar, Maithili language, Bhojpuri, Angika, Magahi, Magadhi Prakrit, and Hindi in Bihar

The number of speakers of Bihari languages is difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The educated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.[11]

Classification

The Bihari languages fall into four language subgroups:

Languages and dialects

Language[12] ISO 639-3 Scripts No. of speakers[11] Geographical distribution
Angika anp Devanagari; previously Kaithi; Anga Lipi 743,600[13] Eastern Bihar, North-eastern Jharkhand and Eastern Madhesh
Bajjika – Devanagari; previously Tirhuta; Kaithi 8,738,000[citation needed] North-Central Bihar and Eastern Madhesh
Bhojpuri bho Devanagari; previously Kaithi 52,245,300[14] Recognized language in Nepal,Official language in Fiji (as the Fiji Hindi) and Jharkhand (additional)

In India : Western Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Western Jharkhand, Northern Chhattisgarh, Northeastern Madhya Pradesh and Terai region of Nepal.

Khortha – Devanagari; previously Tirhuta 8,040,000[15] South Bihar, North-eastern and North central Jharkhand
Kudmali (Panchpargania) kyw, tdb Devanagari; sometimes Bengali, Kaithi 556,809[15] South-Eastern Jharkhand, Southern West Bengal,[16] northern Odisha, Assam
Magahi mah Devanagari; previously Tirhuta; Kaithi, Siddham script 14,035,600[17] South Bihar, North Jharkhand
Maithili mai Devanagari; previously Tirhuta, Kaithi 33,890,000[17] Northern and eastern Bihar, Jharkhand[18] and Eastern Madhesh
Nagpuri (Sadri) sck Devanagari; previously Kaithi 5,100,000[15] West-central Jharkhand, North-eastern Chhattisgarh, Northwestern Odisha
Tharu thl, tkt, thr, the, thq, tkb, soi Devanagari 1,900,000[15] Terai regions of Nepal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Bihar
Kumhali kra Devanagari 12,000[15] Nepal

References and footnotes

  1. ^ Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12, 26, 446–462.
  2. ^ Bihari at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
  3. ^ Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. Nepalese Linguistics 28: 262–274.
  4. ^ Brass, Paul R. (1974). Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge University Press.
  5. ^ "The Constitution (Ninety-Second Amendment) Act, 2003". National Portal of India. 7 January 2004. from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  6. ^ Kumayaa, Harshitha (6 September 2018). "Nepal". The Hindu.
  7. ^ Damani, Guarang (2015). "History of Indian Languages". Die-hard Indian. from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  8. ^ Verma, Mahandra K. (2001). "Language Endangerment and Indian languages : An exploration and a critique". Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia. ISBN 9788120817654.
  9. ^ Brass, Paul R. (8 September 1994). The Politics of India Since Independence (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780521459709. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  10. ^ Benedikter, Thomas (2009). Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-643-10231-7.
  11. ^ a b Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (11 September 2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge. p. 500. ISBN 978-0415772945.
  12. ^ . Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Angika". from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  14. ^ "Bhojpuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  16. ^ "Kudmali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  17. ^ a b "India". Ethnologue. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017.
  18. ^ Praveen (6 March 2018). "मैथिली को भी मिलेगा दूसरी राजभाषा का दर्जा". Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 30 December 2020.

External links

 
Bhojpuri edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Fiji Hindi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Maithili edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1 By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)
  • Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: bih, on www.sil.org
  • Angika Language Wikipedia (incubator)

April 10, 2023
bihari, languages, confused, with, languages, bihar, bihari, group, indo, aryan, languages, mainly, spoken, indian, states, bihar, jharkhand, west, bengal, uttar, pradesh, also, nepal, most, widely, spoken, languages, bihari, group, bhojpuri, magahi, maithili,. Not to be confused with the languages of Bihar Bihari is a group of the Indo Aryan languages 1 2 The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and also in Nepal 3 4 The most widely spoken languages of the Bihari group are Bhojpuri Magahi and Maithili BihariGeographicdistributionIndia and NepalLinguistic classificationIndo EuropeanIndo IranianIndo AryanEasternBihariSubdivisionsAngika Bhojpuri Bote Darai Danwar Kumhali Magahi Maithili Sadanic TharuicISO 639 1bhISO 639 2 5bihGlottologbiha1245Despite the large number of speakers of these languages only Maithili has been constitutionally recognised in India which gained constitutional status via the 92nd amendment to the Constitution of India of 2003 gaining assent in 2004 5 Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal 6 Bhojpuri is also official in Fiji as Fiji Baat There are demands for including Bhojpuri in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution In Bihar Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters 7 These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments 8 After independence Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act 1950 9 Hindi was displaced as the sole official language of Bihar in 1981 when Urdu was accorded the status of the second official language 10 Contents 1 Speakers 2 Classification 3 Languages and dialects 4 References and footnotes 5 External linksSpeakers EditSee also Languages in Bihar Maithili language Bhojpuri Angika Magahi Magadhi Prakrit and Hindi in Bihar The number of speakers of Bihari languages is difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness The educated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language 11 Classification EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Bihari languages fall into four language subgroups Bihari Bhojpuri Nagpuriya Bhojpuri Tharu Bhojpuri Mauritian Bhojpuri Caribbean Hindustani Fiji Hindi South African Bhojpuri Naitali Magahi Maithili Begushoraiya Maithili Bajjika Western Maithili Angika Southern Maithili Standard Maithili Central Maithili Eastern Maithili Thethi Jolaha Kisan Khortha Sadanic Nagpuri Sadri Kurmali Panchpargania Tharuic Chitwania Tharu Dangaura Tharu Sonha Kathoriya Tharu Kochila Tharu Rana Tharu Buksa Majhi Musasa Unclassified Bihari Kumhali Kuswaric Danwar Bote DaraiLanguages and dialects EditLanguage 12 ISO 639 3 Scripts No of speakers 11 Geographical distributionAngika anp Devanagari previously Kaithi Anga Lipi 743 600 13 Eastern Bihar North eastern Jharkhand and Eastern MadheshBajjika Devanagari previously Tirhuta Kaithi 8 738 000 citation needed North Central Bihar and Eastern MadheshBhojpuri bho Devanagari previously Kaithi 52 245 300 14 Recognized language in Nepal Official language in Fiji as the Fiji Hindi and Jharkhand additional In India Western Bihar Eastern Uttar Pradesh Western Jharkhand Northern Chhattisgarh Northeastern Madhya Pradesh and Terai region of Nepal Khortha Devanagari previously Tirhuta 8 040 000 15 South Bihar North eastern and North central JharkhandKudmali Panchpargania kyw tdb Devanagari sometimes Bengali Kaithi 556 809 15 South Eastern Jharkhand Southern West Bengal 16 northern Odisha AssamMagahi mah Devanagari previously Tirhuta Kaithi Siddham script 14 035 600 17 South Bihar North JharkhandMaithili mai Devanagari previously Tirhuta Kaithi 33 890 000 17 Northern and eastern Bihar Jharkhand 18 and Eastern MadheshNagpuri Sadri sck Devanagari previously Kaithi 5 100 000 15 West central Jharkhand North eastern Chhattisgarh Northwestern OdishaTharu thl tkt thr the thq tkb soi Devanagari 1 900 000 15 Terai regions of Nepal Uttar Pradesh Uttrakhand and BiharKumhali kra Devanagari 12 000 15 NepalReferences and footnotes Edit Masica Colin P 1991 The Indo Aryan Languages Cambridge University Press pp 12 26 446 462 Bihari at Ethnologue 23rd ed 2020 Yadava Y P 2013 Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal Nepalese Linguistics 28 262 274 Brass Paul R 1974 Language Religion and Politics in North India Cambridge University Press The Constitution Ninety Second Amendment Act 2003 National Portal of India 7 January 2004 Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 Retrieved 11 April 2015 Kumayaa Harshitha 6 September 2018 Nepal The Hindu Damani Guarang 2015 History of Indian Languages Die hard Indian Archived from the original on 13 April 2015 Retrieved 11 April 2015 Verma Mahandra K 2001 Language Endangerment and Indian languages An exploration and a critique Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia ISBN 9788120817654 Brass Paul R 8 September 1994 The Politics of India Since Independence Second ed Cambridge University Press p 183 ISBN 9780521459709 Retrieved 11 April 2015 Benedikter Thomas 2009 Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India LIT Verlag Munster p 89 ISBN 978 3 643 10231 7 a b Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds 11 September 2003 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge Language Family Series Routledge p 500 ISBN 978 0415772945 Browse by Language Family Ethnologue Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 Retrieved 20 December 2019 Angika Archived from the original on 24 March 2016 Retrieved 17 March 2016 Bhojpuri Ethnologue Retrieved 21 December 2020 a b c d e Statement 1 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 censusindia gov in Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Retrieved 7 July 2018 Kudmali Ethnologue Retrieved 25 July 2022 a b India Ethnologue 2016 Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 Praveen 6 March 2018 म थ ल क भ म ल ग द सर र जभ ष क दर ज Hindustan in Hindi Retrieved 30 December 2020 External links Edit Bhojpuri edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Fiji Hindi edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Maithili edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia A Comparative dictionary of the Bihari language Volume 1 By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle Sir George Abraham Grierson 1885 Documentation for ISO 639 identifier bih on www sil org Nalanda Open University offers courses on Bihari languages Magahi Bhojpuri Maithili Angika Language Wikipedia incubator Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bihari languages amp oldid 1148479102, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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